Portal:Biography

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Abiography, or simply bio, is a detailed description of a person's life. It involves more than just basic facts like education, work, relationships, and death; it portrays a person's experience of these life events. Unlike a profile or curriculum vitae (résumé), a biography presents a subject's life story, highlighting various aspects of their life, including intimate details of experience, and may include an analysis of the subject's personality.

Biographical works are usually non-fiction, but fiction can also be used to portray a person's life. One in-depth form of biographical coverage is called legacy writing. Works in diverse media, from literature to film, form the genre known as biography.

Anauthorized biography is written with the permission, cooperation, and at times, participation of a subject or a subject's heirs. An autobiography is written by the person themselves, sometimes with the assistance of a collaborator or ghostwriter. (Full article...)

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  Double-headed eagle on an altar cloth, believed to have belonged to Paul Tagaris, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
  
  Paul Palaiologos Tagaris (Greek: Παῦλος Παλαιολόγος Τάγαρις, c. 1320/1340 – after 1394) was a Byzantine Greek monk and impostor. A scion of the Tagaris family, Paul also claimed a somewhat dubious connection with the Palaiologos dynasty that ruled the Byzantine Empire at the time. He fled his marriage as a teenager and became a monk, but soon his fraudulent practices embroiled him in scandal. Fleeing Constantinople, he traveled widely, from PalestinetoPersia and Georgia and eventually, via Ukraine and HungarytoItaly, Latin Greece, Cyprus and France.
  
  During his long and tumultuous career, Paul was appointed an Orthodox bishop, sold ordinations to ecclesiastical offices, pretended to be the Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, switched from Greek OrthodoxytoRoman Catholicism and back again, supported both the See of Rome and the Avignon anti-popes in the Western Schism, and managed to be named Latin Patriarch of Constantinople. In the end, his deceptions unmasked, he returned to Constantinople, where he repented and confessed his sins before a synod in 1394. (Full article...)
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  Blackbeard (c. 1736 engraving used to illustrate Johnson's General History)
  
  Edward Teach (orThatch; c. 1680 – 22 November 1718), better known as Blackbeard, was an English pirate who operated around the West Indies and the eastern coast of Britain's North American colonies. Little is known about his early life, but he may have been a sailor on privateer ships during Queen Anne's War before he settled on the Bahamian island of New Providence, a base for Captain Benjamin Hornigold, whose crew Teach joined around 1716. Hornigold placed him in command of a sloop that he had captured, and the two engaged in numerous acts of piracy. Their numbers were boosted by the addition to their fleet of two more ships, one of which was commanded by Stede Bonnet, but Hornigold retired from piracy toward the end of 1717, taking two vessels with him.
  
  Teach captured a French slave ship known as La Concorde, renamed her Queen Anne's Revenge, equipped her with 40 guns, and crewed her with over 300 men. He became a renowned pirate. His nickname derived from his thick black beard and fearsome appearance. He was reported to have tied lit fuses (slow matches) under his hat to frighten his enemies. He formed an alliance of pirates and blockaded the port of Charles Town, South Carolina, ransoming the port's inhabitants. He then ran Queen Anne's Revenge aground on a sandbar near Beaufort, North Carolina. He parted company with Stede Bonnet and settled in Bath, North Carolina, also known as Bath Town, where he accepted a royal pardon. However, he was soon back at sea, where he attracted the attention of Alexander Spotswood, the governor of Virginia. Spotswood arranged for a party of soldiers and sailors to capture him. On 22 November 1718, following a ferocious battle, Teach and several of his crew were killed by a small force of sailors led by Lieutenant Robert Maynard. (Full article...)
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  Chaffee in 1964
  
  Roger Bruce Chaffee (/ˈtʃæfiː/; February 15, 1935 – January 27, 1967) was an American naval officer, aviator and aeronautical engineer who was a NASA astronaut in the Apollo program.
  
  Chaffee was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, where he became an Eagle Scout. He graduated from Central High School in 1953, and accepted a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC) scholarship. He began his college education at Illinois Institute of Technology, where he was involved in the fraternity Phi Kappa Sigma. He transferred to Purdue University in 1954, continuing his involvement in Phi Kappa Sigma serving as chapter president in 1956 and obtaining his private pilot's license. (Full article...)
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  Secord in 1865
  
  Laura Secord (née Ingersoll; 13 September 1775 – 17 October 1868) was a Canadian woman involved in the War of 1812. She is known for having walked 20 miles (32 km) out of American-occupied territory in 1813 to warn British forces of an impending American attack. Her contribution to the war was little known during her lifetime, but since her death she has been frequently honoured in Canada. Though Laura Secord had no relation to it, most Canadians associate her with the Laura Secord Chocolates company, named after her on the centennial of her walk.
  
