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Richard C. Tolman

American physicist (1881–1948)

Richard C. Tolman
Richard C. Tolman in 1945
Born	(1881-03-04)March 4, 1881 West Newton, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died	September 5, 1948(1948-09-05) (aged 67) Pasadena, California, U.S.
Alma mater	Massachusetts Institute of Technology (BS, PhD)
Scientific career
Fields	Physical chemistry Statistical Mechanics Cosmology
Institutions	California Institute of Technology
Thesis	The Electromotive Force Produced in Solutions by Centrifugal Action (1910)
Doctoral advisor	Arthur Amos Noyes
Doctoral students	Allan C. G. Mitchell Linus Pauling

Richard Chace Tolman (March 4, 1881 – September 5, 1948) was an American mathematical physicist and physical chemist who made many contributions to statistical mechanics.^[1] He also made important contributions to theoretical cosmology in the years soon after Einstein's discovery of general relativity. He was a professor of physical chemistry and mathematical physics at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).

Biography[edit]

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Tolman was born in West Newton, Massachusetts and studied chemical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, receiving his bachelor's degree in 1903 and PhD in 1910 under A. A. Noyes.^[2]

He married Ruth Sherman Tolman in 1924.

In 1912, he conceived of the concept of relativistic mass, writing that "the expression ${\displaystyle m_{0}\left(1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}\right)^{-1/2}}$ is best suited for the mass of a moving body."^[3]

In a 1916 experiment with Thomas Dale Stewart, Tolman demonstrated that electricity consists of electrons flowing through a metallic conductor. A by-product of this experiment was a measured value of the mass of the electron.^[4] Overall, however, he was primarily known as a theorist.

Tolman was a member of the Technical Alliance in 1919, a forerunner of the Technocracy movement where he helped conduct an energy survey analyzing the possibility of applying science to social and industrial affairs.^[5][6][7]

Tolman was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1922.^[8] The same year, he joined the faculty of the California Institute of Technology, where he became professor of physical chemistry and mathematical physics and later dean of the graduate school. One of Tolman's early students at Caltech was the theoretical chemist Linus Pauling, to whom Tolman taught the old quantum theory. Tolman was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1923.^[9]

In 1927, Tolman published a text on statistical mechanics whose background was the old quantum theory of Max Planck, Niels Bohr and Arnold Sommerfeld.^[10] Tolman was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1932.^[11] In 1938, he published a new detailed work that covered the application of statistical mechanics to classical and quantum systems.^[12][13] It was the standard work on the subject for many years and remains of interest today.

In the later years of his career, Tolman became increasingly interested in the application of thermodynamicstorelativistic systems and cosmology. An important monograph he published in 1934 titled Relativity, Thermodynamics, and Cosmology^[14] demonstrated how black body radiation in an expanding universe cools but remains thermal – a key pointer toward the properties of the cosmic microwave background.^[15] Also in this monograph, Tolman was the first person to document and explain how a closed universe could equal zero energy. He explained how all mass energy is positive and all gravitational energy is negative and they cancel each other out, leading to a universe of zero energy.^[15] His investigation of the oscillatory universe hypothesis, which Alexander Friedmann had proposed in 1922, drew attention to difficulties as regards entropy and resulted in its demise until the late 1960s.

During World War II, Tolman served as scientific advisor to General Leslie Groves on the Manhattan Project. At the time of his death in Pasadena, he was chief advisor to Bernard Baruch, the U.S. representative to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission.

Each year, the southern California section of the American Chemical Society honors Tolman by awarding its Tolman Medal "in recognition of outstanding contributions to chemistry."

Family[edit]

Tolman's brother was the behavioral psychologist Edward Chace Tolman.

See also[edit]

• List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics
• Tolman length
• Tolman surface brightness test
• Tolman's paradox
• Tolman's H theorem
• Tolman–Ehrenfest effect
• Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation
• Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit
• Lemaître–Tolman metric
• Lewis–Tolman paradox
• Stewart–Tolman effect
• Oscillatory universe
• Static spherically symmetric perfect fluid
• Thin Man (nuclear bomb)

References[edit]

Books by Tolman[edit]

Wikisource has original works by or about:
Richard Chace Tolman

• Statistical mechanics with applications to physics and chemistry. New York: The Chemical Catalog Company. 1927.
• Relativity, Thermodynamics, and Cosmology. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1934. LCCN 34032023. Reissued (1987) New York: Dover ISBN 0-486-65383-8.
• The Principles of Statistical Mechanics. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1938. ISBN 9780486638966. Reissued (1979) New York: Dover ISBN 0-486-63896-0. Tolman, Richard Chace (January 1987). 1987 Dover reprint. Courier Corporation. ISBN 9780486653839.

• 
  Relativity, Thermodynamics and Cosmology (1934)
• 
  Table of contents to Relativity, Thermodynamics and Cosmology (1934)
• 
  Introduction to Relativity, Thermodynamics and Cosmology (1934)

External links[edit]

• Short biography from the Online Archive of California
• Short biography from the "Tolman Award" page of the Southern California Section of the American Chemical Society.
• Works by Richard C. TolmanatProject Gutenberg
• Works by or about Richard C. TolmanatInternet Archive
• Biographical memoir, National Academy of Sciences. Includes a complete bibliography of Tolman's writings. Retrieved July 14, 2017.