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( R e d i r e c t e d f r o m P a l a e o p r o t e r o z o i c )
First era of the Proterozoic Eon
Paleoproterozoic
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An approximate timescale of key Paleoproterozoic events. Axis scale: millions of years ago.
Proposed redefinition(s ) 2420–1780 Ma
Gradstein et al., 2012 Proposed subdivisions Oxygenian Period, 2420–2250 Ma
Gradstein et al., 2012
Jatulian/Eukaryian Period, 2250–2060 Ma
Gradstein et al., 2012
Columbian Period, 2060–1780 Ma
Gradstein et al., 2012 Name formality Formal Alternate spelling(s ) Palaeoproterozoic Celestial body Earth Regional usage Global (ICS ) Time scale(s ) used ICS Time Scale Chronological unit Era Stratigraphic unit Erathem Time span formality Formal Lower boundary definition Defined Chronometrically Lower GSSA ratified 1991[1] Upper boundary definition Defined Chronometrically Upper GSSA ratified 1991[1]
The Paleoproterozoic Era [4] (also spelled Palaeoproterozoic ) is the first of the three sub-divisions (eras ) of the Proterozoic eon , and also the longest era of the Earth's geological history , spanning from 2,500 to 1,600 million years ago (2.5–1.6 Ga ). It is further subdivided into four geologic periods , namely the Siderian , Rhyacian , Orosirian and Statherian .
Paleontological evidence suggests that the Earth's rotational rate ~1.8 billion years ago equated to 20-hour days, implying a total of ~450 days per year.[5] It was during this era that the continents first stabilized.[clarification needed ]
Atmosphere [ edit ]
The Earth's atmosphere was originally a weakly reducing atmosphere consisting largely of nitrogen , methane , ammonia , carbon dioxide and inert gases , in total comparable to Titan's atmosphere .[6] When oxygenic photosynthesis evolved in cyanobacteria during the Mesoarchean , the increasing amount of byproduct dioxygen began to deplete the reductants in the ocean , land surface and the atmosphere. Eventually all surface reductants (particularly ferrous iron , sulfur and atmospheric methane ) were exhausted, and the atmospheric free oxygen levels soared permanently during the Siderian and Rhyacian periods in an aerochemical event called the Great Oxidation Event , which brought atmospheric oxygen from near none to up to 10% of the modern level.[7]
At the beginning of the preceding Archean eon, almost all existing lifeforms were single-cell prokaryotic anaerobic organisms whose metabolism was based on a form of cellular respiration that did not require oxygen, and autotrophs were either chemosynthetic or relied upon anoxygenic photosynthesis . After the Great Oxygenation Event, the then mainly archaea -dominated anaerobic microbial mats were devastated as free oxygen is highly reactive and biologically toxic to cellular structures. This was compounded by a 300-million-year -long global icehouse event known as the Huronian glaciation — at least partly due to the depletion of atmospheric methane, a powerful greenhouse gas — resulted in what is widely considered one of the first and most significant mass extinctions on Earth.[8] [9] The organisms that thrived after the extinction were mainly aerobes that evolved bioactive antioxidants and eventually aerobic respiration , and surviving anaerobes were forced to live symbiotically alongside aerobes in hybrid colonies, which enabled the evolution of mitochondria in eukaryotic organisms .
The Palaeoproterozoic represents the era from which the oldest cyanobacterial fossils, those of Eoentophysalis belcherensis from the Kasegalik Formation in the Belcher Islands of Nunavut , are known.[10]
Many crown node eukaryotes (from which the modern-day eukaryotic lineages would have arisen) have been approximately dated to around the time of the Paleoproterozoic Era.[11] [12] [13]
While there is some debate as to the exact time at which eukaryotes evolved,[14] [15]
current understanding places it somewhere in this era.[16] [17] [18] Statherian fossils from the Changcheng Group in North China provide evidence that eukaryotic life was already diverse by the late Palaeoproterozoic.[19]
Geological events [ edit ]
During this era, the earliest global-scale continent-continent collision belts developed. The associated continent and mountain building events are represented by the 2.1–2.0 Ga Trans-Amazonian and Eburnean orogens in South America and West Africa; the ~2.0 Ga Limpopo Belt in southern Africa; the 1.9–1.8 Ga Trans-Hudson , Penokean , Taltson–Thelon, Wopmay , Ungava and Torngat orogens in North America, the 1.9–1.8 Ga Nagssugtoqidian Orogen in Greenland; the 1.9–1.8 Ga Kola–Karelia, Svecofennian , Volhyn-Central Russian, and Pachelma orogens in Baltica (Eastern Europe); the 1.9–1.8 Ga Akitkan Orogen in Siberia; the ~1.95 Ga Khondalite Belt; the ~1.85 Ga Trans-North China Orogen in North China; and the 1.8-1.6 Ga Yavapai and Mazatzal orogenies in southern North America.