  Laura Secord's father, Thomas Ingersoll, lived in Massachusetts and fought on the side of the Patriots during the Revolutionary War (1775–1783). In 1795 he moved his family to the Niagara region of Upper Canada after he had applied for and received a land grant. Shortly after, Laura married Loyalist James Secord, who was later seriously wounded at the Battle of Queenston Heights early in the War of 1812. While he was still recovering in 1813, the Americans invaded the Niagara Peninsula, including Queenston. During the occupation, Secord acquired information about a planned American attack, and stole away on the morning of 22 June to inform Lieutenant James FitzGibbon in the territory still controlled by the British. The information helped the British and their Mohawk allies repel the invading Americans at the Battle of Beaver Dams. Her effort was forgotten until 1860, when Edward, Prince of Wales, awarded the impoverished widow £100 (£12,955.64 in 2022) for her service on his visit to Canada. (Full article...)
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  Thomas Cassin Kinkaid (3 April 1888 – 17 November 1972) was an admiral in the United States Navy, known for his service during World War II. He built a reputation as a "fighting admiral" in the aircraft carrier battles of 1942 and commanded the Allied forces in the Aleutian Islands Campaign. He was Commander Allied Naval Forces and the Seventh Fleet under General of the Army Douglas MacArthur in the Southwest Pacific Area, where he conducted numerous amphibious operations, and commanded an Allied fleet during the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval battle of World War II and the last naval battle between battleships in history.
  
  Born into a naval family, Kinkaid was ranked in the lower half of his class on his graduation from the United States Naval Academy in June 1908. His early commissioned service was spent aboard battleships. In 1913, he began instruction in ordnance engineering and served in that field for many years. He saw action during the 1916 United States occupation of the Dominican Republic. During World War I, he was attached to the Royal Navy before serving as gunnery officer aboard the battleship USS Arizona. After the war, he was assistant chief of staff to the Commander U.S. Naval Detachment in Turkey. Kinkaid received his first command, the destroyer USS Isherwood, in 1924. He was executive officer of the battleship USS Colorado when the 1933 Long Beach earthquake struck, and participated in relief efforts. He received his second command in 1937, the heavy cruiser USS Indianapolis. (Full article...)

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  William of St Calais, from an 11th-century manuscript of St Augustine's
  Commentary on the Psalms
  
  William de St-Calais (died 2 January 1096) was a medieval Norman monk, abbot of the abbey of Saint-VincentinLe MansinMaine, who was nominated by King William I of EnglandasBishop of Durham in 1080. During his term as bishop, St-Calais replaced the canons of his cathedral chapter with monks, and began the construction of Durham Cathedral. In addition to his ecclesiastical duties, he served as a commissioner for the Domesday Book of 1086. He was also a councillor and advisor to both King William I and his son, King William II, known as William Rufus. Following William Rufus' accession to the throne in 1087, St-Calais is considered by scholars to have been the new king's chief advisor.
  
  When the king's uncle, Odo of Bayeux, raised a rebellion against the king in 1088, St-Calais was implicated in the revolt. William Rufus laid siege to St-Calais in the bishop's stronghold of Durham, and later put him on trial for treason. A contemporary record of this trial, the De Iniusta Vexacione Willelmi Episcopi Primi, is the earliest surviving detailed contemporary report of an English state-trial. Imprisoned briefly, St-Calais was allowed to go into exile after his castle at Durham was surrendered to the king. He went to Normandy, where he became a leading advisor to Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, the elder brother of William Rufus. By 1091, St-Calais had returned to England and regained royal favour. (Full article...)
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  Augustus of Prima Porta, 1st century
  
  Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (Latin: Octavianus), was the founder of the Roman Empire. He reigned as the first Roman emperor from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. The reign of Augustus initiated an imperial cult, as well as an era of imperial peace (the Pax RomanaorPax Augusta) in which the Roman world was largely free of armed conflict. The Principate system of government was established during his reign and lasted until the Crisis of the Third Century.
  
