Jump to content
 







Main menu
   


Navigation  



Main page
Contents
Current events
Random article
About Wikipedia
Contact us
Donate
 




Contribute  



Help
Learn to edit
Community portal
Recent changes
Upload file
 








Search  

































Create account

Log in
 









Create account
 Log in
 




Pages for logged out editors learn more  



Contributions
Talk
 



















Contents

   



(Top)
 


1 Early life and education  





2 Family  





3 Career  



3.1  Explorer  



3.1.1  Visit to Somali lands  







3.2  Diplomat  







4 Other interests  



4.1  Botany  



4.1.1  Eponyms  







4.2  Zoology  



4.2.1  Eponyms  







4.3  Photography  







5 Awards and decorations  





6 Death  





7 Bibliography  





8 References  





9 Further reading  





10 External links  














John Kirk (explorer)






Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
Français
Italiano
مصرى
Nederlands
Português
Русский
Svenska
Українська
 

Edit links
 









Article
Talk
 

















Read
Edit
View history
 








Tools
   


Actions  



Read
Edit
View history
 




General  



What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Cite this page
Get shortened URL
Download QR code
Wikidata item
 




Print/export  



Download as PDF
Printable version
 




In other projects  



Wikimedia Commons
Wikispecies
 
















Appearance
   

 






From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 

(Redirected from J.Kirk)

John Kirk

Sir John Kirk GCMG, KCB, FRS (19 December 1832 – 15 January 1922) was a British physician, naturalist, companion to explorer David Livingstone, and a British administrator in Zanzibar, East Africa, where he was instrumental in ending the slave trade in that country, with the aid of his political assistant, Ali bin Saleh bin Nasser Al-Shaiban, and Alexander Mackay, a missionary in Zanzibar.

Early life and education[edit]

He was born on 19 December 1832 in Barry, Angus, near Arbroath, Scotland, the second of four children of the Rev Maitland Kelly (1842-1929) and his second wife, Elfreda Blanche Carey (d. 1891). Kirkearned his medical degree from the University of Edinburgh, presenting his thesis On functional disease of the heart. Kirk worked for a year as a doctor in the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary before volunteering for the Crimean War.[1][2]

Family[edit]

Parents of John Kirk, photographed by John Kirk

Kirk's daughter, Helen, married Major-General Henry Brooke Hagstromer Wright CB CMG, the brother of the famous bacteriologist and immunologist, Sir Almroth Edward Wright and of Sir Charles Theodore Hagberg Wright, Secretary and Librarian of London Library. Kirk's son Colonel John William Carnegie Kirk was the author of "A British Garden Flora". The engineer, Alexander Carnegie Kirk, was John Kirk's elder brother.

Career[edit]

Explorer[edit]

From 1858 to 1864, John Kirk, accompanied by his assistant Ali bin Saleh bin Nasser Al-Shaibani, an Omani-born historian who lived in Zanzibar, worked with Dr David Livingstone on the Second Zambezi Expedition as a botanist.[3] This visit later encouraged his work to end the East African slave trade, assisted by Al-Shaibani. In this trip, they visited the Zomba Plateau and Lake Chilwa in present-day Malawi, and in September 1859 he and Al-Shaibani accompanied Livingstone up the Shire River to Lake Malawi, which they explored by boat.[4] Kirk found Livingstone an inept leader and in 1862 wrote, "I can come to no other conclusion than that Dr. Livingstone is out of his mind and the most unsafe leader".[5]

The Kirk Range, which lies west of the Shire River and forms part of the Malawi-Mozambique border, is named after Kirk.[6]

In 1866, Livingstone began his next and final expedition, to find the source of the Nile, from Zanzibar. From Livingstone's subsequent correspondence during the expedition it seems that Kirk remained in Zanzibar and did not continue with the rest of the party.[7] After Livingstone's death in 1873, Kirk and Al-Shaibani pledged to continue his work to end the East African slave trade.[2]

Visit to Somali lands[edit]

Dr Livingstone's ship the Ma Robert, photographed on the Zambesi at Lupata by John Kirk

Kirk arrived in southern Somalia in 1873 during a period of great economic prosperity with the region being dominated by the Geledi Sultanate and the Hiraab Imamate. Trade between the ports of Mogadishu, Merca and the interior Geledi Sultanate flourished during Geledi Sultan Ahmed Yusuf's reign. Kirk noted a variety of other things. Roughly 20 large dhows were docked in both Mogadishu and Merka respectively filled with grain produced from the farms of the Geledi in the interior. Kirk met the Hirab Imam Mahmood who reigned over Mogadishu. The Shabelle river itself was referred to as the 'Geledi river' by Kirk, perhaps in respect of the sheer volume of produce that the Sultanate output. In Barawa there was little grain instead a large quantity of ivory and skins which had already been loaded onto ships destined for Zanzibar.[8] He stated that Sultan Ahmed Yusuf controlled a vast territory stretching from Mogadishu to the Jubba region and had 50,000 troops at his command.[9][2]

