A joint study between Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization, the Louvre, and the Institut Francais de Recherche en Iran also verifies the oldest settlements in Sialk to date to around 6000–5500 BC.[2][3] The Sialk ziggurat was built around 3000 BC.
Sialk, and the entire area around it, is thought to have originated as a result of the pristine large water sources nearby that still run today. The Cheshmeh ye Soleiman (Solomon's Spring) has been bringing water to this area from nearby mountains for thousands of years. The Fin garden, built in its present form in the 17th century, is a popular tourist attraction. It is here that the kings of the Safavid dynasty would spend their vacations away from their capital cities. It is also here that Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz, the Persian assassin of the second caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab (r. 634–644), is popularly believed to have been buried. All these remains are located in the same location where Sialk is.
In 2008 and 2009 an Iranian team led by Hassan Fazeli Nashli and supported by Robin Coningham of the University of Durham have worked at the northern mound finding 6 Late Neolithic burials.[13]
Artifacts from the original dig ended up mostly at the Louvre, while some can be found at the British Museum, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, and the National Museum of Iran and in the hands of private collectors. These artifacts consisted of some very fine painted potteries.[14]
The northern mound (Tepe) is the oldest; the occupation dates back to the end of the seventh millennium BC. The mound is composed of two levels: Sialk I (the oldest), and Sialk II. Sialk I-level architecture is relatively rudimentary. Tombs containing pottery have been uncovered. The ceramic is initially rather rough, then becomes of better quality with the time.[15]
Zagheh archaic painted ware (c. 6000–5500 BC) is found in Tepe Sialk I, sub-levels 1–2. This is the early painted ware, that was first excavated at Tepe Zagheh in the Qazvin plain.[16] In sub-periods 3, 4 and 5, the pottery has a clear surface with painted decoration. Stone or bone tools were still used.
The Sialk II level sees the first appearance of metallurgy. The archaeological material found in the buildings of this period testifies to increasing links with the outside world.
The southern mound (Tepe) includes the Sialk III and IV levels. The first, divided into seven sub-periods, corresponds to the fifth millennium and the beginning of the fourth (c. 4000 BC). This period is in continuity with the previous one, and sees the complexity of architecture (molded bricks, use of stone) and crafts, especially metallurgical. Early excavations had recovered five Proto-Elamite tablets. Like other outlying site with Proto-Elamite writing it was abandoned for time afterward.[17] More recent work has found evidence on the south mound of actual occupation from the Proto-Elamite period.[12]
Evidence demonstrates that Tepe Sialk was an important metal production center in central Iran during the Sialk III and Sialk IV periods. A significant amount of metallurgical remains were found during the excavations in the 1990s and later. This includes large amounts of slag pieces, litharge cakes, and crucibles and moulds.[18]
At Tappeh Sialk, the oldest evidence of silver production in the world has been found - such as the litharge fragments and cakes.
"Pieces of charcoal found in one of the furnaces in which litharge fragments were found provided a radiocarbon date of 3660-3520 B.C. which introduces them as the oldest so far known fragments of such process in the ancient world."[19]
Some other ancient sites in Iran from the same time have also revealed silver production, such as Arisman, and Tappeh Hissar. These sites are attributed to Sialk III-IV and Hissar II-III periods.
Sialk IV level begins in the second half of the fourth millennium. For the oldest sub-periods of the Sialk IV, there are links with the Mesopotamian civilizations of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr.
Economic tablet with numeric signs. Proto-Elamite script in clay, Susa, Uruk period (3200 BC to 2700 BC). Department of Oriental Antiquities, Louvre.
Later on, the material is similar to that of Susa III (Proto-Elamite level), so this is where the Proto-Elamite horizon at Sialk is located, as is also evidenced by the discovery here of some Proto-Elamite clay tablets.
The ruins of what would be the oldest Ziggurat in the world are found at this same Sialk IV level.
This period ends with the temporary abandonment of the site at the beginning of the third millennium.
Bridge-spouted jar from Tepe Sialk, circa 800-600 B.C.; buff ware, creamslip, reddish-orange painted decoration. Height: 20 cm. Los Angeles County Museum of Art
After an abandonment of more than a millennium, the Sialk site is reoccupied in the second half of the second millennium. This last phase of occupation of the site is divided into two periods: Sialk V and Sialk VI. The archaeological material of these two levels has been mostly found in the two necropolises, called necropolis A and necropolis B.
The first represents the Sialk V level. Here are found weapons and other objects in bronze, as well as jewelry, and some iron items. The ceramic is gray-black, or red, sometimes with some decorations that consist of geometric patterns, and can be compared to items coming from the sites in Gorgan valley (the later levels of Tureng Tepe, and Tepe Hissar).