  Octavian was born into an equestrian branch of the plebeian gens Octavia. His maternal great-uncle Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, and Octavian was named in Caesar's will as his adopted son and heir; as a result, he inherited Caesar's name, estate, and the loyalty of his legions. He, Mark Antony, and Marcus Lepidus formed the Second Triumvirate to defeat the assassins of Caesar. Following their victory at the Battle of Philippi (42 BC), the Triumvirate divided the Roman Republic among themselves and ruled as de facto dictators. The Triumvirate was eventually torn apart by the competing ambitions of its members; Lepidus was exiled in 36 BC, and Antony was defeated by Octavian at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. Antony and his wife Cleopatra, the Ptolemaic queen of Egypt, killed themselves during Octavian's invasion of Egypt, which then became a Roman province. (Full article...)
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  Danie Mellor (born 13 April 1971) is an Australian artist who was the winner of 2009 National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award. Born in Mackay, Queensland, Mellor grew up in Scotland, Australia, and South Africa before undertaking tertiary studies at North Adelaide School of Art, the Australian National University (ANU) and Birmingham Institute of Art and Design. He then took up a post lecturing at Sydney College of the Arts. He works in different media including printmaking, drawing, painting, and sculpture. Considered a key figure in contemporary Indigenous Australian art, the dominant theme in Mellor's art is the relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian cultures.
  
  Since 2000, Mellor's works have been included regularly in National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award exhibitions; in 2003 he was awarded a "highly commended", for his print Cyathea cooperi, and in 2009 he won the principal prize, for a mixed media work From Rite to Ritual. His other major exhibitions have included the Primavera 2005 show at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney, and the inaugural National Indigenous Art Triennial (Culture Warriors) at the National Gallery of Australia in 2007. In 2012, his work was included in the National Museum of Australia's exhibition Menagerie: Contemporary Indigenous Sculpture as well as in the second National Indigenous Art Triennial, while international recognition came in 2013 with representation in the National Gallery of Canada's exhibition of international indigenous art. (Full article...)

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  Raynald of Châtillon tortures Aimery of Limoges, Latin Patriarch of Antioch (from a late-13th-century manuscript of William of Tyre's Historia and its Continuation).
  
  Raynald of Châtillon (c. 1124 – 4 July 1187), also known as Reynald, Reginald, or Renaud, was Prince of Antioch—a crusader state in the Middle East—from 1153 to 1160 or 1161, and Lord of Oultrejordain—a large fiefdom in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem—from 1175 until his death, ruling both territories iure uxoris ('by right of wife'). The second son of a French noble family, he joined the Second Crusade in 1147, and settled in Jerusalem as a mercenary. Six years later, he married Constance, Princess of Antioch, although her subjects regarded the marriage as a mesalliance.
  
  Always in need of funds, Raynald tortured Aimery of Limoges, Latin Patriarch of Antioch, who had refused to pay a subsidy to him. He launched a plundering raid in Cyprus in 1156, causing great destruction in Byzantine territory. Four years later, Manuel I Komnenos, the Byzantine Emperor, led an army towards Antioch, forcing Raynald to accept Byzantine suzerainty. Raynald was raiding the valley of the river Euphrates in 1160 or 1161 when the governor of Aleppo captured him at Marash. He was released for a large ransom in 1176 but did not return to Antioch, because his wife had died in the interim. He married Stephanie of Milly, the wealthy heiress of Oultrejordain. Since King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem had also granted Hebron to him, Raynald became one of the wealthiest barons in the kingdom. After Baldwin, who suffered from leprosy, made him regent in 1177, Raynald led the crusader army that defeated Saladin, the Muslim ruler of Egypt and Syria, at the Battle of Montgisard. In control of the caravan routes between Egypt and Syria, he was the only Christian leader to pursue an offensive policy against Saladin, by making plundering raids against the caravans travelling near his domains. After Raynald's newly constructed fleet plundered the coast of the Red Sea in early 1183, threatening the route of Muslim pilgrimstoMecca, Saladin pledged that he would never forgive him. (Full article...)
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  Stefani in October 2016
  
  Gwen Renée Stefani (/stəˈfɑːni/ stə-FAH-nee; born October 3, 1969) is an American singer-songwriter. She is a co-founder, lead vocalist, and the primary songwriter of the band No Doubt, whose singles include "Just a Girl", "Spiderwebs", and "Don't Speak", from their 1995 breakthrough studio album Tragic Kingdom, as well as "Hey Baby" and "It's My Life" from later albums.
  
