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( R e d i r e c t e d f r o m L i s t o f X - r a y s p a c e t e l e s c o p e s )
This list of space telescopes (astronomical space observatories ) is grouped by major frequency ranges : gamma ray , x-ray , ultraviolet , visible , infrared , microwave , and radio . Telescopes that work in multiple frequency bands are included in all of the appropriate sections. Space telescopes that collect particles, such as cosmic ray nuclei and/or electrons, as well as instruments that aim to detect gravitational waves , are also listed. Missions with specific targets within the Solar System (e.g., the Sun and its planets ), are excluded; see List of Solar System probes for these, and List of Earth observation satellites for missions targeting Earth .
Two values are provided for the dimensions of the initial orbit. For telescopes in Earth orbit , the minimum and maximum altitude are given in kilometers . For telescopes in solar orbit , the minimum distance (periapsis ) and the maximum distance (apoapsis ) between the telescope and the center of mass of the Sun are given in astronomical units (AU ).
Gamma ray [ edit ]
Gamma-ray telescopes collect and measure individual, high energy gamma rays from astrophysical sources. These are absorbed by the atmosphere, requiring that observations are done by high-altitude balloons or space missions. Gamma rays can be generated by supernovae , neutron stars , pulsars and black holes . Gamma ray bursts , with extremely high energies, have also been detected but have yet to be identified.[1]
X-ray telescopes measure high-energy photons called X-rays . These can not travel a long distance through the atmosphere, meaning that they can only be observed high in the atmosphere or in space. Several types of astrophysical objects emit X-rays, from galaxy clusters , through black holes in active galactic nuclei to galactic objects such as supernova remnants , stars , and binary stars containing a white dwarf (cataclysmic variable stars ), neutron star or black hole (X-ray binaries ). Some Solar System bodies emit X-rays, the most notable being the Moon , although most of the X-ray brightness of the Moon arises from reflected solar X-rays. A combination of many unresolved X-ray sources is thought to produce the observed X-ray background .
Photo
Name
Space agency
Launch date
Terminated
Location
Ref(s )
Uhuru (Small Astronomy Satellite 1, SAS-A)
NASA
12 Dec 1970
Mar 1973
Earth orbit (531–572 km )
[35] [36] [37]
Astronomical Netherlands Satellite (ANS)
SRON
30 Aug 1974
Jun 1976
Earth orbit (266–1176 km )
[38] [39]
Ariel V
SRC & NASA
15 Oct 1974
14 Mar 1980
Earth orbit (520 km )
[40] [41]
Aryabhata
ISRO
19 Apr 1975
23 Apr 1975
Earth orbit (563–619 km )
[42]
Small Astronomy Satellite 3 (SAS-C)
NASA
7 May 1975
Apr 1979
Earth orbit (509–516 km )
[43] [44] [45]
Cos-B
ESA
9 Aug 1975
25 Apr 1982
Earth orbit (339.6–99,876 km )
[6] [7] [8]
Cosmic Radiation Satellite (CORSA)
ISAS
4 Feb 1976
4 Feb 1976
Failed launch
[46] [47]
High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1 (HEAO 1)
NASA
12 Aug 1977
9 Jan 1979
Earth orbit (445 km )
[48] [49] [50]
Einstein Observatory (HEAO 2 )
NASA
13 Nov 1978
26 Apr 1981
Earth orbit (465–476 km )
[51] [52]
Hakucho (CORSA-b)
ISAS
21 Feb 1979
16 Apr 1985
Earth orbit (421–433 km )
[53] [54] [55]
High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3 (HEAO 3)
NASA
20 Sep 1979
29 May 1981
Earth orbit (486.4–504.9 km )
[9] [10] [11]
Tenma (Astro-B)
ISAS
20 Feb 1983
19 Jan 1989
Earth orbit (489–503 km )
[56] [57] [58]
Astron
IKI
23 Mar 1983
Jun 1989
Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km )
[59] [60] [61]
EXOSAT
ESA
26 May 1983
8 Apr 1986
Earth orbit (347–191,709 km )
[62] [63] [64]
Ginga (Astro-C)
ISAS
5 Feb 1987
1 Nov 1991
Earth orbit (517–708 km )
[65] [66] [67]
Granat
CNRS & IKI
1 Dec 1989
25 May 1999
Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km )
[12] [13] [14]
ROSAT
NASA & DLR
1 Jun 1990
12 Feb 1999
Re-entry 23 October 2011.[68] Formerly Earth orbit (580 km )
[69] [70] [71]
Broad Band X-ray Telescope / Astro 1
NASA
2 Dec 1990
11 Dec 1990
Earth orbit (500 km )
[72] [73]
Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA, Astro-D)
ISAS & NASA
20 Feb 1993
2 Mar 2001
Earth orbit (523.6–615.3 km )
[74] [75]
Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors (Alexis)
LANL
25 Apr 1993
2005
Earth orbit (749–844 km )
[76] [77] [78]
Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE)
NASA
30 Dec 1995
3 Jan 2012
Earth orbit (409 km )
[79] [80] [81]
BeppoSAX
ASI
30 Apr 1996
30 Apr 2002
Earth orbit (575–594 km )
[82] [83] [84]
A Broadband Imaging X-ray All-sky Survey (ABRIXAS)
DLR
28 Apr 1999
1 Jul 1999
Earth orbit (549–598 km )
[85] [86] [87]
Chandra X-ray Observatory
NASA
23 Jul 1999
—
Earth orbit (9,942–140,000 km )
[88] [89]
