| Hyderabad State | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State of India | |||||||||||||
| 1948–1956 | |||||||||||||
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 Hyderabad in India (1951) | |||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||
| • Coordinates | 17°00′N 78°50′E / 17.000°N 78.833°E / 17.000; 78.833 | ||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||
• Hyderabad State formed from Princely State of Hyderabad | 1948 | ||||||||||||
• Reorganised and renamed as Andhra Pradesh | 1956 | ||||||||||||
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| Today part of | Telangana Maharashtra Karnataka | ||||||||||||
| States of India since 1947 | |||||||||||||
Hyderabad State was a stateinDominion and later Republic of India, formed after the accession of the State of Hyderabad into the Union on 17 September 1948.[1] It existed from 1948 to 1956. Hyderabad State comprised present day Telangana, Marathwada and Hyderabad-Karnataka
Following the States Reorganisation Act, which implemented a linguistic reorganisation of states, the Hyderabad state was dissolved. Its different regions were merged with Andhra State, Mysore State and Bombay State respectively.[2]
The princely stateofHyderabad was annexed by India in September 1948 through a military operation code-named Operation Polo, which was dubbed a "police action".[3][4][5]
At the time of partition of India in 1947, the princely states of India, who in principle had self-government within their territories, were subject to subsidiary alliances with the British, giving them control of their external relations. With the Indian Independence Act 1947, the British abandoned all such alliances, leaving the states with the option of opting for full independence.[6][7] However, by 1948 almost all had acceded to either India or Pakistan. One major exception was that of the wealthiest and most powerful principality, Hyderabad, where the Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII, a Muslim ruler who presided over a largely Hindu population, chose independence and hoped to maintain this with an irregular army.[8]: 224 The Nizam was also beset by the Telangana rebellion, which he was unable to crush.[8]: 224
In November 1947, Hyderabad signed a standstill agreement with the Dominion of India, continuing all previous arrangements except for the stationing of Indian troops in the state. India felt that the establishment of a Communist state in Hyderabad would be a threat to the country.[9][10] Nizam's power had weakened because of the Telangana Rebellion and the rise of a radical militia known as the Razakars whom he could not put down. On 7 September, Jawaharlal Nehru gave ultimatum to Nizam, demanding ban on the Razakars and return of Indian troops to Secunderabad.[11][12][13] India invaded the state by 13 September 1948, following a crippling economic blockade, and multiple attempts at destabilizing the state through railway disruptions, the bombing of government buildings, and raids on border villages.[14][15][16] After the defeat of Razakars, the Nizam signed an instrument of accession, joining India.[17][18]
The operation led to massive violence on communal lines, at times perpetrated by the Indian Army.[19] The Sunderlal Committee, appointed by Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, concluded that between 30,000–40,000 people had died in total in the state, in a report which was not released until 2013.[20] Other responsible observers estimated the number of deaths to be 200,000 or higher.[21]
After completion of military operations, Hyderabad decided to withdraw the dispute from United Nations Security Council in 1948. A military government headed by Major General J. N. Chaudhuri who led Operation Polo was established. He stayed on as Military Governor till December 1949.[citation needed] In 1950 the military government was dissolved and a civilian government headed by M. K. Vellodi was formed in its place. Later in 1952, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao became the second Chief Minister of Hyderabad State and the first democratically elected Chief Minister. The last Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan continued as the head of state as Rajpramukh till 1956 when Hyderabad State was split on linguistic basis and reorganised into three states.[22]
The state witnessed Mulkhi agitation in 1952 by the locals after government jobs meant for the locals were given to non-locals.[citation needed]
| No | Portrait | Name | Term of office | Duration | Office(s) held | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 
|
Mir Osman Ali Khan | 26 January 1950 | 31 October 1956 | 6 years, 279 days | Rajpramukh |
| No | Portrait | Name | Term of office | Duration | Office(s) held | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 
|
Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri | 17 September 1948 | 25 January 1949 | 130 days | Military Governor of Hyderabad |
| No | Portrait | Name | Term of office | Duration | Office(s) held | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  ]
|
M. K. Vellodi | 26 January 1950 | 6 March 1952 | 2 years, 40 days | Chief Minister of Hyderabad |
| No | Portrait | Name | Term of office | Duration | Office(s) held | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  ]
|
Burgula Ramakrishna Rao | 6 March 1952 | 31 October 1956 | 4 years, 239 days | Chief Minster of Hyderabad |
In the first State Assembly election in India, 1952, Dr. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was elected Chief Minister of Hyderabad State. During this time there were violent agitations by some Telanganites to send back bureaucrats from Madras state, and to strictly implement 'Mulki-rules'(Local jobs for locals only), which was part of Hyderabad state law since 1919.[23]
Administratively, Hyderabad State was made up of sixteen districts, grouped into four divisions:[citation needed].
In 1956 during the reorganisation of the Indian states based along linguistic lines, the Telugu-speaking region of the state of Hyderabad State was merged with Andhra State. The Marathi speaking region was merged with Bombay State and Kannada speaking region with Mysore State.[citation needed]
The States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) was not in favour of an immediate merger of Telugu-speaking Telangana region of Hyderabad State with Andhra State, despite their common language. Para 378 of the SRC report said One of the principal causes of opposition of Vishalandhra also seems to be the apprehension felt by the educationally backward people of Telangana that they may be swamped and exploited by the more advanced people of the coastal areas.[citation needed]
Andhra and the Telugu speaking parts of Hyderabad State were merged to form Andhra Pradesh on 1 November 1956, after providing safeguards to Telangana in the form of Gentlemen's agreement. In June 2014, Andhra Pradesh was split and Telangana was created as a separate state. Hyderabad city remained as the joint capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana for 10 years till 1st June 2024.[24]
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