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( R e d i r e c t e d f r o m L u d w i g I V , G r a n d D u k e o f H e s s e a n d b y R h i n e )
Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine from 1877 to 1892
Louis IV
Ludwig IV, 1878
Reign 13 June 1877 – 13 March 1892 Predecessor Louis III Successor Ernest Louis Born (1837-09-12 ) 12 September 1837Prinz-Carl-Palais , Darmstadt , Grand Duchy of Hesse , German Confederation Died 13 March 1892(1892-03-13) (aged 54 )New Palace , Darmstadt , Grand Duchy of Hesse , German Empire Burial 17 March 1892
Rosenhöhe, Darmstadt, Grand Duchy of Hesse, German Empire
Spouse
(m. ; died
Countess Alexandrina Hutten-Czapska
(m. ann. 1884)
Issue
Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna of Russia
Irene, Princess Henry of Prussia
Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine
Prince Friedrich
Alix, Empress of Russia
Princess Marie
German : Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig Karl
Frederick William Louis Charles
House Hesse-Darmstadt Father Prince Charles of Hesse and by Rhine Mother Princess Elisabeth of Prussia
Louis IV (German : Ludwig IV. Großherzog von Hessen und bei Rhein ; 12 September 1837 – 13 March 1892) was the Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine from 13 June 1877 until his death in 1892. Through his marriage to Queen Victoria 's second daughter Alice, he was connected to the British royal family . Two of his daughters married into the House of Romanov .
Early life [ edit ]
Louis was born at the Prinz-Karl-Palais in Darmstadt , the capital of the Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine in the German Confederation , the first son and child of Prince Charles of Hesse and by Rhine (23 April 1809 – 20 March 1877) and Princess Elisabeth of Prussia (18 June 1815 – 21 March 1885), granddaughter of King Frederick William II of Prussia . As his father's elder brother Louis III (1806–1877), the future Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, had been married to his first wife since 1833 without legitimate children and from 1868 was married morganatically ,[1]
First marriage [ edit ]
On 1 July 1862, Louis married Princess Alice , a daughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight .[1] Royal Highness Order of the Garter .
Although this was an arranged marriage orchestrated by the bride's father Albert, Prince Consort , the couple did have a brief period of courtship before betrothal and wed willingly, even after the death of the Prince Consort left Queen Victoria in a protracted state of grief that cast a pall over the nuptials .[2] [2] social services , scientific development, hands-on child-rearing, charity and intellectual stimulation were not shared by Louis who, although dutiful and benevolent, was bluff in manner and conventional in his pursuits.[2] Frittie , who was afflicted with hemophilia and suffered a fatal fall from a palace window before his third birthday in 1873, combined with the wearying war relief duties Alice had undertaken in 1870, evoked a crisis of spiritual faith for the princess in which her husband does not appear to have shared.[2]
Military career [ edit ]
During the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, Louis commanded the Hessian cavalry in support of the Austrian side.[2]
The Austrians were defeated in the war, and the Hessian grand duchy was in jeopardy of being awarded as the spoils of war to victorious Prussia , which annexed some of Austria's other allies (Hanover , Hesse-Cassel , Nassau ). Hesse-Darmstadt appears to have been spared this fate only by a cession of territory and the close dynastic kinship between its ruler and the Emperor of Russia (Alexander II 's consort, Empress Maria Alexandrovna , was the sister of Hesse's Grand Duke Louis III and of Prince Charles).[2]
In the Franco-Prussian War Prince Louis fought on the side of Prussia and the North German Confederation ; commanding the 25th Division . He was credited with courageous military service, especially at the Battle of Gravelotte ,[2] House of Hohenzollern by fighting on the same side as his brother-in-law and future emperor, Crown Prince Frederick William of Prussia . He had good relationship with Frederick William and his wife Victoria , the Princess Royal, all of his lifetime. He also visited him on his deathbed in 1888.
Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine [ edit ]
In March 1877, Louis became heir presumptive to the Hessian throne when his father died and, less than three months later, found himself reigning grand duke upon the demise of his uncle, Louis III.[1]
A year and a half later, however, Grand Duke Louis was stricken with diphtheria along with most of his immediate family. He recovered; but his four-year-old daughter Marie succumbed, along with his wife of 16 years.[2]
Second marriage [ edit ]
Countess Alexandrine von Hutten-Czapska
Grand Duchess Alice having died in 1878, Louis IV contracted a morganatic marriage on 30 April 1884 in Darmstadt (on the eve of the wedding of his eldest daughter, for which Queen Victoria and other relatives of his first wife were gathered in the Hessian capital) with Countess Alexandrine von Hutten-Czapska (3 September 1854 – 8 May 1941), daughter of Count Adam von Hutten-Czapski (1819–1884) and his wife, Countess Marianna Rzewuska (1827–1897).[3] [4] Kolemin , the Russian chargé d'affaires in Darmstadt.[1] [1] Countess von Romrod on 31 May 1884 and a financial compensation. Alexandrine later married for the third time to Basil von Bacheracht.
