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'{{redirect|Russian meteor|the 1908 Tunguska explosion|Tunguska event}}
{{short description|Near-Earth asteroid that fell over Russia in 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox news event
|title=2013 Chelyabinsk meteor
|date={{start date|2013|02|15|df=yes}}
|time=09:20 [[Yekaterinburg Time|YEKT]] ([[UTC+06:00]])
|image_name=Взрыв метеорита над Челябинском 15 02 2013 avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv
|image_size=250px
|caption=([[:File:Взрыв метеорита над Челябинском 15 02 2013 avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv|image link]])<br /> Meteor fireball seen from [[Kamensk-Uralsky]] where it was still dawn, in an oblast north of Chelyabinsk<br /> <br />
<center>{{Location map |Russia |width=250 |float=center |caption= |mark=City locator 13.svg |marksize=10 |lat_deg=54 |lat_min=57 |lat_sec=36 |lat_dir=N |lon_deg=60 |lon_min=19 |lon_sec=48 |lon_dir=E |alt=The meteor exploded over Chelyabinsk, Russia}}Location of the meteor</center>
|place={{Plainlist|
* '''Russia'''
** [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
** [[Kurgan Oblast]]
** [[Orenburg Oblast]]
** [[Bashkortostan]]
** [[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
** [[Tyumen Oblast]]
* '''Kazakhstan'''
** [[Aktobe Province]]
** [[Kostanay Province]]
}}
|coordinates={{coord|55.150|N|61.410|E|scale:5000000_region:RU_type:event|display=title,inline}}<ref name="JPL20130301" />
|cause=[[Meteor]] [[air burst]]
|also known as=[[Chelyabinsk meteorite]]<ref name="USRA-57165">{{cite web |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=57165 |title=Chelyabinsk |work=Meteoritical Bulletin Database |publisher=The Meteoritical Society | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603103339/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=57165 | archivedate=3 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|reported injuries=1,491 non-direct injuries.<ref name="RBC845595">{{cite web | url=http://top.rbc.ru/incidents/18/02/2013/845595.shtml | script-title=ru:Число пострадавших при падении метеорита приблизилось к 1500 | trans-title=The number of victims of the meteorite approached 1500 | language=Russian | publisher=РосБизнесКонсалтинг [RBC] | date=18 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502144652/http://top.rbc.ru/incidents/18/02/2013/845595.shtml | archivedate=2 May 2013 | url-status=dead | title=Archived copy | access-date=18 February 2013 }}</ref>
|reported death(s)=
|reported property damage=Over 7,200<ref name="RBTH-23513" /> damaged buildings, collapsed factory roof, shattered windows }}
The '''Chelyabinsk meteor''' was a [[superbolide]] that entered [[Earth's atmosphere]] over Russia on 15 February 2013 at about 09:20 [[Yekaterinburg Time|YEKT]] (03:20 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]). It was caused by an approximately {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[Near-Earth object|near-Earth asteroid]] with a speed of 19.16 ± 0.15 kilometres per second (60,000<ref name="NASAassess" />–69,000 km/h or 40,000<ref name="NASAassess">{{cite web | url=http://www.universetoday.com/100025/airburst-explained-nasa-addresses-the-russian-meteor-explosion/ | title=Airburst Explained: NASA Addresses the Russian Meteor Explosion | first=Nancy | last=Atkinson | work=Universe Today | date=15 February 2013 | archivedate=17 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217064705/http://www.universetoday.com/100025/airburst-explained-nasa-addresses-the-russian-meteor-explosion/ | url-status=live }}</ref>–42,900 mph).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf |title=O. P. Popova,et al. Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization.Science 342 (2013).}}</ref><ref name="Science_342" /> It quickly became a brilliant superbolide [[meteor]]<!-- the terminology "superbolide meteor" is the result of two separate Talk page consensus-building discussions: 18-28 Feb 2013 AND 4-6 Mar 2013; please do not change it without first discussing on the Talk page --> over the southern [[Ural (region)|Ural region]]. The light from the meteor was brighter than the [[Sun]], visible up to {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} away. It was observed over a wide area of the region and in neighbouring republics. Some eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the fireball.
Due to its high velocity and shallow angle of [[atmospheric entry]], the object exploded in an [[air burst]] over [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]], at a height of around {{convert|29.7|km|mi ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org">{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf |title=O. P. Popova, et al. Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization.Science 342 (2013).}}</ref> The explosion generated a bright flash, producing a hot cloud of dust and gas that penetrated to {{convert|26.2|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and many surviving small fragmentary [[meteorite]]s, as well as a large [[shock wave]]. The bulk of the object's energy was absorbed by the atmosphere, with a total [[kinetic energy]] before atmospheric impact estimated from [[infrasound]] and [[seismic]] measurements to be equivalent to the blast yield of 400–500 [[kiloton|kilotons of TNT]] (about 1.4–1.8 PJ) range – 26 to 33 times as much [[energy]] as that released from the [[Little Boy|atomic bomb detonated at Hiroshima]].<ref name="David_spacecom">{{Cite web |url=http://www.space.com/23423-russian-fireball-meteor-airburst-risk.html |title=Russian Fireball Explosion Shows Meteor Risk Greater Than Thought |last=David |first=Leonard |date=7 October 2013 |website=www.space.com |publisher=Wired Magazine/Conde Nast |location=New York, NY USA}}best estimate of the equivalent nuclear blast yield of the Chelyabinsk explosion</ref>
The object was undetected before its [[atmospheric entry]], in part because its [[Radiant (meteor shower)|radiant]] was close to the Sun. Its explosion created panic among local residents, and about 1,500 people were injured seriously enough to seek medical treatment. All of the injuries were due to indirect effects rather than the meteor itself, mainly from broken glass from windows that were blown in when the shock wave arrived, minutes after the superbolide's flash. Some 7,200 buildings in six cities across the region were damaged by the explosion's shock wave, and authorities scrambled to help repair the structures in sub-freezing temperatures.
With an estimated initial mass of about 12,000–13,000 [[tonne]]s<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org"/><ref name="NatureNews20131106">{{cite journal | last=Schiermeier | first=Quirin | title=Risk of massive asteroid strike underestimated | url=http://www.nature.com/news/risk-of-massive-asteroid-strike-underestimated-1.14114 | journal=Nature News | publisher=Nature Publishing Group | date=6 November 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107141251/http://www.nature.com/news/risk-of-massive-asteroid-strike-underestimated-1.14114 | archivedate=7 November 2013 | url-status=live | doi=10.1038/nature.2013.14114 }}</ref> (13,000–14,000 [[short ton]]s, heavier than the [[Eiffel Tower]]), and measuring about {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter, it is the largest known natural object to have entered Earth's atmosphere since the 1908 [[Tunguska event]], which destroyed a wide, remote, forested, and very sparsely populated area of [[Siberia]].<!-- Please do not add the 1930 Brazil meteor event; because it only had 100 kilotons of TNT, less than this event. (http://cosmictusk.com/mini-tunguska-the-rio-curuca-brazil-1930/) --> The Chelyabinsk meteor is also the only meteor confirmed to have resulted in a large number of injuries. No deaths were reported.
The earlier-predicted and well-publicized [[Near-Earth object|close approach]] of a larger asteroid on the same day, the roughly {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[367943 Duende]], occurred about 16 hours later; the very different orbits of the two objects showed they were unrelated to each other.
== Initial reports ==
[[File:Trajectory of Chelyabinsk meteoroid en.png|thumb|left|The meteor's path in relation to the ground.]]
[[File:Tunguska_and_Chelyabinsk_meteoroid_size.png|right|thumb|Comparison of possible sizes of Chelyabinsk (CM mark) and [[Tunguska event|Tunguska]] meteoroids to [[Eiffel Tower]] and [[Empire State Building]].]]
Local residents witnessed extremely bright burning objects in the sky in [[Chelyabinsk Oblast|Chelyabinsk]], [[Kurgan Oblast|Kurgan]], [[Sverdlovsk Oblast|Sverdlovsk]], [[Tyumen Oblast|Tyumen]], and [[Orenburg Oblast]]s, the [[Republic of Bashkortostan]], and in neighbouring regions in Kazakhstan,<ref name="Verge3991132">{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/2/15/3991132/russia-meteorite-explosion-reported |title=Russia rocked by meteor explosion |work=[[The Verge]] |date=15 February 2013 |first=Sam |last=Byford | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305235823/http://www.theverge.com/2013/2/15/3991132/russia-meteorite-explosion-reported | archivedate=5 March 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ReutersUSBRE91E05Z">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/15/us-russia-meteorite-idUSBRE91E05Z20130215 |title=Meteorite explodes over Russia, more than 1,000 injured | first=Andrey | last=Kuzmin |date=15 February 2013 |publisher=Reuters | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222191716/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/15/us-russia-meteorite-idUSBRE91E05Z20130215 | archivedate=22 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="yahoo-052833588">{{cite news |url=http://www.news.yahoo.com/possible-meteor-shower-reported-eastern-russia-052833588.html |title=Meteorite hits central Russia, more than 500 people hurt |first1=Natalia |last1=Shurmina |first2=Andrey |last2=Kuzmin | date=15 February 2013 |work=Yahoo News | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215195937/http://news.yahoo.com/possible-meteor-shower-reported-eastern-russia-052833588.html | archivedate=15 February 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> when the asteroid entered the Earth's atmosphere over Russia.<ref name="NASA20130215">{{cite web |first=D. C. |last=Agle |title=Russia Meteor Not Linked to Asteroid Flyby |work=NASA news |publisher=NASA |date=13 February 2013 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/asteroids/news/asteroid20130215.html | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217133332/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/asteroids/news/asteroid20130215.html | archivedate=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="USAtoday1921991">{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/02/15/russia-meteorite/1921991/ |title=Meteor in central Russia injures at least 500 | date=15 February 2013 |first1=Anna |last1=Arutunyan |first2=Marc |last2=Bennetts |work=[[USA Today]] }}</ref><ref name="Mercury22596238">{{cite news |title=100 injured by meteorite falls in Russian Urals |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_22596238/100-injured-by-meteorite-falls-russian-urals |work=Mercury News |first1=Jim |last1=Heintz |first2=Vladimir |last2=Isachenkov |agency=Associated Press |date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502223112/http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_22596238/100-injured-by-meteorite-falls-russian-urals | archivedate=2 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Universe99982">{{cite web |first=Jason |last=Major |work=Universe Today |title=Meteor Blast Rocks Russia |url=http://www.universetoday.com/99982/meteor-blasts-rock-russia/ |date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217062852/http://www.universetoday.com/99982/meteor-blasts-rock-russia/ | archivedate=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20130325">{{cite news |first=Henry |last=Fountain |title=A Clearer View of the Space Bullet That Grazed Russia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/science/space/in-asteroids-aftermath-a-sigh-of-relief.html |date=25 March 2013 |work=[[New York Times]] | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326074701/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/science/space/in-asteroids-aftermath-a-sigh-of-relief.html | archivedate=26 March 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Amateur videos showed a fireball streaking across the sky and a loud boom several minutes afterwards.<ref name="medvedev" /><ref name="CNN-20130216">{{cite AV media |date=16 February 2013 |title=Videos capture exploding meteor in sky |medium=Television production |url=http://edition.cnn.com/video/?hpt=hp_t1#/video/world/2013/02/16/ac-boulden-meteor-explodes-over-russia.cnn |publisher=CNN |location=United States }}</ref><ref name="smh-20130215">{{cite news | url=http://www.smh.com.au/technology/sci-tech/meteor-shower-over-russia-sees-meteorites-hit-earth-20130215-2ei2j.html | title=Meteor shower over Russia sees meteorites hit Earth | date=16 February 2013 | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623084954/http://www.smh.com.au/technology/sci-tech/meteor-shower-over-russia-sees-meteorites-hit-earth-20130215-2ei2j.html | archivedate=23 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Some eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the fireball.<ref name="YT-9Iq2h2DIqt8">{{cite web | title=Russian Meteor strike eyewitnesses speak | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Iq2h2DIqt8 | date=15 February 2013 | publisher=YouTube | quote=In Russian, with translation voiceover in English }}</ref>
The event began at 09:20:21 Yekaterinburg time,<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org"/> several minutes after sunrise in Chelyabinsk, and minutes before sunrise in Yekaterinburg. According to eyewitnesses, the [[bolide]] appeared brighter than the sun,<ref name="ReutersUSBRE91E05Z" /> as was later confirmed by NASA.<ref name="NYT-20130215">{{cite web |url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/video-captures-flaming-object-believed-to-be-meteorite/ |title=Spectacular Videos of Meteor Over Siberia |work=New York Times |first1=Robert |last1=Mackey |first2=Gerry |last2=Mullany |date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430101207/http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/video-captures-flaming-object-believed-to-be-meteorite/ | archivedate=30 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> An image of the object was also taken shortly after it entered the atmosphere by the weather satellite [[Meteosat|Meteosat 9]].<ref name="RT-283">{{cite news | url=http://rt.com/news/meteorite-crash-urals-chelyabinsk-283/ | title=Meteorite hits Russian Urals: Fireball explosion wreaks havoc, up to 1,200 injured (PHOTOS, VIDEO) | publisher=[[RT (TV Network)|RT]] | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222122928/http://rt.com/news/meteorite-crash-urals-chelyabinsk-283/ | archivedate=22 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Meteor over Russia seen by Meteosat – EUMETSAT|url=https://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Images/ImageLibrary/DAT_IL_13_02_15_A.html|accessdate=15 February 2018|work=eumetsat.int|publisher=EUMETSAT|language=EN}}</ref> Witnesses in Chelyabinsk said that the air of the city smelled like "gunpowder",<ref name="RT-283" /> "[[sulfur]]" and "burning odors" starting about 1 hour after the fireball and lasting all day.<ref name="cams.seti.org"/>
== Atmospheric entry ==
[[File:Meteoroid - Meteor (Bolide) - Meteorite.gif|thumb|Illustrating all "phases", from [[Atmosphere of Earth|atmospheric]] entry to explosion.]]
The visible phenomenon due to the passage of an [[asteroid]] or [[meteoroid]] through the atmosphere is called a [[meteor]].<ref name="MPS-01009">{{cite journal |first=Alan E. |last=Rubin |first2=Jeffrey N. |last2=Grossman |title=Meteorite and meteoroid: New comprehensive definitions |journal=Meteoritics & Planetary Science |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=114–122 |date=January 2010 |bibcode=2010M&PS...45..114R |doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.2009.01009.x }}</ref> If the object reaches the ground, then it is called a [[meteorite]]. During the Chelyabinsk meteoroid's traversal, there was a bright object trailing smoke, then an [[air burst]] (explosion) that caused a powerful [[blast wave]]. The latter was the only cause of the damage to thousands of buildings in Chelyabinsk and its neighbouring towns. The fragments then entered [[Dark flight (astronomy)|dark flight]] (without the emission of light) and created a [[strewn field]] of numerous meteorites on the snow-covered ground (officially named Chelyabinsk meteorites).
The last time a similar phenomenon was observed in the Chelyabinsk region was the Kunashak meteor shower of 1949, after which scientists recovered about {{nowrap|20 meteorites}} weighing over {{nowrap|200 kg}} in total.<ref name="Google-Book-mkdHJR35Q_8C">{{cite book |first=Monica M |last=Grady |location=London |title=Catalogue of Meteorites |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkdHJR35Q_8C&pg=PA285 |date=31 August 2000 |publisher=Natural History Museum, Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-66303-8 |page=285 }}</ref> The Chelyabinsk meteor is thought to be the biggest natural space object to enter Earth's atmosphere since the [[Tunguska event|1908 Tunguska event]],<ref name="nature-12438">{{cite journal |first=Geoff |last=Brumfiel |title=Russian meteor largest in a century |url=http://www.nature.com/news/russian-meteor-largest-in-a-century-1.12438 |journal=Nature | doi=10.1038/nature.2013.12438 | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220184343/http://www.nature.com/news/russian-meteor-largest-in-a-century-1.12438 | archivedate=20 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Economist-Babbage">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2013/02/asteroid-impacts |title=Asteroid impacts – How to avert Armageddon |work=[[The Economist]] |author=T.C. |date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219143645/https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2013/02/asteroid-impacts | archivedate=19 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20130216">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/16/science/space/size-of-blast-and-number-of-injuries-are-seen-as-rare-for-a-rock-from-space.html |title=Size of Blast and Number of Injuries Are Seen as Rare for a Rock From Space |first=Kenneth |last=Chang |work=[[New York Times]] |date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220221446/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/16/science/space/size-of-blast-and-number-of-injuries-are-seen-as-rare-for-a-rock-from-space.html | archivedate=20 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> and the only one confirmed to have resulted in a large number of injuries,<ref name="Forbes20130215">{{cite web |first=David M |last=Ewalt | title=Exploding Meteorite Injures A Thousand People in Russia |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2013/02/15/exploding-meteorite-injures-a-thousand-people-in-russia/ | work=Forbes | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408202030/http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2013/02/15/exploding-meteorite-injures-a-thousand-people-in-russia/ | archivedate=8 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref group="Note">Historical, normally accurate, Chinese records of the [[1490 Ch'ing-yang event]] describe over 10,000 deaths, but have never been confirmed.</ref> although a small number of panic-related injuries occurred during the Great Madrid Meteor Event of 10 February 1896.<ref name="PASP1896">{{cite journal |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |title=Explosion of an Aerolite in Madrid (10 February 1896) |department=Notices from the Lick Observatory |date=1896 |volume=8 |issue=47 |pages=86–87 |author=S.F. Chronicle |bibcode=1896PASP....8...86C |doi=10.1086/121074 |quote=Many injuries resulted from the panic which broke out... Much damage was done by the force of the concussion. }}</ref>
Preliminary estimates released by the [[Russian Federal Space Agency]] indicated the object was an asteroid moving at about {{nowrap|30 km/s}} in a "low trajectory" when it entered Earth's atmosphere. According to the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]], the meteor then pushed through the atmosphere at a velocity of {{nowrap|15 km/s.}}<ref name="Universe99982" /><ref name="RT-283" /><ref name="YahooNews">{{cite web | title=500 injured by blasts as meteor falls in Russia | url=https://news.yahoo.com/500-injured-blasts-meteor-falls-russia-105758757.html | first=Jim | last=Heintz | date=15 February 2013 | work=Yahoo News | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624001638/http://news.yahoo.com/500-injured-blasts-meteor-falls-russia-105758757.html | archivedate=24 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Radiant (meteor shower)|radiant]] (the apparent position of origin of the meteor in the sky) appears from video recordings to have been above and to the left of the rising Sun.<ref name="Kaira">{{cite web|url=http://kaira.sgo.fi/2013/02/are-2012-da14-and-chelyabinsk-meteor.html |title=Are {{mp|2012 DA|14}} and the Chelyabinsk meteor related? |work=Kilpisjärvi Atmospheric Imaging Receiver Array |publisher=Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory |date=15 February 2013 |location=Finland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623092057/http://kaira.sgo.fi/2013/02/are-2012-da14-and-chelyabinsk-meteor.html |archivedate=23 June 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Early analysis of [[CCTV]] and [[dashcam]] video posted online indicated that the meteor approached from the southeast, and exploded about 40 km south of central Chelyabinsk above [[Korkino]] at a height of 23.3 km (14.5 miles, 76,000 feet), with fragments continuing in the direction of [[Lake Chebarkul]].<ref name="JPL20130301" /><ref name="dagbladet25811137">{{cite journal | title=Kan koste flere tusen grammet |trans-title=(Meteorite) can cost several thousand dollars per gram | journal=[[Dagbladet]] | first=Geir | last=Barstein | date=18 February 2013 | url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2013/02/18/nyheter/utenriks/meteor/meteoritter/astronomi/25811137/ | language=Norwegian | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501013304/http://www.dagbladet.no/2013/02/18/nyheter/utenriks/meteor/meteoritter/astronomi/25811137/ | archivedate=1 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Maps-54d651ba">{{cite map |title=Chelyabinsk meteorite, 2013 February 15th |author=ssvilponis |publisher=Google Maps |date=16 February 2013 |url=http://maps.google.ee/maps/ms?msid=216221265233140305376.0004d5da6860954d651ba&msa=0&ll=55.013851,61.333923&spn=0.872465,2.458191 }}</ref><ref name="Ogle-Recon">{{cite web |title=Reconstructing the Chelyabinsk meteor's path, with Google Earth, YouTube and high-school math |first=Stefan |last=Geens |date=16 February 2013 |url=http://ogleearth.com/2013/02/reconstructing-the-chelyabinsk-meteors-path-with-google-earth-youtube-and-high-school-math/ |work=Ogle Earth |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228024225/http://ogleearth.com/2013/02/reconstructing-the-chelyabinsk-meteors-path-with-google-earth-youtube-and-high-school-math/ |archivedate=28 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 1 March 2013 NASA published a detailed synopsis of the event, stating that at peak brightness (at 09:20:33 local time), the meteor was 23.3 km (14.5 miles, 76,000 feet) high, located at 54.8°N, 61.1°E. At that time it was travelling at about 18.6 km/s (11.6 mi/s), (about 67,000 km/h, or about 41,750 mph) —almost 60 times the speed of sound.<ref name="JPL20130301">{{cite web | date=1 March 2013 | title=Additional Details on the Large Fireball Event over Russia on Feb. 15, 2013 |publisher=NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program Office | first1=Don | last1=Yeomans | first2=Paul | last2=Chodas | url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fireball_130301.html | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430164941/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fireball_130301.html | archivedate=30 April 2013 | url-status=live | quote=Note that [the] estimates of total energy, diameter and mass are very approximate. }}<br />NASA's webpage in turn acknowledges credit for its data and visual diagrams to:
:Peter Brown ([[University of Western Ontario]]); William Cooke ([[Marshall Space Flight Center]]); Paul Chodas, Steve Chesley and Ron Baalke (JPL); Richard Binzel ([[MIT]]); and Dan Adamo.</ref><ref name="NatGeo-20130701">{{cite journal | first=Andrew | last=Fazekas | url=http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2013/07/01/russian-meteor-shockwave-circled-globe-twice/ | title=Russian Meteor Shockwave Circled Globe Twice | journal=Newswatch | publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] | date=1 July 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713221042/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2013/07/01/russian-meteor-shockwave-circled-globe-twice/ | archivedate=13 July 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2013, results were published based on a more careful calibration of dashcam videos in the field weeks after the event during a Russian Academy of Sciences field study, which put the point of peak brightness at 29.7 km altitude and the final disruption of the thermal debris cloud at 27.0 km, settling to 26.2 km, all with a possible systematic uncertainty of ±0.7 km.<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org"/>
[[File:Chebarkul meteorite sample on lake ice.jpg|thumb|left|A sample found by [[Ural Federal University]] scientists at [[Lake Chebarkul]]. The object is part of the [[Chelyabinsk meteorite]].]]