  During the band's hiatus, Stefani embarked on a solo pop career in 2004 by releasing her debut studio album Love. Angel. Music. Baby. Inspired by pop music from the 1980s, the album was a critical and commercial success. It spawned six singles, including "What You Waiting For?", "Rich Girl", "Hollaback Girl", and "Cool". "Hollaback Girl" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart while also becoming the first US download to sell one million copies. In 2006, Stefani released her second studio album, The Sweet Escape. Among the singles were "Wind It Up" and "The Sweet Escape", the latter of which was number three on the Billboard Hot 100 year-end chart of 2007. Her third solo album, This Is What the Truth Feels Like (2016), was her first solo album to reach number one on the Billboard 200 chart. Her fourth solo album and first full-length Christmas album, You Make It Feel Like Christmas, was released in 2017 and charted 19 tracks on Billboard'sHoliday Digital Song Sales component chart in the United States. Stefani has released several singles with husband Blake Shelton, including "Nobody but You" (2020), which reached number 18 in the US. (Full article...)
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  Lewis Warner Green (January 28, 1806 – May 26, 1863) was an American Presbyterian minister, educator, and academic administrator. He was the president of Hampden–Sydney College, Transylvania University, and Centre College for various periods between 1849 and 1863. Born in Danville, Kentucky, baptized in Versailles, and educated in Woodford County, Green enrolled at Transylvania University but transferred to Centre College to complete his education. He graduated in 1824 as one of two members of the school's first graduating class. He enrolled at Princeton Theological Seminary in 1831 but returned to Kentucky in 1832 before graduating. After one year as a professor at Hanover College, he returned to Centre in 1839. He left again the next year for a position at Western Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania, where he spent six years. He then went to Baltimore to preach full-time, though he resigned after just over a year and a half due to poor health.
  
  Green was elected president of Hampden–Sydney College in January 1849. He was recruited by numerous other institutions after his eight-year term. Among these institutions was Transylvania, which recruited him to their presidency shortly following the establishment of a normal school by the Kentucky General Assembly. The bill that created the normal school was repealed after a year and a half and he resigned in late 1857. Green was elected president of Centre College that year and entered office in January 1858. After leading the school through the start of the Civil War, he died in office in 1863 from an illness which he caught after helping wounded soldiers. He was buried in Danville's Bellevue Cemetery. He was a member of the Stevenson political family through the marriage of his daughter; as a result, he was the father-in-law of vice president Adlai Stevenson I, the great-grandfather of Illinois governor Adlai Stevenson II, and the great-great-grandfather of senator Adlai Stevenson III. (Full article...)

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  Henry III depicted in a manuscript from the 13th century
  
  Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272), also known as Henry of Winchester, was King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death in 1272. The son of King John and Isabella of Angoulême, Henry assumed the throne when he was only nine in the middle of the First Barons' War. Cardinal Guala Bicchieri declared the war against the rebel barons to be a religious crusade and Henry's forces, led by William Marshal, defeated the rebels at the battles of Lincoln and Sandwich in 1217. Henry promised to abide by Great Charter of 1225, a later version of the 1215 Magna Carta, which limited royal power and protected the rights of the major barons. His early rule was dominated first by Hubert de Burgh and then Peter des Roches, who re-established royal authority after the war. In 1230, the King attempted to reconquer the provinces of France that had once belonged to his father, but the invasion was a debacle. A revolt led by William Marshal's son Richard broke out in 1232, ending in a peace settlement negotiated by the Church.
  
  Following the revolt, Henry ruled England personally, rather than governing through senior ministers. He travelled less than previous monarchs, investing heavily in a handful of his favourite palaces and castles. He married Eleanor of Provence, with whom he had five children. Henry was known for his piety, holding lavish religious ceremonies and giving generously to charities; the King was particularly devoted to the figure of Edward the Confessor, whom he adopted as his patron saint. He extracted huge sums of money from the Jews in England, ultimately crippling their ability to do business, and as attitudes towards the Jews hardened, he introduced the Statute of Jewry, attempting to segregate the community. In a fresh attempt to reclaim his family's lands in France, he invaded Poitou in 1242, leading to the disastrous Battle of Taillebourg. After this, Henry relied on diplomacy, cultivating an alliance with Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. Henry supported his brother Richard of Cornwall in his successful bid to become King of the Romans in 1256, but was unable to place his own son Edmund Crouchback on the throne of Sicily, despite investing large amounts of money. He planned to go on crusade to the Levant but was prevented from doing so by rebellions in Gascony. (Full article...)
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  One of Hu Zhengyan's personal seals
  
  Hu Zhengyan (Chinese: 胡正言; c. 1584 – 1674) was a Chinese artist, printmaker and publisher. He worked in calligraphy, traditional Chinese painting, and seal-carving, but was primarily a publisher, producing academic texts as well as records of his own work.
  