XMM-Newton
ESA
10 Dec 1999
—
Earth orbit (7,365–114,000 km )
[90] [91]
High Energy Transient Explorer 2 (HETE 2)
NASA
9 Oct 2000
Mar 2008
Earth orbit (590–650 km )
[21] [22] [92]
International Gamma Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL)
ESA
17 Oct 2002
—
Earth orbit (639–153,000 km )
[24] [25]
Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory
NASA
20 Nov 2004
—
Earth orbit (585–604 km )
[26] [27]
Suzaku (Astro-E2)
JAXA & NASA
10 Jul 2005
2 Sep 2015
Earth orbit (550 km )
[93] [94]
Astrorivelatore Gamma ad Immagini Leggero (AGILE)
ISA
23 Apr 2007
18 Jan 2024
Earth orbit (524–553 km )
[28] [29]
Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR)
NASA
13 Jun 2012
—
Earth orbit (603.5 km )
[95] [96]
AstroSat
ISRO
28 Sep 2015
—
Earth orbit (600–650 km )
[97] [98] [99]
Hitomi (Astro-H)
JAXA
17 Feb 2016
28 Apr 2016
Earth orbit (575 km )
[100] [101] [102]
Mikhailo Lomonosov
Moscow State University
28 Apr 2016
30 Jun 2018
Earth orbit (478–493 km )
[103] [104]
Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER)
NASA
7 Jun 2017
—
International Space Station
[105]
Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT)
CNSA & CAS
14 Jun 2017
—
Low Earth orbit (545–554.1 km )
[106]
Spektr-RG
RSRI & MPE
Jul 13, 2019
—
Sun-Earth L2
[107]
Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE)
NASA
9 Dec 2021
—
Earth orbit (540 km )
[108] [109]
Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy (LEIA)
CSA
27 Jul 2022
—
Low Earth orbit
[110] [111]
X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM)
JAXA & NASA
7 Sep 2023
—
Earth orbit (550 km )
[112] [113]
X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat)
ISRO & RRI
1 Jan 2024
—
Earth orbit (638–653 km )
[114] [115]
Einstein Probe
CAS & ESA & MPE
9 Jan 2024
—
Earth orbit (581–593 km )
[116]
Space Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM)
CNSA & CNES
22 Jun 2024
—
Earth orbit (625–625 km )
[33] [117]
Ultraviolet [ edit ]
Ultraviolet telescopes make observations at ultraviolet wavelengths, i.e. between approximately 10 and 320 nm . Light at these wavelengths is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so observations at these wavelengths must be performed from the upper atmosphere or from space.[118] Objects emitting ultraviolet radiation include the Sun , other stars and galaxies .[119]
UV ranges listed at Ultraviolet astronomy#Ultraviolet space telescopes .
Visible light [ edit ]
The oldest form of astronomy, optical or visible-light astronomy, observes wavelengths of light from approximately 400 to 700 nm .[148] Positioning an optical telescope in space eliminates the distortions and limitations that hamper that ground-based optical telescopes (see Astronomical seeing ), providing higher resolution images. Optical telescopes are used to look at planets , stars , galaxies , planetary nebulae and protoplanetary disks , amongst many other things.[149]
Infrared and submillimetre [ edit ]
Infrared light is of lower energy than visible light, hence is emitted by sources that are either cooler, or moving away from the observer (in present context: Earth) at high speed. As such, the following can be viewed in the infrared: cool stars (including brown dwarves ), nebulae , and redshifted galaxies .[168]
Microwave [ edit ]
Microwave space telescopes have primarily been used to measure cosmological parameters from the Cosmic Microwave Background . They also measure synchrotron radiation , free-free emission and spinning dust from our Galaxy , as well as extragalactic compact sources and galaxy clusters through the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect .[198]
As the atmosphere is transparent for radio waves, radio telescopes in space are most useful for Very Long Baseline Interferometry : doing simultaneous observations of a source with both a satellite and a ground-based telescope and by correlating their signals to simulate a radio telescope the size of the separation between the two telescopes. Typical targets for observations include supernova remnants , masers , gravitational lenses , and starburst galaxies .[citation needed ]
Particle detection [ edit ]
Spacecraft and space-based modules that do particle detection, looking for cosmic rays and electrons . These can be emitted by the sun (Solar Energetic Particles ), our galaxy (Galactic cosmic rays ) and extragalactic sources (Extragalactic cosmic rays ). There are also Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays from active galactic nuclei , those can be detected by ground-based detectors via their particle showers .
Gravitational waves [ edit ]
A type of telescope that detects gravitational waves ; ripples in space-time generated by colliding neutron stars or black holes .
To be launched [ edit ]
See also [ edit ]
References [ edit ]
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