Zakros (Greek: Ζάκρος also ZakroorKato Zakro) is a Minoanarchaeological site on the eastern coast of CreteinLasithi, Greece. It is regarded as one of the six Minoan palaces, and its protected harbor and strategic location made it an important commercial hub for trade to the east.
The town was dominated by the Palace of Zakro, originally built around 1900 BC, rebuilt around 1600 BC, and destroyed around 1450 BC along with the other major centers of Minoan civilization. Extensive ruins of the palace remain, and are a popular tourist destination.
Zakros is sometimes divided into Epano Zakros (Upper Zakros), the portion higher up on the hillside, and Kato Zakros (Lower Zakros), the part near the sea. A Minoan villa was discovered on the road from Epano Zakos near the gorge. It is dated to the Minoan LM IA period (c. 1700–1625 BC), before the construction of the palace.[1]Apithos found there had a Linear A inscription around its rim recording a large quantity (32 units) of wine.[2] A ravine (usually referred to as a gorge in archaeological publications) known as the "Ravine of the Dead" runs through both the upper and lower parts of the ancient site, named after the numerous burials that have been found in the caves along its walls.
The site was first occupied in the Early Minoan III to Middle Minoan IA period (c. 2000 BC). The monumental construction at the site proceeded in two phases. The Old Palace was built late in the Middle Minoan period and then destroyed by a large seismic event c. 1700 BC. At that point the New Palace was constructed. It was destroyed in another seismic event c. 1450 BC (between the Late Minoan IA and Late Minoan IB periods). There was a limited degree of occupation which then ceased entirely c. 1200 BC (Late Minoan III period). A 3 meter wide slab paved guttered road, built during the ProtoPalatial period, connected Kato Zakros and its harbor. It led to the northeast gate of the palace. During the Minoan era the sea level dropped 4 times (−4.00 ± 0.30 m, −2.85 ± 0.30 m, −1.25 ± 0.05 m, and −0.50 ± 0.05 m), or the land rose, of major significance to a harbor city.[3] To the north a large Protopalatial and Neopalatial town occupied the hills around the palace. The town, like the palace, was laid out with a rectilinear paved road system. Based on the road width and lack of wheel wear it is assumed that transport was by pack animals.[4][2]
It has been proposed that the ancient name of the site was Ditka.[5]
The site was visited by Arthur Evans, excavator of Knossos, in 1894 and 1896. Zakro was excavated by D.G. Hogarth of the British School of Archaeology at Athens under the auspices of the Cretan Exploration Fund in 1901 working primarily in the central area, Ayios Antonios. Finds included bronze tools, pottery, loom weights, furniture, and a winepress (7 have now been found in total, all in the town area). In a stone cellar in one of the 12 homes excavated on the hill to the northeast a small horde of bronze implements was found including two axe heads and three lances. Some of the pottery from later contexts was of Mycenaean Greek type. Some small sites (Xerokambolina, Ambelis, Anthropolites, Tou Koukou to Kephali, and S' tas Tavernas) in the upper Zakros Valley near Espano Zakros were also examined.[7][8][9][10] Two pits were excavated by Hogarth, the primary one being 16 feet in diameter and 18 feet deep with a deposit of 8 feet in depth at the bottom (with the top 3 feet disturbed by looting villagers). Artifacts, primarily pottery, found in the pit date to the LM IA period. [11] A single Linear A inscribed roundel (3.00 by 2.80 by 1.20 centimeters) was found, in the same deposit with a Linear A tablet and a number of clay sealings. Three of the sealings were inscribed with Cretan hieroglyphs. The deposit was in a destruction layer dated between layers LM IA and LM IB.[12][13] Human remains were found in caves at the gorge.[14]
The Palace of Zakros ruins