  Hu lived in Nanjing during the transition from the Ming dynasty to the Qing dynasty. A Ming loyalist, he was offered a position at the rump court of the Hongguang Emperor, but declined the post, and never held anything more than minor political office. He did, however, design the Hongguang Emperor's personal seal, and his loyalty to the dynasty was such that he largely retired from society after the emperor's capture and death in 1645. He owned and operated an academic publishing house called the Ten Bamboo Studio, in which he practised various multi-colour printing and embossing techniques, and he employed several members of his family in this enterprise. Hu's work at the Ten Bamboo Studio pioneered new techniques in colour printmaking, leading to delicate gradations of colour which were not previously achievable in this art form. (Full article...)
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  Clark with the Indiana Fever in 2024
  
  Caitlin Elizabeth Clark (born January 22, 2002) is an American professional basketball player for the Indiana Fever of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). She played college basketball for the Iowa Hawkeyes and is regarded as one of the greatest collegiate players of all time. Clark is the NCAA Division I all-time leading scorer and was a two-time national player of the year with the Hawkeyes. Since her college career, she has helped popularize women's basketball, a trend known as the "Caitlin Clark effect."
  
  Clark attended Dowling Catholic High School in her hometown of West Des Moines, Iowa, where she was named a McDonald's All-American and rated the fourth-best player in her class by ESPN. In her freshman season with Iowa, she led the NCAA Division I in scoring and earned All-American honors. As a sophomore, Clark was a unanimous first-team All-American and became the first women's player to lead Division I in points and assists in a single season. In her junior season, she was the national player of the year and led Iowa to its first national championship game. Clark again led Division I in assists and set Big Ten single-season marks in points and assists. As a senior, she repeated as national player of the year and helped Iowa return to the national title game. Clark became the women's Division I career and single-season leader in points and three-pointers and broke the all-time conference record in assists, while leading the nation in both points and assists. (Full article...)
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  Princess Louise in 1881
  
  Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll (Louisa Caroline Alberta; 18 March 1848 – 3 December 1939) was the sixth child and fourth daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.
  
  In her public life, she was a strong proponent of the arts and higher education and of the feminist cause. She was an influential supporter of the Edinburgh College of Domestic Science, the forerunner to Queen Margaret University, becoming the institution’s first Patron in 1891 until 1939. Her early life was spent moving among the various royal residences in the company of her family. When her father died in December 1861, the court went into a long period of mourning, to which with time Louise became unsympathetic. She was an able sculptor and artist, and several of her sculptures remain today. She was also a supporter of the feminist movement, corresponding with Josephine Butler, and visiting Elizabeth Garrett. (Full article...)

Did you know... - show different entries

General images

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  Image 1John Foxe's The Book of Martyrs, was one of the earliest English-language biographies. (from Biography)
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  Image 2Third volume of a 1727 edition of Plutarch's Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans printed by Jacob Tonson (from Biography)
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  Image 3Einhard as scribe (from Biography)
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  Image 4A scene from the Baburnama (from Autobiography)
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  Image 5Cover of the first English edition of Benjamin Franklin's autobiography, 1793 (from Autobiography)
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  Image 6James Boswell wrote what many consider to be the first modern biography, The Life of Samuel Johnson, in 1791. (from Biography)
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  Image 7Eminent Victorians set the standard for 20th century biographical writing, when it was published in 1918. (from Biography)
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  Image 8Saint Augustine of Hippo wrote Confessions, the first Western autobiography ever written, around 400. Portrait by Philippe de Champaigne, 17th century. (from Autobiography)

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U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt (left) and nature preservationist John Muir, founder of the Sierra Club, stand together on Glacier PointinYosemite National Park. In the background can be seen Upper and Lower Yosemite Falls. During this trip in 1903, Muir convinced Roosevelt to add Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Grove to the park, which had been established in 1890.

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Mark Twain

Photo credit: Unknown

A portrait of American writer Samuel Clemens, best known by his pen name Mark Twain, in his later years. Twain is most noted for his novels Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which has since been called the Great American Novel, and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Twain enjoyed immense public popularity, and his keen wit and incisive satire earned him praise from both critics and peers. Fellow author William Faulkner called Twain "the father of American literature".

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George Washington Carver

Photo: Arthur Rothstein; Restoration: Lise Broer

A portrait of George Washington Carver, American scientist, botanist, educator and inventor, from 1942. Much of Carver's fame is based on his research into and promotion of alternative cropstocotton, such as peanuts and sweet potatoes. In addition to his work on agricultural extension education for purposes of advocacy of sustainable agriculture and appreciation of plants and nature, Carver's important accomplishments also included improvement of racial relations, mentoring children, poetry, painting, and religion. One of his most important roles was in undermining, through the fame of his achievements and many talents, the widespread stereotype of the time that the black race was intellectually inferior to the white race.

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Mark Rutte

Photo: Nick van Ormondt

Mark Rutte is (as of 2011) the incumbent Prime Minister of the Netherlands. He has been the leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) party since 2006. In the 2010 general election, the VVD won the highest number of votes cast, resulting in their occupying 31 of the 150 seats in the House of Representatives. When he was sworn in on 14 October 2010, he became the first liberal Prime Minister in the Netherlands in 92 years.