That pattern of collision belts supports the formation of a Proterozoic supercontinent named Columbia or Nuna .[20] [21] That continental collisions suddenly led to mountain building at large scale is interpreted as having resulted from increased biomass and carbon burial during and after the Great Oxidation Event: Subducted carbonaceous sediments are hypothesized to have lubricated compressive deformation and led to crustal thickening.[22]
Felsic volcanism in what is now northern Sweden led to the formation of the Kiruna and Arvidsjaur porphyries .[23]
The lithospheric mantle of Patagonia's oldest blocks formed.[24]
See also [ edit ]
References [ edit ]
^ "Proterozoic" . Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary .
^ There are several ways of pronouncing Paleoproterozoic , including PAL -ee-oh-PROH -tər-ə-ZOH -ik, PAY-, -PROT-, -ər-oh-, -trə-, -troh- .[2] [3]
^ Pannella, Giorgio (1972). "Paleontological evidence on the Earth's rotational history since early precambrian". Astrophysics and Space Science . 16 (2 ): 212. Bibcode :1972Ap&SS..16..212P . doi :10.1007/BF00642735 . S2CID 122908383 .
^ Trainer, Melissa G.; Pavlov, Alexander A.; DeWitt, H. Langley; Jimenez, Jose L.; McKay, Christopher P.; Toon, Owen B.; Tolbert, Margaret A. (2006-11-28). "Organic haze on Titan and the early Earth" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 103 (48 ): 18035–18042. doi :10.1073/pnas.0608561103 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 1838702 . PMID 17101962 .
^ Ossa Ossa, Frantz; Spangenberg, Jorge E.; Bekker, Andrey; König, Stephan; Stüeken, Eva E.; Hofmann, Axel; Poulton, Simon W.; Yierpan, Aierken; Varas-Reus, Maria I.; Eickmann, Benjamin; Andersen, Morten B.; Schoenberg, Ronny (15 September 2022). "Moderate levels of oxygenation during the late stage of Earth's Great Oxidation Event" . Earth and Planetary Science Letters . 594 : 117716. doi :10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117716 . hdl :10481/78482 .
^ Hodgskiss, Malcolm S. W.; Crockford, Peter W.; Peng, Yongbo; Wing, Boswell A.; Horner, Tristan J. (27 August 2019). "A productivity collapse to end Earth's Great Oxidation" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 116 (35 ): 17207–17212. Bibcode :2019PNAS..11617207H . doi :10.1073/pnas.1900325116 . PMC 6717284 . PMID 31405980 .
^ Margulis, Lynn ; Sagan, Dorion (1997-05-29). Microcosmos: Four Billion Years of Microbial Evolution . University of California Press. ISBN 9780520210646 .
^ Hodgskiss, Malcolm S.W.; Dagnaud, Olivia M.J.; Frost, Jamie L.; Halverson, Galen P.; Schmitz, Mark D.; Swanson-Hysell, Nicholas L.; Sperling, Erik A. (15 August 2019). "New insights on the Orosirian carbon cycle, early Cyanobacteria, and the assembly of Laurentia from the Paleoproterozoic Belcher Group" . Earth and Planetary Science Letters . 520 : 141–152. doi :10.1016/j.epsl.2019.05.023 . Retrieved 18 May 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
^ Mänd, Kaarel; Planavsky, Noah J.; Porter, Susannah M.; Robbins, Leslie J.; Wang, Changle; Kraitsmann, Timmu; Paiste, Kärt; Paiste, Päärn; Romashkin, Alexander E.; Deines, Yulia E.; Kirsimäe, Kalle; Lepland, Aivo; Konhauser, Kurt O. (15 April 2022). "Chromium evidence for protracted oxygenation during the Paleoproterozoic" . Earth and Planetary Science Letters . 584 : 117501. doi :10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117501 . hdl :10037/24808 . Retrieved 15 December 2022 .