In 1961, Nikolaos Platon resumed the excavation and discovered the Palace of Zakro (the New Palace). The palace (or administrative center), with an area of about 8000 square meters and with about 150 rooms, featured two large paved courtyards, one central and one to the west. His work there continued until he died in 1992 and appears to have then been continued by Lefteris Plato.[15][16][17][18][19] Much of the focus of excavation was on the slope northeast of the palace including the "Strong Building", "Little Tower Building", and the "Pottery Stores Building".[20] During excavation an irrigation project to the west of the site revealed Middle Minoan tomb enclosures at Pezoules Kephala. Two enclosures were excavated, one a single tomb and one a multi-chambered tomb. Articulated skeletons were recovered and later examined.[21] This site has yielded several clay tablets with Linear A inscriptions.[22][23] Copper oxhide ingots dated to LM IA were found.[24] One Egyptian stonebridge‑spouted jar which had been locally modified was found.[25]
Copper oxhide ingot found at Zakros
A number of seals, mainly of steatite, and clay sealings have been found at Zakros.[26][27][28] Two Egyptian Early Dynastic bowls were found in the cult repository of the Palace. It is thought that they stemmed from the widespread trade in robbed Egyptian tomb artifacts in that period.[29] Zakros is the second largest source of recovered Linear A inscriptions, after Haghia Triada. In total 591 documents were found consisting of 31 tablets and 560 sealed documents.[30]
^Mantzourani, Eleni, and Giorgos Vavouranakis, "Achladia and Epano Zakros: A Re-examination of the Architecture and Topography of Two Possible Minoan Villas in East Crete", Opuscula Atheniensia 30, pp. 99-125, 2005
^ ab[1]Rehak, Paul, and John G. Younger, "Neopalatial, final palatial, and postpalatial Crete", American Journal of Archaeology 102.1, pp. 91-173, 1998
^Mourtzas, Nikos, and Eleni Kolaiti, "Shoreline reconstruction of the submerged Minoan harbour morphology in the bay of Kato Zakros (Eastern Crete, Greece)", Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 12, pp. 684-698, 2017
^Salichou, Alexandra, "The mobility of goods and the provisioning of buildings within the Late Minoan IB settlement of Kato Zakros", Platon 237:238, 1974
^[2]Huxley, George, "The Ancient Name of Zakro", Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 8.2, pp. 85-87, 1967
^Thomas Abel Brimage Spratt (1865). Travels and Researches in Crete. J. van Voorst. OCLC1000662504. Volume 1
^D.G. Hogarth, "Excavations at Zakro, Crete", Annual of the British School at Athens 7, pp. 121-49, 1901
^Dawkins, R. M., "Pottery from Zakro", The Journal of Hellenic Studies 23, pp. 248-260, 1903
^[3]Hogarth, David George, "Bronze-age vases from Zakro", The Journal of Hellenic Studies 22, pp. 333-338, 1902
^Hogarth, D. G., "Exploration at Zakro in Eastern Crete", Man, vol. 1, pp. 186–87, 1901
^Platon, Lefteris, "On the dating and character of the'Zakros pits deposit'", British School at Athens Studies, pp. 243-257, 2010
^D. G. Hogarth, "The Zakro Sealings", JHS 22, pp. 76-93, 1902
^Perna, Massimo, "The Roundel in Linear A from Zakro Wc 2 (HM 84)", Kadmos 33.1, pp. 29-37, 1994
^W. Boyd Dawkins, "Skulls from cave burials at Zakro", Annual of the British School at Athens 7, pp. 150-55, 1901
^Platon, N, "Ανασκαφή Ζάκρου", Prakt, pp. 216-224, 1961
^Platon, N, "Ανασκαφή Ζάκρου", Prakt, pp. 142-168, 1962
^Fraser, P. M., "Archaeology in Greece, 1968-69", Archaeological Reports, no. 15, pp. 3–39, 1968
^Fraser, P. M., "Archaeology in Greece, 1970-71", Archaeological Reports, no. 17, pp. 3–32, 1970
^Lefteris Platon, "Studying the character of the Minoan ‘household’ within the limits of the Neopalatial settlement of Zakros", in Kevin T. Glowacki and Natalia Vogeikoff-Brogan (eds.), ΣΤΕΓΑ: The Archaeology of Houses and Households in Ancient Crete, [Hesperia Supplement 44], Princeton-New Jersey, pp. 151-161, 2011
^Catling, H. W., "Archaeology in Greece, 1971-72", Archaeological Reports, no. 18, pp. 3–26, 1971
