Shūkyō nisei
Shūkyō nisei (宗教2世), literally 'religion second generation', is a Japanese phrase, which refers to children being raised by their parents with a strong religious beliefs. These children may be forced to practice the same religion against their will by their parents.[1][2] They are also called karuto nisei (カルト2世, 'cult second generation') or nisei shinja (2世信者, 'second generation follower').[3][4] These children are reportedly often challenged by hardships, such as child neglect, child abuse and lack of psychological, financial, academic, and social independence because of their religious parents and the predatory practices of the religious organization. While the shūkyō nisei is a longstanding social issue in Japan, Japanese government has been accused of inaction.[5] Within the Unification Church, children born to the parents married in church sponsored mass wedding ceremonies are called the shukufuku nisei (祝福2世, 'blessed second generations').[6]
In July 2022, former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe was assassinated by Tetsuya Yamagami while giving a speech at the upper election campaign in Nara, which had increased media scrutiny.[7][8]
Overview[edit]
Testimonies from those who are concerned reveal that many of those children suffer from poverty caused by large donations that their parents make to their religious organizations. They also suffer from child neglect due to their parents disappearing for religious activities for several months at a time.[2][9] Many may be suffering from being forced to accept religious demands. Examples could include prohibitions on watching television, reading manga, attending a friend's birthday party, physical contact with the opposite gender, visiting temples and shrines of other religions, and participating in other religions' events, such as Christmas.[2][10][11][12]
There are cases where their human rights are violated by being prevented from enrolling in higher education[13][14][15] or finding employment. Moreover, some are forced to live with bizarre names selected by the founder[10] or forced to drink wine that is said to contain the guru's blood.[16]
Some shūkyō nisei who want to abandon their faith hesitate in fear of losing their parents' love.[17] In addition, even if they are able to leave the religious organization, they must sever relations with their parents. Therefore, they often struggle when they need a guarantor for employment or relocation of residence, which is a common requirement in Japan.[2] Even if they consult a local government office or hotline regarding child abuse or livelihood support, freedom of religion may be entangled with receiving support, as many of these cases are handled differently from those involving livelihood protection or domestic violence. Some are told that the authorities cannot intervene in religious matters, and that family matters should be discussed within the family first and turned away. There have also been cases in which people requested restrictions on access to residential records of their new addresses in order to escape their parents, but they were denied on the grounds that the issue was one between parent and child.[2][11]
Assassination of Shinzo Abe and its impacts on the shūkyō nisei[edit]
On 8 July 2022, Tetsuya Yamagami, using a firearm that he had made,[18] shot and killed former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe while he was giving a speech at the upper election campaign in Nara. Yamagami stated that he targeted Abe due to his ties to the Unification Church (UC).
On December 31, 1984, when Yamagami was at the age of four, his father aged 37 committed suicide by jumping from the nearby apartment building. Yamagami's mother subsequently joined the UC when he was still a child. Later, his mother declared bankruptcy after donating most of the family assets to the church while leaving her children unattended and their illness untreated.[19] As a result, matters related to shūkyō nisei have been trending on social media,[5] and members of the Japanese government are urged to take drastic measures.[2][20][21]
Following Abe's assassination, online petitions for protecting shūkyō nisei are launched. One petition pleads for freedom of religion for shūkyō nisei so they are not bound by their parents' spiritual beliefs. This petition garnered over 37000 signatures on 30 July 2022.[22]
In October 2022, an outspoken shūkyō nisei victim under the pseudonym Sayuri Ogawa called for the disbandment of the UC at the press conference, but received messages from her parents via the church accusing her of being mentally unstable and demanding an end to the press conference.[23] An online petition for dissolving the UC accumulated over 200 thousand signatures on 22 November 2022.[24]
Government responses[edit]
In October 2022, Prime Minister Fumio Kishida had ordered his ministers to launch a probe against the UC to decide if the government would request the court to issue an order of removing the UC of its religious corporation status.[25] One focus of this probe was the allegedly illegal child adoption arrangement among the UC followers. The UC denied any organized arrangement.[26][27] In December 2022, when the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare submitted a second inquiry about the child adoption practice, the UC refused to answer more than half of the questions, and sent a letter of protest for the ministry.[28]
In December 2022, Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare considered drafting new guidelines which would define what kinds of actions constitute religious abuse against children to better help shūkyō nisei. These include intimidating an individual with language such as "[you will] be damned to hell" (地獄に落ちる) and coercing an individual into participating in any religious activity.[29][30]
In literature[edit]
- Under the Stars (星の子, lit. Child of the Stars) by Natsuko Imamura, a novel published in 2017 and adapted into a movie in 2020[1]
- We Grew Up in a House Where 'God' Dwells (「神様」のいる家で育ちました), a manga by Mariko Kikuchi premiered in 2021[17]
- Revolution+1, a fictional-biographical film based on Tetsuya Yamagami directed by Masao Adachi
- Sayuri Ogawa, Shūkyō Nisei (小川さゆり、宗教2世), an autobiography of Sayuri Ogawa
In popular culture[edit]
The phrase shūkyō nisei entered the 2022 top 10 buzzword list in Japan.[31]