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Push processinginphotography, sometimes called uprating, refers to a film developing technique that increases the effective sensitivity of the film being processed.[1][page needed] Push processing involves developing the film for more time, possibly in combination with a higher temperature, than the manufacturer's recommendations. This technique results in effective overdevelopment of the film, compensating for underexposure in the camera.
Push processing allows relatively insensitive films to be used under lighting conditions that would ordinarily be too low for adequate exposure at the required shutter speed and aperture combination. This technique alters the visual characteristics of the film, such as higher contrast, increased grain and lower resolution.[1][page needed] Saturated and distorted colours are often visible on colour film that has been push processed.
Pull processing involves overexposure and underdevelopment, effectively decreasing the sensitivity of the processed film. It is achieved by developing the film for a shorter time, and possibly at a lower temperature. Film that has been pull processed will display the opposite change in visual characteristics. This may be deliberately exploited for artistic effect.
When a film's effective sensitivity has been varied, the resulting sensitivity is called the exposure index; the film's speed remains at the manufacturer's indication. For example, an ISO 200/24° film could be push processed to EI 400/27° or pull processed to EI 100/21°.
Andy Warhol's 1965 8-hour art film Empire (1965 film), was shot on ASA 400 Tri-X 16mm film stock, which was then push proceeded to ASA 1000 to compensate for the dark conditions of filming the Empire State Building during the night.[2]
John Alcott won an Oscar "for his gorgeous use of natural lighting" in Stanley Kubrick's 1975 period film Barry Lyndon, set in the 18th century, where he succeeded in filming scenes lit only by candlelight through the use of special wide-aperture Carl Zeiss Planar 50mm f/0.7 lenses designed for the low-light shooting on NASA's moon landings, and then push-processing the film stock.[3]
Larry Smith, the cinematographer for Kubrick's 1999 film Eyes Wide Shut, used push-processing to increase the intensity of the color.[4]
Paul Thomas Anderson and Michael Bauman used this technique on their 35mm film stock for the 2017 film Phantom Thread, also filling its frames with "theatrical haze" to "dirty up" the look of the film.[5]