The United States space agency [[NASA]] estimated the diameter of the bolide at about 17–20 m and has revised the mass several times from an initial {{convert|7700|tonnes}},<ref name="NASA20130215" /> until reaching a final estimate of 10,000 tonnes<ref name="NASA20130215" /><ref name="NASA1360985685055">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.nasa.gov/cm/blog/Watch%20the%20Skies/posts/post_1360985685055.html | title=Orbit of the Russian Meteor | work=NASA blogs | date=15 February 2013 | first=William | last=Cooke | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307133108/http://blogs.nasa.gov/cm/blog/Watch%20the%20Skies/posts/post_1360985685055.html | archivedate=7 March 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="huffpost2704164">{{cite news |title=Russian Meteor Blast Bigger Than Thought, NASA Says |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/17/russian-meteor-size-blast-bigger-nasa_n_2704164.html |first=Tariq |last=Malik |date=17 February 2013 |work=Huffington Post | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218113911/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/17/russian-meteor-size-blast-bigger-nasa_n_2704164.html | archivedate=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CNN20130216">{{cite news |title=Russia starts cleanup after meteor strike |date=18 February 2013 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/16/world/europe/russia-meteor-shower/ |work=CNN |first1=Phil |last1=Black |first2=Laura |last2=Smith-Spark | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217025049/http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/16/world/europe/russia-meteor-shower | archivedate=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IBT-1109921">{{cite web | first=VN | last=Sreeja | url=http://www.ibtimes.com/new-asteroid-2013-ec-similar-russian-meteor-pass-earth-distance-less-moons-orbit-1109921 | title=New Asteroid '2013 EC' Similar To Russian Meteor To Pass Earth At A Distance Less Than Moon's Orbit | work=[[International Business Times]] | date=4 March 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430174913/http://www.ibtimes.com/new-asteroid-2013-ec-similar-russian-meteor-pass-earth-distance-less-moons-orbit-1109921 | archivedate=30 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> (11,000 short tons, greater than the total weight of the Eiffel Tower).<ref name="JPL20130301" /><ref name="eiffel">{{cite web | url=http://www.tour-eiffel.fr/images/PDF/all_you_need_to_know_about_the_eiffel_tower.pdf | title=All you need to know about the Eiffel Tower | location=Paris | publisher=Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel | work=tour-eiffel.fr | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623092211/http://www.tour-eiffel.fr/images/PDF/all_you_need_to_know_about_the_eiffel_tower.pdf | archivedate=23 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[air burst]]'s blast wave, when it hit the ground, produced a [[seismic wave]] which registered on seismographs at magnitude 2.7.<ref name="USGS Chelyabinsk">{{cite news |title=Meteor Explosion near Chelyabinsk, Russia |date=15 February 2013 |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000f7rz#summary |work=US Geological Survey | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219164510/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000f7rz#summary | archivedate=19 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="USGS">{{cite web |title=Magnitude ? (Uncertain Or Not Yet Determined) – URAL MOUNTAINS REGION, RUSSIA |publisher=[[U.S. Geological Survey]] |work=National Earthquake Information Center |date=15 February 2013 |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc000f7rz.php#details |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218084242/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc000f7rz.php#details |archivedate=18 February 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Oskin-1">{{cite news |issn=0882-7729 |first=Becky |last=Oskin |title=Russia meteor blast produced 2.7 magnitude earthquake equivalent |work=Christian Science Monitor |date=15 February 2013 |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/0215/Russia-meteor-blast-produced-2.7-magnitude-earthquake-equivalent | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216182201/http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/0215/Russia-meteor-blast-produced-2.7-magnitude-earthquake-equivalent | archivedate=16 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Russian Geographical Society]] said the passing of the meteor over Chelyabinsk caused three blasts of different energy. The first explosion was the most powerful, and was preceded by a bright flash, which lasted about five seconds. Initial newspaper altitude estimates ranged from {{nowrap|30–70 km,}} with an explosive equivalent, according to NASA, of roughly {{convert|500|ktTNT}}, although there is some debate on this yield<ref name="RT-337">{{cite web | url=http://rt.com/news/scientists-explain-chelyabinsk-bolide-337/ | title=Russian meteorite blast explained: Fireball explosion equal to 20 Hiroshimas | publisher=[[RT (TV Network)|RT]] | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216074043/http://rt.com/news/scientists-explain-chelyabinsk-bolide-337/ | archivedate=16 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Guardian-2013-11-07" /> (500 kt is exactly the same energy released by the [[Ivy King]] nuclear explosion in 1952). According to a paper in 2013, all these ~500 kiloton yield estimates for the meteor airburst are "uncertain by a factor of two because of a lack of calibration data at those high energies and altitudes".<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org"/>
<!--
NOTE: The following text is being sidelined/removed as it is possibly OR, or at least highly inaccurate, Google translate converts the title of the attached Russian headline to: "Meteorite flying over Chelyabinsk accompanied by three explosions ranging from 1 to 10 kilotons", which contradicts the text, and is again very low to the real radiated energy:
<ref group="Note">According to the measurements from the other side of the city, if the height of the blast is measured at about {{nowrap|30 km,}} the power of the explosion would range from {{nowrap|0.1 to 1 kiloton.}}</ref><ref name="Gazeta">{{cite web | script-title=ru:Ученый: полету метеорита над Челябинском сопутствовали три взрыва мощностью от 1 до 10 килотонн | trans-title=Scientist: The flight of the meteorite over Chelyabinsk accompanied by three explosions ranging from 1 to 10 kilotons | language=Russian | url=http://www.gazeta.ru/social/news/2013/02/15/n_2756693.shtml | publisher=Gazeta | location=Russia | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618030509/http://www.gazeta.ru/social/news/2013/02/15/n_2756693.shtml | archivedate=18 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
-->
The [[hypocenter|hypocentre]] of the explosion was to the south of Chelyabinsk, in [[Yemanzhelinsk]] and [[Yuzhnouralsk]]. Due to the height of the air burst, the atmosphere absorbed most of the explosion's energy.<ref name="RT-284">{{cite news |title=Meteor threat wasn't expected for another 2,000 years – Russian Emergency Minister |date=22 February 2013 |url=http://rt.com/news/meteor-attack-not-expected-284/ |publisher=[[RT (TV Network)|RT]] | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225015327/http://rt.com/news/meteor-attack-not-expected-284/ | archivedate=25 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Telegraph9874662">{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/9874662/Russian-meteor-hit-atmosphere-with-force-of-30-Hiroshima-bombs.html |title=Russian meteor hit atmosphere with force of 30 Hiroshima bombs |work=The Telegraph |date=16 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218170229/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/9874662/Russian-meteor-exploded-with-force-of-30-Hiroshima-bombs.html | archivedate=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> The explosion's [[blast wave]] first reached Chelyabinsk and environs between less than 2 minutes 23 seconds<ref name="liveleak">{{cite web | url=http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=f06_1361290921 | title=Meteorite flash and Shock wave from the asteroid at the University of Chelyabinsk CCTV Footage | date=19 February 2013 | publisher=LiveLeak | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507065143/http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=f06_1361290921 | archivedate=7 May 2013 | url-status=live | quote=Datestamped CCTV footage starts at 2:38 }}</ref> and 2 minutes 57 seconds later.<ref name="YT-kSrUSmJPHOE">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kSrUSmJPHOE | script-title=ru:Метеорит в Челябинске |trans-title=Meteorite in Chelyabinsk | language=Russian | date=15 February 2013 | publisher=YouTube }}</ref> The object did not release all of its [[kinetic energy]] in the form of a blast wave as some 90 [[TNT equivalent|kilotons of TNT]] {{nowrap|(about 3.75 × 10<sup>14</sup> joules, or 0.375 [[Joule|PJ]])}} of the total [[energy]] of the main airburst's [[meteoroid#Fireball|fireball]] was emitted as visible light according to [[NASA]]'s [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]],<ref name="JPL20130301" /><ref name="Brown2002">{{cite journal | volume=420 | issue=6913 | pages=294–296 | first1=P. | last1=Brown | first2=R. E. | last2=Spalding | first3=D. O. | last3=ReVelle | first4=E. | last4=Tagliaferri | first5=S. P. | last5=Worden | title=The flux of small near-Earth objects colliding with the Earth | journal=Nature | date=2002 | url=http://www.stoprocks.com/gaps/new/news/bibliotheque/Bolide/pdf/na/flux-final.pdf | bibcode=2002Natur.420..294B | doi=10.1038/nature01238 | pmid=12447433 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430110029/http://www.stoprocks.com/gaps/new/news/bibliotheque/Bolide/pdf/na/flux-final.pdf | archivedate=30 April 2013 | url-status=dead | access-date=20 March 2013 }}</ref> and two main fragments survived the primary airburst disruption at {{convert|29.7|km|mi}}; they flared around {{convert|24|km|mi}}, with
one falling apart at {{convert|18.5|km|mi}} and the other remaining luminous down to
{{convert|13.6|km|mi}},<ref name="cams.seti.org"/> with part of the meteoroid continuing on its general trajectory to punch a hole in the frozen [[Lake Chebarkul]], an impact that was fortuitously captured on camera and released in November 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.universetoday.com/106226/newly-released-security-cam-video-shows-chelyabinsk-meteorite-impact-in-lake-chebarkul/ |title=Newly Released Security Cam Video Shows Chelyabinsk Meteorite Impact in Lake Chebarkul by Bob King on November 7, 2013|date=7 November 2013}}</ref><ref name=RT_Fragment>{{cite web |url=http://rt.com/news/largest-fragment-meteorite-lifted-258/ |title=Huge half-ton chunk of Russian meteorite lifted from lakebed |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=16 October 2013 |accessdate=13 November 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Chelyabinsk Bolide Plume as seen by NPP and NASA Models.ogg|thumb|This visualization shows the aftermath observations by NASA satellites and computer models projections of the plume and meteor debris trajectory around the atmosphere. The plume rose to an altitude of 35 km and once there, it was rapidly blown around the globe by the [[polar night jet]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/0819/Fallout-from-the-Russian-fireball-encircled-Earth-research-shows |title=Fallout from the Russian fireball encircled Earth, research shows|journal=Christian Science Monitor|date=19 August 2013}}</ref>]]
The [[infrasound]] waves given off by the explosions were detected by 20 monitoring stations designed to detect [[nuclear weapons testing]] run by the [[Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission|Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) Preparatory Commission]], including the distant Antarctic station, some {{convert|15000|km|mi}} away. The blast of the explosion was large enough to generate infrasound returns, after circling the globe, at distances up to about {{convert|85000|km|mi}}. Multiple arrivals involving waves that travelled twice around the globe have been identified. The meteor explosion produced the largest [[infrasound]]s ever to be recorded by the CTBTO infrasound monitoring system, which began recording in 2001,<ref name="CTBTO20130218">{{cite news |title=Russian Fireball Largest Ever Detected by CTBTO's Sensors |publisher=[[CTBTO]] |date=18 February 2013 |url=http://newsroom.ctbto.org/2013/02/18/russian-fireball-largest-ever-detected-by-ctbtos-infrasound-sensors/ }}</ref><ref name="mel">{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10866592 |title=Meteor explosion largest infrasound recorded |first=Paul |last=Harper |date=20 February 2013 |newspaper=The New Zealand Herald |publisher=APN Holdings NZ }}</ref><ref name="mel2">{{cite news |url=http://blogs.nature.com/news/2013/06/russian-meteor-blast-was-the-largest-ever-recorded.html |title=Russian meteor blast was the largest ever recorded by CTBTO |first=Quirin |last=Schiermeier |date=10 June 2013 |newspaper=Nature News Blog |publisher=Macmillan Publishers Limited }}</ref> so great that they reverberated around the world several times, taking over a day to dissipate.<ref name="NOVA-2013.03.27" /> Additional scientific analysis of US military infrasound data was aided by an agreement reached with US authorities to allow its use by civilian scientists, implemented only about a month before the Chelyabinsk meteor event.<ref name="NYT-20130325" /><ref name="NOVA-2013.03.27" />
[[File:2013 Chelyabinsk meteor trace.jpg|thumb|left|A full view of the smoke trail with the bulbous section corresponding to a [[mushroom cloud]]'s cap.]]
A preliminary estimate of the explosive energy by Astronomer Boris Shustov, director of the [[Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences|Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Astronomy]], was {{convert|200|ktTNT}},<ref>http://atominfo.ru/newsd/k0520.htm</ref> another using empirical period-yield scaling relations and the infrasound records, by Peter Brown of the [[University of Western Ontario]] gave a value of {{convert|460-470|ktTNT}} and represents a best estimate for the yield of this airburst; there remains a potential "uncertainty [in the order of] a factor of two in this yield value".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteor.uwo.ca/research/fireball/events/Chel/overview.html |title=Fireball Events Chelyabinsk Meteor of 15 Feb. 2013 – Preliminary results as of Feb 16, 2013. Dr. Peter Brown}}</ref><ref name="GRL_50619">{{cite journal |last1=Le Pichon |first1=Alexis |first2=L. |last2=Ceranna |first3=C. |last3=Pilger |first4=P. |last4=Mialle |first5=D. |last5=Brown |first6=P. |last6=Herry |first7=N. |last7=Brachet |title=2013 Russian Fireball largest ever detected by CTBTO infrasound sensors |date=2013 |doi=10.1002/grl.50619 |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=40 |issue=14 |page=3732 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.3732L }}</ref> Brown and his colleagues also went on to publish a paper in November 2013 which stated that the "widely referenced technique of estimating airburst damage does not reproduce the [Chelyabinsk] observations, and that the mathematical relations found in the book ''[[Philip J. Dolan|The Effects of Nuclear Weapons]]'' which are based on the [[effects of nuclear weapons]]—[which is] almost always used with this technique—overestimate blast damage [when applied to meteor airbursts]".<ref>{{cite journal |title=A 500-kiloton airburst over Chelyabinsk and an enhanced hazard from small impactors | volume=503|issue=7475 |doi=10.1038/nature12741 |pmid=24196713 |journal=Nature |pages=238–41 | last1 = Brown | first1 = PG | last2 = Assink | first2 = JD | last3 = Astiz | first3 = L | last4 = Blaauw | first4 = R | last5 = Boslough | first5 = MB | last6 = Borovička | first6 = J | last7 = Brachet | first7 = N | last8 = Brown | first8 = D | last9 = Campbell-Brown | first9 = M | last10 = Ceranna | first10 = L | last11 = Cooke | first11 = W | last12 = de Groot-Hedlin | first12 = C | last13 = Drob | first13 = DP | last14 = Edwards | first14 = W | last15 = Evers | first15 = LG | last16 = Garces | first16 = M | last17 = Gill | first17 = J | last18 = Hedlin | first18 = M | last19 = Kingery | first19 = A | last20 = Laske | first20 = G | last21 = Le Pichon | first21 = A | last22 = Mialle | first22 = P | last23 = Moser | first23 = DE | last24 = Saffer | first24 = A | last25 = Silber | first25 = E | last26 = Smets | first26 = P | last27 = Spalding | first27 = RE | last28 = Spurný | first28 = P | last29 = Tagliaferri | first29 = E | last30 = Uren | first30 = D | last31 = Weryk | first31 = RJ | last32 = Whitaker | first32 = R | last33 = Krzeminski | first33 = Z |display-authors=5|bibcode = 2013Natur.503..238B |year=2013 |hdl=10125/33201 }}</ref> A similar overestimate of the explosive yield of the [[Tunguska event|Tunguska]] airburst also exists; as incoming celestial objects have rapid directional motion, the object causes stronger blast wave and thermal radiation pulses at the ground surface than would be predicted by a stationary object exploding, limited to the height at which the blast was initiated-where the object's "momentum is ignored".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://share.sandia.gov/news/resources/releases/2007/asteroid.html| title = Sandia supercomputers offer new explanation of Tunguska disaster| date = 17 December 2007| publisher = [[Sandia National Laboratories]] | accessdate = 22 December 2007}}</ref> Thus a meteor airburst of a given energy is "much more damaging than an equivalent [energy] nuclear explosion at the same altitude".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aaas.org/news/research-address-near-earth-objects-remains-critical-experts-say |title=Research to Address Near-Earth Objects Remains Critical, Experts Say}}</ref><ref name="Kelly Beatty">{{cite web|url=https://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/new-chelyabinsk-results-yield-surprises/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/20140806114350/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/new-chelyabinsk-results-yield-surprises/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 August 2014 |title=New Chelyabinsk Results Yield Surprises |author=Kelly Beatty |date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>
The seismic wave produced when the primary airburst's blast struck the ground yields a rather uncertain "best estimate" of 430 kilotons (momentum ignored),<ref name="Kelly Beatty"/> corresponding to the [[seismic wave]] which registered on seismographs at magnitude 2.7.<ref name="USGS Chelyabinsk"/><ref name="USGS"/><ref name="Oskin-1"/>
[[File:Chelyabinsk meteor trace 15-02-2013.jpg|thumb|right|A picture taken of the smoke trail with the double plumes visible either side of the bulbous "[[mushroom cloud]]" cap.]]
Brown also states that the double smoke plume formation, as seen in photographs, is believed to have coincided near the primary airburst section of the dust trail (as also pictured following the [[Tagish Lake (meteorite)|Tagish Lake fireball]]), and it likely indicates where rising air quickly flowed into the center of the trail, essentially in the same manner as a moving 3D version of a [[mushroom cloud]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteor.uwo.ca/publications/wgn-chel.pdf.pdf |title=WGN, the Journal of the IMO 41:1 (2013) A Preliminary Report on the Chelyabinsk Fireball/Airburst Peter Brown}}</ref> Photographs of this smoke trail portion, before it split into two plumes, show this [[cigar]]-shaped region glowing [[incandescent]]ly for a few seconds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf |title=O. P. Popova, et al. Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization.Science 342 (2013). FIGURE 1}}</ref> This region is the area in which the maximum of material [[ablation]] occurred, with the double plume persisting for a time and then appearing to rejoin or close up.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aG-yy8ILItI |title=Postcards from Chelyabinsk – SETI Institute Colloquium Series (Peter Jenniskens) 15:10 on}}</ref>
== Injuries and damage ==
[[File:Chelyabinsk meteor event consequences in Drama Theatre.jpg|thumb|left|Shattered windows in the foyer of the Chelyabinsk Drama Theatre]]
The blast created by the meteor's [[air burst]] produced extensive ground damage over an irregular [[elliptical]] area around a hundred kilometres wide, and a few tens of kilometres long,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/index-chelyabinsk.html |title=Map of glass damage in Chelyabinsk Oblast. From: Popova et al. Science Science Vol. 42 (2013).}}</ref> with the secondary effects of the blast being the main cause of the considerable number of injuries. Russian authorities stated that 1,491 people sought medical attention in Chelyabinsk Oblast within the first few days.<ref name="RBC845595" /> Health officials said 112 people had been hospitalised, with two in serious condition. A {{nowrap|52-year-old}} woman with a broken spine was flown to Moscow for treatment.<ref name="RT-283" /> Most of the injured were hurt by the secondary blast effects of shattered, falling or blown-in glass.<ref name="RT-283" /><ref name="Canada7968297">{{cite news | url=http://www.canada.com/news/Meteor+explodes+over+Russia+Ural+Mountains+injured+shock+wave+blasts+windows/7968297/story.html | title=Meteor explodes over Russia's Ural Mountains; 1,100 injured as shock wave blasts out windows | date=15 February 2013 | first1=Jim | last1=Heintz | first2=Vladimir | last2=Isachenkov | agency=The Associated Press | publisher=Postmedia Network Inc | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513022402/http://www.canada.com/news/Meteor%2Bexplodes%2Bover%2BRussia%2BUral%2BMountains%2Binjured%2Bshock%2Bwave%2Bblasts%2Bwindows/7968297/story.html# | archivedate=13 May 2013 | url-status=dead | quote=[[Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)|Emergency Situations Ministry]] spokesman Vladimir Purgin said many of the injured were cut as they flocked to windows to see what caused the intense flash of light, which was momentarily brighter than the sun. | df=dmy-all | access-date=5 March 2013 }}</ref> The intense light from the meteor, momentarily 30 times brighter than the Sun,<ref name="Guardian-2013-11-07">{{cite news | last=Sample | first=Ian | url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/06/chelyabinsk-meteor-russia | title=Scientists reveal the full power of the Chelyabinsk meteor explosion | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=7 November 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109204718/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/06/chelyabinsk-meteor-russia | archivedate=9 November 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> also produced injuries, leading to over 180 cases of eye pain, and 70 people subsequently reported temporary [[flash blindness]].<ref name="NS-20131107">{{cite news | url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24542-csi-chelyabinsk-10-insights-from-russias-meteorite.html | title=CSI Chelyabinsk: 10 insights from Russia's meteorite | first=Lisa | last=Grossman | work=[[New Scientist]] | date=6 November 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109031906/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24542-csi-chelyabinsk-10-insights-from-russias-meteorite.html | archivedate=9 November 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Twenty people reported [[ultraviolet]] burns similar to [[sunburn]], possibly intensified by the presence of snow on the ground.<ref name="NS-20131107" /> Vladimir Petrov, when meeting with scientists to assess the damage, reported that he sustained so much sunburn from the meteor that the skin flaked only days later.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://cams.seti.org/index-chelyabinsk.html |title = Cameras for Allsky Meteor Surveillance (CAMS)}}</ref>
A fourth-grade teacher in Chelyabinsk, Yulia Karbysheva, was hailed as a hero after saving 44 children from imploding window glass cuts. Despite not knowing the origin of the intense flash of light, Karbysheva thought it prudent to take precautionary measures by ordering her students to stay away from the room's windows and to perform a [[duck and cover]] maneuver and then to leave a building. Karbysheva, who remained standing, was seriously lacerated when the blast arrived and window glass severed a [[tendon]] in one of her arms and left [[thigh]]; none of her students, whom she ordered to hide under their desks, suffered cuts.<ref name="NYT-20130217">{{cite news | last=Kramer | first=Andrew E. | title=After Assault From the Heavens, Russians Search for Clues and Count Blessings | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/17/world/europe/russians-seek-clues-and-count-blessings-after-meteor-blast.html | date=17 February 2013 | work=[[New York Times]] | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217150820/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/17/world/europe/russians-seek-clues-and-count-blessings-after-meteor-blast.html | archivedate=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://interfax.com.ua/news/general/140940.html|title=Челябинская учительница спасла при падении метеорита более 40 детей|work=Интерфакс-Украина|access-date=28 September 2018|language=ru}}</ref> The teacher was taken to a hospital which received 112 people that day. The majority of the patients were suffering from cuts.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Цинковый завод Челябинска.jpg|thumb|right|The collapsed roof over the warehouse section of a zinc factory in Chelyabinsk]]
After the air blast, car alarms went off and mobile phone networks were overloaded with calls.<ref name="Guardian20130215">{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/feb/15/meteorite-explosion-shakes-russian | title=Meteorite explosion over Russia injures hundreds | work=The Guardian | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218200551/http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2013/feb/15/meteorite-explosion-shakes-russian | archivedate=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Office buildings in Chelyabinsk were evacuated. Classes for all Chelyabinsk schools were cancelled, mainly due to broken windows.<ref name="RT-283" /> At least 20 children were injured when the windows of a school and kindergarten were blown in at 09:22.<ref name="spiegel883565">{{cite news | first=Benjamin | last=Bidder | language=German |title=Meteoriten-Hagel in Russland: "Ein Knall, Splittern von Glas" |trans-title=Meteorite hail in Russia: "A blast, splinters of glass" | work=Der Spiegel | date=15 February 2013 | url=http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/weltall/meteoriten-hagel-in-russland-a-883565.html | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218003330/http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/weltall/meteoriten-hagel-in-russland-a-883565.html | archivedate=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Following the event, government officials in Chelyabinsk asked parents to take their children home from schools.<ref name="BBC-21468116">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21468116 | title=Central Russia hit by meteor shower in Ural region | work=BBC News | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218150722/http://m.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21468116 | archivedate=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
Approximately {{convert|600|m2|ft2|abbr=on}} of a roof at a [[zinc]] factory collapsed during the incident.<ref name="Time20130215feed">{{cite journal | first=Charlie | last=Campbell | url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/02/15/watch-meteorite-injures-hundreds-in-russia/ | title=Meteorite injures hundreds in Russia | journal=Time | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215110648/http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/02/15/watch-meteorite-injures-hundreds-in-russia/ | archivedate=15 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Residents in Chelyabinsk whose windows were smashed quickly sought to cover the openings with anything available, to protect themselves against temperatures of {{convert|-15|°C|°F}}.<ref name="WUnderground">{{cite web | url=http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/USCC/2013/2/15/DailyHistory.html | publisher=Weather Underground | title=Chelyabinsk Station history | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430052423/http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/USCC/2013/2/15/DailyHistory.html | archivedate=30 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Approximately 100,000 home-owners were affected, according to Chelyabinsk Oblast Governor Mikhail Yurevich.<ref name="IBTimes-2013.02.16.a">{{cite web | first=Moran | last=Zhang | url=http://www.ibtimes.com/russia-meteor-2013-damage-top-33-million-rescue-cleanup-team-heads-meteorite-hit-urals-1090104 | title=Russia Meteor 2013: Damage To Top $33 Million; Rescue, Cleanup Team Heads To Meteorite-Hit Urals | work=[[International Business Times]] | date=16 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430193336/http://www.ibtimes.com/russia-meteor-2013-damage-top-33-million-rescue-cleanup-team-heads-meteorite-hit-urals-1090104 | archivedate=30 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> He also said that preserving the water pipes of the city's [[district heating]] was the primary goal of the authorities as they scrambled to contain further post-explosion damage.<ref name="RT-283" />
By 5 March 2013 the number of damaged buildings was tallied at over 7,200, which included some 6,040 apartment blocks, 293 medical facilities, 718 schools and universities, 100 cultural organizations, and 43 sport facilities, of which only about 1.5% had not yet been repaired.<ref name="RBTH-23513">{{cite news | url=http://rbth.ru/news/2013/03/05/meteorite-caused_emergency_situation_regime_over_in_chelyabinsk_region_23513.html | title=Meteorite-caused emergency situation regime over in Chelyabinsk region | work=Russia Beyond The Headlines | publisher=Rossiyskaya Gazeta | date=5 March 2013 | agency=[[Interfax]] }}</ref> The oblast governor estimated the damage to buildings at more than 1 billion [[Russian ruble|rubles]]<ref name="Lenta20130215">{{cite web | script-title=ru:Ущерб от челябинского метеорита превысит миллиард рублей |trans-title=Damage from Chelyabinsk meteorite exceeds one billion rubles | url=http://lenta.ru/news/2013/02/15/damage/ | date=15 February 2013 | publisher=[[Lenta.ru]] | language=Russian | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513000942/http://lenta.ru/news/2013/02/15/damage/ | archivedate=13 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> (approximately {{nowrap|[[United States dollar|US$]]33 million).}} Chelyabinsk authorities said that broken windows of apartment homes, but not the glazing of enclosed balconies, would be replaced at the state's expense.<ref name="Cheladmin">{{cite news | script-title=ru:Сергей Давыдов: жертв и серьезных разрушений нет |trans-title=Sergei Davydov: casualties and no serious damage | date=15 February 2013 | url=http://cheladmin.ru/news/sergey-davydov-zhertv-i-sereznyh-razrusheniy-net | language=Russian | newspaper=Chelad | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217000544/http://cheladmin.ru/news/sergey-davydov-zhertv-i-sereznyh-razrusheniy-net | archivedate=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> One of the buildings damaged in the blast was the [[Traktor Sport Palace]], home arena of [[Traktor Chelyabinsk]] of the [[Kontinental Hockey League]] (KHL). The arena was closed for inspection, affecting various scheduled events, and possibly the postseason of the KHL.<ref name="CBS21709455">{{cite web | title=KHL arena among buildings damaged in Russian meteorite strike | url=http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/blog/eye-on-hockey/21709455/meteorite-in-russia-damages-khl-arena | first=Adam | last=Gretz | publisher=[[CBS Sports]] | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501025254/http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/blog/eye-on-hockey/21709455/meteorite-in-russia-damages-khl-arena | archivedate=1 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
The irregular elliptical disk shape/"spread-eagled butterfly"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/nasa-and-international-researchers-collect-clues-to-meteoroid-science/#.U_vfLlfvmlA |title=NASA and International Researchers Collect Clues to Meteoroid Science November 6, 2013|date=6 November 2013}}</ref> ground blast damage area, produced by the airburst,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/index-chelyabinsk.html |title=Map of glass damage in Chelyabinsk Oblast. From: Popova et al. Science Science Vol. 42 (2013).}}</ref> is a phenomenon first noticed upon studying the other larger airburst event: [[Tunguska event|Tunguska]].<ref>Boyarkina, A. P., Demin, D. V., Zotkin, I. T., Fast, W. G. Estimation of the blast wave of the Tunguska meteorite from the forest destruction. – ''Meteoritika'', Vol. 24, 1964, pp. 112–128 (in Russian).</ref>
{{clear}}
== Reactions ==
The Chelyabinsk meteor struck without warning. [[Dmitry Medvedev]], the [[Prime Minister of Russia]], confirmed a meteor had struck Russia and said it proved that the "entire planet" is vulnerable to meteors and a [[spaceguard]] system is needed to protect the planet from similar objects in the future.<ref name="medvedev">{{cite web | title=PM Medvedev Says Russian Meteorite KEF-2013 Shows "Entire Planet" Vulnerable | url=http://www.newsroomamerica.com/story/347222/pm_medvedev_says_russian_meteorite_kef-2013_shows_entire_planet_vulnerable_.html | publisher=Newsroom America | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623084923/http://www.newsroomamerica.com/story/347222/pm_medvedev_says_russian_meteorite_kef-2013_shows_entire_planet_vulnerable_.html# | archivedate=23 June 2013 | url-status=dead | access-date=15 February 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Ynet4345317">{{cite journal | url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4345317,00.html | title=400 injured by meteorite falls in Russian Urals | publisher=Y net news | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218065232/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-4345317%2C00.html | archivedate=18 February 2013 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Dmitry Rogozin]], the deputy prime minister, proposed that there should be an international program that would alert countries to "objects of an extraterrestrial origin",<ref name="Guardian20130215Amos">{{cite news | first=Howard | last=Amos | title=Meteorite explosion over Chelyabinsk injures hundreds | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/15/hundreds-injured-meteorite-russian-city-chelyabinsk | newspaper=The Guardian | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218200603/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/feb/15/hundreds-injured-meteorite-russian-city-chelyabinsk | archivedate=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> also called [[potentially hazardous object]]s.
