It is a tendon-like structure that has developed independently in humans and other animals well adapted for running.[2] In some four-legged animals, particularly ungulates and canids, the nuchal ligament serves to sustain the weight of the head.
InChiari malformation treatment, decompression and duraplasty with a harvested nuchal ligament showed similar outcomes to pericranial and artificial grafts.[3]
In sheep and cattle, it is known as the paxwax.[4] It relieves the animal of the weight of its head.
The nuchal ligament is unusual in being a ligament with an elastic component, allowing for stretch.[5] Most ligaments are mostly made of highly aligned collagen fibres which do not permit stretching.[citation needed]
Structurally, the nuchal ligament is formed with the association of both elastin proteins as well as type III collagen (45%). The collagen fibrils share a consistent size as well as helical pattern which gives the ligament its tensile strength. The elastin on the other hand is a protein that allows for flexibility. These two elements of the nuchal ligament maintain a complex balance which allows the constant weight bearing of the head along with multidirectional movement without damaging the durability of the ligament through over-use/stretching. [6]
In most other mammals, including the great apes, the nuchal ligament is absent or present only as a thin fascia.[2] As it is required for running, not all animals have one.[7]
All dogs (and all living Canidae - wolves, foxes, and wild dogs) possess a similar ligament connecting the spinous process of their first thoracic (or chest) vertebrae to the back of the axis bone (second cervical or neck bone), which supports the weight of the head without active muscle exertion, thus saving energy.[8] This ligament is analogous in function (but different in exact structural detail) to the nuchal ligament found in ungulates.[8] This ligament allows dogs to carry their heads while running long distances, such as while following scent trails with their nose to the ground, without expending much energy.[8]
In the meat industry, the nuchal ligament is referred to as paddywhack (also spelled pandywack; also called back straporpaxwax).[10]
The word is mentioned in a dictionary of South-west Lincolnshire dialect as a synonym of paxwax (originally faxwax; Old Englishcompound of "hair" + "to grow").[11] Hence, paddywack has been in use with this meaning since at least 1886.[12]
Dried paddywhack is commonly packaged and sold as a dog treat,[10] hence the phrase, "Knick-knack, paddywhack, give the dog a bone" in the nursery rhyme, This Old Man[citation needed]. Paddywack is unpalatable as a human food because it cannot be softened or tenderised, but it makes a good natural dog chew.[13] It is classed as offal by the meat industry.[10]
^Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). Gray's anatomy for students (Pbk. ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. p. 45. ISBN978-0-443-06612-2.
^ abSwindler, D. R., and C. D. Wood. 1973 An Atlas of Primate Gross Anatomy. Seattle: University of Washington Press[page needed]
^Cools MJ, Quinsey CS, Elton SW (April 2018). "Chiari decompression outcomes using ligamentum nuchae harvest and duraplasty in pediatric patients with Chiari malformation type I". J Neurosurg Pediatr. 22 (1): 47–51. doi:10.3171/2018.1.PEDS17670. PMID29652242. S2CID4793248.
^ abcHerzmann, Peter (2017). "It's all edible: Four views of offal". In McWilliams, Mark (ed.). Offal: Rejected and Reclaimed Food: Proceedings of the 2016 Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery. Oxford Symposium. pp. 21–39 [31]. ISBN978-1-909248-55-7.
^"paxwax", Oxford English Dictionary Online, retrieved 10 October 2021 (subscription required).
^Robert Eden George Cole, A Glossary of Words Used in South-west Lincolnshire, English Dialect Society, 1886 OCLC249538445.
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 290 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
