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James Lawrence Orr

American politician (1822–1873)

James Lawrence Orr
22nd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
In office December 7, 1857 – March 3, 1859
Preceded by	Nathaniel Banks
Succeeded by	William Pennington
United States Ambassador to Russia
In office December 12, 1872 – May 5, 1873
President	Ulysses Grant
Preceded by	Andrew Curtin
Succeeded by	Marshall Jewell
73rd Governor of South Carolina
In office November 29, 1865 – July 6, 1868
Lieutenant	William Porter
Preceded by	Benjamin Perry
Succeeded by	Robert Scott
Confederate States Senator from South Carolina
In office February 18, 1862 – May 10, 1865
Preceded by	Constituency established
Succeeded by	Constituency abolished
Leader of the House Democratic Caucus
In office December 7, 1857 – March 3, 1859
Preceded by	Linn Boyd
Succeeded by	Michael C. Kerr
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina
In office March 4, 1849 – March 3, 1859
Preceded by	Richard F. Simpson (2nd) Armistead Burt (5th)
Succeeded by	William Aiken Jr. (2nd) John D. Ashmore (5th)
Constituency	2nd district (1849–53) 5th district (1853–59)
Chairman of the House Committee on Indian Affairs
In office March 4, 1853 – March 3, 1855
Preceded by	Robert Ward Johnson
Succeeded by	Benjamin Pringle
Member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from Pendleton District
In office November 25, 1844 – November 27, 1848
Personal details
Born	(1822-05-12)May 12, 1822 Craytonville, South Carolina
Died	May 5, 1873(1873-05-05) (aged 50) Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
Political party	Democratic
Alma mater	University of Virginia
Military service
Allegiance	Confederate States
Branch/service	Confederate States Army
Years of service	1861–1862
Unit	First (Orr's) South Carolina Rifle Regiment
Battles/wars	American Civil War

James Lawrence Orr (May 12, 1822 – May 5, 1873) was an American diplomat and politician who served as the 22nd speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1857 to 1859.^[1] He also served as the 73rd governor of South Carolina from 1865 to 1868 after a term in the Confederate States Senate.

Orr was born at Craytonville, South Carolina located in Anderson County, South Carolina. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1841 and became an attorney. In 1843 he married Mary Jane Marshall; they had seven children.^[2] He served as a Democratic Congressman from South Carolina from 1849 to 1859, serving as the Speaker of the House from 1857 to 1859. Orr was an advocate of states' rights who used his position to assist those persons who promoted the continuation of slavery. He foresaw the consequences of the decision by South Carolina to attempt to secede from the Union, but he remained loyal to his state, while protecting his own financial interests. Orr owned at least fourteen enslaved people in 1850 and purchased at least five more before 1860.^[3] He was one of the three commissioners sent to Washington, D.C. to negotiate the transfer of federal property to South Carolina; the failure of these negotiations led directly to the bombardment of one of the highest-profile federal assets within South Carolina, Fort Sumter.

Orr served as president of the 1860 South Carolina Democratic convention, which endorsed him for the Democratic presidential nomination.^[4]

After Fort Sumter and the outbreak of the American Civil War, Orr organized and commanded Orr's Regiment of South Carolina Rifles, which saw little action before he resigned in 1862 and entered the Confederate Senate, where he served as chairman of the influential Foreign Affairs and Rules committees. The regiment continued to bear his name throughout the war and fought in some of the most prominent battles of the Army of Northern Virginia. In the Confederate Senate, he remained a strong proponent of states' rights.

At the end of the war, Orr was elected governor and served from 1865 until the passage of a new state constitution in 1868. In 1872 President Ulysses S. Grant appointed Orr as Minister to Russia in a gesture of post-Civil War reconciliation. Orr died in St. Petersburg, Russia shortly after arriving to begin his service as Minister. He was interred in the First Presbyterian Church Cemetery in Anderson, South Carolina.

A posthumous portrait of Orr by painter Esther Edmonds is currently part of the collection of the United States Capitol.^[5] The portrait was removed from public display in the Speaker's Lobby outside the House Chamber after an order issued by the Speaker of the House, Nancy Pelosi on June 18, 2020.^[6][7]

• Channing, Steven (1974). Crisis of Fear: Secession in South Carolina. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-00730-8.

• James Lawrence OrratFind a Grave