[[Colonel General#Russia|Colonel General]] Nikolay Bogdanov, commander of the [[Central Military District]], created task forces that were directed to the probable impact areas to search for fragments of the asteroid and to monitor the situation. [[Meteorites]] (fragments) measuring {{convert|1|to|5|cm|in|abbr=on}} were found {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Chebarkul]] in the Chelyabinsk region.<ref name="Interfax381682">{{cite web | script-title=ru:В полынье в Чебаркульском районе Челябинской области, возможно, найдены обломки метеорита – МЧС |trans-title=In the ice-hole in Chebarkulsky district of Chelyabinsk region, possibly found fragments of the meteorite – MOE | url=http://www.interfax-russia.ru/Ural/main.asp?id=381682 | date=15 February 2013 | publisher=Interfax | language=Russian | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623230536/http://www.interfax-russia.ru/Ural/main.asp?id=381682 | archivedate=23 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
On the day of the impact, Bloomberg News reported that the [[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] had suggested the investigation of creating an "Action Team on [[Near-Earth Objects]]", a proposed global [[asteroid]] warning network system, in face of {{mpl|2012 DA|14}}'s approach.<ref name="bloomberg UNOOSA">{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-15/armageddon-not-in-the-stars-as-un-effort-takes-aim-at-asteroids.html | title=Asteroid Passes Earth as UN Mulls Monitoring Network | first1=Mark | last1=Drajem | first2=Alexander | last2=Weber | publisher=Bloomberg | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218004927/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-15/armageddon-not-in-the-stars-as-un-effort-takes-aim-at-asteroids.html | archivedate=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CBS57569864">{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57569864/united-nations-reviewing-asteroid-impact-threat/ | title=United Nations reviewing asteroid impact threat | work=CBS News | first=Leonard | last=David | date=18 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218211409/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57569864/united-nations-reviewing-asteroid-impact-threat/ | archivedate=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> As a result of the impact, two scientists in California proposed [[directed-energy weapon]] technology development as a possible means to protect Earth from asteroids.<ref name="IBT438042">{{cite news | url=http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/438042/20130222/end-world-2013-de-star-project-proposed.htm | title=End of the World 2013: DE-STAR Project Proposed after Asteroid 2012 DA14 Flyby, Russian Meteor Blast | first=Jenalyn | last=Villamarin | work=International Business Times | date=22 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430154442/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/438042/20130222/end-world-2013-de-star-project-proposed.htm# | archivedate=30 April 2013 | url-status=dead | access-date=26 February 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Barrie">{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2013/02/19/massive-orbital-laser-blaster-could-defend-against-asteroid-threats/ | title=Massive, orbital laser blaster could defend against asteroid threats | work=Fox News | first=Allison | last=Barrie | date=19 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221154508/http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2013/02/19/massive-orbital-laser-blaster-could-defend-against-asteroid-threats/ | archivedate=21 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Further|Asteroid impact avoidance}}
== Frequency ==
It is estimated that the [[Impact event#Frequency and risk|frequency of airbursts]] from objects 20 metres across is about once in every 60 years.<ref name="Earth-impact">{{cite web
|date=2010
|title=Earth Impact Effects Program
|publisher=Imperial College London / Purdue University
|author1=Robert Marcus |author2=H. Jay Melosh |author3=Gareth Collins |url=http://impact.ese.ic.ac.uk/ImpactEffects/
|accessdate=4 February 2013}} (solution using 2600kg/m^3, 17 km/s, 45 degrees)</ref> There have been [[List of meteor air bursts|three incidents]] in the previous century involving a comparable energy yield or higher: the [[Tunguska event|1908 Tunguska event]], the [[1930 Curuçá River event]], and in 1963 off the coast of [[Prince Edward Islands]] in the Indian Ocean.<ref name="Edwards1">{{cite journal | url=http://meteor.uwo.ca/infra_pub/Estimates_of_metereoid_kin_e_from_ovserv_of_infrasonicwaves.pdf | title=Estimates of meteoroid kinetic energies from observations of infrasonic airwaves |author1=Wayne Edwards |author2=Peter G. Brown |author3=Douglas O. ReVelle |journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics|volume=68| issue=10 |pages=1136–1160|doi=10.1016/j.jastp.2006.02.010|date=2006 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all |bibcode=2006JASTP..68.1136E}}</ref> Two of those were over unpopulated areas.
Centuries before, the [[1490 Ch'ing-yang event]], of an unknown magnitude, apparently caused 10,000 deaths.<ref name=Yau1>Yau, K., Weissman, P., & Yeomans, D. [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1994Metic..29..864Y Meteorite Falls In China And Some Related Human Casualty Events], ''[[Meteoritics]]'', Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 864–871, {{ISSN|0026-1114}}, bibliographic code: 1994Metic..29..864Y.</ref> While modern researchers are skeptical about that 10,000 deaths figure, the Tunguska event would have been devastating over a highly populous district.<ref name=Yau1/>
== Origin ==
Based on its entry direction and speed of 19 kilometres/second, the Chelyabinsk meteor apparently originated in the [[asteroid belt]] between [[Mars]] and [[Jupiter]]. It was probably a [[Breccia|fragmented]] asteroid. The meteorite has veins of black material which had experienced high-pressure shock and were once partly melted, due to a previous collision. The [[metamorphism]] in the [[chondrule]]s in the meteorite samples indicates the rock making up the meteor had a history of collisions and was once several kilometres below the surface of a much larger [[LL chondrite|LL-chondrite]] asteroid. The Chelyabinsk asteroid probably entered an [[orbital resonance]] with Jupiter (a common way for material to be ejected from the asteroid belt) which increased its orbital [[Eccentricity (astronomy)|eccentricity]] until its [[perihelion]] was reduced enough for it to be able to collide with the Earth.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kring|first=David A.|last2=Boslough|first2=Mark|date=1 September 2014|title=Chelyabinsk: Portrait of an asteroid airburst|journal=Physics Today|language=en|volume=67|issue=9|pages=32–37|doi=10.1063/PT.3.2515|issn=0031-9228|bibcode = 2014PhT....67i..32K }}</ref>
== Meteorites ==
{{Further|Chelyabinsk meteorite}}
[[File:Strewnfield map of Chelyabinsk meteorites.jpg|thumb|left|Strewnfield map of recovered meteorites (253 documented find locations, status of 18 July 2013).]]
In the aftermath of the air burst of the body, a large number of small meteorites fell on areas west of Chelyabinsk, generally at [[terminal velocity]], about the speed of a piece of gravel dropped from a skyscraper.<ref name="NYT-20130219" /> Analysis of the meteor showed that all resulted from the main breakup at 27–34 km altitude.<ref name="Science_342" /> Local residents and schoolchildren located and picked up some of the meteorites, many located in snowdrifts, by following a visible hole that had been left in the outer surface of the snow. [[Intermediary|Speculators]] were active in the informal [[Market (economics)|market]] that emerged for meteorite fragments.<ref name="NYT-20130219">{{cite news | first=Andrew E. | last=Kramer | title=Russians Wade into the Snow to Seek Treasure From the Sky | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/19/world/europe/russian-scientists-say-they-found-meteorite-fragments.html | date=18 February 2013 | work=New York Times }}</ref>
[[File:Cheljabinsk meteorite fragment.jpg|thumb|A 112.2 gram (3.96 oz) [[Chelyabinsk meteorite]] specimen, one of many found within days of the airburst, this one between the villages of Deputatsky and Emanzhelinsk. The broken fragment displays a thick primary [[fusion crust]] with flow lines and a heavily [[Meteorite shock stage|shocked matrix]] with melt veins and planar fractures. Scale cube is 1 cm (0.39 in).]]
In the hours following the visual meteor sighting, a {{convert|6|m|adj=on}} wide hole was discovered on [[Lake Chebarkul]]'s frozen surface. It was not immediately clear whether this was the result of an [[Impact event|impact]]; scientists from the [[Ural Federal University]] collected 53 samples from around the hole the same day it was discovered. The early specimens recovered were all under {{convert|1|cm}} in size and initial laboratory analysis confirmed their meteoric origin. They are [[ordinary chondrite]] meteorites and contain 10% [[Meteoric iron|iron]]. The fall is officially designated as the [[Chelyabinsk meteorite]].<ref name="USRA-57165" /> The Chelyabinsk meteor was later determined to come from the [[LL chondrite]] group.<ref name="YT_BNkS1uHUbq8">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNkS1uHUbq8 | title=NASA (YouTube) – Dr. David Kring – Asteroid Initiative Workshop Cosmic Explorations Speakers Session | publisher=YouTube | date=21 November 2013 }}</ref> The meteorites were LL5 chondrites having a [[Meteorite shock stage|shock stage of S4]], and had a variable appearance between light and dark types. [[Petrographic]] changes during the fall allowed estimates that the body was heated between 65 and 135 degrees during its atmospheric entry.<ref name=Badyukov2015>{{cite journal|last1=Badyukov|first1=D.D.|last2=Raitala|first2=J.|last3=Kostama|first3=P.|last4=Ignatiev|first4=A.V.|title=Chelyabinsk meteorite: Shock metamorphism, black veins and impact melt dikes, and the Hugoniot|journal=Petrology|date=March 2015|volume=23|issue=2|pages=103–115|doi=10.1134/S0869591115020022}}<!--|accessdate=23 December 2015--></ref>
In June 2013, Russian scientists reported that further investigation by magnetic imaging below the location of the ice hole in Lake Chebarkul had identified a {{convert|60|cm|ft|abbr=off|adj=on}}-size meteorite buried in the mud at the bottom of the lake. Before recovery began, the chunk was estimated to weigh roughly {{convert|300|kg}}.<ref name="rian20130622">{{cite news |title=Huge Chunk of Meteorite Located in Urals Lake – Scientist |url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20130622/181805477/Huge-Chunk-of-Meteorite-Located-in-Urals-Lake---Scientist.html |newspaper=RIA Novosti |date=22 June 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623225109/http://en.rian.ru/russia/20130622/181805477/Huge-Chunk-of-Meteorite-Located-in-Urals-Lake---Scientist.html |archivedate=23 June 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Following an operation lasting a number of weeks, it was raised from the bottom of the [[Chebarkul lake]] on 16 October 2013. With a total mass of {{Convert|654|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, this is the largest found fragment of the Chelyabinsk meteorite. Initially, it tipped and broke the scales used to weigh it, splitting into three pieces.<ref name="ntv-677303">{{cite web |url=http://www.ntv.ru/novosti/677303/ |script-title=ru:Весы не выдержали тяжести челябинского метеорита |trans-title=Weighing scales couldn't withstand the heft of the Chelyabinsk meteorite |publisher=NTV |date=16 October 2013 |language=Russian |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017030618/http://www.ntv.ru/novosti/677303 |archivedate=17 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20131016">{{cite news |last=Herszenhorn |first=David M. |title=Lifted From a Russian Lake, a Big, if Fragile, Space Rock |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/17/world/europe/meteorite-pulled-from-russian-lake-breaks-into-3-pieces.html |date=16 October 2013 |work=[[New York Times]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017192003/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/17/world/europe/meteorite-pulled-from-russian-lake-breaks-into-3-pieces.html |archivedate=17 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In November 2013, a video from a security camera was released showing the impact of the fragment at the Chebarkul lake.<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="Universe_106226">{{cite web | first=Bob | last=King | title=Newly Released Security Cam Video Shows Chelyabinsk Meteorite Impact in Lake Chebarkul | work=[[Universe Today]] | date=7 November 2013 | url=http://www.universetoday.com/106226/newly-released-security-cam-video-shows-chelyabinsk-meteorite-impact-in-lake-chebarkul/ | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109034108/http://www.universetoday.com/106226/newly-released-security-cam-video-shows-chelyabinsk-meteorite-impact-in-lake-chebarkul/ | archivedate=9 November 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> This is the first recorded impact of a meteorite on video. From the measured time difference between the shadow generating meteor to the moment of impact, scientists calculated that this meteorite hit the ice at about 225 metres per second, 64 percent of the speed of sound.<ref name="Science_342" />
=== Media coverage ===
{{External media
|position = right
|float = right
|topic = Meteor air burst
|subtopic = Explosions, Shock
|video1 = {{YouTube|m9WooFdPGMA|Two videos, first from a car and from street}}
|video2 = {{YouTube|4ZxXYscmgRg|Extensive dashcam footage from the atmospheric entry onwards}}
|video3 = {{YouTube|w6uOzFo2MQg|Explosion eyewitness}}
|video4 = {{YouTube|efvP-RRuJuA|Bright light and sound recorded by a stationary surveillance camera}}
|video5 = {{YouTube|90Omh7_I8vI|Video of meteor explosion that stirred panic in Urals region}}
}}
The Russian government put out a brief statement within an hour of the event. The news was first reported by the hockey site [[Russian Machine Never Breaks]] before heavy coverage by the international media and the [[Associated Press]] with the Russian government's confirmation less than two hours afterwards.<ref name="RMNB">{{cite news | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/02/how-a-dc-hockey-fan-site-got-the-russian-meteorite-story-before-the-ap/273225/ | title=How a D.C. Hockey Fan Site Got the Russian Meteorite Story Before the AP | date=15 February 2013 | work=[[The Atlantic]] | first=Garance | last=Franke-Ruta | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217075735/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/02/how-a-dc-hockey-fan-site-got-the-russian-meteorite-story-before-the-ap/273225/ | archivedate=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="FedPress1360914956">{{cite web | work=Federal Press World News | script-title=ru:Челябинский метеорит стал одной из самых популярных тем в мире |trans-title=Chelyabinsk meteorite has become one of the hottest topics in the world | url=http://world.fedpress.ru/news/russia_and_cis/1360914956-chelyabinskii-meteorit-stal-odnoi-iz-samykh-populyarnykh-tem-v-mire | date=15 February 2013 | publisher=Federal Press | language=Russian | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623094957/http://world.fedpress.ru/news/russia_and_cis/1360914956-chelyabinskii-meteorit-stal-odnoi-iz-samykh-populyarnykh-tem-v-mire | archivedate=23 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2013/02/17/172235263/how-a-hockey-blog-got-the-scoop-on-the-russias-meteor|title=How A Hockey Blog Got The Scoop on Russia's Meteorite|website=NPR.org|access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref> Less than 15 hours after the meteor impact, videos of the meteor and its aftermath had been viewed millions of times.<ref name="Visible95381">{{cite web | work=Visible Measures | title=Meteor Over Russia Hits Internet with 7.7 Million Video Views | url=http://corp.visiblemeasures.com/news-and-events/blog/bid/95381/Meteor-Over-Russia-Hits-Internet-with-7-7-Million-Video-Views | archive-url=https://archive.is/20130412033315/http://corp.visiblemeasures.com/news-and-events/blog/bid/95381/Meteor-Over-Russia-Hits-Internet-with-7-7-Million-Video-Views | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 April 2013 | publisher=Visible Measures }}</ref>
The number of injuries caused by the asteroid led the Internet-search giant Google to remove a [[Google logo|Google Doodle]] from their website, created for the predicted pending arrival of another asteroid, {{mpl|2012 DA|14}}.<ref name="ABC-Google">{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/technology/2013/02/asteroid-2012-da14-google-doodle-removed-after-russian-meteor-shower-injuries/ |title=Asteroid {{mp|2012 DA|14}} Google Doodle Removed After Russian Meteor Shower Injuries |first=Joanna |last=Stern |work=ABC News |date=15 February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216092640/http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/technology/2013/02/asteroid-2012-da14-google-doodle-removed-after-russian-meteor-shower-injuries/ |archivedate=16 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> New York City planetarium director [[Neil deGrasse Tyson]] stated the Chelyabinsk meteor was unpredicted because no attempt had been made to find and catalogue every {{nowrap|15-metre}} [[near-Earth object]].<ref name="Today50820935">{{cite web | url=http://www.today.com/video/today/50820935 | title=Neil deGrasse Tyson: Radar could not detect meteor | date=15 February 2013 | work=[[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today]] | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509133134/http://www.today.com/video/today/50820935 | archivedate=9 May 2013 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Doing so would be very difficult, and current efforts only aim at a complete inventory of {{nowrap|150-metre}} near-Earth objects. The [[Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System]], on the other hand, could now predict some Chelyabinsk-like events a day or so in advance, if their radiant is not close to the Sun.
On 27 March 2013, a broadcast episode of the [[Nova (American TV series)|NOVA]] science television series titled "Meteor Strike" documented the Chelyabinsk meteor, including the large amounts of meteoritic science revealed by the numerous videos of the airburst posted online by ordinary citizens. The NOVA program called the video documentation and the related scientific discoveries of the airburst "unprecedented". The documentary also discussed the much greater tragedy "that could have been" had the asteroid entered the Earth's atmosphere more steeply.<ref name="NOVA-2013.03.27">{{cite web | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/meteor-strike.html | title=Meteor Strike | publisher=PBS | work=NOVA | date=27 March 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421121813/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/meteor-strike.html | archivedate=21 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LATimes-2013.03.27">{{cite news | first=Karen | last=Kaplan | url=http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-russian-meteor-chelyabinsk-nova-20130327,0,853927.story | title=Russian meteor, a 'death rock from space,' stars on 'Nova' | work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=27 March 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328151932/http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-russian-meteor-chelyabinsk-nova-20130327%2C0%2C853927.story | archivedate=28 March 2013 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
== Impactor orbital parameters ==
<div style="float:right;">
{| class=wikitable style="float:right; margin: .6em 0 0 .8em;"
|+Preliminary orbital solutions for impacting asteroid
|- align=left
!rowspan=2 style="width: 180px;"|Source
! Q
! q
! a
! e
! i
! Ω
! ω
|-
!colspan=3|[[Astronomical unit|AU]]
!
!colspan=3| (°)
|- align=left
! style="text-align: left;" | Popova, Jenniskens, Emel'yanenko et al.; [[Science (journal)|Science]]<ref name="Science_342">{{cite journal | last1=Popova | first1=Olga P. | last2=Jenniskens | first2=Peter | last3=Emel'yanenko | first3=Vacheslav | date=2013 | title=Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery, and Characterization | journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume=342 | issue=6162 | pages=1069–1073 | bibcode=2013Sci...342.1069P | doi=10.1126/science.1242642 | url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6162/1069.abstract | url-status=live | archivedate=25 January 2014 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125165437/http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6162/1069.abstract |display-authors=etal | pmid=24200813}}</ref>
| style="width: 35px;" | 2.78 <br /><small>±0.20</small>
| style="width: 35px;" | 0.74 <br /><small>±0.02</small>
| style="width: 35px;" | 1.76 <br /><small>±0.16</small>
| style="width: 35px;" | 0.58 <br /><small>±0.02</small>
| style="width: 35px;" | 4.93 <br /><small>±0.48°</small>
| style="width: 45px;" | 326.442 <br /><small>±0.003°</small>
| style="width: 45px;" | 108.3 <br /><small>±3.8°</small>
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align: left;" | Lyytinen via Hankey; [[American Meteor Society|AMS]]<ref name="AMS" />
| style="width: 35px;" | 2.53
| style="width: 35px;" | 0.80
| style="width: 35px;" | 1.66
| style="width: 35px;" | 0.52
| style="width: 35px;" | 4.05°
| style="width: 45px;" | 326.43°
| style="width: 45px;" | 116.0°
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align: left;" | Zuluaga, Ferrin; [[arXiv]]<ref name="Zuluaga2013" />
| 2.64
| 0.82
| 1.73
| 0.51
| 3.45°
| 326.70°
| 120.6°
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align: left;" | Borovicka, et al.; [[IAU]]<ref name="IAUCBET3423" />
| 2.33
| 0.77
| 1.55
| 0.50
| 3.6°
| 326.41°
| 109.7°
|- <!-- align=center --> style="vertical-align:top;"
! style="text-align: left;" | Zuluaga, Ferrin, Geens; [[arXiv]]<ref name="Zuluaga2013b">{{cite arXiv |first1= Jorge I. |last1=Zuluaga |first2= Ignacio |last2=Ferrin |first3=Stefan |last3=Geens |date=2013 |title= The orbit of the Chelyabinsk event impactor as reconstructed from amateur and public footage |class= astro-ph.EP |eprint= 1303.1796 }}</ref>
| 1.816
| 0.716
| align=upper | 1.26 <br /><small>± 0.05</small>
| 0.44 <br /><small>± 0.03 </small>
| 2.984°
| 326.5°<br /><small>± 0.3°</small>
| align=center | 95.5°<br /><small>± 2°</small>
|- <!-- align=center --> style="vertical-align:top;"
! style="text-align: left;" | Chodas, Chesley; [[JPL]] via [[Sky and Telescope]]<ref name="chodas-chesley">{{cite web | url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/newsblog/Update-on-the-Russian-Mega-Meteor-195553631.html | first=Kelly | last=Beatty | title=Update on Russia's Mega-Meteor | work=Sky and Telescope | publisher=Sky Publishing Corp. | date=6 March 2013 }}</ref>
| 2.78
| 0.75
| align=upper | 1.73
| 0.57
| 4.2°
|
| align=center |
|- <!-- align=center -->
! style="text-align: left;" | Insan<ref name="inasan">{{cite web | url=http://www.computerra.ru/60969/seminarmeteoritsai/ | script-title=ru:Семинар по Челябинскому метеориту: российская наука выдала『официальную』информацию |trans-title=Seminar in Chelyabinsk meteorite: Russian science has given "official" information | first=Дмитрий | last=Вибе | date=25 March 2013 | publisher=[[:ru:Компьютерра|Компьютерра]] [Computerra] | language=Russian | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623093748/http://www.computerra.ru/60969/seminarmeteoritsai/ | archivedate=23 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|
|
| 1.5
| 0.5
| 3°
|
|
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align: left;" | Proud; [[Geophysical Research Letters|GRL]]<ref name="GRL_50660" />
| 2.23
| 0.71
| 1.47
| 0.52
| 4.61°
| 326.53°
| 96.58°
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align: left;" | de la Fuente Marcos; [[MNRAS]]: Letters<ref name="RAS_slu078" />
| 2.48
| 0.76
| 1.62
| 0.53
| 3.97°
| 326.45°
| 109.71°
|}
<center><small>Q = [[Apsis|Aphelion]], q = [[Apsis|Perihelion]], a = [[Semi-major axis]], e = [[Orbital eccentricity|Eccentricity]], i = [[Orbital inclination|Inclination]], <br /> Ω = [[Longitude of the ascending node|Ascending node longitude]], ω = [[Argument of periapsis|Argument of perihelion]]</small></center>
</div>
Multiple videos of the Chelyabinsk superbolide, particularly from [[Dashcam|dashboard cameras]] and [[traffic camera]]s which are ubiquitous in Russia, helped to establish the meteor's provenance as an [[Apollo asteroid]].<ref name="IAUCBET3423">{{cite web | url=http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iau/cbet/003400/CBET003423.txt | publisher=International Astronomical Union | work=Astronomical Telegrams | title=CBET 3423 : 20130223 : Trajectory and Orbit of the Chelyabinsk Superbolide | date=23 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423104342/http://www.webalice.it/mizar02/articoli/Meteorb.dat | archivedate=23 April 2013 | url-status=dead }} {{registration required}}</ref><ref name="arXiv511691">{{cite web | work=The Physics arXiv Blog | url=http://www.technologyreview.com/view/511691/astronomers-calculate-orbit-of-chelyabinsk-meteorite/ | title=Astronomers Calculate Orbit of Chelyabinsk Meteorite | publisher=MIT Technology Review | date=25 February 2013 | quote=Their conclusion is that the Chelyabinsk meteorite is from a family of rocks that cross Earth’s orbit called Apollo asteroids. }}</ref> Sophisticated analysis techniques included the subsequent superposition of nighttime [[Starfield (astronomy)|starfield views]] over recorded daytime images, as well as the plotting of the daytime shadow vectors shown in several online videos.<ref name="NOVA-2013.03.27" />
The [[Radiant (meteor shower)|radiant]] of the impacting asteroid was located in the [[constellation]] [[Pegasus (constellation)|Pegasus]] in the [[Northern hemisphere]].<ref name="Zuluaga2013" /> The radiant was close to the Eastern horizon where the Sun was starting to rise.<ref name="Zuluaga2013">{{cite arXiv |first1= Jorge I. | last1=Zuluaga |first2= Ignacio | last2=Ferrin |title= A preliminary reconstruction of the orbit of the Chelyabinsk Meteoroid |date=2013 |eprint= 1302.5377 |class= astro-ph.EP |quote=We use this result to classify the meteoroid among the near Earth asteroid families finding that the parent body belonged to the Apollo asteroids.}}</ref>
The asteroid belonged to the [[List of Apollo asteroids|Apollo]] group of [[near-Earth asteroids]],<ref name="Zuluaga2013" /><ref name="BBC-21579422">{{cite news |first= Paul |last=Rincon |title= Russia meteor's origin tracked down |date=26 February 2013 |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21579422 |work=BBC News |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130226191142/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21579422 |archivedate= 26 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was roughly 40 days past [[Apsis|perihelion]]<ref name="AMS">{{cite web | title=Large Daytime Fireball Hits Russia | publisher=[[American Meteor Society]] | first=Mike | last=Hankey | url=http://www.amsmeteors.org/2013/02/large-daytime-fireball-hits-russia/ | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521012817/http://www.amsmeteors.org/2013/02/large-daytime-fireball-hits-russia/ | archivedate=21 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> (closest approach to the Sun) and had aphelion (furthest distance from the Sun) in the [[asteroid belt]].<ref name="AMS" /><ref name="Zuluaga2013" /> Several groups independently derived similar orbits for the object, but with sufficient variance to point to different potential parent bodies of this meteoroid.<ref name="GRL_50660">{{cite journal |title=Reconstructing the orbit of the Chelyabinsk meteor using satellite observations |first=S. R. |last=Proud |date=16 July 2013 |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=40 |issue=13 |pages=3351–3355 |doi=10.1002/grl.50660 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.3351P }}</ref><ref name="RAS_slu078">{{cite journal |title=Reconstructing the Chelyabinsk event: pre-impact orbital evolution |first1=C. |last1=de la Fuente Marcos |first2=R. |last2=de la Fuente Marcos |date=1 September 2014 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters |volume=443 |issue=1 |pages=L39–L43 |arxiv=1405.7202 |bibcode=2014MNRAS.443L..39D |doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slu078 }}</ref><ref name="YT-lmjawUCkO84">{{cite web | title=Chelyabinsk meteoroid trajectories compared using Google Earth and YouTube | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmjawUCkO84 | first=Stefan | last=Geens | date=9 March 2013 | publisher=YouTube }}</ref> The Apollo asteroid {{mpl|2011 EO|40}} is one of the candidates proposed for the role of the ''parent body'' of the Chelyabinsk superbolide.<ref name="RAS_slu078" /> Other published orbits are similar to the 2-kilometre-diameter asteroid {{mpl|(86039) 1999 NC|43}} to suggest they had once been part of the same object;<ref name="Borovička_Nature2013">{{cite journal | last=Borovička | first=Jiří | first2=Pavel | last2=Spurný | first3=Peter | last3=Brown | first4=Paul | last4=Wiegert | first5=Pavel | last5=Kalenda | first6=David | last6=Clark | first7=Lukáš | last7=Shrbený | title=The trajectory, structure and origin of the Chelyabinsk asteroidal impactor | journal=Nature | date=6 November 2013 | doi=10.1038/nature12671 |bibcode=2013Natur.503..235B | pmid=24196708 | volume=503 | issue=7475 | pages=235–7}}</ref> they may not be able to reproduce the timing of the impact.<ref name="RAS_slu078"/>
== Coincidental asteroid approach ==
[[File:Orbit of 2012 DA14 and Chelyabinsk meteor 2.jpg|thumb|right|Comparison of the former orbit of the Chelyabinsk meteor (larger elliptical blue orbit) and asteroid [[367943 Duende|{{mp|2012 DA|14}}]] (smaller circular blue orbit), showing that they are dissimilar.]]