Diplomat[edit]

From his appointment in 1865 the British Consul in Zanzibar, Henry Adrian Churchill worked on the abolition of the slave trade on the island, however his heavy workload and the adverse climate took a toll on his health in 1869 and Kirk, who was his physician and Vice Consul, advised him to leave for London for the sake of his health. Churchill left in December 1870 leaving Kirk to undertake his duties as acting Consul.[10][2]

Kirk, together with his assistant, Ali bin Saleh Al-Shaibani, continued Churchill's work on the slave trade and in June 1873 he received simultaneous contradictory instructions from London on the Zanzibar slave trade, one to issue an ultimatum to Sultan Bargash, under threat of blockade that the slave trade should be stopped and the slave market closed, and the other not to enforce a blockade which might be taken as an act of war pushing Zanzibar towards French protection. Kirk only showed the first instruction to Barghash, who capitulated within two weeks.[11]

In August 1873 he was appointed British Consul in Zanzibar[12] in 1875 he was appointed Consul in the Comoro Islands,[13] and in 1881 was appointed Consul general in Zanzibar, and made Al-Shaibani as his political advisor with the task of smoothing out tensions between the British and the Sultan of Zanzibar.[14] One of his Vice-Consuls, appointed in 1883, was Lieutenant Charles Stewart Smith, who had earlier served in the anti-slaving patrols launched from HMS London. For years he negotiated with Sultan Barghash, with the help of Al-Shaibany, gaining his confidence and promising to help enrich the East African domain through legitimate commerce. By 1885 the region was larger and more profitable. It is a role that Al-Shaibany proved to be crucial in aiding the British to reach a settlement with Sultan Barghash to abolish slavery in Zanzibar.

He was British Minister Plenipotentiary at the 1890 Slave Act Conference in Brussels.[15][16][2]

Other interests[edit]

Botany[edit]

Ochna kirkii

He was a keen botanist throughout his life and published many papers from his findings in East Africa.[citation needed] He was highly regarded by successive directors of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: William Hooker, Joseph Dalton Hooker and William Turner Thiselton-Dyer.[citation needed]

He introduced a very distinct and pretty species of orchid to the United Kingdom, subsequently named Angraecum scottianum.[17]

Eponyms[edit]

Kirkia which is a genus of plant in family Kirkiaceae. It was previously placed in family Simaroubaceae, but was transferred into Kirkiaceae, together with Pleiokirkia, it was published by Oliv. in Hooker's Icon. Pl. vol.11 on page 26 in 1868.[18]

Also, Gossypioides kirkii, a new species of cotton from East Tropical Africa,[19] Ochna kirkii, an evergreen shrub, and Uapaca kirkiana, a miombo woodland tree of southern Africa,[20] were named after him.

Zoology[edit]

Kirk's red colobus of Zanzibar, Procolobus kirkii, taken at Jozani Forest, Zanzibar, Tanzania.

He studied the wildlife in East Africa and published many papers. He collected many birds from Zanzibar and East Africa.[22] In 1892, he was credited with the third largest elephant tusk among animal trophy hunters.[23]

He collected many specimens of Lake Malawi fish on the Zambezi expedition.[4]

Eponyms[edit]

According to sources,[24] Kirk first drew zoologists' attention to the Zanzibar red colobus,[25] which is also commonly known as Kirk's red colobus. This species, Procolobus kirkii, which is endemic to Zanzibar, is named after him.

Also, a species of

as is a species of

Photography[edit]

Kirk photographed many scenes and people during his travels in East Africa. Examples include "Hamed bin Muhammed, slave and ivory trader", "Female retainers of Swahili household in gala dress", and "A panoramic view of Zanzibar".[citation needed]

Awards and decorations[edit]

Death[edit]

He died on 15 January 1922 aged 89, and was buried in St. Nicholas' churchyard in Sevenoaks, Kent, England.[citation needed]