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Beppe Grillo

Photograph: Niccolò Caranti

Beppe Grillo (b. 1948) is an Italian comedian, actor, blogger and political activist who established the Five Star Movement in 2009. Born in Genoa, Grillo became well known as a comic through several television shows in the 1980s, but following jokes which attacked the corruption of the Italian Socialist Party and its leader Bettino Craxi he was banned from television. Grillo continued to tour as a comedian while speaking out against corruption and banking scandals, and in 2005 Time named him a European hero.

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Frédéric Chopin

Photo credit: Louis-Auguste Bisson

The only known photographofFrédéric Chopin, often incorrectly described as a daguerreotype. It is believed to have been taken in 1849 during the degenerative stages of his tuberculosis, shortly before his death. Chopin, a Polish pianist and composer of the Romantic era, is widely regarded as one of the most famous, influential, admired and prolific composers for the piano. He moved to Paris at the age of twenty, adopting the French variant of his name, "Frédéric-François", by which he is now known.

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Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck

Photo credit: Royal family of Bhutan

Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck is the fifth and current Bhutan Dragon King and head of the Wangchuck dynasty. He became king on 14 December 2006, and was officially crowned on 6 November 2008. The young king began his unusual reign overseeing the democratizationofBhutan, stating that the responsibility for this generation of Bhutanese was to ensure the success of democracy.

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Wayne Gretzky

Photo credit: Håkan Dahlström

Ice hockey player Wayne Gretzky, as a member of the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League (NHL) in 1997. Gretzky, nicknamed "The Great One", is widely considered the best hockey player of all time. Upon his retirement in 1999, he held forty regular-season records, fifteen playoff records, and six All-Star records. He is the only NHL player to total over 200 points in one season—a feat he accomplished four times. In addition, he tallied over 100 points in 15 NHL seasons, 13 of them consecutively. He is the only player to have his number (99) officially retired by the NHL for all teams.

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Robin Hunicke

Photo: Charlie Chu

Robin Hunicke (b. 1973) is an American video game designer and producer who worked for several companies before establishing her own, Funomena, in 2011. She also supports independent game development.

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Buffalo Bill

Photo credit: Moffett

William Cody, better known as Buffalo Bill, was one of the most colorful figures of the American Old West, and mostly famous for the shows he organized with cowboy themes. He got his nickname for supplying Kansas Pacific Railroad workers with bison meat, having won the name from Bill Comstock in a bison killing contest. In addition to his documented service as a soldier during the Civil War and as Chief of Scouts for the Third Cavalry during the Plains Wars, Cody claimed to have worked many jobs, including as a trapper, bullwhacker, "Fifty-Niner" in Colorado, a Pony Express rider in 1860, wagonmaster, stagecoach driver, and even a hotel manager, but it's unclear which claims were factual and which were fabricated for purposes of publicity.

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Francisco Goya

Painting: Vicente López y Portaña

Francisco Goya (1746–1828) was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker regarded as both the last of the Old Masters and the first of the moderns. Goya was a court painter to the Spanish Crown, and through his works was both a commentator on and chronicler of his era. This portrait was completed when Goya was 80 years old.

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Raden Saleh

Painting: Friedrich Carl Albert Schreuel

Raden Saleh (1811–1880) was a Romantic painter of Arab-Javanese ethnicity from the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). Born in Semarang, in 1829 he was sent to the Netherlands to study portraiture and landscape painting under artists such as Cornelis Kruseman and Andreas Schelfhout. Upon returning to Java in 1851, Saleh focused predominantly on the day-to-day lives of the Javanese, although he also completed his magnum opus, The Arrest of Pangeran Diponegoro, in this period.

This painting, though long thought to be a self-portrait, is now attributed to Friedrich Carl Albert Schreuel, a German artist whom Saleh knew during his time in Europe.

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Enrico Caruso

Photo: Bain News Service; Restoration: Michel Vuijlsteke

Enrico Caruso (1873–1921) was an Italian tenor who was one of the most famous male opera singers in history. He sang to great acclaim at major opera houses around the world, and spent 18 consecutive seasons as the lead tenor at the Metropolitan OperainNew York City. He was one of the first major classical vocalists to make numerous recordings (more than 260), and his 1902 recording of "Vesti la giubba" was the first to sell over a million copies. His records sold so well that the Collector's Guide to Victor Records asks, "Did the phonograph make Caruso, or did Caruso make the phonograph?"