Preliminary calculations rapidly showed that the object was unrelated to the long-predicted [[Near-Earth object|close approach]] of the asteroid [[367943 Duende]], that flew by Earth 16 hours later at a distance of 27,700 km.<ref name="NASA20130215" /><ref name="Slate">{{cite web | url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/02/15/breaking_huge_meteor_explodes_over_russia.html | title=Breaking: Huge Meteor Explodes Over Russia | publisher=Slate | first=Phil | last=Plait | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216173203/http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/02/15/breaking_huge_meteor_explodes_over_russia.html | archivedate=16 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="RIA923059266">{{cite web | url=http://ria.ru/science/20130215/923059266.html | script-title=ru:Уральский метеорит отвлек научный мир от знаменитого астероида |trans-title=Ural meteorite distracted (sic) from the scientific world famous asteroid | date=15 February 2013 | publisher=РИА Новости ([[RIA Novosti]]) | language=Russian | location=Moscow | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317124315/http://ria.ru/science/20130215/923059266.html | archivedate=17 March 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory]],<ref name="Kaira" /> Russian sources,<ref name="Elenin">{{cite web | date=15 February 2013 | title=Siberian fireball (video) | first=Leonid | last=Elenin | authorlink=Leonid Elenin | url=http://spaceobs.org/en/2013/02/15/siberian-fireball/ | work=SpaceObs | language=Russian | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304075307/http://spaceobs.org/en/2013/02/15/siberian-fireball/ | archivedate=4 March 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> the [[European Space Agency]],<ref name="ESA">{{cite web | url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Russian_asteroid_strike | title=Russian Asteroid Strike | work=ESA.int | publisher=European Space Agency | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221092602/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Russian_asteroid_strike | archivedate=21 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[NASA]]<ref name="NASA20130215" /> and the [[Royal Astronomical Society]]<ref name="wsj_597722">{{cite news | title=Falling Meteor Explodes Over Russia | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324162304578305163574597722 | newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=15 February 2013 | first1=James | last1=Marson | first2=Gautam | last2=Naik | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215202817/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324162304578305163574597722.html | archivedate=15 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> all indicated the two objects could not have been related because the two asteroids had widely different trajectories.
== See also ==
{{cmn|colwidth=30em|
* [[Tunguska event]]
* [[Asteroid impact avoidance]]
* [[Impact event]]
* [[List of meteor air bursts]]
* [[Near-Earth object]]
}}
== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group="Note"}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
;Attribution
* ''This article contains portions of text translated from the corresponding article of the Russian Wikipedia. A list of contributors can be found there in its ''[http://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B2_2013_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83&action=history history]'' section.''
== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |last1=Balcerak |first1=E. |date=2013 |title=Nuclear test monitoring system detected meteor explosion over Russia |journal=[[Eos (magazine)|Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union]] |volume=94 |issue=42 |page=384 |bibcode= 2013EOSTr..94S.384B|doi=10.1002/2013EO420010}}
* {{cite news | last1=Barry | first1=Ellen | last2=Kramer | first2=Andrew E. | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/16/world/europe/meteorite-fragments-are-said-to-rain-down-on-siberia.html | title=Shock Wave of Fireball Meteor Rattles Siberia, Injuring 1,200 | publisher=NYTimes.com | date=15 February 2013 }} (website).<br />Also published as {{cite news | title=Meteor Explodes, Injuring Over 1,000 in Siberia | newspaper=[[New York Times]] | date=16 February 2013 | page=A1 | edition=New York }} (print).
* {{cite journal |last1=Borovička |first1=J. |last2=Spurný |first2=P. |last3=Brown |first3=P. |last4=Wiegert |first4=P. |last5=Kalenda |first5=P. |last6=Clark |first6=D. |last7=Shrbený |first7=L. |date=2013 |title=The trajectory, structure and origin of the Chelyabinsk asteroidal impactor |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=503 |issue=7475 |pages=235–237 |bibcode=2013Natur.503..235B |doi=10.1038/nature12671 |pmid=24196708}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=P. G. |last2=Assink |first2=J. D. |last3=Astiz |first3=L. |last4=Blaauw |first4=R. |last5=Boslough |first5=M. B. |last6=Borovička |first6=J. |last7=Brachet |first7=N. |last8=Brown |first8=D. |last9=Campbell-Brown |first9=M. |last10=Ceranna |first10=L. |last11=Cooke |first11=W. |last12=de Groot-Hedlin |first12=C. |last13=Drob |first13=D. P. |last14=Edwards |first14=W. |last15=Evers |first15=L. G. |last16=Garces |first16=M. |last17=Gill |first17=J. |last18=Hedlin |first18=M. |last19=Kingery |first19=A. |last20=Laske |first20=G. |last21=Le Pichon |first21=A. |last22=Mialle |first22=P. |last23=Moser |first23=D. E. |last24=Saffer |first24=A. |last25=Silber |first25=E. |last26=Smets |first26=P. |last27=Spalding |first27=R. E. |last28=Spurný |first28=P. |last29=Tagliaferri |first29=E. |last30=Uren |first30=D. |last31=Weryk |first31=R. J. |last32=Whitaker |first32=R. |last33=Krzeminski |first33=Z. |date=2013 |title=A 500-kiloton airburst over Chelyabinsk and an enhanced hazard from small impactors |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=503 |issue=7475 |pages=238–241 |bibcode=2013Natur.503..238B |doi=10.1038/nature12741 |display-authors=29 |pmid=24196713|hdl=10125/33201 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gorkavyi |first1=N. |last2=Rault |first2=D. F. |last3=Newman |first3=P. A. |last4=Da Silva |first4=A. M. |last5=Dudorov |first5=A. E. |date=2013 |title=New stratospheric dust belt due to the Chelyabinsk bolide |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=40 |issue=17 |pages=4728–4733 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.4728G |doi=10.1002/grl.50788 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gorkavyi |first1=N. N. |last2=Taidakova |first2=T. A. |last3=Provornikova |first3=E. A. |last4=Gorkavyi |first4=I. N. |last5=Akhmetvaleev |first5=M. M. |date=2013 |title=Aerosol plume after the Chelyabinsk bolide |journal=[[Solar System Research]] |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=275–279 |bibcode=2013SoSyR..47..275G |doi=10.1134/S003809461304014X }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kohout |first1=Tomas |last2=Gritsevich |first2=Maria |last3=Grokhovsky |first3=Victor I. |last4=Yakovlev |first4=Grigoriy A. |last5=Haloda |first5=Jakub |last6=Halodova |first6=Patricie |last7=Michallik |first7=Radoslaw M. |last8=Penttilä |first8=Antti |last9=Muinonen |first9=Karri |date=2013 |title=Mineralogy, reflectance spectra, and physical properties of the Chelyabinsk LL5 chondrite – Insight into shock-induced changes in asteroid regoliths |journal=[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]] |volume=228 |issue=1 |pages=78–85 |arxiv=1309.6081 |bibcode=2014Icar..228...78K |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2013.09.027 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Le Pichon |first1=A. |last2=Ceranna |first2=L. |last3=Pilger |first3=C. |last4=Mialle |first4=P. |last5=Brown |first5=D. |last6=Herry |first6=P. |last7=Brachet |first7=N. |date=2013 |title=The 2013 Russian fireball largest ever detected by CTBTO infrasound sensors |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=40 |issue=14 |pages=3732–3737 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.3732L |doi=10.1002/grl.50619 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Steven D. |last2=Straka |first2=William |last3=Bachmeier |first3=Scott |date=5 November 2013 |title=Earth-viewing satellite perspectives on the Chelyabinsk meteor event |journal=Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences |volume=110 |issue=45 |pages=18092–18097 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1307965110|pmid=24145398 |bibcode = 2013PNAS..11018092M |pmc=3831432 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Popova |first1=Olga P. |last2=Jenniskens |first2=Peter |last3=Emel’yanenko |first3=Vacheslav |last4=Kartashova |first4=Anna |last5=Biryukov |first5=Eugeny |last6=Khaibrakhmanov |first6=Sergey |last7=Shuvalov |first7=Valery |last8=Rybnov |first8=Yurij |last9=Dudorov |first9=Alexandr |last10=Grokhovsky |first10=Victor I. |last11=Badyukov |first11=Dmitry D. |last12=Yin |first12=Qing-Zhu |last13=Gural |first13=Peter S. |last14=Albers |first14=Jim |last15=Granvik |first15=Mikael |last16=Evers |first16=Läslo G. |last17=Kuiper |first17=Jacob |last18=Kharlamov |first18=Vladimir |last19=Solovyov |first19=Andrey |last20=Rusakov |first20=Yuri S. |last21=Korotkiy |first21=Stanislav |last22=Serdyuk |first22=Ilya |last23=Korochantsev |first23=Alexander V. |last24=Larionov |first24=Michail Yu. |last25=Glazachev |first25=Dmitry |last26=Mayer |first26=Alexander E. |last27=Gisler |first27=Galen |last28=Gladkovsky |first28=Sergei V. |last29=Wimpenny |first29=Josh |last30=Sanborn |first30=Matthew E. |last31=Yamakawa |first31=Akane |last32=Verosub |first32=Kenneth L. |last33=Rowland |first33=Douglas J. |last34=Roeske |first34=Sarah |last35=Botto |first35=Nicholas W. |last36=Friedrich |first36=Jon M. |last37=Zolensky |first37=Michael E. |last38=Le |first38=Loan |last39=Ross |first39=Daniel |last40=Ziegler |first40=Karen |last41=Nakamura |first41=Tomoki |last42=Ahn |first42=Insu |last43=Lee |first43=Jong Ik |last44=Zhou |first44=Qin |last45=Li |first45=Xian-Hua |last46=Li |first46=Qiu-Li |last47=Liu |first47=Yu |last48=Tang |first48=Guo-Qiang |last49=Hiroi |first49=Takahiro |last50=Sears |first50=Derek |last51=Weinstein |first51=Ilya A. |last52=Vokhmintsev |first52=Alexander S. |last53=Ishchenko |first53=Alexei V. |last54=Schmitt-Kopplin |first54=Phillipe |last55=Hertkorn |first55=Norbert |last56=Nagao |first56=Keisuke |last57=Haba |first57=Makiko K. |last58=Komatsu |first58=Mutsumi |last59=Mikouchi |first59=Takashi |last60=(the Chelyabinsk Airburst Consortium) |date=2013 |title=Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery, and Characterization |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=342 |issue=6162 |pages=1069–1073 |bibcode=2013Sci...342.1069P |doi=10.1126/science.1242642 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6162/1069.abstract |pmid=24200813}}
* {{cite journal |last=Proud |first=S. R. |title=Reconstructing the orbit of the Chelyabinsk meteor using satellite observations |date=2013 |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=40 |issue=13 |pages=3351–3355 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.3351P |doi=10.1002/grl.50660 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tauzin |first1=B. |last2=Debayle |first2=E. |last3=Quantin |first3=C. |last4=Coltice |first4=N. |date=2013 |title=Seismoacoustic coupling induced by the breakup of the 15 February 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=40 |issue=14 |page=3522 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.3522T |doi=10.1002/grl.50683 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00855474/document }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Yau |first1=Kevin |last2=Weissman |first2=Paul |last3=Yeomans |first3=Donald |date=1994 |title=Meteorite falls in China and some related human casualty events |journal=[[Meteoritics & Planetary Science|Meteoritics]] |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=864–871 |bibcode=1994Metic..29..864Y |issn=0026-1114 |doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.1994.tb01101.x }}
::Synopsis: "A calculation based on the number of casualty events in the Chinese meteorite records suggests that the probability of a meteorite striking a human is far greater than previous estimates."
== External links ==
{{Commons category|2013 Russian meteor event}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/simon_rp/8478844942/ | title=Meteor vapour trail from space | work=Image captured by [[EUMETSAT]] satellite }}
* {{cite web | url=http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/blog/archives/12356 | title=Satellite views of meteor vapor trail over Russia |work=[[CIMSS]] Satellite Blog }}
* {{cite web | url=http://chelyabinsk.ru/text/news/621775.html | script-title=ru:Метеоритный удар по Челябинску |trans-title=Collection of videos and photographs of the meteor and resulting damage | work=Chelyabinsk website | language=Russian }}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.astro.uwo.ca/~wiegert/chelyabinsk/ |title=The trajectory, structure and origin of the Chelyabinsk asteroidal impactor |work= Animations hosted by Paul Wiegert }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aG-yy8ILItI |title=Postcards from Chelyabinsk – SETI Institute Colloquium Series (Peter Jenniskens) (video) | publisher=SETI institute}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/meteor-strike.html | title=Meteor Strike | publisher=[[PBS]] | work=[[Nova (American TV series)|NOVA]] documentary broadcast, 53 minutes, aired 27 March 2013 | quote=Includes extensive scientific analysis of the worldwide [[infrasound]] monitoring network data from which the megaton energy estimates were made. }}
* [http://ing.dk/video/animation-saa-kraftfuld-var-asteroiden-over-rusland-175877 Animation of meteor explosion], by "Strip the Cosmos"
{{Modern impact events}}
{{Planetary defense}}
{{2013 in space}}
[[Category:2013 disasters in Russia]]
[[Category:2013 in space]]
[[Category:2013 natural disasters]]
[[Category:Chelyabinsk Oblast|Meteor]]
[[Category:Explosions in 2013]]
[[Category:Explosions in Russia]]
[[Category:Modern Earth impact events]]
[[Category:Meteorite falls]]
[[Category:Meteorites found in Russia]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in Russia]]
[[Category:Kurgan Oblast]]
[[Category:Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
[[Category:Tyumen Oblast]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:February 2013 events in Asia]]
[[Category:February 2013 events]]'
|
New page wikitext, after the edit ($1) (new_wikitext) |
'{{redirect|Russian meteor|the 1908 Tunguska explosion|Tunguska event}}
{{short description|Near-Earth asteroid that fell over Russia in 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox news event
|title=2013 Chelyabinsk meteor
|date={{start date|2013|02|15|df=yes}}
|time=09:20 [[Yekaterinburg Time|YEKT]] ([[UTC+06:00]])
|image_name=Взрыв метеорита над Челябинском 15 02 2013 avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv
|image_size=250px
|caption=([[:File:Взрыв метеорита над Челябинском 15 02 2013 avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv|image link]])<br /> Meteor fireball seen from [[Kamensk-Uralsky]] where it was still dawn, in an oblast north of Chelyabinsk<br /> <br />
<center>{{Location map |Russia |width=250 |float=center |caption= |mark=City locator 13.svg |marksize=10 |lat_deg=54 |lat_min=57 |lat_sec=36 |lat_dir=N |lon_deg=60 |lon_min=19 |lon_sec=48 |lon_dir=E |alt=The meteor exploded over Chelyabinsk, Russia}}Location of the meteor</center>
|place={{Plainlist|
* '''Russia'''
** [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
** [[Kurgan Oblast]]
** [[Orenburg Oblast]]
** [[Bashkortostan]]
** [[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
** [[Tyumen Oblast]]
* '''Kazakhstan'''
** [[Aktobe Province]]
** [[Kostanay Province]]
}}
|coordinates={{coord|55.150|N|61.410|E|scale:5000000_region:RU_type:event|display=title,inline}}<ref name="JPL20130301" />
|cause=[[Meteor]] [[air burst]]
|also known as=[[Chelyabinsk meteorite]]<ref name="USRA-57165">{{cite web |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=57165 |title=Chelyabinsk |work=Meteoritical Bulletin Database |publisher=The Meteoritical Society | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603103339/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=57165 | archivedate=3 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|reported injuries=1,491 non-direct injuries.<ref name="RBC845595">{{cite web | url=http://top.rbc.ru/incidents/18/02/2013/845595.shtml | script-title=ru:Число пострадавших при падении метеорита приблизилось к 1500 | trans-title=The number of victims of the meteorite approached 1500 | language=Russian | publisher=РосБизнесКонсалтинг [RBC] | date=18 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502144652/http://top.rbc.ru/incidents/18/02/2013/845595.shtml | archivedate=2 May 2013 | url-status=dead | title=Archived copy | access-date=18 February 2013 }}</ref>
|reported death(s)=
|reported property damage=Over 7,200<ref name="RBTH-23513" /> damaged buildings, collapsed factory roof, shattered windows }}
The '''Chelyabinsk meteor''' was a [[superbolide]] that entered [[Earth's atmosphere]] over Russia on 15 February 2013 at about 09:20 [[Yekaterinburg Time|YEKT]] (03:20 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]). It was caused by an approximately {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[Near-Earth object|near-Earth asteroid]] with a speed of 19.16 ± 0.15 kilometres per second (60,000<ref name="NASAassess" />–69,000 km/h or 40,000<ref name="NASAassess">{{cite web | url=http://www.universetoday.com/100025/airburst-explained-nasa-addresses-the-russian-meteor-explosion/ | title=Airburst Explained: NASA Addresses the Russian Meteor Explosion | first=Nancy | last=Atkinson | work=Universe Today | date=15 February 2013 | archivedate=17 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217064705/http://www.universetoday.com/100025/airburst-explained-nasa-addresses-the-russian-meteor-explosion/ | url-status=live }}</ref>–42,900 mph).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf |title=O. P. Popova,et al. Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization.Science 342 (2013).}}</ref><ref name="Science_342" /> It quickly became a brilliant superbolide [[meteor]]<!-- the terminology "superbolide meteor" is the result of two separate Talk page consensus-building discussions: 18-28 Feb 2013 AND 4-6 Mar 2013; please do not change it without first discussing on the Talk page --> over the southern [[Ural (region)|Ural region]]. The light from the meteor was brighter than the [[Sun]], visible up to {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} away. It was observed over a wide area of the region and in neighbouring republics. Some eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the fireball.
Due to its high velocity and shallow angle of [[atmospheric entry]], the object exploded in an [[air burst]] over [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]], at a height of around {{convert|29.7|km|mi ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org">{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf |title=O. P. Popova, et al. Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization.Science 342 (2013).}}</ref> The explosion generated a bright flash, producing a hot cloud of dust and gas that penetrated to {{convert|26.2|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and many surviving small fragmentary [[meteorite]]s, as well as a large [[shock wave]]. The bulk of the object's energy was absorbed by the atmosphere, with a total [[kinetic energy]] before atmospheric impact estimated from [[infrasound]] and [[seismic]] measurements to be equivalent to the blast yield of 400–500 [[kiloton|kilotons of TNT]] (about 1.4–1.8 PJ) range – 26 to 33 times as much [[energy]] as that released from the [[Little Boy|atomic bomb detonated at Hiroshima]].<ref name="David_spacecom">{{Cite web |url=http://www.space.com/23423-russian-fireball-meteor-airburst-risk.html |title=Russian Fireball Explosion Shows Meteor Risk Greater Than Thought |last=David |first=Leonard |date=7 October 2013 |website=www.space.com |publisher=Wired Magazine/Conde Nast |location=New York, NY USA}}best estimate of the equivalent nuclear blast yield of the Chelyabinsk explosion</ref>
The object was undetected before its [[atmospheric entry]], in part because its [[Radiant (meteor shower)|radiant]] was close to the Sun. Its explosion created panic among local residents, and about 1,500 people were injured seriously enough to seek medical treatment. All of the injuries were due to indirect effects rather than the meteor itself, mainly from broken glass from windows that were blown in when the shock wave arrived, minutes after the superbolide's flash. Some 7,200 buildings in six cities across the region were damaged by the explosion's shock wave, and authorities scrambled to help repair the structures in sub-freezing temperatures.
With an estimated initial mass of about 12,000–13,000 [[tonne]]s<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org"/><ref name="NatureNews20131106">{{cite journal | last=Schiermeier | first=Quirin | title=Risk of massive asteroid strike underestimated | url=http://www.nature.com/news/risk-of-massive-asteroid-strike-underestimated-1.14114 | journal=Nature News | publisher=Nature Publishing Group | date=6 November 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107141251/http://www.nature.com/news/risk-of-massive-asteroid-strike-underestimated-1.14114 | archivedate=7 November 2013 | url-status=live | doi=10.1038/nature.2013.14114 }}</ref> (13,000–14,000 [[short ton]]s, heavier than the [[Eiffel Tower]]), and measuring about {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter, it is the largest known natural object to have entered Earth's atmosphere since the 1908 [[Tunguska event]], which destroyed a wide, remote, forested, and very sparsely populated area of [[Siberia]].<!-- Please do not add the 1930 Brazil meteor event; because it only had 100 kilotons of TNT, less than this event. (http://cosmictusk.com/mini-tunguska-the-rio-curuca-brazil-1930/) --> The Chelyabinsk meteor is also the only meteor confirmed to have resulted in a large number of injuries. No deaths were reported.
The earlier-predicted and well-publicized [[Near-Earth object|close approach]] of a larger asteroid on the same day, the roughly {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[367943 Duende]], occurred about 16 hours later; the very different orbits of the two objects showed they were unrelated to each other.
== Initial reports ==
[[File:Trajectory of Chelyabinsk meteoroid en.png|thumb|left|The meteor's path in relation to the ground.]]
[[File:Tunguska_and_Chelyabinsk_meteoroid_size.png|right|thumb|Comparison of possible sizes of Chelyabinsk (CM mark) and [[Tunguska event|Tunguska]] meteoroids to [[Eiffel Tower]] and [[Empire State Building]].]]
