Schematic view of a ship's navigation lights indicating its port (red) and starboard (green) sides
Port and starboard are nautical terms for watercraft, aircraft and spacecraft, referring respectively to the left and right sides of the vessel, when aboard and facing the bow (front).
Vessels with bilateral symmetry have left and right halves which are mirror images of each other. One asymmetric feature is where access to a boat, ship, or aircraft is at the side; it is usually only on the port side (hence the name).
Port and starboard unambiguously refer to the left and right side of the vessel, not the observer. That is, the port side of the vessel always refers to the same portion of the vessel's structure, and does not depend on which way the observer is facing.
The port side is the side to the left of an observer aboard the vessel and facing the bow, towards the direction the vehicle is heading when underway. The starboard side is thus to the right of such an observer.[1]
This convention allows orders and information to be given unambiguously, without needing to know which way any particular crew member is facing.[2][3]
Image from the Bayeux Tapestry showing a longship with a steering oar on the starboard side.[4]Oncoming boat indicating its port (red) and starboard (green) sides
The term starboard derives from the Old Englishsteorbord, meaning the side on which the ship is steered. Before ships had rudders on their centrelines, they were steered with a steering oar at the stern of the ship on the right hand side of the ship, because more people are right-handed.[2] The "steer-board" etymology is shared by the GermanSteuerbord,Dutchstuurboord and Swedishstyrbord, which gave rise to the Frenchtribord, Italiantribordo,[a]Catalanestribord, Portugueseestibordo, Spanishestribor and Estoniantüürpoord.
Since the steering oar was on the right side of the boat, it would tie up at the wharf on the other side. Hence the left side was called port.[6] The Oxford English Dictionary cites port in this usage since 1543.[7]
Formerly, larboard was often used instead of port. This is from Middle Englishladebord and the term lade is related to the modern load.[3]Larboard sounds similar to starboard and in 1844 the Royal Navy ordered that port be used instead.[8][9] The United States Navy followed suit in 1846.[10]Larboard continued to be used well into the 1850s by whalers.[11] In chapter 12 of Life on the Mississippi (1883) Mark Twain writes larboard was used to refer to the left side of the ship (Mississippi River steamboat) in his days on the river – circa 1857–1861.[12] Lewis Carroll rhymed larboard and starboard in "Fit the Second" of The Hunting of the Snark (1876).[13]
An Anglo-Saxon record of a voyage by Ohthere of Hålogaland used the word『bæcbord』("back-board") for the left side of a ship. With the steering rudder on the starboard side the man on the rudder had his back to the bagbord (Nordic for portside) side of the ship. The words for "port side" in other European languages, such as German Backbord, Dutch and Afrikaans bakboord, Swedish babord, Spanish babor, Portuguese bombordo, Italian babordo,[a] French bâbord and Estonian pakpoord, are derived from the same root.
The navigational treaty convention, the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea—for instance, as appears in the UK's Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and Prevention of Collisions) Regulations 1996 (and comparable US documents from the US Coast Guard)[14]—sets forth requirements for maritime vessels to avoid collisions, whether by sail or powered, and whether a vessel is overtaking, approaching head-on, or crossing.[14]: 11–12 To set forth these navigational rules, the terms starboard and port are essential, and to aid in in situ decision-making, the two sides of each vessel are marked, dusk to dawn, by navigation lights, the vessel's starboard side by green and its port side by red.[14]: 15 Aircraft are lit in the same way.
Anatomical terms of location, another example of terms of directionality that do not depend on the location of the observer for things that are bilaterally symmetrical
^ abHowever the proper Italian terms for starboard and port are dritta and sinistra respectively. The offshoots from French tribordo and babordo were largely, and only, used in adventure novels of the nineteenth century translated from French.[5]
^George Bancroft (February 18, 1846). "Port and Starboard: General Order, 18 February 1846". General Orders. Washington, DC: US Navy, Naval History and Heritage Command (NHHC). Retrieved February 2, 2017 – via History.Navy.mil.
^Twain, Mark (1883). "Life on the Mississippi » Chapter 12". The Literature Network. ... the steersman at the tiller obeys the order to 'hold her up to starboard;' or, 'let her fall off to larboard; term 'larboard' is never used at sea now, to signify the left hand; but was always used on the river in my time]
^Carroll, Lewis (1978). Gasson, Roy (ed.). The Illustrated Lewis Carroll. Jupiter Books. p. 231. He was thoughtful and grave - but the orders he gave Were enough to bewilder a crew. When he cried "Steer to starboard, but keep her head larboard!" What on earth was the helmsman to do?