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Vincent van Gogh

Painting credit: John Russell

Vincent van Gogh is an oil-on-canvas portrait by Australian painter John Russell, dated 1886. It depicts Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh, who became lifelong friends with Russell after meeting him at Fernand Cormon's atelier in Paris, which they both attended. Painted in a realist and academic manner, the portrait shows hints of the impressionist techniques with which they began experimenting in the latter half of the 1880s. It is the earliest of three portraits painted of Van Gogh by his contemporaries, the other two being Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec's Portrait of Vincent van Gogh (1887) and Paul Gauguin's The Painter of Sunflowers (1888). Van Gogh seems to have been particularly attached to Russell's portrait, which Russell gifted to him as a mark of their friendship. The painting passed from Van Gogh to his brother Theo and then to their family; it is now in the collection of the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam.

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Image 15

Javier Solana

Photo credit: א

Dr. Javier Solana, the High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy and the Secretary-General of both the Council of the European Union (EU) and the Western European Union (WEU). This photograph shows him as he is discussing with students of RWTH Aachen University, one day before receiving the International Charlemagne Prize of the city of Aachen.

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On this day – July 24

• 1725 - John Newton English cleric and hymnist (d. 1807)
• 1783 - Simón Bolívar, (pictured) South American liberator (d. 1830)
• 1878 - Lord Dunsany, Irish writer (d. 1957)
• 1895 - Robert Graves, English author (d. 1985)
• 1897 - Amelia Earhart, American aviator (disappeared 1937)
• 1963 - Karl Malone, American basketball player
• 1964 - Barry Bonds, baseball player
• 1969 - Jennifer Lopez, American actress and singer
• 1975 - Torrie Wilson, American wrestler
• 1982 - Anna Paquin, Canadian-born actress
• 1990 - Daveigh Chase, American actress

• 1862 - Martin Van Buren, eighth President of the United States (b. 1782)
• 1974 - James Chadwick, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1891)
• 1980 - Peter Sellers, British comedian and actor (b. 1925)