Local residents witnessed extremely bright burning objects in the sky in [[Chelyabinsk Oblast|Chelyabinsk]], [[Kurgan Oblast|Kurgan]], [[Sverdlovsk Oblast|Sverdlovsk]], [[Tyumen Oblast|Tyumen]], and [[Orenburg Oblast]]s, the [[Republic of Bashkortostan]], and in neighbouring regions in Kazakhstan,<ref name="Verge3991132">{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/2/15/3991132/russia-meteorite-explosion-reported |title=Russia rocked by meteor explosion |work=[[The Verge]] |date=15 February 2013 |first=Sam |last=Byford | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305235823/http://www.theverge.com/2013/2/15/3991132/russia-meteorite-explosion-reported | archivedate=5 March 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ReutersUSBRE91E05Z">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/15/us-russia-meteorite-idUSBRE91E05Z20130215 |title=Meteorite explodes over Russia, more than 1,000 injured | first=Andrey | last=Kuzmin |date=15 February 2013 |publisher=Reuters | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222191716/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/15/us-russia-meteorite-idUSBRE91E05Z20130215 | archivedate=22 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="yahoo-052833588">{{cite news |url=http://www.news.yahoo.com/possible-meteor-shower-reported-eastern-russia-052833588.html |title=Meteorite hits central Russia, more than 500 people hurt |first1=Natalia |last1=Shurmina |first2=Andrey |last2=Kuzmin | date=15 February 2013 |work=Yahoo News | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215195937/http://news.yahoo.com/possible-meteor-shower-reported-eastern-russia-052833588.html | archivedate=15 February 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> when the asteroid entered the Earth's atmosphere over Russia.<ref name="NASA20130215">{{cite web |first=D. C. |last=Agle |title=Russia Meteor Not Linked to Asteroid Flyby |work=NASA news |publisher=NASA |date=13 February 2013 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/asteroids/news/asteroid20130215.html | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217133332/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/asteroids/news/asteroid20130215.html | archivedate=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="USAtoday1921991">{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/02/15/russia-meteorite/1921991/ |title=Meteor in central Russia injures at least 500 | date=15 February 2013 |first1=Anna |last1=Arutunyan |first2=Marc |last2=Bennetts |work=[[USA Today]] }}</ref><ref name="Mercury22596238">{{cite news |title=100 injured by meteorite falls in Russian Urals |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_22596238/100-injured-by-meteorite-falls-russian-urals |work=Mercury News |first1=Jim |last1=Heintz |first2=Vladimir |last2=Isachenkov |agency=Associated Press |date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502223112/http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_22596238/100-injured-by-meteorite-falls-russian-urals | archivedate=2 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Universe99982">{{cite web |first=Jason |last=Major |work=Universe Today |title=Meteor Blast Rocks Russia |url=http://www.universetoday.com/99982/meteor-blasts-rock-russia/ |date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217062852/http://www.universetoday.com/99982/meteor-blasts-rock-russia/ | archivedate=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20130325">{{cite news |first=Henry |last=Fountain |title=A Clearer View of the Space Bullet That Grazed Russia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/science/space/in-asteroids-aftermath-a-sigh-of-relief.html |date=25 March 2013 |work=[[New York Times]] | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326074701/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/science/space/in-asteroids-aftermath-a-sigh-of-relief.html | archivedate=26 March 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Amateur videos showed a fireball streaking across the sky and a loud boom several minutes afterwards.<ref name="medvedev" /><ref name="CNN-20130216">{{cite AV media |date=16 February 2013 |title=Videos capture exploding meteor in sky |medium=Television production |url=http://edition.cnn.com/video/?hpt=hp_t1#/video/world/2013/02/16/ac-boulden-meteor-explodes-over-russia.cnn |publisher=CNN |location=United States }}</ref><ref name="smh-20130215">{{cite news | url=http://www.smh.com.au/technology/sci-tech/meteor-shower-over-russia-sees-meteorites-hit-earth-20130215-2ei2j.html | title=Meteor shower over Russia sees meteorites hit Earth | date=16 February 2013 | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623084954/http://www.smh.com.au/technology/sci-tech/meteor-shower-over-russia-sees-meteorites-hit-earth-20130215-2ei2j.html | archivedate=23 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Some eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the fireball.<ref name="YT-9Iq2h2DIqt8">{{cite web | title=Russian Meteor strike eyewitnesses speak | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Iq2h2DIqt8 | date=15 February 2013 | publisher=YouTube | quote=In Russian, with translation voiceover in English }}</ref>
The event began at 09:20:21 Yekaterinburg time,<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org"/> several minutes after sunrise in Chelyabinsk, and minutes before sunrise in Yekaterinburg. According to eyewitnesses, the [[bolide]] appeared brighter than the sun,<ref name="ReutersUSBRE91E05Z" /> as was later confirmed by NASA.<ref name="NYT-20130215">{{cite web |url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/video-captures-flaming-object-believed-to-be-meteorite/ |title=Spectacular Videos of Meteor Over Siberia |work=New York Times |first1=Robert |last1=Mackey |first2=Gerry |last2=Mullany |date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430101207/http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/video-captures-flaming-object-believed-to-be-meteorite/ | archivedate=30 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> An image of the object was also taken shortly after it entered the atmosphere by the weather satellite [[Meteosat|Meteosat 9]].<ref name="RT-283">{{cite news | url=http://rt.com/news/meteorite-crash-urals-chelyabinsk-283/ | title=Meteorite hits Russian Urals: Fireball explosion wreaks havoc, up to 1,200 injured (PHOTOS, VIDEO) | publisher=[[RT (TV Network)|RT]] | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222122928/http://rt.com/news/meteorite-crash-urals-chelyabinsk-283/ | archivedate=22 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Meteor over Russia seen by Meteosat – EUMETSAT|url=https://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Images/ImageLibrary/DAT_IL_13_02_15_A.html|accessdate=15 February 2018|work=eumetsat.int|publisher=EUMETSAT|language=EN}}</ref> Witnesses in Chelyabinsk said that the air of the city smelled like "gunpowder",<ref name="RT-283" /> "[[sulfur]]" and "burning odors" starting about 1 hour after the fireball and lasting all day.<ref name="cams.seti.org"/>
== Atmospheric entry ==
[[File:Meteoroid - Meteor (Bolide) - Meteorite.gif|thumb|Illustrating all "phases", from [[Atmosphere of Earth|atmospheric]] entry to explosion.]]
The visible phenomenon due to the passage of an [[asteroid]] or [[meteoroid]] through the atmosphere is called a [[meteor]].<ref name="MPS-01009">{{cite journal |first=Alan E. |last=Rubin |first2=Jeffrey N. |last2=Grossman |title=Meteorite and meteoroid: New comprehensive definitions |journal=Meteoritics & Planetary Science |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=114–122 |date=January 2010 |bibcode=2010M&PS...45..114R |doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.2009.01009.x }}</ref> If the object reaches the ground, then it is called a [[meteorite]]. During the Chelyabinsk meteoroid's traversal, there was a bright object trailing smoke, then an [[air burst]] (explosion) that caused a powerful [[blast wave]]. The latter was the only cause of the damage to thousands of buildings in Chelyabinsk and its neighbouring towns. The fragments then entered [[Dark flight (astronomy)|dark flight]] (without the emission of light) and created a [[strewn field]] of numerous meteorites on the snow-covered ground (officially named Chelyabinsk meteorites).
The last time a similar phenomenon was observed in the Chelyabinsk region was the Kunashak meteor shower of 1949, after which scientists recovered about {{nowrap|20 meteorites}} weighing over {{nowrap|200 kg}} in total.<ref name="Google-Book-mkdHJR35Q_8C">{{cite book |first=Monica M |last=Grady |location=London |title=Catalogue of Meteorites |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkdHJR35Q_8C&pg=PA285 |date=31 August 2000 |publisher=Natural History Museum, Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-66303-8 |page=285 }}</ref> The Chelyabinsk meteor is thought to be the biggest natural space object to enter Earth's atmosphere since the [[Tunguska event|1908 Tunguska event]],<ref name="nature-12438">{{cite journal |first=Geoff |last=Brumfiel |title=Russian meteor largest in a century |url=http://www.nature.com/news/russian-meteor-largest-in-a-century-1.12438 |journal=Nature | doi=10.1038/nature.2013.12438 | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220184343/http://www.nature.com/news/russian-meteor-largest-in-a-century-1.12438 | archivedate=20 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Economist-Babbage">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2013/02/asteroid-impacts |title=Asteroid impacts – How to avert Armageddon |work=[[The Economist]] |author=T.C. |date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219143645/https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2013/02/asteroid-impacts | archivedate=19 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20130216">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/16/science/space/size-of-blast-and-number-of-injuries-are-seen-as-rare-for-a-rock-from-space.html |title=Size of Blast and Number of Injuries Are Seen as Rare for a Rock From Space |first=Kenneth |last=Chang |work=[[New York Times]] |date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220221446/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/16/science/space/size-of-blast-and-number-of-injuries-are-seen-as-rare-for-a-rock-from-space.html | archivedate=20 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> and the only one confirmed to have resulted in a large number of injuries,<ref name="Forbes20130215">{{cite web |first=David M |last=Ewalt | title=Exploding Meteorite Injures A Thousand People in Russia |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2013/02/15/exploding-meteorite-injures-a-thousand-people-in-russia/ | work=Forbes | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408202030/http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2013/02/15/exploding-meteorite-injures-a-thousand-people-in-russia/ | archivedate=8 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref group="Note">Historical, normally accurate, Chinese records of the [[1490 Ch'ing-yang event]] describe over 10,000 deaths, but have never been confirmed.</ref> although a small number of panic-related injuries occurred during the Great Madrid Meteor Event of 10 February 1896.<ref name="PASP1896">{{cite journal |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |title=Explosion of an Aerolite in Madrid (10 February 1896) |department=Notices from the Lick Observatory |date=1896 |volume=8 |issue=47 |pages=86–87 |author=S.F. Chronicle |bibcode=1896PASP....8...86C |doi=10.1086/121074 |quote=Many injuries resulted from the panic which broke out... Much damage was done by the force of the concussion. }}</ref>
Preliminary estimates released by the [[Russian Federal Space Agency]] indicated the object was an asteroid moving at about {{nowrap|30 km/s}} in a "low trajectory" when it entered Earth's atmosphere. According to the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]], the meteor then pushed through the atmosphere at a velocity of {{nowrap|15 km/s.}}<ref name="Universe99982" /><ref name="RT-283" /><ref name="YahooNews">{{cite web | title=500 injured by blasts as meteor falls in Russia | url=https://news.yahoo.com/500-injured-blasts-meteor-falls-russia-105758757.html | first=Jim | last=Heintz | date=15 February 2013 | work=Yahoo News | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624001638/http://news.yahoo.com/500-injured-blasts-meteor-falls-russia-105758757.html | archivedate=24 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Radiant (meteor shower)|radiant]] (the apparent position of origin of the meteor in the sky) appears from video recordings to have been above and to the left of the rising Sun.<ref name="Kaira">{{cite web|url=http://kaira.sgo.fi/2013/02/are-2012-da14-and-chelyabinsk-meteor.html |title=Are {{mp|2012 DA|14}} and the Chelyabinsk meteor related? |work=Kilpisjärvi Atmospheric Imaging Receiver Array |publisher=Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory |date=15 February 2013 |location=Finland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623092057/http://kaira.sgo.fi/2013/02/are-2012-da14-and-chelyabinsk-meteor.html |archivedate=23 June 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Early analysis of [[CCTV]] and [[dashcam]] video posted online indicated that the meteor approached from the southeast, and exploded about 40 km south of central Chelyabinsk above [[Korkino]] at a height of 23.3 km (14.5 miles, 76,000 feet), with fragments continuing in the direction of [[Lake Chebarkul]].<ref name="JPL20130301" /><ref name="dagbladet25811137">{{cite journal | title=Kan koste flere tusen grammet |trans-title=(Meteorite) can cost several thousand dollars per gram | journal=[[Dagbladet]] | first=Geir | last=Barstein | date=18 February 2013 | url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2013/02/18/nyheter/utenriks/meteor/meteoritter/astronomi/25811137/ | language=Norwegian | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501013304/http://www.dagbladet.no/2013/02/18/nyheter/utenriks/meteor/meteoritter/astronomi/25811137/ | archivedate=1 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Maps-54d651ba">{{cite map |title=Chelyabinsk meteorite, 2013 February 15th |author=ssvilponis |publisher=Google Maps |date=16 February 2013 |url=http://maps.google.ee/maps/ms?msid=216221265233140305376.0004d5da6860954d651ba&msa=0&ll=55.013851,61.333923&spn=0.872465,2.458191 }}</ref><ref name="Ogle-Recon">{{cite web |title=Reconstructing the Chelyabinsk meteor's path, with Google Earth, YouTube and high-school math |first=Stefan |last=Geens |date=16 February 2013 |url=http://ogleearth.com/2013/02/reconstructing-the-chelyabinsk-meteors-path-with-google-earth-youtube-and-high-school-math/ |work=Ogle Earth |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228024225/http://ogleearth.com/2013/02/reconstructing-the-chelyabinsk-meteors-path-with-google-earth-youtube-and-high-school-math/ |archivedate=28 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 1 March 2013 NASA published a detailed synopsis of the event, stating that at peak brightness (at 09:20:33 local time), the meteor was 23.3 km (14.5 miles, 76,000 feet) high, located at 54.8°N, 61.1°E. At that time it was travelling at about 18.6 km/s (11.6 mi/s), (about 67,000 km/h, or about 41,750 mph) —almost 60 times the speed of sound.<ref name="JPL20130301">{{cite web | date=1 March 2013 | title=Additional Details on the Large Fireball Event over Russia on Feb. 15, 2013 |publisher=NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program Office | first1=Don | last1=Yeomans | first2=Paul | last2=Chodas | url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fireball_130301.html | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430164941/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fireball_130301.html | archivedate=30 April 2013 | url-status=live | quote=Note that [the] estimates of total energy, diameter and mass are very approximate. }}<br />NASA's webpage in turn acknowledges credit for its data and visual diagrams to:
:Peter Brown ([[University of Western Ontario]]); William Cooke ([[Marshall Space Flight Center]]); Paul Chodas, Steve Chesley and Ron Baalke (JPL); Richard Binzel ([[MIT]]); and Dan Adamo.</ref><ref name="NatGeo-20130701">{{cite journal | first=Andrew | last=Fazekas | url=http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2013/07/01/russian-meteor-shockwave-circled-globe-twice/ | title=Russian Meteor Shockwave Circled Globe Twice | journal=Newswatch | publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] | date=1 July 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713221042/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2013/07/01/russian-meteor-shockwave-circled-globe-twice/ | archivedate=13 July 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2013, results were published based on a more careful calibration of dashcam videos in the field weeks after the event during a Russian Academy of Sciences field study, which put the point of peak brightness at 29.7 km altitude and the final disruption of the thermal debris cloud at 27.0 km, settling to 26.2 km, all with a possible systematic uncertainty of ±0.7 km.<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org"/>
[[File:Chebarkul meteorite sample on lake ice.jpg|thumb|left|A sample found by [[Ural Federal University]] scientists at [[Lake Chebarkul]]. The object is part of the [[Chelyabinsk meteorite]].]]
The United States space agency [[NASA]] estimated the diameter of the bolide at about 17–20 m and has revised the mass several times from an initial {{convert|7700|tonnes}},<ref name="NASA20130215" /> until reaching a final estimate of 10,000 tonnes<ref name="NASA20130215" /><ref name="NASA1360985685055">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.nasa.gov/cm/blog/Watch%20the%20Skies/posts/post_1360985685055.html | title=Orbit of the Russian Meteor | work=NASA blogs | date=15 February 2013 | first=William | last=Cooke | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307133108/http://blogs.nasa.gov/cm/blog/Watch%20the%20Skies/posts/post_1360985685055.html | archivedate=7 March 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="huffpost2704164">{{cite news |title=Russian Meteor Blast Bigger Than Thought, NASA Says |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/17/russian-meteor-size-blast-bigger-nasa_n_2704164.html |first=Tariq |last=Malik |date=17 February 2013 |work=Huffington Post | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218113911/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/17/russian-meteor-size-blast-bigger-nasa_n_2704164.html | archivedate=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CNN20130216">{{cite news |title=Russia starts cleanup after meteor strike |date=18 February 2013 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/16/world/europe/russia-meteor-shower/ |work=CNN |first1=Phil |last1=Black |first2=Laura |last2=Smith-Spark | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217025049/http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/16/world/europe/russia-meteor-shower | archivedate=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IBT-1109921">{{cite web | first=VN | last=Sreeja | url=http://www.ibtimes.com/new-asteroid-2013-ec-similar-russian-meteor-pass-earth-distance-less-moons-orbit-1109921 | title=New Asteroid '2013 EC' Similar To Russian Meteor To Pass Earth At A Distance Less Than Moon's Orbit | work=[[International Business Times]] | date=4 March 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430174913/http://www.ibtimes.com/new-asteroid-2013-ec-similar-russian-meteor-pass-earth-distance-less-moons-orbit-1109921 | archivedate=30 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> (11,000 short tons, greater than the total weight of the Eiffel Tower).<ref name="JPL20130301" /><ref name="eiffel">{{cite web | url=http://www.tour-eiffel.fr/images/PDF/all_you_need_to_know_about_the_eiffel_tower.pdf | title=All you need to know about the Eiffel Tower | location=Paris | publisher=Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel | work=tour-eiffel.fr | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623092211/http://www.tour-eiffel.fr/images/PDF/all_you_need_to_know_about_the_eiffel_tower.pdf | archivedate=23 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[air burst]]'s blast wave, when it hit the ground, produced a [[seismic wave]] which registered on seismographs at magnitude 2.7.<ref name="USGS Chelyabinsk">{{cite news |title=Meteor Explosion near Chelyabinsk, Russia |date=15 February 2013 |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000f7rz#summary |work=US Geological Survey | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219164510/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000f7rz#summary | archivedate=19 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="USGS">{{cite web |title=Magnitude ? (Uncertain Or Not Yet Determined) – URAL MOUNTAINS REGION, RUSSIA |publisher=[[U.S. Geological Survey]] |work=National Earthquake Information Center |date=15 February 2013 |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc000f7rz.php#details |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218084242/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc000f7rz.php#details |archivedate=18 February 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Oskin-1">{{cite news |issn=0882-7729 |first=Becky |last=Oskin |title=Russia meteor blast produced 2.7 magnitude earthquake equivalent |work=Christian Science Monitor |date=15 February 2013 |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/0215/Russia-meteor-blast-produced-2.7-magnitude-earthquake-equivalent | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216182201/http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/0215/Russia-meteor-blast-produced-2.7-magnitude-earthquake-equivalent | archivedate=16 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Russian Geographical Society]] said the passing of the meteor over Chelyabinsk caused three blasts of different energy. The first explosion was the most powerful, and was preceded by a bright flash, which lasted about five seconds. Initial newspaper altitude estimates ranged from {{nowrap|30–70 km,}} with an explosive equivalent, according to NASA, of roughly {{convert|500|ktTNT}}, although there is some debate on this yield<ref name="RT-337">{{cite web | url=http://rt.com/news/scientists-explain-chelyabinsk-bolide-337/ | title=Russian meteorite blast explained: Fireball explosion equal to 20 Hiroshimas | publisher=[[RT (TV Network)|RT]] | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216074043/http://rt.com/news/scientists-explain-chelyabinsk-bolide-337/ | archivedate=16 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Guardian-2013-11-07" /> (500 kt is exactly the same energy released by the [[Ivy King]] nuclear explosion in 1952). According to a paper in 2013, all these ~500 kiloton yield estimates for the meteor airburst are "uncertain by a factor of two because of a lack of calibration data at those high energies and altitudes".<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org"/>
<!--
NOTE: The following text is being sidelined/removed as it is possibly OR, or at least highly inaccurate, Google translate converts the title of the attached Russian headline to: "Meteorite flying over Chelyabinsk accompanied by three explosions ranging from 1 to 10 kilotons", which contradicts the text, and is again very low to the real radiated energy:
<ref group="Note">According to the measurements from the other side of the city, if the height of the blast is measured at about {{nowrap|30 km,}} the power of the explosion would range from {{nowrap|0.1 to 1 kiloton.}}</ref><ref name="Gazeta">{{cite web | script-title=ru:Ученый: полету метеорита над Челябинском сопутствовали три взрыва мощностью от 1 до 10 килотонн | trans-title=Scientist: The flight of the meteorite over Chelyabinsk accompanied by three explosions ranging from 1 to 10 kilotons | language=Russian | url=http://www.gazeta.ru/social/news/2013/02/15/n_2756693.shtml | publisher=Gazeta | location=Russia | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618030509/http://www.gazeta.ru/social/news/2013/02/15/n_2756693.shtml | archivedate=18 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
-->
The [[hypocenter|hypocentre]] of the explosion was to the south of Chelyabinsk, in [[Yemanzhelinsk]] and [[Yuzhnouralsk]]. Due to the height of the air burst, the atmosphere absorbed most of the explosion's energy.<ref name="RT-284">{{cite news |title=Meteor threat wasn't expected for another 2,000 years – Russian Emergency Minister |date=22 February 2013 |url=http://rt.com/news/meteor-attack-not-expected-284/ |publisher=[[RT (TV Network)|RT]] | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225015327/http://rt.com/news/meteor-attack-not-expected-284/ | archivedate=25 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Telegraph9874662">{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/9874662/Russian-meteor-hit-atmosphere-with-force-of-30-Hiroshima-bombs.html |title=Russian meteor hit atmosphere with force of 30 Hiroshima bombs |work=The Telegraph |date=16 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218170229/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/9874662/Russian-meteor-exploded-with-force-of-30-Hiroshima-bombs.html | archivedate=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> The explosion's [[blast wave]] first reached Chelyabinsk and environs between less than 2 minutes 23 seconds<ref name="liveleak">{{cite web | url=http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=f06_1361290921 | title=Meteorite flash and Shock wave from the asteroid at the University of Chelyabinsk CCTV Footage | date=19 February 2013 | publisher=LiveLeak | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507065143/http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=f06_1361290921 | archivedate=7 May 2013 | url-status=live | quote=Datestamped CCTV footage starts at 2:38 }}</ref> and 2 minutes 57 seconds later.<ref name="YT-kSrUSmJPHOE">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kSrUSmJPHOE | script-title=ru:Метеорит в Челябинске |trans-title=Meteorite in Chelyabinsk | language=Russian | date=15 February 2013 | publisher=YouTube }}</ref> The object did not release all of its [[kinetic energy]] in the form of a blast wave as some 90 [[TNT equivalent|kilotons of TNT]] {{nowrap|(about 3.75 × 10<sup>14</sup> joules, or 0.375 [[Joule|PJ]])}} of the total [[energy]] of the main airburst's [[meteoroid#Fireball|fireball]] was emitted as visible light according to [[NASA]]'s [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]],<ref name="JPL20130301" /><ref name="Brown2002">{{cite journal | volume=420 | issue=6913 | pages=294–296 | first1=P. | last1=Brown | first2=R. E. | last2=Spalding | first3=D. O. | last3=ReVelle | first4=E. | last4=Tagliaferri | first5=S. P. | last5=Worden | title=The flux of small near-Earth objects colliding with the Earth | journal=Nature | date=2002 | url=http://www.stoprocks.com/gaps/new/news/bibliotheque/Bolide/pdf/na/flux-final.pdf | bibcode=2002Natur.420..294B | doi=10.1038/nature01238 | pmid=12447433 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430110029/http://www.stoprocks.com/gaps/new/news/bibliotheque/Bolide/pdf/na/flux-final.pdf | archivedate=30 April 2013 | url-status=dead | access-date=20 March 2013 }}</ref> and two main fragments survived the primary airburst disruption at {{convert|29.7|km|mi}}; they flared around {{convert|24|km|mi}}, with
one falling apart at {{convert|18.5|km|mi}} and the other remaining luminous down to
{{convert|13.6|km|mi}},<ref name="cams.seti.org"/> with part of the meteoroid continuing on its general trajectory to punch a hole in the frozen [[Lake Chebarkul]], an impact that was fortuitously captured on camera and released in November 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.universetoday.com/106226/newly-released-security-cam-video-shows-chelyabinsk-meteorite-impact-in-lake-chebarkul/ |title=Newly Released Security Cam Video Shows Chelyabinsk Meteorite Impact in Lake Chebarkul by Bob King on November 7, 2013|date=7 November 2013}}</ref><ref name=RT_Fragment>{{cite web |url=http://rt.com/news/largest-fragment-meteorite-lifted-258/ |title=Huge half-ton chunk of Russian meteorite lifted from lakebed |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=16 October 2013 |accessdate=13 November 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Chelyabinsk Bolide Plume as seen by NPP and NASA Models.ogg|thumb|This visualization shows the aftermath observations by NASA satellites and computer models projections of the plume and meteor debris trajectory around the atmosphere. The plume rose to an altitude of 35 km and once there, it was rapidly blown around the globe by the [[polar night jet]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/0819/Fallout-from-the-Russian-fireball-encircled-Earth-research-shows |title=Fallout from the Russian fireball encircled Earth, research shows|journal=Christian Science Monitor|date=19 August 2013}}</ref>]]
The [[infrasound]] waves given off by the explosions were detected by 20 monitoring stations designed to detect [[nuclear weapons testing]] run by the [[Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission|Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) Preparatory Commission]], including the distant Antarctic station, some {{convert|15000|km|mi}} away. The blast of the explosion was large enough to generate infrasound returns, after circling the globe, at distances up to about {{convert|85000|km|mi}}. Multiple arrivals involving waves that travelled twice around the globe have been identified. The meteor explosion produced the largest [[infrasound]]s ever to be recorded by the CTBTO infrasound monitoring system, which began recording in 2001,<ref name="CTBTO20130218">{{cite news |title=Russian Fireball Largest Ever Detected by CTBTO's Sensors |publisher=[[CTBTO]] |date=18 February 2013 |url=http://newsroom.ctbto.org/2013/02/18/russian-fireball-largest-ever-detected-by-ctbtos-infrasound-sensors/ }}</ref><ref name="mel">{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10866592 |title=Meteor explosion largest infrasound recorded |first=Paul |last=Harper |date=20 February 2013 |newspaper=The New Zealand Herald |publisher=APN Holdings NZ }}</ref><ref name="mel2">{{cite news |url=http://blogs.nature.com/news/2013/06/russian-meteor-blast-was-the-largest-ever-recorded.html |title=Russian meteor blast was the largest ever recorded by CTBTO |first=Quirin |last=Schiermeier |date=10 June 2013 |newspaper=Nature News Blog |publisher=Macmillan Publishers Limited }}</ref> so great that they reverberated around the world several times, taking over a day to dissipate.<ref name="NOVA-2013.03.27" /> Additional scientific analysis of US military infrasound data was aided by an agreement reached with US authorities to allow its use by civilian scientists, implemented only about a month before the Chelyabinsk meteor event.<ref name="NYT-20130325" /><ref name="NOVA-2013.03.27" />
[[File:2013 Chelyabinsk meteor trace.jpg|thumb|left|A full view of the smoke trail with the bulbous section corresponding to a [[mushroom cloud]]'s cap.]]