Grand Duke Ludwig IV died of a heart attack in the New Palace in Darmstadt on 13 March 1892. He was succeeded by his son, Ernest Louis.
The Equestrian statue of Ludwig IV on the Friedensplatz in Darmstadt
Honours [ edit ]
German orders and decorations[5]
Grand Cross of the Merit Order of Philip the Magnanimous , 11 April 1854 [7]
Military Merit Cross, 30 January 1871 [8]
Military Honour Medal for 25 years of Service
Field Service Medal
War Medal for the Campaign in France (1870-1871)
Hesse-Kassel : Knight of the Golden Lion , 9 January 1857 [9]
Anhalt : Grand Cross of the Order of Albert the Bear
Baden :
Bavaria Knight of St. Hubert , 1863 [11]
Brunswick Order of Henry the Lion
Ernestine duchies : Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order , 1863 [12]
Mecklenburg :
Nassau : Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau , June 1863 [13]
Oldenburg : Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig , with Golden Crown and Collar, 5 July 1877 [14]
Prussia :
Saxony Knight of the Rue Crown , 1877 [16]
Württemberg : Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown , 1865 [17]
Foreign orders and decorations[5]
Belgium :
Principality of Bulgaria :
Denmark : Knight of the Elephant , 23 September 1878 [20]
Kingdom of Greece : Grand Cross of the Redeemer
Kingdom of Italy : Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Netherlands :
Ottoman Empire : Order of Osmanieh , 1st Class
Kingdom of Portugal : Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword
Kingdom of Romania : Grand Cross of the Star of Romania
Spain Order of Charles III , with Collar, 8 October 1883 [22]
Kingdom of Serbia :
Sweden-Norway : Knight of the Seraphim , 21 September 1881 [23]
United Kingdom Stranger Knight of the Garter , 5 July 1862 [24]
Russian Empire :
Issue (by Princess Alice)[1]
Image
Name
Birth
Death
Notes
Victoria Alberta Elisabeth Mathilde Marie5 April 1863
24 September 1950
m. 30 April 1884 Prince Louis of Battenberg , later Marquess of Milford-Haven (24 May 1854-11 September 1921); 2 sons, 2 daughters (including Queen Louise of Sweden and Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma ).
Elisabeth Alexandra Louise Alice1 November 1864
18 July 1918
Took the name Yelisaveta Fyodorovna on her baptism into the Russian Orthodox Church ; m. 15 June 1884 Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia (11 May 1857-17 February 1905), the seventh child and fifth son of Tsar Alexander II of Russia ; had no issue
Irene Louise Marie Anne11 July 1866
11 November 1953
m. 24 May 1888 Prince Henry of Prussia (14 August 1862–20 April 1929), son of Frederick III, German Emperor ; had 3 sons. Irene passed haemophilia on to two of her three sons: Prince Waldemar of Prussia and Prince Henry of Prussia .
Ernest Louis Charles Albert William25 November 1868
9 October 1937
Succeeded as Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, 13 March 1892, abdicated 9 November 1918;1 ), 9 April 1894 his first cousin Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (25 November 1876–2 March 1936); 1 son (stillborn) and 1 daughter, div. 21 December 1901.2 ), 2 February 1905, Princess Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich (17 September 1871–16 November 1937); two sons.
Frederick William Augustus Victor Leopold Louis7 October 1870
29 May 1873
Suffered from haemophilia and died from internal bleeding after a fall from a window at age two and a half.
Alix Victoria Helena Louise Beatrice6 June 1872
17 July 1918
Took the name Alexandra Feodorovna on her baptism into the Russian Orthodox Church ; m. 26 November 1894 Tsar Nicholas II of Russia (18 May 1868-17 July 1918); 1 son and 4 daughters. Their only son, Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia , suffered from haemophilia.
Marie Victoria Feodore Leopoldine24 May 1874
16 November 1878
Died of diphtheria at age four.