Recent days: July 23 – July 22 – July 21

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InCosmos, 1980

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• Simonie Michael
• Khalid al-Mihdhar
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• Muhammad I of Granada
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• Mozart in Italy
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• Muhammad II of Granada
• Muhammad III of Granada
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• Muhammad IV of Granada
• Rani Mukerji
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• Samuel Mulledy
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• Nine Inch Nails
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• Nizar ibn al-Mustansir
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• Death of Blair Peach
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• Premiership of John Edward Brownlee
• Elvis Presley
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• Ramesses VI
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• Juan Manuel de Rosas
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• Sahure
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• William Edward Sanders
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• Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II
• Mark Satin
• Death of Mark Saunders
• Reg Saunders
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• Sayf al-Dawla
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• Laura Secord
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• Daniel Sedin
• Henrik Sedin
• Seleucus VI Epiphanes
• Norman Selfe
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• Sex Pistols
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• Shepseskare
• John Sherman
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• Sheshi
• Shigi Qutuqu
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• Shunzhi Emperor
• Sabrina Sidney
• Siegfried Lederer's escape from Auschwitz
• Arthur Sifton
• Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias
• Silverchair
• Simeon I of Bulgaria
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• Wallis Simpson
• Pope Sisinnius
• Siward, Earl of Northumbria
• Sjafruddin Prawiranegara
• Tyler Skaggs
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• William Y. Slack
• Andrew Sledd
• Louis Slotin
• The Smashing Pumpkins
• Bedřich Smetana
• Addie Viola Smith
• Faryl Smith
• Issy Smith
• Lee Smith (baseball)
• Ozzie Smith
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• Liza Soberano
• Albertus Soegijapranata
• Georg Solti
• Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji
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• Alexis Soyer
• Albert Speer
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• John Spencer (snooker player)
• Adele Spitzeder
• Thomas A. Spragens
• Jo Stafford
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• Charles Villiers Stanford
• Augustus Owsley Stanley
• Ringo Starr
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• William T. Stearn
• Gordon Steege
• Gwen Stefani
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• Stephen I of Hungary
• Stephen, King of England
• Stereolab
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• Stigand
• Constance Stokes
• Emma Stone
• Charles H. Stonestreet
• Strapping Young Lad
• Igor Stravinsky
• Eduard Streltsov
• Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany
• Hod Stuart
• Ronald Stuart
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• Maurice Suckling
• Sudirman
• Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik
• Arthur Sullivan
• Arthur Sullivan (Australian soldier)
• Kathryn D. Sullivan
• Jethro Sumner
• The Supremes
• Jean-François de Surville
• Taylor Swift
• John Millington Synge
• Tiberius III
• William Howard Taft
• Paul Palaiologos Tagaris
• Tōru Takemitsu
• Don Tallon
• Bazy Tankersley
• Adamson Tannehill
• Tarrare
• Paul Nobuo Tatsuguchi
• Cyclone Taylor
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• Tecumseh
• Edward Teller
• Corry Tendeloo
• Terry-Thomas
• Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)
• Theobald of Bec
• Theodosius III
• Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies
• Thích Quảng Đức
• John Thirtle
• Thomas of Bayeux
• Murder of Julia Martha Thomas
• Thomas the Slav
• William Beach Thomas
• Jim Thome
• James Thompson (surveyor)
• Tiny Thompson
• Tom Thomson
• Cliff Thorburn
• Ian Thorpe
• Jeremy Thorpe
• Jim Thorpe
• Thurisind
• Paul Tibbets
• Tichborne case
• Benjamin Tillman
• Michael Tippett
• James Tod
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• J. R. R. Tolkien
• Billy Joe Tolliver
• Tolui
• Death of Ian Tomlinson
• Tôn Thất Đính
• Mark Tonelli
• Ignace Tonené
• Tool (band)
• Ernie Toshack
• Ernie Toshack with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948
• Edgar Towner
• Meghan Trainor
• Bert Trautmann
• John Treloar (museum administrator)
• Marcus Trescothick
• Francis Tresham
• Stephen Trigg
• Harry Trott
• Maria Trubnikova
• Harry R. Truman
• Harry S. Truman
• Hugh Trumble
• Liz Truss
• Irakli Tsereteli
• Harriet Tubman
• George Tucker (politician)
• Thurman Tucker
• D. H. Turner
• Emma Louisa Turner
• Dick Turpin
• John Tyler
• John Tyndall (far-right activist)
• U2
• Morihei Ueshiba
• Robert de Umfraville
• Unas
• Uncle Tupelo
• Userkaf
• Fakih Usman
• Edvard August Vainio
• Cherry Valentine
• Mary van Kleeck
• Ralph Vaughan Williams
• Artemy Vedel
• Regine Velasquez
• Hedley Verity
• Peter Martyr Vermigli
• Georges Vézina
• Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine
• Queen Victoria
• Giovanni Villani
• George Vincent (painter)
• Barry Voight
• Kurt Vonnegut
• Jerry Voorhis
• Rudolf Vrba
• Vesna Vulović
• Alan Wace
• Ellis Wackett
• Abe Waddington
• John Lloyd Waddy
• Cosima Wagner
• Richard Wagner
• Shooting of Stephen Waldorf
• Al-Walid I
• Kenneth Walker (general)
• Alfred Russel Wallace
• Hector Waller
• Hugh Walpole
• Francis Walsingham
• Hubert Walter
• Allan Walters
• William Walton
• Joe Warbrick
• Fabian Ware
• William Warelwast
• Blair Wark
• John Wark
• Peter Warlock
• Jack L. Warner
• George Washington and slavery
• George Washington (inventor)
• Emma Watson
• Oswald Watt
• Evelyn Waugh
• Lawrence Weathers
• James B. Weaver
• Stanley Price Weir
• Henry Wells (general)
• Lawrence Wetherby
• Tyrone Wheatley
• Mortimer Wheeler
• Fatima Whitbread
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• Thomas White (Australian politician)
• Gough Whitlam
• John D. Whitney
• John Whittle
• The Wiggles
• Wiglaf of Mercia
• Wihtred of Kent
• William Wilberforce
• Wilco
• Maurice Wilder-Neligan
• Wilfrid
• Ellen Wilkinson
• William III of England
• William IV
• William of Wrotham
• William of Tyre
• William the Conqueror
• Michelle Williams (actress)
• Nigel Williams (conservator)
• Richard Williams (RAAF officer)
• Roberta Williams
• Nathaniel Parker Willis
• Wendell Willkie
• Francis Willughby
• Anna Wilson (basketball)
• John Wilton (general)
• Bob Windle
• Kate Winslet
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• Władysław II Jagiełło
• P. G. Wodehouse
• Mary Wollstonecraft
• Rudolf Wolters
• Henry Wood
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• Alfred Worden
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• Edward Wright (mathematician)
• John Michael Wright
• Henry Wrigley
• Wulfhere of Mercia
• William Wurtenburg
• Yao Ming
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• Yazid I
• Murder of Joanna Yeates
• W. B. Yeats
• John C. Young (pastor)
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• Yusuf I of Granada
• Frank Zappa
• Zenobia
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• Catherine Zeta-Jones
• Zhang Heng
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• Huldrych Zwingli
• Dolly de Leon
• Thomas de la More
• Peter van Geersdaele
• Ælfwynn, wife of Æthelstan Half-King