A preliminary estimate of the explosive energy by Astronomer Boris Shustov, director of the [[Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences|Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Astronomy]], was {{convert|200|ktTNT}},<ref>http://atominfo.ru/newsd/k0520.htm</ref> another using empirical period-yield scaling relations and the infrasound records, by Peter Brown of the [[University of Western Ontario]] gave a value of {{convert|460-470|ktTNT}} and represents a best estimate for the yield of this airburst; there remains a potential "uncertainty [in the order of] a factor of two in this yield value".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteor.uwo.ca/research/fireball/events/Chel/overview.html |title=Fireball Events Chelyabinsk Meteor of 15 Feb. 2013 – Preliminary results as of Feb 16, 2013. Dr. Peter Brown}}</ref><ref name="GRL_50619">{{cite journal |last1=Le Pichon |first1=Alexis |first2=L. |last2=Ceranna |first3=C. |last3=Pilger |first4=P. |last4=Mialle |first5=D. |last5=Brown |first6=P. |last6=Herry |first7=N. |last7=Brachet |title=2013 Russian Fireball largest ever detected by CTBTO infrasound sensors |date=2013 |doi=10.1002/grl.50619 |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=40 |issue=14 |page=3732 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.3732L }}</ref> Brown and his colleagues also went on to publish a paper in November 2013 which stated that the "widely referenced technique of estimating airburst damage does not reproduce the [Chelyabinsk] observations, and that the mathematical relations found in the book ''[[Philip J. Dolan|The Effects of Nuclear Weapons]]'' which are based on the [[effects of nuclear weapons]]—[which is] almost always used with this technique—overestimate blast damage [when applied to meteor airbursts]".<ref>{{cite journal |title=A 500-kiloton airburst over Chelyabinsk and an enhanced hazard from small impactors | volume=503|issue=7475 |doi=10.1038/nature12741 |pmid=24196713 |journal=Nature |pages=238–41 | last1 = Brown | first1 = PG | last2 = Assink | first2 = JD | last3 = Astiz | first3 = L | last4 = Blaauw | first4 = R | last5 = Boslough | first5 = MB | last6 = Borovička | first6 = J | last7 = Brachet | first7 = N | last8 = Brown | first8 = D | last9 = Campbell-Brown | first9 = M | last10 = Ceranna | first10 = L | last11 = Cooke | first11 = W | last12 = de Groot-Hedlin | first12 = C | last13 = Drob | first13 = DP | last14 = Edwards | first14 = W | last15 = Evers | first15 = LG | last16 = Garces | first16 = M | last17 = Gill | first17 = J | last18 = Hedlin | first18 = M | last19 = Kingery | first19 = A | last20 = Laske | first20 = G | last21 = Le Pichon | first21 = A | last22 = Mialle | first22 = P | last23 = Moser | first23 = DE | last24 = Saffer | first24 = A | last25 = Silber | first25 = E | last26 = Smets | first26 = P | last27 = Spalding | first27 = RE | last28 = Spurný | first28 = P | last29 = Tagliaferri | first29 = E | last30 = Uren | first30 = D | last31 = Weryk | first31 = RJ | last32 = Whitaker | first32 = R | last33 = Krzeminski | first33 = Z |display-authors=5|bibcode = 2013Natur.503..238B |year=2013 |hdl=10125/33201 }}</ref> A similar overestimate of the explosive yield of the [[Tunguska event|Tunguska]] airburst also exists; as incoming celestial objects have rapid directional motion, the object causes stronger blast wave and thermal radiation pulses at the ground surface than would be predicted by a stationary object exploding, limited to the height at which the blast was initiated-where the object's "momentum is ignored".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://share.sandia.gov/news/resources/releases/2007/asteroid.html| title = Sandia supercomputers offer new explanation of Tunguska disaster| date = 17 December 2007| publisher = [[Sandia National Laboratories]] | accessdate = 22 December 2007}}</ref> Thus a meteor airburst of a given energy is "much more damaging than an equivalent [energy] nuclear explosion at the same altitude".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aaas.org/news/research-address-near-earth-objects-remains-critical-experts-say |title=Research to Address Near-Earth Objects Remains Critical, Experts Say}}</ref><ref name="Kelly Beatty">{{cite web|url=https://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/new-chelyabinsk-results-yield-surprises/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/20140806114350/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/new-chelyabinsk-results-yield-surprises/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 August 2014 |title=New Chelyabinsk Results Yield Surprises |author=Kelly Beatty |date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>
The seismic wave produced when the primary airburst's blast struck the ground yields a rather uncertain "best estimate" of 430 kilotons (momentum ignored),<ref name="Kelly Beatty"/> corresponding to the [[seismic wave]] which registered on seismographs at magnitude 2.7.<ref name="USGS Chelyabinsk"/><ref name="USGS"/><ref name="Oskin-1"/>
[[File:Chelyabinsk meteor trace 15-02-2013.jpg|thumb|right|A picture taken of the smoke trail with the double plumes visible either side of the bulbous "[[mushroom cloud]]" cap.]]
Brown also states that the double smoke plume formation, as seen in photographs, is believed to have coincided near the primary airburst section of the dust trail (as also pictured following the [[Tagish Lake (meteorite)|Tagish Lake fireball]]), and it likely indicates where rising air quickly flowed into the center of the trail, essentially in the same manner as a moving 3D version of a [[mushroom cloud]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteor.uwo.ca/publications/wgn-chel.pdf.pdf |title=WGN, the Journal of the IMO 41:1 (2013) A Preliminary Report on the Chelyabinsk Fireball/Airburst Peter Brown}}</ref> Photographs of this smoke trail portion, before it split into two plumes, show this [[cigar]]-shaped region glowing [[incandescent]]ly for a few seconds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf |title=O. P. Popova, et al. Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization.Science 342 (2013). FIGURE 1}}</ref> This region is the area in which the maximum of material [[ablation]] occurred, with the double plume persisting for a time and then appearing to rejoin or close up.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aG-yy8ILItI |title=Postcards from Chelyabinsk – SETI Institute Colloquium Series (Peter Jenniskens) 15:10 on}}</ref>
== Reactions ==
The Chelyabinsk meteor struck without warning. [[Dmitry Medvedev]], the [[Prime Minister of Russia]], confirmed a meteor had struck Russia and said it proved that the "entire planet" is vulnerable to meteors and a [[spaceguard]] system is needed to protect the planet from similar objects in the future.<ref name="medvedev">{{cite web | title=PM Medvedev Says Russian Meteorite KEF-2013 Shows "Entire Planet" Vulnerable | url=http://www.newsroomamerica.com/story/347222/pm_medvedev_says_russian_meteorite_kef-2013_shows_entire_planet_vulnerable_.html | publisher=Newsroom America | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623084923/http://www.newsroomamerica.com/story/347222/pm_medvedev_says_russian_meteorite_kef-2013_shows_entire_planet_vulnerable_.html# | archivedate=23 June 2013 | url-status=dead | access-date=15 February 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Ynet4345317">{{cite journal | url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4345317,00.html | title=400 injured by meteorite falls in Russian Urals | publisher=Y net news | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218065232/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-4345317%2C00.html | archivedate=18 February 2013 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Dmitry Rogozin]], the deputy prime minister, proposed that there should be an international program that would alert countries to "objects of an extraterrestrial origin",<ref name="Guardian20130215Amos">{{cite news | first=Howard | last=Amos | title=Meteorite explosion over Chelyabinsk injures hundreds | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/15/hundreds-injured-meteorite-russian-city-chelyabinsk | newspaper=The Guardian | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218200603/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/feb/15/hundreds-injured-meteorite-russian-city-chelyabinsk | archivedate=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> also called [[potentially hazardous object]]s.
[[Colonel General#Russia|Colonel General]] Nikolay Bogdanov, commander of the [[Central Military District]], created task forces that were directed to the probable impact areas to search for fragments of the asteroid and to monitor the situation. [[Meteorites]] (fragments) measuring {{convert|1|to|5|cm|in|abbr=on}} were found {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Chebarkul]] in the Chelyabinsk region.<ref name="Interfax381682">{{cite web | script-title=ru:В полынье в Чебаркульском районе Челябинской области, возможно, найдены обломки метеорита – МЧС |trans-title=In the ice-hole in Chebarkulsky district of Chelyabinsk region, possibly found fragments of the meteorite – MOE | url=http://www.interfax-russia.ru/Ural/main.asp?id=381682 | date=15 February 2013 | publisher=Interfax | language=Russian | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623230536/http://www.interfax-russia.ru/Ural/main.asp?id=381682 | archivedate=23 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
On the day of the impact, Bloomberg News reported that the [[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] had suggested the investigation of creating an "Action Team on [[Near-Earth Objects]]", a proposed global [[asteroid]] warning network system, in face of {{mpl|2012 DA|14}}'s approach.<ref name="bloomberg UNOOSA">{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-15/armageddon-not-in-the-stars-as-un-effort-takes-aim-at-asteroids.html | title=Asteroid Passes Earth as UN Mulls Monitoring Network | first1=Mark | last1=Drajem | first2=Alexander | last2=Weber | publisher=Bloomberg | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218004927/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-15/armageddon-not-in-the-stars-as-un-effort-takes-aim-at-asteroids.html | archivedate=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CBS57569864">{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57569864/united-nations-reviewing-asteroid-impact-threat/ | title=United Nations reviewing asteroid impact threat | work=CBS News | first=Leonard | last=David | date=18 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218211409/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57569864/united-nations-reviewing-asteroid-impact-threat/ | archivedate=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> As a result of the impact, two scientists in California proposed [[directed-energy weapon]] technology development as a possible means to protect Earth from asteroids.<ref name="IBT438042">{{cite news | url=http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/438042/20130222/end-world-2013-de-star-project-proposed.htm | title=End of the World 2013: DE-STAR Project Proposed after Asteroid 2012 DA14 Flyby, Russian Meteor Blast | first=Jenalyn | last=Villamarin | work=International Business Times | date=22 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430154442/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/438042/20130222/end-world-2013-de-star-project-proposed.htm# | archivedate=30 April 2013 | url-status=dead | access-date=26 February 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Barrie">{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2013/02/19/massive-orbital-laser-blaster-could-defend-against-asteroid-threats/ | title=Massive, orbital laser blaster could defend against asteroid threats | work=Fox News | first=Allison | last=Barrie | date=19 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221154508/http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2013/02/19/massive-orbital-laser-blaster-could-defend-against-asteroid-threats/ | archivedate=21 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Further|Asteroid impact avoidance}}
== Frequency ==
It is estimated that the [[Impact event#Frequency and risk|frequency of airbursts]] from objects 20 metres across is about once in every 60 years.<ref name="Earth-impact">{{cite web
|date=2010
|title=Earth Impact Effects Program
|publisher=Imperial College London / Purdue University
|author1=Robert Marcus |author2=H. Jay Melosh |author3=Gareth Collins |url=http://impact.ese.ic.ac.uk/ImpactEffects/
|accessdate=4 February 2013}} (solution using 2600kg/m^3, 17 km/s, 45 degrees)</ref> There have been [[List of meteor air bursts|three incidents]] in the previous century involving a comparable energy yield or higher: the [[Tunguska event|1908 Tunguska event]], the [[1930 Curuçá River event]], and in 1963 off the coast of [[Prince Edward Islands]] in the Indian Ocean.<ref name="Edwards1">{{cite journal | url=http://meteor.uwo.ca/infra_pub/Estimates_of_metereoid_kin_e_from_ovserv_of_infrasonicwaves.pdf | title=Estimates of meteoroid kinetic energies from observations of infrasonic airwaves |author1=Wayne Edwards |author2=Peter G. Brown |author3=Douglas O. ReVelle |journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics|volume=68| issue=10 |pages=1136–1160|doi=10.1016/j.jastp.2006.02.010|date=2006 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all |bibcode=2006JASTP..68.1136E}}</ref> Two of those were over unpopulated areas.
Centuries before, the [[1490 Ch'ing-yang event]], of an unknown magnitude, apparently caused 10,000 deaths.<ref name=Yau1>Yau, K., Weissman, P., & Yeomans, D. [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1994Metic..29..864Y Meteorite Falls In China And Some Related Human Casualty Events], ''[[Meteoritics]]'', Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 864–871, {{ISSN|0026-1114}}, bibliographic code: 1994Metic..29..864Y.</ref> While modern researchers are skeptical about that 10,000 deaths figure, the Tunguska event would have been devastating over a highly populous district.<ref name=Yau1/>
== Origin ==
Based on its entry direction and speed of 19 kilometres/second, the Chelyabinsk meteor apparently originated in the [[asteroid belt]] between [[Mars]] and [[Jupiter]]. It was probably a [[Breccia|fragmented]] asteroid. The meteorite has veins of black material which had experienced high-pressure shock and were once partly melted, due to a previous collision. The [[metamorphism]] in the [[chondrule]]s in the meteorite samples indicates the rock making up the meteor had a history of collisions and was once several kilometres below the surface of a much larger [[LL chondrite|LL-chondrite]] asteroid. The Chelyabinsk asteroid probably entered an [[orbital resonance]] with Jupiter (a common way for material to be ejected from the asteroid belt) which increased its orbital [[Eccentricity (astronomy)|eccentricity]] until its [[perihelion]] was reduced enough for it to be able to collide with the Earth.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kring|first=David A.|last2=Boslough|first2=Mark|date=1 September 2014|title=Chelyabinsk: Portrait of an asteroid airburst|journal=Physics Today|language=en|volume=67|issue=9|pages=32–37|doi=10.1063/PT.3.2515|issn=0031-9228|bibcode = 2014PhT....67i..32K }}</ref>
== Meteorites ==
{{Further|Chelyabinsk meteorite}}
[[File:Strewnfield map of Chelyabinsk meteorites.jpg|thumb|left|Strewnfield map of recovered meteorites (253 documented find locations, status of 18 July 2013).]]
In the aftermath of the air burst of the body, a large number of small meteorites fell on areas west of Chelyabinsk, generally at [[terminal velocity]], about the speed of a piece of gravel dropped from a skyscraper.<ref name="NYT-20130219" /> Analysis of the meteor showed that all resulted from the main breakup at 27–34 km altitude.<ref name="Science_342" /> Local residents and schoolchildren located and picked up some of the meteorites, many located in snowdrifts, by following a visible hole that had been left in the outer surface of the snow. [[Intermediary|Speculators]] were active in the informal [[Market (economics)|market]] that emerged for meteorite fragments.<ref name="NYT-20130219">{{cite news | first=Andrew E. | last=Kramer | title=Russians Wade into the Snow to Seek Treasure From the Sky | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/19/world/europe/russian-scientists-say-they-found-meteorite-fragments.html | date=18 February 2013 | work=New York Times }}</ref>
[[File:Cheljabinsk meteorite fragment.jpg|thumb|A 112.2 gram (3.96 oz) [[Chelyabinsk meteorite]] specimen, one of many found within days of the airburst, this one between the villages of Deputatsky and Emanzhelinsk. The broken fragment displays a thick primary [[fusion crust]] with flow lines and a heavily [[Meteorite shock stage|shocked matrix]] with melt veins and planar fractures. Scale cube is 1 cm (0.39 in).]]
In the hours following the visual meteor sighting, a {{convert|6|m|adj=on}} wide hole was discovered on [[Lake Chebarkul]]'s frozen surface. It was not immediately clear whether this was the result of an [[Impact event|impact]]; scientists from the [[Ural Federal University]] collected 53 samples from around the hole the same day it was discovered. The early specimens recovered were all under {{convert|1|cm}} in size and initial laboratory analysis confirmed their meteoric origin. They are [[ordinary chondrite]] meteorites and contain 10% [[Meteoric iron|iron]]. The fall is officially designated as the [[Chelyabinsk meteorite]].<ref name="USRA-57165" /> The Chelyabinsk meteor was later determined to come from the [[LL chondrite]] group.<ref name="YT_BNkS1uHUbq8">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNkS1uHUbq8 | title=NASA (YouTube) – Dr. David Kring – Asteroid Initiative Workshop Cosmic Explorations Speakers Session | publisher=YouTube | date=21 November 2013 }}</ref> The meteorites were LL5 chondrites having a [[Meteorite shock stage|shock stage of S4]], and had a variable appearance between light and dark types. [[Petrographic]] changes during the fall allowed estimates that the body was heated between 65 and 135 degrees during its atmospheric entry.<ref name=Badyukov2015>{{cite journal|last1=Badyukov|first1=D.D.|last2=Raitala|first2=J.|last3=Kostama|first3=P.|last4=Ignatiev|first4=A.V.|title=Chelyabinsk meteorite: Shock metamorphism, black veins and impact melt dikes, and the Hugoniot|journal=Petrology|date=March 2015|volume=23|issue=2|pages=103–115|doi=10.1134/S0869591115020022}}<!--|accessdate=23 December 2015--></ref>
In June 2013, Russian scientists reported that further investigation by magnetic imaging below the location of the ice hole in Lake Chebarkul had identified a {{convert|60|cm|ft|abbr=off|adj=on}}-size meteorite buried in the mud at the bottom of the lake. Before recovery began, the chunk was estimated to weigh roughly {{convert|300|kg}}.<ref name="rian20130622">{{cite news |title=Huge Chunk of Meteorite Located in Urals Lake – Scientist |url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20130622/181805477/Huge-Chunk-of-Meteorite-Located-in-Urals-Lake---Scientist.html |newspaper=RIA Novosti |date=22 June 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623225109/http://en.rian.ru/russia/20130622/181805477/Huge-Chunk-of-Meteorite-Located-in-Urals-Lake---Scientist.html |archivedate=23 June 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Following an operation lasting a number of weeks, it was raised from the bottom of the [[Chebarkul lake]] on 16 October 2013. With a total mass of {{Convert|654|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, this is the largest found fragment of the Chelyabinsk meteorite. Initially, it tipped and broke the scales used to weigh it, splitting into three pieces.<ref name="ntv-677303">{{cite web |url=http://www.ntv.ru/novosti/677303/ |script-title=ru:Весы не выдержали тяжести челябинского метеорита |trans-title=Weighing scales couldn't withstand the heft of the Chelyabinsk meteorite |publisher=NTV |date=16 October 2013 |language=Russian |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017030618/http://www.ntv.ru/novosti/677303 |archivedate=17 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20131016">{{cite news |last=Herszenhorn |first=David M. |title=Lifted From a Russian Lake, a Big, if Fragile, Space Rock |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/17/world/europe/meteorite-pulled-from-russian-lake-breaks-into-3-pieces.html |date=16 October 2013 |work=[[New York Times]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017192003/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/17/world/europe/meteorite-pulled-from-russian-lake-breaks-into-3-pieces.html |archivedate=17 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In November 2013, a video from a security camera was released showing the impact of the fragment at the Chebarkul lake.<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="Universe_106226">{{cite web | first=Bob | last=King | title=Newly Released Security Cam Video Shows Chelyabinsk Meteorite Impact in Lake Chebarkul | work=[[Universe Today]] | date=7 November 2013 | url=http://www.universetoday.com/106226/newly-released-security-cam-video-shows-chelyabinsk-meteorite-impact-in-lake-chebarkul/ | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109034108/http://www.universetoday.com/106226/newly-released-security-cam-video-shows-chelyabinsk-meteorite-impact-in-lake-chebarkul/ | archivedate=9 November 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> This is the first recorded impact of a meteorite on video. From the measured time difference between the shadow generating meteor to the moment of impact, scientists calculated that this meteorite hit the ice at about 225 metres per second, 64 percent of the speed of sound.<ref name="Science_342" />
=== Media coverage ===
{{External media
|position = right
|float = right
|topic = Meteor air burst
|subtopic = Explosions, Shock
|video1 = {{YouTube|m9WooFdPGMA|Two videos, first from a car and from street}}
|video2 = {{YouTube|4ZxXYscmgRg|Extensive dashcam footage from the atmospheric entry onwards}}
|video3 = {{YouTube|w6uOzFo2MQg|Explosion eyewitness}}
|video4 = {{YouTube|efvP-RRuJuA|Bright light and sound recorded by a stationary surveillance camera}}
|video5 = {{YouTube|90Omh7_I8vI|Video of meteor explosion that stirred panic in Urals region}}
}}
The Russian government put out a brief statement within an hour of the event. The news was first reported by the hockey site [[Russian Machine Never Breaks]] before heavy coverage by the international media and the [[Associated Press]] with the Russian government's confirmation less than two hours afterwards.<ref name="RMNB">{{cite news | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/02/how-a-dc-hockey-fan-site-got-the-russian-meteorite-story-before-the-ap/273225/ | title=How a D.C. Hockey Fan Site Got the Russian Meteorite Story Before the AP | date=15 February 2013 | work=[[The Atlantic]] | first=Garance | last=Franke-Ruta | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217075735/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/02/how-a-dc-hockey-fan-site-got-the-russian-meteorite-story-before-the-ap/273225/ | archivedate=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="FedPress1360914956">{{cite web | work=Federal Press World News | script-title=ru:Челябинский метеорит стал одной из самых популярных тем в мире |trans-title=Chelyabinsk meteorite has become one of the hottest topics in the world | url=http://world.fedpress.ru/news/russia_and_cis/1360914956-chelyabinskii-meteorit-stal-odnoi-iz-samykh-populyarnykh-tem-v-mire | date=15 February 2013 | publisher=Federal Press | language=Russian | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623094957/http://world.fedpress.ru/news/russia_and_cis/1360914956-chelyabinskii-meteorit-stal-odnoi-iz-samykh-populyarnykh-tem-v-mire | archivedate=23 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2013/02/17/172235263/how-a-hockey-blog-got-the-scoop-on-the-russias-meteor|title=How A Hockey Blog Got The Scoop on Russia's Meteorite|website=NPR.org|access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref> Less than 15 hours after the meteor impact, videos of the meteor and its aftermath had been viewed millions of times.<ref name="Visible95381">{{cite web | work=Visible Measures | title=Meteor Over Russia Hits Internet with 7.7 Million Video Views | url=http://corp.visiblemeasures.com/news-and-events/blog/bid/95381/Meteor-Over-Russia-Hits-Internet-with-7-7-Million-Video-Views | archive-url=https://archive.is/20130412033315/http://corp.visiblemeasures.com/news-and-events/blog/bid/95381/Meteor-Over-Russia-Hits-Internet-with-7-7-Million-Video-Views | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 April 2013 | publisher=Visible Measures }}</ref>
The number of injuries caused by the asteroid led the Internet-search giant Google to remove a [[Google logo|Google Doodle]] from their website, created for the predicted pending arrival of another asteroid, {{mpl|2012 DA|14}}.<ref name="ABC-Google">{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/technology/2013/02/asteroid-2012-da14-google-doodle-removed-after-russian-meteor-shower-injuries/ |title=Asteroid {{mp|2012 DA|14}} Google Doodle Removed After Russian Meteor Shower Injuries |first=Joanna |last=Stern |work=ABC News |date=15 February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216092640/http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/technology/2013/02/asteroid-2012-da14-google-doodle-removed-after-russian-meteor-shower-injuries/ |archivedate=16 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> New York City planetarium director [[Neil deGrasse Tyson]] stated the Chelyabinsk meteor was unpredicted because no attempt had been made to find and catalogue every {{nowrap|15-metre}} [[near-Earth object]].<ref name="Today50820935">{{cite web | url=http://www.today.com/video/today/50820935 | title=Neil deGrasse Tyson: Radar could not detect meteor | date=15 February 2013 | work=[[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today]] | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509133134/http://www.today.com/video/today/50820935 | archivedate=9 May 2013 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Doing so would be very difficult, and current efforts only aim at a complete inventory of {{nowrap|150-metre}} near-Earth objects. The [[Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System]], on the other hand, could now predict some Chelyabinsk-like events a day or so in advance, if their radiant is not close to the Sun.
