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(Redirected from Portal:Calvinism)

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The Reformed Christianity Portal

Reformed Christianity, also called Calvinism, is a major branch of Protestantism that began during the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation, a schism in the Western Church. In the modern day, it is largely represented by the Continental, Presbyterian, and Congregational traditions, as well as parts of the Anglican and Baptist traditions.

Afoundational event that divided the Reformed from the Lutheran tradition occurred in 1529 when reformer Huldrych ZwingliofZürich broke with Martin Luther on the topic of the Lord's Supper. A separate Reformed tradition developed over several generations, especially in Switzerland, Scotland and the Netherlands.

In the seventeenth century, Jacobus Arminius and the Remonstrants were expelled from the Dutch Reformed Church over disputes regarding predestination and salvation, and from that time Arminians are usually considered to be a distinct tradition from the Reformed. This dispute produced the Canons of Dort, the basis for the "doctrines of grace" or "five points" of Calvinism.

Reformed theology emphasizes the authority of the Bible, the sovereignty of God, and covenant theology, a framework for understanding the Bible based on God's covenants with people. Reformed churches have emphasized simplicity in worship. Several forms of ecclesiastical polity are exercised by Reformed churches, including presbyterian, congregational, and some episcopal. (Full article...)

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Pietro Vermigli, by Hans Asper, 1560

Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499 – 1562) was an Italian-born Reformed theologian. His early work as a reformer in Catholic Italy and decision to flee for Protestant northern Europe influenced many other Italians to convert and flee as well. In England, he influenced the Edwardian Reformation, including the Eucharistic service of the 1552 Book of Common Prayer. He was considered an authority on the Eucharist among the Reformed churches, and engaged in controversies on the subject by writing treatises. Vermigli's Loci Communes, a compilation of excerpts from his biblical commentaries organized by the topics of systematic theology, became a standard Reformed theological textbook.

Vermigli's best-known theological contribution was defending the Reformed doctrine of the Eucharist against Catholics and Lutherans. Contrary to the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, Vermigli did not believe that the bread and wine are changed into Christ's body and blood. He also disagreed with the Lutheran view that Christ's body is ubiquitous and so physically present at the Eucharist. Instead, Vermigli taught that Christ remains in Heaven even though he is offered to those who partake of the Eucharist and received by believers.

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The Directory for Public Worship described what should (and should not) occur in worship. (from Reformed Christianity)
  • Image 2The Grote Kerk in Haarlem in the Dutch Republic, c. 1665 (from Reformed Christianity)
    The Grote KerkinHaarlem in the Dutch Republic, c. 1665 (from Reformed Christianity)
  • Image 3The burning of the Guernsey Martyrs during the Marian persecutions in 1556 (from Reformed Christianity)
    The burning of the Guernsey Martyrs during the Marian persecutions in 1556 (from Reformed Christianity)
  • Image 4The Shield of the Trinity diagrams the classic doctrine of the Trinity. (from Reformed Christianity)
    The Shield of the Trinity diagrams the classic doctrine of the Trinity. (from Reformed Christianity)
  • Image 5Calvin preached at St. Pierre Cathedral in Geneva. (from Reformed Christianity)
    Calvin preached at St. Pierre CathedralinGeneva. (from Reformed Christianity)
  • Image 6The Parable of the Prodigal Son, depicted in a portrait by Rembrandt, illustrates forgiveness. (from Reformed Christianity)
    The Parable of the Prodigal Son, depicted in a portrait by Rembrandt, illustrates forgiveness. (from Reformed Christianity)
  • Image 7A Reformed church in Koudekerk aan den Rijn in the Netherlands in the 19th century (from Reformed Christianity)
    A Reformed church in Koudekerk aan den Rijn in the Netherlands in the 19th century (from Reformed Christianity)
  • Image 8John Calvin depicted on his deathbed with church members in The last moments of Calvin, a late 19th century portrait by Lluís Domènech i Montaner (from Reformed Christianity)
    John Calvin depicted on his deathbed with church members in The last moments of Calvin, a late 19th century portrait by Lluís Domènech i Montaner (from Reformed Christianity)
  • Image 9Stephen Bocskai, leader of Hungarian Calvinists in the anti-Habsburg rebellion and first Calvinist prince of Transylvania (r. 1605–1606) (from Reformed Christianity)
    Stephen Bocskai, leader of Hungarian Calvinists in the anti-Habsburg rebellion and first Calvinist prince of Transylvania (r. 1605–1606) (from Reformed Christianity)
  • Image 10Dutch prime minister Abraham Kuyper initiated Neo-Calvinism. (from Reformed Christianity)
    Dutch prime minister Abraham Kuyper initiated Neo-Calvinism. (from Reformed Christianity)
  • Image 11Early Calvinism was known for simple, unadorned churches as depicted in this 1661 portrait of the interior of the Oude Kerk, Amsterdam. (from Reformed Christianity)
    Early Calvinism was known for simple, unadorned churches as depicted in this 1661 portrait of the interior of the Oude Kerk, Amsterdam. (from Reformed Christianity)
  • Image 12Moses Amyraut formulated Amyraldism, a modified Calvinist theology regarding the nature of Jesus' atonement. (from Reformed Christianity)
    Moses Amyraut formulated Amyraldism, a modified Calvinist theology regarding the nature of Jesus' atonement. (from Reformed Christianity)
  • Image 13Statues of William Farel, John Calvin, Theodore Beza, and John Knox, influential theologians in developing the Reformed faith, at the Reformation Wall in Geneva (from Reformed Christianity)
    Statues of William Farel, John Calvin, Theodore Beza, and John Knox, influential theologians in developing the Reformed faith, at the Reformation WallinGeneva (from Reformed Christianity)
  • Image 14Fall of Man by Jacob Jordaens (from Reformed Christianity)
    Fall of ManbyJacob Jordaens (from Reformed Christianity)
  • Image 15The seal of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, an early American Presbyterian church founded in 1789 (from Reformed Christianity)
    The seal of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, an early American Presbyterian church founded in 1789 (from Reformed Christianity)
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    Subcategories

    Topics

    Background: ChristianitySt. AugustineThe ReformationJohn CalvinFive SolasSynod of Dort

    Theology: Five Points (TULIP)Covenant TheologyRegulative principle

    Documents: Calvin's InstitutesConfessions of faithGeneva Bible

    Influences: Theodore BezaJohn KnoxJonathan EdwardsPrinceton theologiansHenry Cooke

    Churches: ReformedPresbyterianCongregationalistReformed Baptist

    Peoples: Afrikaner CalvinistsHuguenotsPilgrimsPuritansScotsUlster Protestants

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