According to legend, these treasures were brought to Earth by Ninigi-no-Mikoto, legendary ancestor of the Japanese imperial line, when his grandmother, the sun goddess Amaterasu, sent him to pacify Japan.[5] These treasures were eventually said to be passed down to Emperor Jimmu, who was the first Emperor of Japan and Ninigi's great-grandson.[6] Traditionally, they were a symbol of the emperor's divinity as a descendant of Amaterasu, confirming his legitimacy as paramount ruler of Japan. When Amaterasu hid in a cave from her brother Susanoo-no-Mikoto, thus plunging the world in darkness, the goddess Ame-no-Uzume-no-Mikoto hung the mirror and jewels outside the cave and lured her out of hiding. Upon emerging from the cave, Amaterasu was so started by her reflection in the mirror that it gave the gods an opportunity to extract her. Susanoo later presented the sword Kusanagi to Amaterasu as a token of apology; he had obtained it from the body of an eight-headed serpent, Yamata no Orochi.[7]
At the conclusion of the Genpei War in 1185, the six-year-old Emperor Antoku and the Regalia were under the control of the Taira clan. They were present when the Taira were defeated by the rival Minamoto clan at the Battle of Dan-no-ura, which was fought on boats in the shallow Kanmon Straits. Although there are a some medieval texts relating to the loss of the sword, which variously contended that a replica was forged afterwards, or that the lost sword itself was a replica, or even that the sword was returned to land by supernatural forces;[8][9] replicas of the sword and mirror were actually made as early as the 9th century, and the original sword is considered entrusted to Atsuta ShrineinNagoya.[10] The importance of the Imperial Regalia to Japan is evident from the declarations made by Emperor HirohitotoKōichi Kido on 25 and 31 July 1945 at the end of World War II, when he ordered the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan to protect them "at all costs".[11]
Role
[edit]Presentation of the sword Kusanagi no Tsurugi and the Yasakani no Magatama at the enthronement of Emperor Akihito, 1989
Since 690, the presentation of these items to the Emperor by the priests at the shrine has been a central element of the enthronement ceremony. This ceremony is not public, and these items are by tradition seen only by the Emperor and certain priests. While their actual locations are not confirmed, it is commonly thought that the sword is located at the Atsuta ShrineinNagoya, the jewel is located at the Three Palace SanctuariesinKōkyo (the Imperial Palace in Tokyo), and the mirror is located at the Ise Grand ShrineinMie Prefecture.[12] Their first post-World War II enthronement appearance occurred during the accession and enthronement of Akihito in 1989 and 1990. Aside from their presence during the abdication of Akihito on 30 April 2019, their latest appearance occurred during the enthronement of Emperor Naruhito. He formally took possession of the regalia in a brief ceremony on 1 May 2019.[13][14][15] The items themselves were never revealed during these public occasions as they remained shrouded from view in packages or boxes.
When these items are not being used for their ceremonial purpose, their supposed locations are kept off limits to the public.[16]Mikael Adolphson, a professor at Cambridge University, stated that this hidden strategy "adds mystique, and thus, authority, to the objects." He went on to say that Shinto religious tradition is "especially protective" of its symbols.[15] There is a general reluctance in Japan to allow a historical analysis of the regalia as such an assessment could potentially "de-mythologize" the items.[15]
Scholars consider the imperial regalia to represent the fusion of Japan's ancient indigenous groups with new arrivals.[17] The three treasures are a symbol that the emperor should unite the ethnic groups without discrimination.[17]
InPretty Soldier Sailor Moon, a popular Japanese manga and anime franchise, the three talismans of the Outer Senshi are stylized as a mirror, sword and jewel. When brought together, they manifest the Holy Grail.[20]
InYu Yu Hakusho an early episode arc focuses on the theft of three "Artifacts of Darkness" – A soul-stealing jeweled orb, a wish-granting magical mirror, and a demonic sword.
In the One Piece manga by Eiichiro Oda, the character Kizaru – who has the ability to transmutate into light – has fighting techniques named for each of the Three Sacred Treasures.
In the popular King of Fighters video game series, the regalia form the icons of the three sacred treasures of the Kusanagi, Yagami and Kagura families.
InFinal Fantasy XIV: Stormblood, the Primal Susano was contained in three treasures sacred to the tortoise-like Kojin of the Ruby Sea; the sword Ame no Murakumo, the mirror Yata-no-Kagami, and the gem Yasakani-no-Magatama. When the three treasures were brought together, Susano was restored and challenged the player to battle.
InNoragami, the shinkis, i.e. spirits that gods use for various tasks and purposes, of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu are called "three sacred treasures"; they are named "Mikagami" (the mirror), "Mitama" (the magatama jewel), and "Mitsurugi" (the sword).
InŌkami, Amaterasu uses three types of divine instruments based on the three sacred treasures: Reflectors (the mirror), Rosaries (the jewels), and Glaives (the sword).
InNaruto, Orochimaru uses the "Kusanagi Blade" against the third hokage. Itachi is seen using attacks utilizing Yasakani beads and the "Yata Mirror." Itachi also uses the "Totsuka Blade" which is said to be a variant of the Kusanagi Blade.
InKid Icarus, Pit uses the "Three Sacred Treasures" to beat Medusa. They are the "Arrow of Light", the "Mirror Shield", and the "Wings of Pegasus".
In the Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game, the "Mikanko" archetype features cards referencing the three sacred treasures: "Ha-Re the Sword", "Ni-Ni the Mirror" and "Hu-Li the Jewel", all of which have names deriving from descendants of the sun goddess Amaterasu, in which a fourth card, "Ohime the Manifested", appears to represent.
^"General Policy Speech by Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi to the 156th Session of the Diet". Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet. 31 January 2003. Retrieved 5 September 2017. (Structural Reform in Lifestyle) From the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s, washing machines, refrigerators, and black and white televisions were called the "three sacred treasures" that symbolized the new lifestyle; from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s they were automobiles, air conditioners, and color televisions.
