Adriaan Reland (also known as Adriaen Reeland/Reelant, Hadrianus Relandus) (17 July 1676 – 5 February 1718[1]) was a noted Dutch Orientalist scholar, cartographer and philologist.[2] Even though he never left the Netherlands,[3][4] he made significant contributions to Middle Eastern and Asian linguistics and cartography, including Persia, Japan and Palestine during the biblical ages ( the Holy Land ).[5]
Reland was the son of Johannes Reland, a Protestant minister, and Aagje Prins in the small North Holland village of De Rijp. Adriaan's brother, Peter (1678–1714), was an influential lawyer in Haarlem.[1] Reland first studied Latin language in Amsterdam at age 11, and enrolled at University of Utrecht in 1693, at age 17, to study theology and philosophy. Initially interested in Hebrew and Syriac, he later began studying Arabic. In 1699, after obtaining his doctorate in Utrecht, Reland moved to Leiden and tutored the son of Hans Willem Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland.[6] The latter invited him to move to England, but Reland declined because of his father's deteriorating health.
In 1699, Reland was appointed Professor of Physics and Metaphysics at the University of Harderwijk. By this point, he had achieved a good knowledge of Arabic, Hebrew, and other Semitic languages.[7] In 1701, at age 25, he was appointed Professor of Oriental Languages at the University of Utrecht. Beginning in 1713, he also taught Hebrew Antiquities.[5] This was extended with a chair in Jewish Antiquity.[8]
Reland gained renown for his research in Islamic studies and linguistics; his work being an early example of comparative linguistics. Additionally, he studied Persian and was interested in the relation of Eastern myths to the Old Testament. He published a work concerning East Asian myths, Dissertationum miscellanearum partes tres, in 1708. Moreover, he discovered the link for the Malay language to the Western Pacific dictionaries of Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire.
Manuscript of Reland's work on the foundations of the Persian language (Prima elementa linguae persicae nitidissime conscriptae Adriani Relandi). Printed in Utrecht, dated 1705
Reland, through compiling Arabic texts, completed De religione Mohammedica libri duo in 1705. This work, extended in 1717, was considered the first objective survey of Islamic beliefs and practices.[9] It quickly became a reference work throughout Europe and was translated into Dutch, English, German, French and Spanish.
Reland also extensively researched Middle Eastern locations and biblical geography, taking interest in Palestine. He published Antiquitates Sacrae veterum Hebraeorum (1708) and Palaestina ex monumentis veteribus illustrata (1714), in which he described and mapped the biblical peoples , and ancient geography of Palestine.[5]
Reland retained his professorship for his entire life, and additionally became a noted poet. In 1718, at age 41, he died of smallpox in Utrecht.[1]
Dutch Translation Verhandeling van de godsdienst der Mahometaanen, als mede van het krygs-regt by haar ten tyde van oorlog tegens de christenen gebruykelyk. Utrecht 1718
English translation: Of the Mahometan Religion, Two books. London 1712
German translation: Zwey Bücher von der Türkischen oder Mohammedischen Religion. Hannover 1716, 1717
French translation: La Religion des Mahometans exposée par leurs propres Docteurs, avec des éclaircissemens sur les opinions qu'on leur a Faussement attribuées. The Hague 1721
De natuurlijke wijsgeer – a Dutch translation of Ibn Tufail's Arabic novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan. Printed by Pieter van der Veer. Amsterdam 1701
Galatea. Lusus poetica – a collection of Latin love-elegies, which brought Reland some fame as a Neo-Latin poet. Amsterdam 1701
Image from critique of Hadriani Relandi de spoliis templi Hierosolymitani published in Acta Eruditorum, 1717Image from critique of Hadriani Relandi de spoliis templi Hierosolymitani published in Acta Eruditorum, 1717
Jaski, Bart, et al., editors. The Orient in Utrecht: Adriaan Reland (1676-1718), Arabist, Cartographer, Antiquarian and Scholar of Comparative Religion. Brill, 2021, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctv1v7zb8g. Accessed 15 May 2022.
"Obviously, knowledge of Biblical, Talmudic, and secular sources forms the basis of Palestinian topography, but it is not enough. However valuable the work of Reland may be, it is incomplete because it lacks a direct relationship with the soil which is essential to geography ."
— F. -M. Abel, Edward Robinson and the Identification of Biblical Sites, Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 58, No. 4 (Dec., 1939), pp. 365-372
^ abcZur Shalev, University of Haifa Digital Gallery, introduction to Reland's book Palaestina ex monumentis veteribus illustrata
Media related to Adriaan Reland at Wikimedia Commons