Ancestry [ edit ]
Ancestors of Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse
32. Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt 16. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt 33. Countess Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg and Müntzenberg 8. Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine 34. Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken 17. Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken 35. Countess Caroline of Nassau-Saarbrücken 4. Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine 36. Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (= #32) 18. Prince George William of Hesse-Darmstadt 37. Countess Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg and Müntzenberg (= #33) 9. Princess Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt 38. Count Christian Karl Reinhard of Leiningen-Dachsburg-Falkenburg-Heidesheim 19. Countess Maria Louise Albertine of Leiningen-Falkenburg-Dagsburg 39. Countess Catharine Polyxene of Solms-Rödelheim-Assenheim 2. Prince Charles of Hesse and by Rhine 40. Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Baden-Durlach 20. Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden 41. Princess Amalia of Nassau-Dietz 10. Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden 42. Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (= #32) 21. Landgravine Caroline Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt 43. Countess Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg and Müntzenberg (= #33) 5. Princess Wilhelmine of Baden 44. Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (= #32) 22. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (= #16) 45. Countess Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg and Müntzenberg (= #33) 11. Princess Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt 46. Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (= #34) 23. Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken (= #17) 47. Countess Caroline of Nassau-Saarbrücken (= #35) 1. Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine 48. Frederick William I of Prussia 24. Prince Augustus William of Prussia 49. Sophia Dorothea of Hanover 12. Frederick William II of Prussia 50. Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg 25. Duchess Louise Amalie of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 51. Duchess Antoinette Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg 6. Prince Wilhelm of Prussia 52. Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (= #32) 26. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (= #16) 53. Countess Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg and Müntzenberg (= #33) 13. Princess Frederica Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt 54. Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (= #34) 27. Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken (= #17) 55. Countess Caroline of Nassau-Saarbrücken (= #35) 3. Princess Elisabeth of Prussia 56. Landgrave Casimir William of Hesse-Homburg 28. Frederick IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg 57. Countess Christine Charlotte of Solms-Braunfels (sister of 58) 14. Frederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg 58. Frederick William, Prince of Solms-Braunfels (brother of 57) 29. Countess Ulrike Louise of Solms-Braunfels 59. Countess Sophia of Solms-Utphe-Laubach 7. Princess Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg 60. Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (= #32) 30. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (= #16) 61. Countess Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg and Müntzenberg (= #33) 15. Princess Caroline of Hesse-Darmstadt 62. Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (= #34) 31. Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken (= #17) 63. Countess Caroline of Nassau-Saarbrücken (= #35)
References [ edit ]
^ a b c d e f Willis, Daniel A., ‘’The Descendants of King George I of Great Britain’’, Clearfield Company, 2002, p. 717. ISBN 0-8063-5172-1
^ a b c d e f g h Eilers, Marlene. Queen Victoria's Descendants. Rosvall Royal Books, Falkoping, Sweden, 1997. pp. 49-50. 141, 175. ISBN 91-630-5964-9
^ "Kolemin, Alexandrine von" .
^ "Aleksandra von Hutten-Czapska (1854-1941)" .
^ a b Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen (1892), Genealogy pp. 1-2
^ Hof- und Staats ... Hessen (1855),『Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen』p. 8
^ Hof- und Staats- ... Hessen (1855),『Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen』p. 37
^ Hof- und Staats- ... Hessen (1855),『Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen』p. 130
^ Kurfürstlich Hessisches Hof- und Staatshandbuch: 1859
^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1888),『Großherzogliche Orden』p. 61
^ Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1870
^ Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha
^ Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Nassau
^ Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg0: 1878
^ a b c "Königlich Preussische Ordensliste" , Preussische Ordens-Liste (in German), 1 6 14 935 , 1886
^ Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen (1878) (in German), "Königliche Ritter-Orden", p. 3
^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg (1873),『Königliche Orden』p. 32
^ A Szent István Rend tagjai
^ "Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold" , Almanach Royal Officiel (in French), 1863, p. 52 – via Archives de Bruxelles
^ Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2
^ Militaire Willems-Orde: Hessen-Darmstadt, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig IV. Karl Grossherzog von
^ "Real y Distinguida Orden de Carlos III" , Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1887, p. 149, retrieved 21 March 2019
^ Sveriges statskalender (PDF) (in Swedish), 1884, p. 380, retrieved 8 March 2021 – via gupea.ub.gu.se
^ Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England , I p. 61
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● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 2 7 J u n e 2 0 2 4 , a t 0 1 : 3 7 ( U T C ) . ● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n . ● P r i v a c y p o l i c y ● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a ● D i s c l a i m e r s ● C o n t a c t W i k i p e d i a ● C o d e o f C o n d u c t ● D e v e l o p e r s ● S t a t i s t i c s ● C o o k i e s t a t e m e n t ● M o b i l e v i e w
Hesse-Darmstadt:
Hesse-Kassel: Knight of the Golden Lion, 9 January 1857[9]
Anhalt: Grand Cross of the Order of Albert the Bear
Baden:
Bavaria: Knight of St. Hubert, 1863[11]
Brunswick: Grand Cross of the Order of Henry the Lion
Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, 1863[12]
Mecklenburg:
Nassau: Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau, June 1863[13]
Oldenburg: Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown and Collar, 5 July 1877[14]
Prussia:
Saxony: Knight of the Rue Crown, 1877[16]
Württemberg: Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1865[17]
Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1880[18]
Belgium:
Principality of Bulgaria:
Denmark: Knight of the Elephant, 23 September 1878[20]
Kingdom of Greece: Grand Cross of the Redeemer
Kingdom of Italy: Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Netherlands:
Ottoman Empire: Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class
Kingdom of Portugal: Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword
Kingdom of Romania: Grand Cross of the Star of Romania
Spain: Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, with Collar, 8 October 1883[22]
Kingdom of Serbia:
Sweden-Norway: Knight of the Seraphim, 21 September 1881[23]
United Kingdom: Stranger Knight of the Garter, 5 July 1862[24]
Russian Empire:
