Portal:Evolutionary biology

Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes (natural selection, common descent, speciation) that produced the diversity of life on Earth. It is also defined as the study of the history of life forms on Earth. Evolution holds that all species are related and gradually change over generations. In a population, the genetic variations affect the phenotypes (physical characteristics) of an organism. These changes in the phenotypes will be an advantage to some organisms, which will then be passed on to their offspring. Some examples of evolution in species over many generations are the peppered moth and flightless birds. In the 1930s, the discipline of evolutionary biology emerged through what Julian Huxley called the modern synthesis of understanding, from previously unrelated fields of biological research, such as genetics and ecology, systematics, and paleontology. The investigational range of current research has widened to encompass the genetic architectureofadaptation, molecular evolution, and the different forces that contribute to evolution, such as sexual selection, genetic drift, and biogeography. Moreover, the newer field of evolutionary developmental biology ("evo-devo") investigates how embryogenesis is controlled, thus yielding a wider synthesis that integrates developmental biology with the fields of study covered by the earlier evolutionary synthesis. (Full article...)

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  Image 1The distribution of fitness effects (DFE) of mutations in vesicular stomatitis virus. In this experiment, random mutations were introduced into the virus by site-directed mutagenesis, and the fitness of each mutant was compared with the ancestral type. A fitness of zero, less than one, one, more than one, respectively, indicates that mutations are lethal, deleterious, neutral, and advantageous. (from Mutation)
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  Image 2Turing's 1952 paper explained mathematically how patterns such as stripes and spots, as in the giant pufferfish, may arise, without molecular evidence. (from Evolutionary developmental biology)
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  Image 3A red tulip exhibiting a partially yellow petal due to a somatic mutation in a cell that formed that petal (from Mutation)
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  Image 4A mutation has caused this moss rose plant to produce flowers of different colors. This is a somatic mutation that may also be passed on in the germline. (from Mutation)
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  Image 5A. Lancelet (a chordate), B. Larval tunicate, C. Adult tunicate. Kowalevsky saw that the notochord (1) and gill slit (5) are shared by tunicates and vertebrates. (from Evolutionary developmental biology)
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  Image 6The pax-6 gene controls development of eyes of different types across the animal kingdom. (from Evolutionary developmental biology)
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  Image 7African pygmy kingfisher, showing coloration shared by all adults of that species to a high degree of fidelity. (from Speciation)
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  Image 8Selection of disease-causing mutations, in a standard table of the genetic codeofamino acids (from Mutation)
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  Image 9Types of small-scale mutations (from Mutation)
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  Image 10Homologous hox genes in such different animals as insects and vertebrates control embryonic development and hence the form of adult bodies. These genes have been highly conserved through hundreds of millions of years of evolution. (from Evolutionary developmental biology)
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  Image 11The lac operon. Top: repressed. Bottom: active.
  1: RNA Polymerase, 2: Repressor, 3: Promoter, 4: Operator, 5: Lactose, 6–8: protein-encoding genes, controlled by the switch, that cause lactose to be digested (from Evolutionary developmental biology)
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  Image 12Speciation via polyploidy: A diploid cell undergoes failed meiosis, producing diploid gametes, which self-fertilize to produce a tetraploid zygote. In plants, this can effectively be a new species, reproductively isolated from its parents, and able to reproduce. (from Speciation)
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  Image 13Acovalent adduct between the metaboliteofbenzo[a]pyrene, the major mutagenintobacco smoke, and DNA (from Mutation)
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  Image 14Cichlids such as Haplochromis nyererei diversified by sympatric speciation in the Rift Valley lakes. (from Speciation)
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  Image 15Reinforcement assists speciation by selecting against hybrids. (from Speciation)
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  Image 16Comparison of allopatric, peripatric, parapatric and sympatric speciation (from Speciation)
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  Image 17Three major single-chromosome mutations: deletion (1), duplication (2) and inversion (3). (from Mutation)
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  Image 18Male Drosophila pseudoobscura (from Speciation)
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  Image 19Embryology theories of Ernst Haeckel, who argued for recapitulation of evolutionary development in the embryo, and Karl Ernst von Baer's epigenesis (from Evolutionary developmental biology)
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  Image 20Point mutations classified by impact on protein (from Mutation)
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  Image 21Prodryas persephone, a Late Eocene butterfly (from Mutation)
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  Image 22Agene regulatory network (from Evolutionary developmental biology)
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  Image 23Gene product distributions along the long axis of the early embryo of a fruit fly (from Evolutionary developmental biology)
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  Image 24Expression of homeobox (Hox) genes in the fruit fly (from Evolutionary developmental biology)
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  Image 25Phyletic gradualism, above, consists of relatively slow change over geological time. Punctuated equilibrium, bottom, consists of morphological stability and rare, relatively rapid bursts of evolutionary change. (from Speciation)
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  Image 26Five types of chromosomal mutations (from Mutation)
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  Image 27Gaur (Indian bison) can interbreed with domestic cattle. (from Speciation)
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  Image 28The structure of a eukaryotic protein-coding gene. A mutation in the protein coding region (red) can result in a change in the amino acid sequence. Mutations in other areas of the gene can have diverse effects. Changes within regulatory sequences (yellow and blue) can effect transcriptional and translational regulation of gene expression. (from Mutation)
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  Image 29Gap genes in the fruit fly are switched on by genes such as bicoid, setting up stripes across the embryo which start to pattern the body's segments. (from Evolutionary developmental biology)
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  Image 30Rhagoletis pomonella, the hawthorn fly, appears to be in the process of sympatric speciation. (from Speciation)
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  Image 31This figure shows a simplified version of loss-of-function, switch-of-function, gain-of-function, and conservation-of-function mutations. (from Mutation)
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  Image 32Among the centipedes, all members of the Geophilomorpha are constrained by a developmental bias to have an odd number of segments, whether as few as 27 or as many as 191. (from Evolutionary developmental biology)

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Credit: Commons:User:Thomas Ihle

Tarbosaurus at the Naturkundemuseum Münster in Münster, Germany.

• ... that the evolution of sex is a major puzzle of evolutionary biology, due to the so-called two-fold cost of sex?

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