^ Hedges, S Blair; Chen, Hsiong; Kumar, Sudhir; Wang, Daniel YC; Thompson, Amanda S; Watanabe, Hidemi (2001-09-12). "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes" . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 1 : 4. doi :10.1186/1471-2148-1-4 . ISSN 1471-2148 . PMC 56995 . PMID 11580860 .
^ Hedges, S Blair; Blair, Jaime E; Venturi, Maria L; Shoe, Jason L (2004-01-28). "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life" . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 4 : 2. doi :10.1186/1471-2148-4-2 . ISSN 1471-2148 . PMC 341452 . PMID 15005799 .
^ Rodríguez-Trelles, Francisco; Tarrío, Rosa; Ayala, Francisco J. (2002-06-11). "A methodological bias toward overestimation of molecular evolutionary time scales" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 99 (12 ): 8112–8115. Bibcode :2002PNAS...99.8112R . doi :10.1073/pnas.122231299 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 123029 . PMID 12060757 .
^ Stechmann, Alexandra; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2002-07-05). "Rooting the eukaryote tree by using a derived gene fusion". Science . 297 (5578): 89–91. Bibcode :2002Sci...297...89S . doi :10.1126/science.1071196 . ISSN 1095-9203 . PMID 12098695 . S2CID 21064445 .
^ Ayala, Francisco José; Rzhetsky, Andrey; Ayala, Francisco J. (1998-01-20). "Origin of the metazoan phyla: Molecular clocks confirm paleontological estimates" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 95 (2 ): 606–611. Bibcode :1998PNAS...95..606J . doi :10.1073/pnas.95.2.606 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 18467 . PMID 9435239 .
^ Wang, D Y; Kumar, S; Hedges, S B (1999-01-22). "Divergence time estimates for the early history of animal phyla and the origin of plants, animals and fungi" . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 266 (1415): 163–171. doi :10.1098/rspb.1999.0617 . PMC 1689654 . PMID 10097391 .
^ Javaux, Emmanuelle J.; Lepot, Kevin (January 2018). "The Paleoproterozoic fossil record: Implications for the evolution of the biosphere during Earth's middle-age" . Earth-Science Reviews . 176 : 68–86. doi :10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.10.001 . hdl :20.500.12210/62416 .
^ Miao, Lanyun; Moczydłowska, Małgorzata; Zhu, Shixing; Zhu, Maoyan (February 2019). "New record of organic-walled, morphologically distinct microfossils from the late Paleoproterozoic Changcheng Group in the Yanshan Range, North China" . Precambrian Research . 321 : 172–198. doi :10.1016/j.precamres.2018.11.019 . S2CID 134362289 . Retrieved 29 December 2022 .
^ Zhao, Guochun; Cawood, Peter A; Wilde, Simon A; Sun, Min (2002). "Review of global 2.1–1.8 Ga orogens: implications for a pre-Rodinia supercontinent". Earth-Science Reviews . 59 (1–4): 125–162. Bibcode :2002ESRv...59..125Z . doi :10.1016/S0012-8252(02 )00073-9 .
^ Zhao, Guochun; Sun, M.; Wilde, Simon A.; Li, S.Z. (2004). "A Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent: assembly, growth and breakup" . Earth-Science Reviews . 67 (1–2): 91–123. Bibcode :2004ESRv...67...91Z . doi :10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.02.003 .
^ John Parnell, Connor Brolly: Increased biomass and carbon burial 2 billion years ago triggered mountain building. Nature Communications Earth & Environment, 2021, doi:10.1038/s43247-021-00313-5 (Open Access).
^ Lundqvist, Thomas (2009). Porfyr i Sverige: En geologisk översikt (in Swedish). Sveriges geologiska undersökning. pp. 24–27. ISBN 978-91-7158-960-6 .
^ Schilling, Manuel Enrique; Carlson, Richard Walter; Tassara, Andrés; Conceição, Rommulo Viveira; Berotto, Gustavo Walter; Vásquez, Manuel; Muñoz, Daniel; Jalowitzki, Tiago; Gervasoni, Fernanda; Morata, Diego (2017). "The origin of Patagonia revealed by Re-Os systematics of mantle xenoliths". Precambrian Research . 294 : 15–32. Bibcode :2017PreR..294...15S . doi :10.1016/j.precamres.2017.03.008 .
External links [ edit ]
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paleoproterozoic&oldid=1226153466 "
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