On 27 March 2013, a broadcast episode of the [[Nova (American TV series)|NOVA]] science television series titled "Meteor Strike" documented the Chelyabinsk meteor, including the large amounts of meteoritic science revealed by the numerous videos of the airburst posted online by ordinary citizens. The NOVA program called the video documentation and the related scientific discoveries of the airburst "unprecedented". The documentary also discussed the much greater tragedy "that could have been" had the asteroid entered the Earth's atmosphere more steeply.<ref name="NOVA-2013.03.27">{{cite web | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/meteor-strike.html | title=Meteor Strike | publisher=PBS | work=NOVA | date=27 March 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421121813/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/meteor-strike.html | archivedate=21 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LATimes-2013.03.27">{{cite news | first=Karen | last=Kaplan | url=http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-russian-meteor-chelyabinsk-nova-20130327,0,853927.story | title=Russian meteor, a 'death rock from space,' stars on 'Nova' | work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=27 March 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328151932/http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-russian-meteor-chelyabinsk-nova-20130327%2C0%2C853927.story | archivedate=28 March 2013 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
== Impactor orbital parameters ==
<div style="float:right;">
{| class=wikitable style="float:right; margin: .6em 0 0 .8em;"
|+Preliminary orbital solutions for impacting asteroid
|- align=left
!rowspan=2 style="width: 180px;"|Source
! Q
! q
! a
! e
! i
! Ω
! ω
|-
!colspan=3|[[Astronomical unit|AU]]
!
!colspan=3| (°)
|- align=left
! style="text-align: left;" | Popova, Jenniskens, Emel'yanenko et al.; [[Science (journal)|Science]]<ref name="Science_342">{{cite journal | last1=Popova | first1=Olga P. | last2=Jenniskens | first2=Peter | last3=Emel'yanenko | first3=Vacheslav | date=2013 | title=Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery, and Characterization | journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume=342 | issue=6162 | pages=1069–1073 | bibcode=2013Sci...342.1069P | doi=10.1126/science.1242642 | url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6162/1069.abstract | url-status=live | archivedate=25 January 2014 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125165437/http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6162/1069.abstract |display-authors=etal | pmid=24200813}}</ref>
| style="width: 35px;" | 2.78 <br /><small>±0.20</small>
| style="width: 35px;" | 0.74 <br /><small>±0.02</small>
| style="width: 35px;" | 1.76 <br /><small>±0.16</small>
| style="width: 35px;" | 0.58 <br /><small>±0.02</small>
| style="width: 35px;" | 4.93 <br /><small>±0.48°</small>
| style="width: 45px;" | 326.442 <br /><small>±0.003°</small>
| style="width: 45px;" | 108.3 <br /><small>±3.8°</small>
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align: left;" | Lyytinen via Hankey; [[American Meteor Society|AMS]]<ref name="AMS" />
| style="width: 35px;" | 2.53
| style="width: 35px;" | 0.80
| style="width: 35px;" | 1.66
| style="width: 35px;" | 0.52
| style="width: 35px;" | 4.05°
| style="width: 45px;" | 326.43°
| style="width: 45px;" | 116.0°
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align: left;" | Zuluaga, Ferrin; [[arXiv]]<ref name="Zuluaga2013" />
| 2.64
| 0.82
| 1.73
| 0.51
| 3.45°
| 326.70°
| 120.6°
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align: left;" | Borovicka, et al.; [[IAU]]<ref name="IAUCBET3423" />
| 2.33
| 0.77
| 1.55
| 0.50
| 3.6°
| 326.41°
| 109.7°
|- <!-- align=center --> style="vertical-align:top;"
! style="text-align: left;" | Zuluaga, Ferrin, Geens; [[arXiv]]<ref name="Zuluaga2013b">{{cite arXiv |first1= Jorge I. |last1=Zuluaga |first2= Ignacio |last2=Ferrin |first3=Stefan |last3=Geens |date=2013 |title= The orbit of the Chelyabinsk event impactor as reconstructed from amateur and public footage |class= astro-ph.EP |eprint= 1303.1796 }}</ref>
| 1.816
| 0.716
| align=upper | 1.26 <br /><small>± 0.05</small>
| 0.44 <br /><small>± 0.03 </small>
| 2.984°
| 326.5°<br /><small>± 0.3°</small>
| align=center | 95.5°<br /><small>± 2°</small>
|- <!-- align=center --> style="vertical-align:top;"
! style="text-align: left;" | Chodas, Chesley; [[JPL]] via [[Sky and Telescope]]<ref name="chodas-chesley">{{cite web | url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/newsblog/Update-on-the-Russian-Mega-Meteor-195553631.html | first=Kelly | last=Beatty | title=Update on Russia's Mega-Meteor | work=Sky and Telescope | publisher=Sky Publishing Corp. | date=6 March 2013 }}</ref>
| 2.78
| 0.75
| align=upper | 1.73
| 0.57
| 4.2°
|
| align=center |
|- <!-- align=center -->
! style="text-align: left;" | Insan<ref name="inasan">{{cite web | url=http://www.computerra.ru/60969/seminarmeteoritsai/ | script-title=ru:Семинар по Челябинскому метеориту: российская наука выдала『официальную』информацию |trans-title=Seminar in Chelyabinsk meteorite: Russian science has given "official" information | first=Дмитрий | last=Вибе | date=25 March 2013 | publisher=[[:ru:Компьютерра|Компьютерра]] [Computerra] | language=Russian | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623093748/http://www.computerra.ru/60969/seminarmeteoritsai/ | archivedate=23 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|
|
| 1.5
| 0.5
| 3°
|
|
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align: left;" | Proud; [[Geophysical Research Letters|GRL]]<ref name="GRL_50660" />
| 2.23
| 0.71
| 1.47
| 0.52
| 4.61°
| 326.53°
| 96.58°
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align: left;" | de la Fuente Marcos; [[MNRAS]]: Letters<ref name="RAS_slu078" />
| 2.48
| 0.76
| 1.62
| 0.53
| 3.97°
| 326.45°
| 109.71°
|}
<center><small>Q = [[Apsis|Aphelion]], q = [[Apsis|Perihelion]], a = [[Semi-major axis]], e = [[Orbital eccentricity|Eccentricity]], i = [[Orbital inclination|Inclination]], <br /> Ω = [[Longitude of the ascending node|Ascending node longitude]], ω = [[Argument of periapsis|Argument of perihelion]]</small></center>
</div>
Multiple videos of the Chelyabinsk superbolide, particularly from [[Dashcam|dashboard cameras]] and [[traffic camera]]s which are ubiquitous in Russia, helped to establish the meteor's provenance as an [[Apollo asteroid]].<ref name="IAUCBET3423">{{cite web | url=http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iau/cbet/003400/CBET003423.txt | publisher=International Astronomical Union | work=Astronomical Telegrams | title=CBET 3423 : 20130223 : Trajectory and Orbit of the Chelyabinsk Superbolide | date=23 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423104342/http://www.webalice.it/mizar02/articoli/Meteorb.dat | archivedate=23 April 2013 | url-status=dead }} {{registration required}}</ref><ref name="arXiv511691">{{cite web | work=The Physics arXiv Blog | url=http://www.technologyreview.com/view/511691/astronomers-calculate-orbit-of-chelyabinsk-meteorite/ | title=Astronomers Calculate Orbit of Chelyabinsk Meteorite | publisher=MIT Technology Review | date=25 February 2013 | quote=Their conclusion is that the Chelyabinsk meteorite is from a family of rocks that cross Earth’s orbit called Apollo asteroids. }}</ref> Sophisticated analysis techniques included the subsequent superposition of nighttime [[Starfield (astronomy)|starfield views]] over recorded daytime images, as well as the plotting of the daytime shadow vectors shown in several online videos.<ref name="NOVA-2013.03.27" />
The [[Radiant (meteor shower)|radiant]] of the impacting asteroid was located in the [[constellation]] [[Pegasus (constellation)|Pegasus]] in the [[Northern hemisphere]].<ref name="Zuluaga2013" /> The radiant was close to the Eastern horizon where the Sun was starting to rise.<ref name="Zuluaga2013">{{cite arXiv |first1= Jorge I. | last1=Zuluaga |first2= Ignacio | last2=Ferrin |title= A preliminary reconstruction of the orbit of the Chelyabinsk Meteoroid |date=2013 |eprint= 1302.5377 |class= astro-ph.EP |quote=We use this result to classify the meteoroid among the near Earth asteroid families finding that the parent body belonged to the Apollo asteroids.}}</ref>
The asteroid belonged to the [[List of Apollo asteroids|Apollo]] group of [[near-Earth asteroids]],<ref name="Zuluaga2013" /><ref name="BBC-21579422">{{cite news |first= Paul |last=Rincon |title= Russia meteor's origin tracked down |date=26 February 2013 |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21579422 |work=BBC News |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130226191142/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21579422 |archivedate= 26 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was roughly 40 days past [[Apsis|perihelion]]<ref name="AMS">{{cite web | title=Large Daytime Fireball Hits Russia | publisher=[[American Meteor Society]] | first=Mike | last=Hankey | url=http://www.amsmeteors.org/2013/02/large-daytime-fireball-hits-russia/ | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521012817/http://www.amsmeteors.org/2013/02/large-daytime-fireball-hits-russia/ | archivedate=21 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> (closest approach to the Sun) and had aphelion (furthest distance from the Sun) in the [[asteroid belt]].<ref name="AMS" /><ref name="Zuluaga2013" /> Several groups independently derived similar orbits for the object, but with sufficient variance to point to different potential parent bodies of this meteoroid.<ref name="GRL_50660">{{cite journal |title=Reconstructing the orbit of the Chelyabinsk meteor using satellite observations |first=S. R. |last=Proud |date=16 July 2013 |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=40 |issue=13 |pages=3351–3355 |doi=10.1002/grl.50660 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.3351P }}</ref><ref name="RAS_slu078">{{cite journal |title=Reconstructing the Chelyabinsk event: pre-impact orbital evolution |first1=C. |last1=de la Fuente Marcos |first2=R. |last2=de la Fuente Marcos |date=1 September 2014 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters |volume=443 |issue=1 |pages=L39–L43 |arxiv=1405.7202 |bibcode=2014MNRAS.443L..39D |doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slu078 }}</ref><ref name="YT-lmjawUCkO84">{{cite web | title=Chelyabinsk meteoroid trajectories compared using Google Earth and YouTube | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmjawUCkO84 | first=Stefan | last=Geens | date=9 March 2013 | publisher=YouTube }}</ref> The Apollo asteroid {{mpl|2011 EO|40}} is one of the candidates proposed for the role of the ''parent body'' of the Chelyabinsk superbolide.<ref name="RAS_slu078" /> Other published orbits are similar to the 2-kilometre-diameter asteroid {{mpl|(86039) 1999 NC|43}} to suggest they had once been part of the same object;<ref name="Borovička_Nature2013">{{cite journal | last=Borovička | first=Jiří | first2=Pavel | last2=Spurný | first3=Peter | last3=Brown | first4=Paul | last4=Wiegert | first5=Pavel | last5=Kalenda | first6=David | last6=Clark | first7=Lukáš | last7=Shrbený | title=The trajectory, structure and origin of the Chelyabinsk asteroidal impactor | journal=Nature | date=6 November 2013 | doi=10.1038/nature12671 |bibcode=2013Natur.503..235B | pmid=24196708 | volume=503 | issue=7475 | pages=235–7}}</ref> they may not be able to reproduce the timing of the impact.<ref name="RAS_slu078"/>
== Coincidental asteroid approach ==
[[File:Orbit of 2012 DA14 and Chelyabinsk meteor 2.jpg|thumb|right|Comparison of the former orbit of the Chelyabinsk meteor (larger elliptical blue orbit) and asteroid [[367943 Duende|{{mp|2012 DA|14}}]] (smaller circular blue orbit), showing that they are dissimilar.]]
Preliminary calculations rapidly showed that the object was unrelated to the long-predicted [[Near-Earth object|close approach]] of the asteroid [[367943 Duende]], that flew by Earth 16 hours later at a distance of 27,700 km.<ref name="NASA20130215" /><ref name="Slate">{{cite web | url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/02/15/breaking_huge_meteor_explodes_over_russia.html | title=Breaking: Huge Meteor Explodes Over Russia | publisher=Slate | first=Phil | last=Plait | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216173203/http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/02/15/breaking_huge_meteor_explodes_over_russia.html | archivedate=16 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="RIA923059266">{{cite web | url=http://ria.ru/science/20130215/923059266.html | script-title=ru:Уральский метеорит отвлек научный мир от знаменитого астероида |trans-title=Ural meteorite distracted (sic) from the scientific world famous asteroid | date=15 February 2013 | publisher=РИА Новости ([[RIA Novosti]]) | language=Russian | location=Moscow | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317124315/http://ria.ru/science/20130215/923059266.html | archivedate=17 March 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory]],<ref name="Kaira" /> Russian sources,<ref name="Elenin">{{cite web | date=15 February 2013 | title=Siberian fireball (video) | first=Leonid | last=Elenin | authorlink=Leonid Elenin | url=http://spaceobs.org/en/2013/02/15/siberian-fireball/ | work=SpaceObs | language=Russian | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304075307/http://spaceobs.org/en/2013/02/15/siberian-fireball/ | archivedate=4 March 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> the [[European Space Agency]],<ref name="ESA">{{cite web | url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Russian_asteroid_strike | title=Russian Asteroid Strike | work=ESA.int | publisher=European Space Agency | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221092602/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Russian_asteroid_strike | archivedate=21 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[NASA]]<ref name="NASA20130215" /> and the [[Royal Astronomical Society]]<ref name="wsj_597722">{{cite news | title=Falling Meteor Explodes Over Russia | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324162304578305163574597722 | newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=15 February 2013 | first1=James | last1=Marson | first2=Gautam | last2=Naik | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215202817/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324162304578305163574597722.html | archivedate=15 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> all indicated the two objects could not have been related because the two asteroids had widely different trajectories.
== See also ==
{{cmn|colwidth=30em|
* [[Tunguska event]]
* [[Asteroid impact avoidance]]
* [[Impact event]]
* [[List of meteor air bursts]]
* [[Near-Earth object]]
}}
== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group="Note"}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
;Attribution
* ''This article contains portions of text translated from the corresponding article of the Russian Wikipedia. A list of contributors can be found there in its ''[http://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B2_2013_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83&action=history history]'' section.''
== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |last1=Balcerak |first1=E. |date=2013 |title=Nuclear test monitoring system detected meteor explosion over Russia |journal=[[Eos (magazine)|Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union]] |volume=94 |issue=42 |page=384 |bibcode= 2013EOSTr..94S.384B|doi=10.1002/2013EO420010}}
* {{cite news | last1=Barry | first1=Ellen | last2=Kramer | first2=Andrew E. | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/16/world/europe/meteorite-fragments-are-said-to-rain-down-on-siberia.html | title=Shock Wave of Fireball Meteor Rattles Siberia, Injuring 1,200 | publisher=NYTimes.com | date=15 February 2013 }} (website).<br />Also published as {{cite news | title=Meteor Explodes, Injuring Over 1,000 in Siberia | newspaper=[[New York Times]] | date=16 February 2013 | page=A1 | edition=New York }} (print).
* {{cite journal |last1=Borovička |first1=J. |last2=Spurný |first2=P. |last3=Brown |first3=P. |last4=Wiegert |first4=P. |last5=Kalenda |first5=P. |last6=Clark |first6=D. |last7=Shrbený |first7=L. |date=2013 |title=The trajectory, structure and origin of the Chelyabinsk asteroidal impactor |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=503 |issue=7475 |pages=235–237 |bibcode=2013Natur.503..235B |doi=10.1038/nature12671 |pmid=24196708}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=P. G. |last2=Assink |first2=J. D. |last3=Astiz |first3=L. |last4=Blaauw |first4=R. |last5=Boslough |first5=M. B. |last6=Borovička |first6=J. |last7=Brachet |first7=N. |last8=Brown |first8=D. |last9=Campbell-Brown |first9=M. |last10=Ceranna |first10=L. |last11=Cooke |first11=W. |last12=de Groot-Hedlin |first12=C. |last13=Drob |first13=D. P. |last14=Edwards |first14=W. |last15=Evers |first15=L. G. |last16=Garces |first16=M. |last17=Gill |first17=J. |last18=Hedlin |first18=M. |last19=Kingery |first19=A. |last20=Laske |first20=G. |last21=Le Pichon |first21=A. |last22=Mialle |first22=P. |last23=Moser |first23=D. E. |last24=Saffer |first24=A. |last25=Silber |first25=E. |last26=Smets |first26=P. |last27=Spalding |first27=R. E. |last28=Spurný |first28=P. |last29=Tagliaferri |first29=E. |last30=Uren |first30=D. |last31=Weryk |first31=R. J. |last32=Whitaker |first32=R. |last33=Krzeminski |first33=Z. |date=2013 |title=A 500-kiloton airburst over Chelyabinsk and an enhanced hazard from small impactors |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=503 |issue=7475 |pages=238–241 |bibcode=2013Natur.503..238B |doi=10.1038/nature12741 |display-authors=29 |pmid=24196713|hdl=10125/33201 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gorkavyi |first1=N. |last2=Rault |first2=D. F. |last3=Newman |first3=P. A. |last4=Da Silva |first4=A. M. |last5=Dudorov |first5=A. E. |date=2013 |title=New stratospheric dust belt due to the Chelyabinsk bolide |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=40 |issue=17 |pages=4728–4733 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.4728G |doi=10.1002/grl.50788 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gorkavyi |first1=N. N. |last2=Taidakova |first2=T. A. |last3=Provornikova |first3=E. A. |last4=Gorkavyi |first4=I. N. |last5=Akhmetvaleev |first5=M. M. |date=2013 |title=Aerosol plume after the Chelyabinsk bolide |journal=[[Solar System Research]] |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=275–279 |bibcode=2013SoSyR..47..275G |doi=10.1134/S003809461304014X }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kohout |first1=Tomas |last2=Gritsevich |first2=Maria |last3=Grokhovsky |first3=Victor I. |last4=Yakovlev |first4=Grigoriy A. |last5=Haloda |first5=Jakub |last6=Halodova |first6=Patricie |last7=Michallik |first7=Radoslaw M. |last8=Penttilä |first8=Antti |last9=Muinonen |first9=Karri |date=2013 |title=Mineralogy, reflectance spectra, and physical properties of the Chelyabinsk LL5 chondrite – Insight into shock-induced changes in asteroid regoliths |journal=[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]] |volume=228 |issue=1 |pages=78–85 |arxiv=1309.6081 |bibcode=2014Icar..228...78K |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2013.09.027 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Le Pichon |first1=A. |last2=Ceranna |first2=L. |last3=Pilger |first3=C. |last4=Mialle |first4=P. |last5=Brown |first5=D. |last6=Herry |first6=P. |last7=Brachet |first7=N. |date=2013 |title=The 2013 Russian fireball largest ever detected by CTBTO infrasound sensors |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=40 |issue=14 |pages=3732–3737 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.3732L |doi=10.1002/grl.50619 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Steven D. |last2=Straka |first2=William |last3=Bachmeier |first3=Scott |date=5 November 2013 |title=Earth-viewing satellite perspectives on the Chelyabinsk meteor event |journal=Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences |volume=110 |issue=45 |pages=18092–18097 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1307965110|pmid=24145398 |bibcode = 2013PNAS..11018092M |pmc=3831432 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Popova |first1=Olga P. |last2=Jenniskens |first2=Peter |last3=Emel’yanenko |first3=Vacheslav |last4=Kartashova |first4=Anna |last5=Biryukov |first5=Eugeny |last6=Khaibrakhmanov |first6=Sergey |last7=Shuvalov |first7=Valery |last8=Rybnov |first8=Yurij |last9=Dudorov |first9=Alexandr |last10=Grokhovsky |first10=Victor I. |last11=Badyukov |first11=Dmitry D. |last12=Yin |first12=Qing-Zhu |last13=Gural |first13=Peter S. |last14=Albers |first14=Jim |last15=Granvik |first15=Mikael |last16=Evers |first16=Läslo G. |last17=Kuiper |first17=Jacob |last18=Kharlamov |first18=Vladimir |last19=Solovyov |first19=Andrey |last20=Rusakov |first20=Yuri S. |last21=Korotkiy |first21=Stanislav |last22=Serdyuk |first22=Ilya |last23=Korochantsev |first23=Alexander V. |last24=Larionov |first24=Michail Yu. |last25=Glazachev |first25=Dmitry |last26=Mayer |first26=Alexander E. |last27=Gisler |first27=Galen |last28=Gladkovsky |first28=Sergei V. |last29=Wimpenny |first29=Josh |last30=Sanborn |first30=Matthew E. |last31=Yamakawa |first31=Akane |last32=Verosub |first32=Kenneth L. |last33=Rowland |first33=Douglas J. |last34=Roeske |first34=Sarah |last35=Botto |first35=Nicholas W. |last36=Friedrich |first36=Jon M. |last37=Zolensky |first37=Michael E. |last38=Le |first38=Loan |last39=Ross |first39=Daniel |last40=Ziegler |first40=Karen |last41=Nakamura |first41=Tomoki |last42=Ahn |first42=Insu |last43=Lee |first43=Jong Ik |last44=Zhou |first44=Qin |last45=Li |first45=Xian-Hua |last46=Li |first46=Qiu-Li |last47=Liu |first47=Yu |last48=Tang |first48=Guo-Qiang |last49=Hiroi |first49=Takahiro |last50=Sears |first50=Derek |last51=Weinstein |first51=Ilya A. |last52=Vokhmintsev |first52=Alexander S. |last53=Ishchenko |first53=Alexei V. |last54=Schmitt-Kopplin |first54=Phillipe |last55=Hertkorn |first55=Norbert |last56=Nagao |first56=Keisuke |last57=Haba |first57=Makiko K. |last58=Komatsu |first58=Mutsumi |last59=Mikouchi |first59=Takashi |last60=(the Chelyabinsk Airburst Consortium) |date=2013 |title=Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery, and Characterization |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=342 |issue=6162 |pages=1069–1073 |bibcode=2013Sci...342.1069P |doi=10.1126/science.1242642 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6162/1069.abstract |pmid=24200813}}
* {{cite journal |last=Proud |first=S. R. |title=Reconstructing the orbit of the Chelyabinsk meteor using satellite observations |date=2013 |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=40 |issue=13 |pages=3351–3355 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.3351P |doi=10.1002/grl.50660 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tauzin |first1=B. |last2=Debayle |first2=E. |last3=Quantin |first3=C. |last4=Coltice |first4=N. |date=2013 |title=Seismoacoustic coupling induced by the breakup of the 15 February 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=40 |issue=14 |page=3522 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.3522T |doi=10.1002/grl.50683 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00855474/document }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Yau |first1=Kevin |last2=Weissman |first2=Paul |last3=Yeomans |first3=Donald |date=1994 |title=Meteorite falls in China and some related human casualty events |journal=[[Meteoritics & Planetary Science|Meteoritics]] |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=864–871 |bibcode=1994Metic..29..864Y |issn=0026-1114 |doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.1994.tb01101.x }}
::Synopsis: "A calculation based on the number of casualty events in the Chinese meteorite records suggests that the probability of a meteorite striking a human is far greater than previous estimates."
== External links ==
{{Commons category|2013 Russian meteor event}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/simon_rp/8478844942/ | title=Meteor vapour trail from space | work=Image captured by [[EUMETSAT]] satellite }}
* {{cite web | url=http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/blog/archives/12356 | title=Satellite views of meteor vapor trail over Russia |work=[[CIMSS]] Satellite Blog }}
* {{cite web | url=http://chelyabinsk.ru/text/news/621775.html | script-title=ru:Метеоритный удар по Челябинску |trans-title=Collection of videos and photographs of the meteor and resulting damage | work=Chelyabinsk website | language=Russian }}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.astro.uwo.ca/~wiegert/chelyabinsk/ |title=The trajectory, structure and origin of the Chelyabinsk asteroidal impactor |work= Animations hosted by Paul Wiegert }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aG-yy8ILItI |title=Postcards from Chelyabinsk – SETI Institute Colloquium Series (Peter Jenniskens) (video) | publisher=SETI institute}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/meteor-strike.html | title=Meteor Strike | publisher=[[PBS]] | work=[[Nova (American TV series)|NOVA]] documentary broadcast, 53 minutes, aired 27 March 2013 | quote=Includes extensive scientific analysis of the worldwide [[infrasound]] monitoring network data from which the megaton energy estimates were made. }}
* [http://ing.dk/video/animation-saa-kraftfuld-var-asteroiden-over-rusland-175877 Animation of meteor explosion], by "Strip the Cosmos"
{{Modern impact events}}
{{Planetary defense}}
{{2013 in space}}
[[Category:2013 disasters in Russia]]
[[Category:2013 in space]]
[[Category:2013 natural disasters]]
[[Category:Chelyabinsk Oblast|Meteor]]
[[Category:Explosions in 2013]]
[[Category:Explosions in Russia]]
[[Category:Modern Earth impact events]]
[[Category:Meteorite falls]]
[[Category:Meteorites found in Russia]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in Russia]]
[[Category:Kurgan Oblast]]
[[Category:Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
[[Category:Tyumen Oblast]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:February 2013 events in Asia]]
[[Category:February 2013 events]]'
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Unified diff of changes made by edit ($1) (edit_diff) |
'@@ -87,22 +87,4 @@
[[File:Chelyabinsk meteor trace 15-02-2013.jpg|thumb|right|A picture taken of the smoke trail with the double plumes visible either side of the bulbous "[[mushroom cloud]]" cap.]]