^Fazeli, H., Beshkani A., Markosian A., Ilkani H., Young R. L. 2010 The Neolithic to Chalcolithic Transition in the Qazvin Plain, Iran: Chronology and Subsistence Strategies: in Archäologische Mitteilungen Aus Iran and Turan 41, pp. 1-17
^Matthews, R. and Nashli, H. F., eds. 2013 The Neolithisation of Iran: the formation of new societies. British Association for Near Eastern Archaeology and Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp272.
^Roman Ghirshman, Fouilles de Sialk près de Kashan, 1933, 1934, 1937, vol. 1, Paul Geuthner, 1938
^Ghirshman, Fouilles de Sialk, vol. 2, Paul Geuthner, 1939
^Spyoket, Agnès. "Ghirshman, Tania"(PDF). Breaking Ground: Women in Old World Archaeology. Translated by Sylvie Marshall. Brown University.
^D. E. McCown, The Comparative Stratigraphy of Early Iran, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization no. 23, Oriental Institute of Chicago, 1942
^Yousef Majidzadeh, Correction of the Internal Chronology for the Sialk III Period on the Basis of the Pottery Sequence at Tepe Ghabristan, Iran, vol. 16, pp. 93-101, 1978
^S.M. Shahmirzadi, The Ziggurat of Sialk, Sialk Reconsideration Project Report No. 1, Archaeological Research Center. Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization, 2002, (Persian)
^S.M. Shahmirzadi, The Silversmiths of Sialk, Sialk Reconsideration Project Report No. 2, Archaeological Research Center. Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization, 2003, (Persian)
^S.M. Shahmirzadi, The Potters of Sialk, Sialk Reconsideration Project Report No. 3, Archaeological Research Center. Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization, 2004, (Persian)
^ abS.M. Shahmirzadi, The Smelters of Sialk, Sialk Reconsideration Project Report No. 4, Archaeological Research Center. Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization, 2005, (Persian)
^[1] A. Sołtysiak and H. Fazeli Nashli, Short Fieldwork Report: Tepe Sialk (Iran), seasons 2008–2009, Bioarchaeology of the Near East, vol. 4, pp.69–73, 2010
^[2]Qanbari-Taheri, Nasim, and Parviz Holakooei. "Characterisation of a painted pottery vessel excavated at the site of Tepe Sialk, Kashan, central Iran." The Old Potter's Almanack 21.1, pp. 12-18, 2016
^Les Recherches Archéologiques Françaises en Iran. Novembre 2001, Téhéran. Institut Français de Recherche en Iran, Musee du Louvre, ICHO
^Nashli, Hassan Fazeli, et al., "Deciphering the chronology of Tepe Sialk (South)“Ziggurat”, North Central Iranian Plateau, through optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating", Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 48, 2023
Amiet, P., "La periode IV de Tepe Sialk reconsideree", In: J. L. Huot, M. Yon, and Y. Calvet (eds.), De l'Indus aux Balkans, recueil Jean Deshayes, Paris: Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations. pp. 293-312, 1985
Rémy Boucharlat, "(Les) Recherches Archéologiques Françaises en Iran / Pažūheš-hā-ye bāstān-šenāsī Farānse dar Īrān", Téhéran 1380/2001. Téhéran, Éditions Musée National d’Iran, 20 octobre au 21 novembre 2001
Ghirshman, R., "A propos de la Nécropole B de Sialk", Band 24 Jahrgänge 1974–1977, edited by Herbert Kühn, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 41-49, 1977
[3]Ghirshman, R., "Rapport Préliminaire, Sur Les Fouilles de Tépé Sialk, Près de Kashan (Iran)", Syria, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 229–46, 1935
Yousef Majidzadeh, Sialk III and the Pottery Sequence at Tepe Ghabristan: The Coherence of the Cultures of the Central Iranian Plateau, Iran, vol. 19, 1981
[4]Marghussian, A. K., Coningham, R. A. E. and Fazeli, H., "The Evolution of Pottery Production During the Late Neolithic Period at Sialk on the Kashan Plain, Central Plateau of Iran", Archaeometry, Bulletin of the Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, Oxford University, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 222-238, 2017
Ṣādiq Malik Šahmīrzādī, Sialk: The Oldest Fortified Village of Iran: Final Report, Iranian Center for Archaeological Research, 2006, ISBN9789644210945
Sołtysiak, Arkadiusz and Fazeli Nashli, Hassan, "Evidence of late Neolithic cremation at Tepe Sialk", Iran. Iranica antiqua, 51, p. 1-19, 2016
