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( T o p )
1 T a x o n o m y
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1 . 1 E x t a n t
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P r i n t / e x p o r t
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I n o t h e r p r o j e c t s
● W i k i m e d i a C o m m o n s ● W i k i s p e c i e s
A p p e a r a n c e
F r o m W i k i p e d i a , t h e f r e e e n c y c l o p e d i a
( R e d i r e c t e d f r o m O r t h o p t e r i d a )
The cohort Polyneoptera is one of the major groups of winged insects , comprising the Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, etc.) and all other neopteran insects believed to be more closely related to Orthoptera than to any other insect orders. They were formerly grouped together with the Palaeoptera and Paraneoptera as the Hemimetabola or Exopterygota on the grounds that they have no metamorphosis , the wings gradually developing externally throughout the nymphal stages.[2] tegmina ) and hindwings with an enlarged anal field (vannus).
Taxonomy [ edit ]
The following extant orders are included in Polyneoptera:[3]
The following fossil groups are included in Polyneoptera:[3]
Archaeorthoptera (Orthoptera and stem-group relatives)
†Caloneurodea
†Cnemidolestodea (= Cnemidolestida)[5] [6]
†Geraroptera
†Titanoptera – Carboniferous to Triassic
order Incertae sedis
family †Cacurgidae Handlirsch, 1911
family †Chresmodidae Haase, 1890[7]
family †Permostridulidae Béthoux, Nel, Lapeyrie & Gand, 2003
family †Protophasmatidae Brongniart, 1885
genus †Chenxiella
genus †Lobeatta
genus †Longzhua
genus †Nectoptilus
genus †Sinopteron
Stem-group Phasmatodea
Stem-group Dermaptera
†"Grylloblattida " (Stem-group Grylloblattodea?)
†Eoblattida
†Paoliida [8]
†Protorthoptera
† family Magicivenidae [9]
Phylogeny [ edit ]
The following cladogram is based on the molecular phylogeny of Wipfler et al. 2019:[10]
See also [ edit ]
^ a b The orders Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea are sometimes ranked as suborders of a single order, Notoptera .[4]
References [ edit ]
^ a b David Eades. "Polyneoptera" . Polyneoptera Species File Online . Version 5.0/5.0. Retrieved 8 December 2023 .
^ Arillo, A.; Engel, M.S. (2006). "Rock crawlers in Baltic amber (Notoptera: Mantophasmatodea)" . American Museum Novitates . 3539 : 1–10.
^ Nel, A.; Poschmann, M.J. (2021). "A new representative of the "orthopteroid" insect family Cnemidolestidae from the lower Permian of Germany" . Acta Palaeontologica Polonica . 66 3 ): 641–646. doi :10.4202/app.00879.2021
^ Aristov, D. (2014). "Classification of the order Cnemidolestida (Insecta: Perlidea) with descriptions of new taxa" . Far Eastern Entomologist . 277 : 1–46.
^ Delclos; Nel; Azar; Bechly; Dunlop; Engel; Heads (2008). "The enigmatic Mesozoic insect taxon Chresmodidae (Polyneoptera): New palaeobiological and phylogenetic data, with the description of a new species from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen . 247 (3 ): 353–381. doi :10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0247-0353 .
^ Jakub Prokop; Wieslaw Krzemiński; Ewa Krzemińska; Thomas Hörnschemeyer; Jan-Michael Ilger; Carsten Brauckmann; Philippe Grandcolas; André Nel (2014). "Late Palaeozoic Paoliida is the sister group of Dictyoptera (Insecta: Neoptera)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology . 12 5 ): 601–622. doi :10.1080/14772019.2013.823468 . S2CID 84407734 .
^ Yang, Hongru; Shih, Chungkun; Rasnitsyn, Alexandr P.; Ren, Dong; Gao, Taiping (January 2022). Labandeira, Conrad (ed.). "Early Cretaceous enigmatic insect group showing unique wing venations and antennal sensilla" . Papers in Palaeontology . 8 1 ). doi :10.1002/spp2.1402 . ISSN 2056-2799 .
^ Wipfler, Benjamin; Letsch, Harald; Frandsen, Paul B.; Kapli, Paschalia; Mayer, Christoph; Bartel, Daniela; Buckley, Thomas R.; Donath, Alexander; Edgerly-Rooks, Janice S.; Fujita, Mari; Liu, Shanlin (February 2019). "Evolutionary history of Polyneoptera and its implications for our understanding of early winged insects" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 116 (8 ): 3024–3029. Bibcode :2019PNAS..116.3024W . doi :10.1073/pnas.1817794116 PMC 6386694 PMID 30642969 .
External links [ edit ]
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyneoptera&oldid=1221943627 " C a t e g o r i e s : ● P o l y n e o p t e r a ● I n s e c t s b y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ● N e o p t e r a H i d d e n c a t e g o r i e s : ● A r t i c l e s w i t h s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n ● S h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m W i k i d a t a ● U s e d m y d a t e s f r o m A p r i l 2 0 2 1 ● A r t i c l e s w i t h ' s p e c i e s ' m i c r o f o r m a t s ● C o m m o n s c a t e g o r y l i n k f r o m W i k i d a t a
● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 2 M a y 2 0 2 4 , a t 2 2 : 5 8 ( U T C ) . ● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n . ● P r i v a c y p o l i c y ● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a ● D i s c l a i m e r s ● C o n t a c t W i k i p e d i a ● C o d e o f C o n d u c t ● D e v e l o p e r s ● S t a t i s t i c s ● C o o k i e s t a t e m e n t ● M o b i l e v i e w
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