^[4]Becker, M. J., "Human Skeletal Remains from Kato Zakro", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 271–76, 1975
^Brice, William C., "The Zakro Tablets 16, 17 and 18", Kadmos 21.1, pp. 9-14, 1982
^Hooker, James T., "Remarks on the Linear A Inscriptions from Zakro", Kadmos 16.1, pp. 13-15, 1977
^Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale., "Oxhide Copper Ingots in Crete and Cyprus and the Bronze Age Metals Trade", The Annual of the British School at Athens, vol. 81, pp. 81–100, 1986
^[5]Franković, Filip, "Something old, something new and something borrowed–appropriating foreign material culture in the Late Bronze Age Aegean", Studia Hercynia 22.1, pp. 7-30, 2018
^Hogarth, D. G., "Note on two Zakro sealings", Annual of the British School at Athens 17, pp. 264-265, 1911
^[6]Weingarten, Judith, "Aspects of tradition and innovation in the work of the Zakro Master", Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 11.1, pp. 167-180, 1985
^Weingarten, Judith, "Two inscribed sealings from Zakro", Kadmos 22.2, pp. 107-108, 1983
^Pomerance, Leon, "The possible role of tomb robbers and viziers of the 18th Dynasty in confusing Minoan chronology", Temple University Aegean Symposium, Vol. 1, 1976
^[7] Salgarella, Ester, "Drawing lines: The palaeography of Linear A and Linear B", Kadmos, vol. 58, no. 1–2, pp. 61–92, 2019 doi:10.1515/kadmos-2019-0004
Anastasiadou, Maria, "Open borders? Impressed nodules in neopalatial Kato Zakros", Political geographies of the Bronze Age Aegean, pp. 143-193, 2022
Bosanquet, R. C., "Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 3.—The Chronology of Palaikastro and Zakro", Annual of the British School at Athens 9, pp. 281-287, 1903
Catling, H. W., "Archaeology in Greece, 1979-80", Archaeological Reports, no. 26, pp. 3–53, 1979
Chrysoulaki, S., and L. Platon, "Relations between the town and palace of Zakros", in R. Hagg, and N. Marinatos (eds.), The Function of the Minoan Palaces, Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium at the Swedish Institute in Athens, 10 –16 June 1984 (Acta Instituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae, Series 4º: ΧΧΧV), Stockholm, 77– 84, 1987
Fraser, P. M., "Archaeology in Greece, 1969-1970", Archaeological Reports, no. 16, pp. 3–31, 1969
French, E. B., "Archaeology in Greece 1990-91", Archaeological Reports, no. 37, pp. 3–78, 1990
Gerontakou, Eleni, Maria Kyritsi, and Alexandra Salichou, "Identity and Structure in the Minoan town of Zakros", in OIKOS: Archaeological Approaches to House Societies in the Bronze Age Aegean 19, pp. 157-172, Presses universitaires de Louvain, Lovaina, 2020
[8]Papit, Judith L., "Minoan town planning", Dissertation, Temple University, 2013
[9]Nikolaos Platon, "Zakros: The Discovery of a Lost Palace of Ancient Crete", Scribner, 1971 ISBN978-0684311036
Platon, Lefteris, and Eleni Gerontakou, "Middle Minoan III: a'gap'or a 'missing link' in the history of the Minoan site of Zakros?", British School at Athens Studies, pp. 197-212, 2013
Platon, Lefteris, "Studying the Character of the Minoan 'Household' within the Limits of the Neopalatial Settlement of Zakros", Hesperia Supplements 44, pp. 151-161, 2011
Judith Reid, "Minoan Kato Zakro: A Pastoral Economy", BAR Publishing, 2007 ISBN9781407301570
Alexandra Salichou, "The role of courtyards in maintaining lighting and ventilation comforts in Neopalatial domestic architecture. A view from Kato Zakros (East Crete)", Proceedings of the 6th Balkan Light Conference 2015, 16-19 September 2015, Athens, Greece, Athens, pp. 361-365, 2015
Stieglitz, Robert R., "The Minoan Pithos Inscription from Zakro", Kadmos 22.1, pp. 5-7, 1983
Syrmos, Nikolaos Ch., "Microcephaly in ancient Greece—the Minoan microcephalus of Zakros", Child's Nervous System 27.5, pp. 685-686, 2011
Thompson, James G., "Clues to the location of bull jumping at Zakro", Journal of Sport History 19.2, pp. 163-168, 1992
Weingarten, Judith, "The use of the Zakro sealings", Kadmos 22.1, pp. 8-13, 1983