Bibliography[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Kirk, John (1852), Functional disease of the heart, Edinburgh Medical School, retrieved 10 April 2024
  • ^ a b c d e McMullen, 1880, pp. 770-771
  • ^ "Livingstone's Zambezi Expedition". Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  • ^ a b Kalinga, Owen J.M.(2012). Historical Dictionary of Malawi. Rowman & Littlefield, 2012. pp. 234-235.
  • ^ Wright, Ed (2008). Lost Explorers. Murdock Books. ISBN 978-1-74196-139-3.
  • ^ Kalinga, Owen J.M. (2012). Historical Dictionary of Malawi. Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 234-235.
  • ^ "The last journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa, from 1865 to his death", David Livingstone and Horace Waller. John Murray, 1874
  • ^ Kirk, John (1873). Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Volume 17; Volumes 1872-1873. Edward Stanford. p. 341.
  • ^ Kirk, John (1873). Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Volume 17; Volumes 1872-1873. Edward Stanford. p. 341.
  • ^ "Papers Respecting the Slave Trade on the East Coast of Africa and the System Pursued for its Suppression", British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, pp. 31,57,59,60. IOR/L/PS/18/B83, in Qatar Digital Library [1] [accessed 6 November 2023].
  • ^ Lloyd, Christopher (1968). The Navy and the Slave Trade: The Suppression of the African Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. pp. 264-268.
  • ^ The London Gazette 1 August 1873
  • ^ The London Gazette, 24 September 1875
  • ^ The London Gazette, 30 January 1880
  • ^ The London Gazette, 24 May 1892
  • ^ The London Gazette, 22 July 1890
  • ^ Williams, Benjamin Samuel (1885). The Orchid-Grower's Manual: Containing Descriptions of the Best Species and Varieties of Orchidaceous Plants. Victoria and Paradise Nurseries. p. 119. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  • ^ "Kirkia Oliv". Plants of the World Online.
  • ^ The Gardeners Chronicle. 24 December 1881, p822
  • ^ Orwa C, A Mutua, Kindt R , Jamnadass R, S Anthony. 2009 Agroforestree Database:a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0 (http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases.asp Archived 16 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine)
  • ^ International Plant Names Index.  J.Kirk.
  • ^ The birds of Africa, comprising all the species which occur in the Ethiopian Region G E Shelley, London 1905
  • ^ Horn measurements and weights of the great game of the world: being a record for the use of sportsmen and naturalists Roland Ward, 1892
  • ^ "Kirk's red colobus, Procolobus kirkii". Archived from the original on 1 December 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
  • ^ Inventory Acc.942 Papers of Sir John Kirk GCMB KCB and Lady Kirk née Helen Cooke. National Library of Scotland: Manuscripts Division.
  • ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Kirk", p. 142).
  • ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (22 April 2013). The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians. Exeter, England: Pelagic Publishing. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-907807-42-8.
  • ^ Christopher Scharpf; Kenneth J. Lazara (26 October 2018). "Order BLENNIIFORMES: Family BLENNIIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
  • ^ "List of Past Gold Medal Winners" (PDF). Royal Geographical Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  • ^ Chancery of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (2 February 1886). "The Queen has been graciously pleased to give..." The London Gazette (TheGazette.co.uk) (25555): 506. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  • Further reading[edit]

    External links[edit]


    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Kirk_(explorer)&oldid=1234149038"

    Categories: 
    1832 births
    1922 deaths
    Scottish naturalists
    Scottish explorers
    Explorers of Africa
    Fellows of the Royal Society
    19th-century Scottish botanists
    19th-century explorers
    19th-century Scottish medical doctors
    Scottish civil servants
    People from Angus, Scotland
    Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
    Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
    Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
    Hidden categories: 
    Webarchive template wayback links
    Articles with short description
    Short description is different from Wikidata
    EngvarB from March 2014
    Use dmy dates from March 2014
    All articles with unsourced statements
    Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023
    Botanists with author abbreviations
    Articles needing additional references from November 2023
    All articles needing additional references
    All articles with vague or ambiguous time
    Vague or ambiguous time from November 2023
    Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference
    Articles with FAST identifiers
    Articles with ISNI identifiers
    Articles with VIAF identifiers
    Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers
    Articles with BNF identifiers
    Articles with BNFdata identifiers
    Articles with GND identifiers
    Articles with ICCU identifiers
    Articles with J9U identifiers
    Articles with LCCN identifiers
    Articles with NTA identifiers
    Articles with PortugalA identifiers
    Articles with Botanist identifiers
    Articles with Musée d'Orsay identifiers
    Articles with PIC identifiers
    Articles with RKDartists identifiers
    Articles with ULAN identifiers
    Articles with DTBIO identifiers
    Articles with SNAC-ID identifiers
    Articles with SUDOC identifiers
     



    This page was last edited on 12 July 2024, at 20:51 (UTC).

    Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.



    Privacy policy

    About Wikipedia

    Disclaimers

    Contact Wikipedia

    Code of Conduct

    Developers

    Statistics

    Cookie statement

    Mobile view



    Wikimedia Foundation
    Powered by MediaWiki