An elementary school class in JapanElementary school in Višňové (Slovakia)An aerial photo of a primary school in Hayesville, North CarolinaClassroom with chairs on desks in the Netherlands
Aprimary school (in Ireland, India, the United Kingdom,[1] Australia,[2] New Zealand,[3] Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, South Africa, and Singapore[4]), elementary school, or grade school (in North America and the Philippines) is a school for primary education of children who are 4 to 10 years of age (and in many cases, 11 years of age). Primary schooling follows preschool and precedes secondary schooling.
The International Standard Classification of Education considers primary education as a single phase where programmes are typically designed to provide fundamental skills in reading, writing, and mathematics and to establish a solid foundation for learning. This is ISCED Level 1: Primary education or first stage of basic education.[5]
Education designed to support early development in preparation for participation in school and society. Programmes designed for children below the age of 3.
Education designed to support early development in preparation for participation in school and society. Programmes designed for children from age 3 to the start of primary education.
Programmes typically designed to provide students with fundamental skills in reading, writing and mathematics and to establish a solid foundation for learning.
Second/final stage of secondary education preparing for tertiary education or providing skills relevant to employment. Usually with an increased range of subject options and streams.
Programmes providing learning experiences that build on secondary education and prepare for labour market entry or tertiary education. The content is broader than secondary but not as complex as tertiary education.
Short first tertiary programmes that are typically practically-based, occupationally-specific and prepare for labour market entry. These programmes may also provide a pathway to other tertiary programmes.
Programmes designed to provide intermediate academic or professional knowledge, skills and competencies leading to a first tertiary degree or equivalent qualification.
Programmes designed to provide advanced academic or professional knowledge, skills and competencies leading to a second tertiary degree or equivalent qualification.
Programmes designed primarily to lead to an advanced research qualification, usually concluding with the submission and defense of a substantive dissertation of publishable quality based on original research.
Within the English speaking world, there are three widely used systems to describe the age of the child. The first is the "equivalent ages"; then countries that base their education systems on the "English model" use one of two methods to identify the year group; while countries that base their systems on the "American K–12 model" refer to their year groups as "grades". Canada also follows the American model, although its names for year groups are put as a number after the grade: For instance, "Grade 1" in Canada, rather than "First Grade" in the United States. This terminology extends into the research literature.[6][unreliable source]
In Canada, education is a provincial, not a federal responsibility. For example, the province of Ontario also had a "Grade 13", designed to help students enter the workforce or post-secondary education, but this was phased out in the year 2003.
St Patricks school at Murrumbeena in Victoria, Australia one of many religious Primary schools in the world.A current classroom for 6–7-year olds in SwitzerlandSchool rooms/classrooms of the private Catholic elementary school in Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz
In most parts of the world, primary education is the first stage of compulsory education, and is normally available without charge, but may also be offered by fee-paying independent schools. The term grade school is sometimes used in the US, although both this term and elementary school may refer to the first eight grades, in other words both primary education and lower secondary education.[7][8][9]
The term primary school is derived from the French école primaire, which was first used in an English text in 1802.[10] In the United Kingdom, "elementary education" was taught in "elementary schools" until 1944, when free elementary education was proposed for students over 11: there were to be primary elementary schools and secondary elementary schools;[a] these became known as primary schools and secondary schools.
Primary school is the preferred term in the United Kingdom, Ireland and many Commonwealth nations, and in most publications of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).[12]
Elementary school is still preferred in some countries, especially in the United States and Canada.[citation needed]
In some parts of the United States, "primary school" refers to a school covering kindergarten through to second grade or third grade (K through 2 or 3); the "elementary school" includes grade three through five or grades four to six.[citation needed] In Canada, "elementary school" almost everywhere refers to Grades 1 through 6; with Kindergarten being referred to as "preschool."[citation needed]
In South Africa, primary school starts from Grade R (age 5-6) till Grade 7 (age 12-13). It typically comes after preschool and before secondary school.
Theoretical framework of primary school design[edit]
School building design does not happen in isolation. The building (or school campus) needs to accommodate:
Curriculum content
Teaching methods
Costs
Education within the political framework
Use of school building (also in the community setting)
Constraints imposed by the site
Design philosophy
Each country will have a different education system and priorities.[20] Schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from the predicted roll of the school and the area needed.
According to standards used in the United Kingdom, a general classroom for 30 reception class or infant (Keystage 1) students needs to be 62 m2, or 55 m2 for juniors (Keystage 2).[21] Examples are given on how this can be configured for a 210 place primary with attached 26 place nursery[22] and two-storey 420 place (two form entry) primary school with attached 26 place nursery.[23]
The first taxpayer-funded public school in the United States was in Dedham, Mass.SJK (C) Chi Hwa Eco-Nature Primary School in Sandakan, MalaysiaA classroom library in the US
The building providing the education has to fulfill the needs of: The students, the teachers, the non-teaching support staff, the administrators and the community. It has to meet general government building guidelines, health requirements, minimal functional requirements for classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity and services, preparation and storage of textbooks and basic teaching aids.[24] An optimum school will meet the minimum conditions and will have:
adequately sized classrooms—where 60 m2 in considered optimum but 80 m2 for the reception class
specialised teaching spaces
a staff preparation room
staff welfare facilities
an administration block
multipurpose classrooms
student toilet facilities
a general purpose school hall
adequate equipment
storage
a library or library stocks that are regularly renewed
computer rooms or media centres
counselling, sick and medical examination rooms[24]
Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establishing building costs. Future design plans are audited to ensure that these standards are met but not exceeded. Government ministries continue to press for the 'minimum' space and cost standards to be reduced.
The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula for primary schools in 2014. It said the floor area should be 350 m2 + 4.1 m2/pupil place. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m2.[25]
There are three main ways of funding a school: by the state through general taxation, by a pressure group such as a mosque or church, by a charity, by contributions from parents, or by a combination of these methods. Day-to-day oversight of the school can through a board of governors, the pressure group, or the owner.[citation needed]
This can be through informal assessment by the staff and governors such as in Finland, or by a state run testing regime such as Ofsted in the United Kingdom.[26]
^Secondary elementary school: A term already used by London County Council from 1921 to describe some 11–14 schools,[11] and term still in use in Florida, Ohio and Brazil.
^Snyder, Thomas D.; Hoffman, Charlene M. (2001). Digest of Education Statistics 2001(PDF). Institute of Education Sciences, Washington: National Center for Education Statistics. p. 7, fig. 1. Archived(PDF) from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
