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Reformed Christianity , also called Calvinism , is a major branch of Protestantism that began during the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation , a schism in the Western Church . In the modern day, it is largely represented by the Continental , Presbyterian , and Congregational traditions, as well as parts of the Anglican and Baptist traditions.
A foundational event that divided the Reformed from the Lutheran tradition occurred in 1529 when reformer Huldrych Zwingli of Zürich broke with Martin Luther on the topic of the Lord's Supper . A separate Reformed tradition developed over several generations, especially in Switzerland , Scotland and the Netherlands .
In the seventeenth century, Jacobus Arminius and the Remonstrants were expelled from the Dutch Reformed Church over disputes regarding predestination and salvation , and from that time Arminians are usually considered to be a distinct tradition from the Reformed. This dispute produced the Canons of Dort , the basis for the "doctrines of grace" or "five points" of Calvinism .
Reformed theology emphasizes the authority of the Bible , the sovereignty of God , and covenant theology , a framework for understanding the Bible based on God's covenants with people. Reformed churches have emphasized simplicity in worship. Several forms of ecclesiastical polity are exercised by Reformed churches, including presbyterian , congregational , and some episcopal . (Full article... )
Refresh with new selections below (purge)
Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499 – 1562) was an Italian-born Reformed theologian . His early work as a reformer in Catholic Italy and decision to flee for Protestant northern Europe influenced many other Italians to convert and flee as well. In England, he influenced the Edwardian Reformation, including the Eucharistic service of the 1552 Book of Common Prayer . He was considered an authority on the Eucharist among the Reformed churches, and engaged in controversies on the subject by writing treatises. Vermigli's Loci Communes , a compilation of excerpts from his biblical commentaries organized by the topics of systematic theology , became a standard Reformed theological textbook.
Vermigli's best-known theological contribution was defending the Reformed doctrine of the Eucharist against Catholics and Lutherans. Contrary to the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, Vermigli did not believe that the bread and wine are changed into Christ's body and blood. He also disagreed with the Lutheran view that Christ's body is ubiquitous and so physically present at the Eucharist. Instead, Vermigli taught that Christ remains in Heaven even though he is offered to those who partake of the Eucharist and received by believers.
Selected images
Image 1 The
Directory for Public Worship described what should (and should not) occur in worship. (from
Reformed Christianity )
Image 3 The burning of the
Guernsey Martyrs during the Marian persecutions in 1556 (from
Reformed Christianity )
Image 4 The
Shield of the Trinity diagrams the classic doctrine of the
Trinity . (from
Reformed Christianity )
Image 6 The
Parable of the Prodigal Son , depicted in a portrait by
Rembrandt , illustrates forgiveness. (from
Reformed Christianity )
Image 7 A Reformed church in
Koudekerk aan den Rijn in the
Netherlands in the 19th century (from
Reformed Christianity )
Image 8 John Calvin depicted on his deathbed with church members in
The last moments of Calvin , a late 19th century portrait by
Lluís Domènech i Montaner (from
Reformed Christianity )
Image 9 Stephen Bocskai , leader of
Hungarian Calvinists in the anti-Habsburg rebellion and first Calvinist
prince of Transylvania (
r. 1605–1606) (from
Reformed Christianity )
Image 10 Dutch prime minister
Abraham Kuyper initiated
Neo-Calvinism . (from
Reformed Christianity )
Image 11 Early Calvinism was known for simple, unadorned churches as depicted in this 1661 portrait of the interior of the
Oude Kerk, Amsterdam . (from
Reformed Christianity )
Image 12 Moses Amyraut formulated
Amyraldism , a modified Calvinist theology regarding the nature of
Jesus ' atonement. (from
Reformed Christianity )
Image 13 Statues of
William Farel ,
John Calvin ,
Theodore Beza , and
John Knox , influential theologians in developing the Reformed faith, at the
Reformation Wall in Geneva (from
Reformed Christianity )
Image 15 The seal of the
Presbyterian Church in the United States of America , an early American Presbyterian church founded in 1789 (from
Reformed Christianity )
Subcategories
Topics
Theology :
Five Points (TULIP) •
Covenant Theology •
Regulative principle
Documents :
Calvin's Institutes •
Confessions of faith •
Geneva Bible
Influences :
Theodore Beza •
John Knox •
Jonathan Edwards •
Princeton theologians •
Henry Cooke
Churches :
Reformed •
Presbyterian •
Congregationalist •
Reformed Baptist
Peoples :
Afrikaner Calvinists •
Huguenots •
Pilgrims •
Puritans •
Scots •
Ulster Protestants
WikiProjects
Calvinism
Lutheranism
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NPOV : Charles Hodge , A. A. Hodge
Stubs : Split-leaf psalter , Gaspar Karolyi , Westminster Standards , Christian philosophy , More...
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Wikify : Imputed righteousness , First Great Awakening
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C a t e g o r i e s :
● A l l p o r t a l s
● R e f o r m e d C h r i s t i a n i t y p o r t a l
● C h r i s t i a n i t y p o r t a l s
● R e f o r m e d C h r i s t i a n i t y
H i d d e n c a t e g o r i e s :
● P o r t a l s w i t h u n t r i a g e d s u b p a g e s f r o m J u n e 2 0 1 8
● A l l p o r t a l s w i t h u n t r i a g e d s u b p a g e s
● P o r t a l s w i t h n o n a m e d m a i n t a i n e r
● R a n d o m p o r t a l c o m p o n e n t w i t h 1 6 – 2 0 a v a i l a b l e s u b p a g e s
● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 1 2 A p r i l 2 0 2 4 , a t 1 5 : 4 3 ( U T C ) .
● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n .
● P r i v a c y p o l i c y
● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a
● D i s c l a i m e r s
● C o n t a c t W i k i p e d i a
● C o d e o f C o n d u c t
● D e v e l o p e r s
● S t a t i s t i c s
● C o o k i e s t a t e m e n t
● M o b i l e v i e w