Brown also states that the double smoke plume formation, as seen in photographs, is believed to have coincided near the primary airburst section of the dust trail (as also pictured following the [[Tagish Lake (meteorite)|Tagish Lake fireball]]), and it likely indicates where rising air quickly flowed into the center of the trail, essentially in the same manner as a moving 3D version of a [[mushroom cloud]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteor.uwo.ca/publications/wgn-chel.pdf.pdf |title=WGN, the Journal of the IMO 41:1 (2013) A Preliminary Report on the Chelyabinsk Fireball/Airburst Peter Brown}}</ref> Photographs of this smoke trail portion, before it split into two plumes, show this [[cigar]]-shaped region glowing [[incandescent]]ly for a few seconds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf |title=O. P. Popova, et al. Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization.Science 342 (2013). FIGURE 1}}</ref> This region is the area in which the maximum of material [[ablation]] occurred, with the double plume persisting for a time and then appearing to rejoin or close up.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aG-yy8ILItI |title=Postcards from Chelyabinsk – SETI Institute Colloquium Series (Peter Jenniskens) 15:10 on}}</ref>
-
-== Injuries and damage ==
-
-[[File:Chelyabinsk meteor event consequences in Drama Theatre.jpg|thumb|left|Shattered windows in the foyer of the Chelyabinsk Drama Theatre]]
-
-The blast created by the meteor's [[air burst]] produced extensive ground damage over an irregular [[elliptical]] area around a hundred kilometres wide, and a few tens of kilometres long,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/index-chelyabinsk.html |title=Map of glass damage in Chelyabinsk Oblast. From: Popova et al. Science Science Vol. 42 (2013).}}</ref> with the secondary effects of the blast being the main cause of the considerable number of injuries. Russian authorities stated that 1,491 people sought medical attention in Chelyabinsk Oblast within the first few days.<ref name="RBC845595" /> Health officials said 112 people had been hospitalised, with two in serious condition. A {{nowrap|52-year-old}} woman with a broken spine was flown to Moscow for treatment.<ref name="RT-283" /> Most of the injured were hurt by the secondary blast effects of shattered, falling or blown-in glass.<ref name="RT-283" /><ref name="Canada7968297">{{cite news | url=http://www.canada.com/news/Meteor+explodes+over+Russia+Ural+Mountains+injured+shock+wave+blasts+windows/7968297/story.html | title=Meteor explodes over Russia's Ural Mountains; 1,100 injured as shock wave blasts out windows | date=15 February 2013 | first1=Jim | last1=Heintz | first2=Vladimir | last2=Isachenkov | agency=The Associated Press | publisher=Postmedia Network Inc | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513022402/http://www.canada.com/news/Meteor%2Bexplodes%2Bover%2BRussia%2BUral%2BMountains%2Binjured%2Bshock%2Bwave%2Bblasts%2Bwindows/7968297/story.html# | archivedate=13 May 2013 | url-status=dead | quote=[[Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)|Emergency Situations Ministry]] spokesman Vladimir Purgin said many of the injured were cut as they flocked to windows to see what caused the intense flash of light, which was momentarily brighter than the sun. | df=dmy-all | access-date=5 March 2013 }}</ref> The intense light from the meteor, momentarily 30 times brighter than the Sun,<ref name="Guardian-2013-11-07">{{cite news | last=Sample | first=Ian | url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/06/chelyabinsk-meteor-russia | title=Scientists reveal the full power of the Chelyabinsk meteor explosion | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=7 November 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109204718/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/06/chelyabinsk-meteor-russia | archivedate=9 November 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> also produced injuries, leading to over 180 cases of eye pain, and 70 people subsequently reported temporary [[flash blindness]].<ref name="NS-20131107">{{cite news | url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24542-csi-chelyabinsk-10-insights-from-russias-meteorite.html | title=CSI Chelyabinsk: 10 insights from Russia's meteorite | first=Lisa | last=Grossman | work=[[New Scientist]] | date=6 November 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109031906/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24542-csi-chelyabinsk-10-insights-from-russias-meteorite.html | archivedate=9 November 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Twenty people reported [[ultraviolet]] burns similar to [[sunburn]], possibly intensified by the presence of snow on the ground.<ref name="NS-20131107" /> Vladimir Petrov, when meeting with scientists to assess the damage, reported that he sustained so much sunburn from the meteor that the skin flaked only days later.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://cams.seti.org/index-chelyabinsk.html |title = Cameras for Allsky Meteor Surveillance (CAMS)}}</ref>
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-A fourth-grade teacher in Chelyabinsk, Yulia Karbysheva, was hailed as a hero after saving 44 children from imploding window glass cuts. Despite not knowing the origin of the intense flash of light, Karbysheva thought it prudent to take precautionary measures by ordering her students to stay away from the room's windows and to perform a [[duck and cover]] maneuver and then to leave a building. Karbysheva, who remained standing, was seriously lacerated when the blast arrived and window glass severed a [[tendon]] in one of her arms and left [[thigh]]; none of her students, whom she ordered to hide under their desks, suffered cuts.<ref name="NYT-20130217">{{cite news | last=Kramer | first=Andrew E. | title=After Assault From the Heavens, Russians Search for Clues and Count Blessings | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/17/world/europe/russians-seek-clues-and-count-blessings-after-meteor-blast.html | date=17 February 2013 | work=[[New York Times]] | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217150820/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/17/world/europe/russians-seek-clues-and-count-blessings-after-meteor-blast.html | archivedate=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://interfax.com.ua/news/general/140940.html|title=Челябинская учительница спасла при падении метеорита более 40 детей|work=Интерфакс-Украина|access-date=28 September 2018|language=ru}}</ref> The teacher was taken to a hospital which received 112 people that day. The majority of the patients were suffering from cuts.<ref name=":0" />
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-[[File:Цинковый завод Челябинска.jpg|thumb|right|The collapsed roof over the warehouse section of a zinc factory in Chelyabinsk]]
-After the air blast, car alarms went off and mobile phone networks were overloaded with calls.<ref name="Guardian20130215">{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/feb/15/meteorite-explosion-shakes-russian | title=Meteorite explosion over Russia injures hundreds | work=The Guardian | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218200551/http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2013/feb/15/meteorite-explosion-shakes-russian | archivedate=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Office buildings in Chelyabinsk were evacuated. Classes for all Chelyabinsk schools were cancelled, mainly due to broken windows.<ref name="RT-283" /> At least 20 children were injured when the windows of a school and kindergarten were blown in at 09:22.<ref name="spiegel883565">{{cite news | first=Benjamin | last=Bidder | language=German |title=Meteoriten-Hagel in Russland: "Ein Knall, Splittern von Glas" |trans-title=Meteorite hail in Russia: "A blast, splinters of glass" | work=Der Spiegel | date=15 February 2013 | url=http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/weltall/meteoriten-hagel-in-russland-a-883565.html | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218003330/http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/weltall/meteoriten-hagel-in-russland-a-883565.html | archivedate=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Following the event, government officials in Chelyabinsk asked parents to take their children home from schools.<ref name="BBC-21468116">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21468116 | title=Central Russia hit by meteor shower in Ural region | work=BBC News | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218150722/http://m.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21468116 | archivedate=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
-
-Approximately {{convert|600|m2|ft2|abbr=on}} of a roof at a [[zinc]] factory collapsed during the incident.<ref name="Time20130215feed">{{cite journal | first=Charlie | last=Campbell | url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/02/15/watch-meteorite-injures-hundreds-in-russia/ | title=Meteorite injures hundreds in Russia | journal=Time | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215110648/http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/02/15/watch-meteorite-injures-hundreds-in-russia/ | archivedate=15 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Residents in Chelyabinsk whose windows were smashed quickly sought to cover the openings with anything available, to protect themselves against temperatures of {{convert|-15|°C|°F}}.<ref name="WUnderground">{{cite web | url=http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/USCC/2013/2/15/DailyHistory.html | publisher=Weather Underground | title=Chelyabinsk Station history | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430052423/http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/USCC/2013/2/15/DailyHistory.html | archivedate=30 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Approximately 100,000 home-owners were affected, according to Chelyabinsk Oblast Governor Mikhail Yurevich.<ref name="IBTimes-2013.02.16.a">{{cite web | first=Moran | last=Zhang | url=http://www.ibtimes.com/russia-meteor-2013-damage-top-33-million-rescue-cleanup-team-heads-meteorite-hit-urals-1090104 | title=Russia Meteor 2013: Damage To Top $33 Million; Rescue, Cleanup Team Heads To Meteorite-Hit Urals | work=[[International Business Times]] | date=16 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430193336/http://www.ibtimes.com/russia-meteor-2013-damage-top-33-million-rescue-cleanup-team-heads-meteorite-hit-urals-1090104 | archivedate=30 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> He also said that preserving the water pipes of the city's [[district heating]] was the primary goal of the authorities as they scrambled to contain further post-explosion damage.<ref name="RT-283" />
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-By 5 March 2013 the number of damaged buildings was tallied at over 7,200, which included some 6,040 apartment blocks, 293 medical facilities, 718 schools and universities, 100 cultural organizations, and 43 sport facilities, of which only about 1.5% had not yet been repaired.<ref name="RBTH-23513">{{cite news | url=http://rbth.ru/news/2013/03/05/meteorite-caused_emergency_situation_regime_over_in_chelyabinsk_region_23513.html | title=Meteorite-caused emergency situation regime over in Chelyabinsk region | work=Russia Beyond The Headlines | publisher=Rossiyskaya Gazeta | date=5 March 2013 | agency=[[Interfax]] }}</ref> The oblast governor estimated the damage to buildings at more than 1 billion [[Russian ruble|rubles]]<ref name="Lenta20130215">{{cite web | script-title=ru:Ущерб от челябинского метеорита превысит миллиард рублей |trans-title=Damage from Chelyabinsk meteorite exceeds one billion rubles | url=http://lenta.ru/news/2013/02/15/damage/ | date=15 February 2013 | publisher=[[Lenta.ru]] | language=Russian | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513000942/http://lenta.ru/news/2013/02/15/damage/ | archivedate=13 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> (approximately {{nowrap|[[United States dollar|US$]]33 million).}} Chelyabinsk authorities said that broken windows of apartment homes, but not the glazing of enclosed balconies, would be replaced at the state's expense.<ref name="Cheladmin">{{cite news | script-title=ru:Сергей Давыдов: жертв и серьезных разрушений нет |trans-title=Sergei Davydov: casualties and no serious damage | date=15 February 2013 | url=http://cheladmin.ru/news/sergey-davydov-zhertv-i-sereznyh-razrusheniy-net | language=Russian | newspaper=Chelad | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217000544/http://cheladmin.ru/news/sergey-davydov-zhertv-i-sereznyh-razrusheniy-net | archivedate=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> One of the buildings damaged in the blast was the [[Traktor Sport Palace]], home arena of [[Traktor Chelyabinsk]] of the [[Kontinental Hockey League]] (KHL). The arena was closed for inspection, affecting various scheduled events, and possibly the postseason of the KHL.<ref name="CBS21709455">{{cite web | title=KHL arena among buildings damaged in Russian meteorite strike | url=http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/blog/eye-on-hockey/21709455/meteorite-in-russia-damages-khl-arena | first=Adam | last=Gretz | publisher=[[CBS Sports]] | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501025254/http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/blog/eye-on-hockey/21709455/meteorite-in-russia-damages-khl-arena | archivedate=1 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
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-The irregular elliptical disk shape/"spread-eagled butterfly"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/nasa-and-international-researchers-collect-clues-to-meteoroid-science/#.U_vfLlfvmlA |title=NASA and International Researchers Collect Clues to Meteoroid Science November 6, 2013|date=6 November 2013}}</ref> ground blast damage area, produced by the airburst,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/index-chelyabinsk.html |title=Map of glass damage in Chelyabinsk Oblast. From: Popova et al. Science Science Vol. 42 (2013).}}</ref> is a phenomenon first noticed upon studying the other larger airburst event: [[Tunguska event|Tunguska]].<ref>Boyarkina, A. P., Demin, D. V., Zotkin, I. T., Fast, W. G. Estimation of the blast wave of the Tunguska meteorite from the forest destruction. – ''Meteoritika'', Vol. 24, 1964, pp. 112–128 (in Russian).</ref>
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0 => '',
1 => '== Injuries and damage ==',
2 => '',
3 => '[[File:Chelyabinsk meteor event consequences in Drama Theatre.jpg|thumb|left|Shattered windows in the foyer of the Chelyabinsk Drama Theatre]]',
4 => '',
5 => 'The blast created by the meteor's [[air burst]] produced extensive ground damage over an irregular [[elliptical]] area around a hundred kilometres wide, and a few tens of kilometres long,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/index-chelyabinsk.html |title=Map of glass damage in Chelyabinsk Oblast. From: Popova et al. Science Science Vol. 42 (2013).}}</ref> with the secondary effects of the blast being the main cause of the considerable number of injuries. Russian authorities stated that 1,491 people sought medical attention in Chelyabinsk Oblast within the first few days.<ref name="RBC845595" /> Health officials said 112 people had been hospitalised, with two in serious condition. A {{nowrap|52-year-old}} woman with a broken spine was flown to Moscow for treatment.<ref name="RT-283" /> Most of the injured were hurt by the secondary blast effects of shattered, falling or blown-in glass.<ref name="RT-283" /><ref name="Canada7968297">{{cite news | url=http://www.canada.com/news/Meteor+explodes+over+Russia+Ural+Mountains+injured+shock+wave+blasts+windows/7968297/story.html | title=Meteor explodes over Russia's Ural Mountains; 1,100 injured as shock wave blasts out windows | date=15 February 2013 | first1=Jim | last1=Heintz | first2=Vladimir | last2=Isachenkov | agency=The Associated Press | publisher=Postmedia Network Inc | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513022402/http://www.canada.com/news/Meteor%2Bexplodes%2Bover%2BRussia%2BUral%2BMountains%2Binjured%2Bshock%2Bwave%2Bblasts%2Bwindows/7968297/story.html# | archivedate=13 May 2013 | url-status=dead | quote=[[Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)|Emergency Situations Ministry]] spokesman Vladimir Purgin said many of the injured were cut as they flocked to windows to see what caused the intense flash of light, which was momentarily brighter than the sun. | df=dmy-all | access-date=5 March 2013 }}</ref> The intense light from the meteor, momentarily 30 times brighter than the Sun,<ref name="Guardian-2013-11-07">{{cite news | last=Sample | first=Ian | url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/06/chelyabinsk-meteor-russia | title=Scientists reveal the full power of the Chelyabinsk meteor explosion | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=7 November 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109204718/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/06/chelyabinsk-meteor-russia | archivedate=9 November 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> also produced injuries, leading to over 180 cases of eye pain, and 70 people subsequently reported temporary [[flash blindness]].<ref name="NS-20131107">{{cite news | url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24542-csi-chelyabinsk-10-insights-from-russias-meteorite.html | title=CSI Chelyabinsk: 10 insights from Russia's meteorite | first=Lisa | last=Grossman | work=[[New Scientist]] | date=6 November 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109031906/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24542-csi-chelyabinsk-10-insights-from-russias-meteorite.html | archivedate=9 November 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Twenty people reported [[ultraviolet]] burns similar to [[sunburn]], possibly intensified by the presence of snow on the ground.<ref name="NS-20131107" /> Vladimir Petrov, when meeting with scientists to assess the damage, reported that he sustained so much sunburn from the meteor that the skin flaked only days later.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://cams.seti.org/index-chelyabinsk.html |title = Cameras for Allsky Meteor Surveillance (CAMS)}}</ref>',
6 => '',
7 => 'A fourth-grade teacher in Chelyabinsk, Yulia Karbysheva, was hailed as a hero after saving 44 children from imploding window glass cuts. Despite not knowing the origin of the intense flash of light, Karbysheva thought it prudent to take precautionary measures by ordering her students to stay away from the room's windows and to perform a [[duck and cover]] maneuver and then to leave a building. Karbysheva, who remained standing, was seriously lacerated when the blast arrived and window glass severed a [[tendon]] in one of her arms and left [[thigh]]; none of her students, whom she ordered to hide under their desks, suffered cuts.<ref name="NYT-20130217">{{cite news | last=Kramer | first=Andrew E. | title=After Assault From the Heavens, Russians Search for Clues and Count Blessings | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/17/world/europe/russians-seek-clues-and-count-blessings-after-meteor-blast.html | date=17 February 2013 | work=[[New York Times]] | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217150820/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/17/world/europe/russians-seek-clues-and-count-blessings-after-meteor-blast.html | archivedate=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://interfax.com.ua/news/general/140940.html|title=Челябинская учительница спасла при падении метеорита более 40 детей|work=Интерфакс-Украина|access-date=28 September 2018|language=ru}}</ref> The teacher was taken to a hospital which received 112 people that day. The majority of the patients were suffering from cuts.<ref name=":0" />',
8 => '',
9 => '[[File:Цинковый завод Челябинска.jpg|thumb|right|The collapsed roof over the warehouse section of a zinc factory in Chelyabinsk]]',
10 => 'After the air blast, car alarms went off and mobile phone networks were overloaded with calls.<ref name="Guardian20130215">{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/feb/15/meteorite-explosion-shakes-russian | title=Meteorite explosion over Russia injures hundreds | work=The Guardian | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218200551/http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2013/feb/15/meteorite-explosion-shakes-russian | archivedate=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Office buildings in Chelyabinsk were evacuated. Classes for all Chelyabinsk schools were cancelled, mainly due to broken windows.<ref name="RT-283" /> At least 20 children were injured when the windows of a school and kindergarten were blown in at 09:22.<ref name="spiegel883565">{{cite news | first=Benjamin | last=Bidder | language=German |title=Meteoriten-Hagel in Russland: "Ein Knall, Splittern von Glas" |trans-title=Meteorite hail in Russia: "A blast, splinters of glass" | work=Der Spiegel | date=15 February 2013 | url=http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/weltall/meteoriten-hagel-in-russland-a-883565.html | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218003330/http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/weltall/meteoriten-hagel-in-russland-a-883565.html | archivedate=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Following the event, government officials in Chelyabinsk asked parents to take their children home from schools.<ref name="BBC-21468116">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21468116 | title=Central Russia hit by meteor shower in Ural region | work=BBC News | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218150722/http://m.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21468116 | archivedate=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>',
11 => '',
12 => 'Approximately {{convert|600|m2|ft2|abbr=on}} of a roof at a [[zinc]] factory collapsed during the incident.<ref name="Time20130215feed">{{cite journal | first=Charlie | last=Campbell | url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/02/15/watch-meteorite-injures-hundreds-in-russia/ | title=Meteorite injures hundreds in Russia | journal=Time | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215110648/http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/02/15/watch-meteorite-injures-hundreds-in-russia/ | archivedate=15 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Residents in Chelyabinsk whose windows were smashed quickly sought to cover the openings with anything available, to protect themselves against temperatures of {{convert|-15|°C|°F}}.<ref name="WUnderground">{{cite web | url=http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/USCC/2013/2/15/DailyHistory.html | publisher=Weather Underground | title=Chelyabinsk Station history | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430052423/http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/USCC/2013/2/15/DailyHistory.html | archivedate=30 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Approximately 100,000 home-owners were affected, according to Chelyabinsk Oblast Governor Mikhail Yurevich.<ref name="IBTimes-2013.02.16.a">{{cite web | first=Moran | last=Zhang | url=http://www.ibtimes.com/russia-meteor-2013-damage-top-33-million-rescue-cleanup-team-heads-meteorite-hit-urals-1090104 | title=Russia Meteor 2013: Damage To Top $33 Million; Rescue, Cleanup Team Heads To Meteorite-Hit Urals | work=[[International Business Times]] | date=16 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430193336/http://www.ibtimes.com/russia-meteor-2013-damage-top-33-million-rescue-cleanup-team-heads-meteorite-hit-urals-1090104 | archivedate=30 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> He also said that preserving the water pipes of the city's [[district heating]] was the primary goal of the authorities as they scrambled to contain further post-explosion damage.<ref name="RT-283" />',
13 => '',
14 => 'By 5 March 2013 the number of damaged buildings was tallied at over 7,200, which included some 6,040 apartment blocks, 293 medical facilities, 718 schools and universities, 100 cultural organizations, and 43 sport facilities, of which only about 1.5% had not yet been repaired.<ref name="RBTH-23513">{{cite news | url=http://rbth.ru/news/2013/03/05/meteorite-caused_emergency_situation_regime_over_in_chelyabinsk_region_23513.html | title=Meteorite-caused emergency situation regime over in Chelyabinsk region | work=Russia Beyond The Headlines | publisher=Rossiyskaya Gazeta | date=5 March 2013 | agency=[[Interfax]] }}</ref> The oblast governor estimated the damage to buildings at more than 1 billion [[Russian ruble|rubles]]<ref name="Lenta20130215">{{cite web | script-title=ru:Ущерб от челябинского метеорита превысит миллиард рублей |trans-title=Damage from Chelyabinsk meteorite exceeds one billion rubles | url=http://lenta.ru/news/2013/02/15/damage/ | date=15 February 2013 | publisher=[[Lenta.ru]] | language=Russian | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513000942/http://lenta.ru/news/2013/02/15/damage/ | archivedate=13 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> (approximately {{nowrap|[[United States dollar|US$]]33 million).}} Chelyabinsk authorities said that broken windows of apartment homes, but not the glazing of enclosed balconies, would be replaced at the state's expense.<ref name="Cheladmin">{{cite news | script-title=ru:Сергей Давыдов: жертв и серьезных разрушений нет |trans-title=Sergei Davydov: casualties and no serious damage | date=15 February 2013 | url=http://cheladmin.ru/news/sergey-davydov-zhertv-i-sereznyh-razrusheniy-net | language=Russian | newspaper=Chelad | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217000544/http://cheladmin.ru/news/sergey-davydov-zhertv-i-sereznyh-razrusheniy-net | archivedate=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> One of the buildings damaged in the blast was the [[Traktor Sport Palace]], home arena of [[Traktor Chelyabinsk]] of the [[Kontinental Hockey League]] (KHL). The arena was closed for inspection, affecting various scheduled events, and possibly the postseason of the KHL.<ref name="CBS21709455">{{cite web | title=KHL arena among buildings damaged in Russian meteorite strike | url=http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/blog/eye-on-hockey/21709455/meteorite-in-russia-damages-khl-arena | first=Adam | last=Gretz | publisher=[[CBS Sports]] | date=15 February 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501025254/http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/blog/eye-on-hockey/21709455/meteorite-in-russia-damages-khl-arena | archivedate=1 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>',
15 => '',
16 => 'The irregular elliptical disk shape/"spread-eagled butterfly"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/nasa-and-international-researchers-collect-clues-to-meteoroid-science/#.U_vfLlfvmlA |title=NASA and International Researchers Collect Clues to Meteoroid Science November 6, 2013|date=6 November 2013}}</ref> ground blast damage area, produced by the airburst,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/index-chelyabinsk.html |title=Map of glass damage in Chelyabinsk Oblast. From: Popova et al. Science Science Vol. 42 (2013).}}</ref> is a phenomenon first noticed upon studying the other larger airburst event: [[Tunguska event|Tunguska]].<ref>Boyarkina, A. P., Demin, D. V., Zotkin, I. T., Fast, W. G. Estimation of the blast wave of the Tunguska meteorite from the forest destruction. – ''Meteoritika'', Vol. 24, 1964, pp. 112–128 (in Russian).</ref>',
17 => '{{clear}}'
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'<div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Russian meteor" redirects here. For the 1908 Tunguska explosion, see <a href="/wiki/Tunguska_event" title="Tunguska event">Tunguska event</a>.</div>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Near-Earth asteroid that fell over Russia in 2013</div>
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<table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em"><caption class="summary">2013 Chelyabinsk meteor</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><div id="mwe_player_0" class="PopUpMediaTransform" style="width:250px;" videopayload="<div class="mediaContainer" style="width:854px"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_15_02_2013_avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv/854px--%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_15_02_2013_avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:854px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="48.615233333333" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Взрыв_метеорита_над_Челябинском_15_02_2013_avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_15_02_2013_avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_15_02_2013_avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; 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<center><div class="center"><div style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia_edcp_location_map.svg" class="image" title="The meteor exploded over Chelyabinsk, Russia"><img alt="The meteor exploded over Chelyabinsk, Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Russia_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Russia_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="135" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Russia_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-Russia_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Russia_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-Russia_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="637" /></a><div style="position:absolute;top:60.342%;left:23.131%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-5px;top:-5px;line-height:0"><img alt="The meteor exploded over Chelyabinsk, Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/10px-City_locator_13.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Chelyabinsk meteor" width="10" height="10" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/15px-City_locator_13.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/City_locator_13.svg/20px-City_locator_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></div></div></div></div></div></div>Location of the meteor</center></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Date</th><td style="text-align: left;">15 February 2013<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2013-02-15</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Time</th><td style="text-align: left;">09:20 <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg_Time" title="Yekaterinburg Time">YEKT</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B06:00" title="UTC+06:00">UTC+06:00</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Location</th><td class="location" style="text-align: left;"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><b>Russia</b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_Oblast" title="Chelyabinsk Oblast">Chelyabinsk Oblast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_Oblast" title="Kurgan Oblast">Kurgan Oblast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orenburg_Oblast" title="Orenburg Oblast">Orenburg Oblast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sverdlovsk_Oblast" title="Sverdlovsk Oblast">Sverdlovsk Oblast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tyumen_Oblast" title="Tyumen Oblast">Tyumen Oblast</a></li></ul></li>
<li><b>Kazakhstan</b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktobe_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktobe Province">Aktobe Province</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kostanay_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kostanay Province">Kostanay Province</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td style="text-align: left;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Chelyabinsk_meteor&params=55.150_N_61.410_E_scale:5000000_region:RU_type:event"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°09′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°24′36″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.150°N 61.410°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.150; 61.410</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Chelyabinsk_meteor&params=55.150_N_61.410_E_scale:5000000_region:RU_type:event"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°09′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°24′36″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.150°N 61.410°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.150; 61.410</span></span></span></a></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-JPL20130301_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL20130301-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Also known as</th><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteorite" title="Chelyabinsk meteorite">Chelyabinsk meteorite</a><sup id="cite_ref-USRA-57165_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USRA-57165-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Cause</th><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Meteor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteor">Meteor</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_burst" title="Air burst">air burst</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Non-fatal injuries</th><td style="text-align: left;">1,491 non-direct injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-RBC845595_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBC845595-3">[3]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Property damage</th><td style="text-align: left;">Over 7,200<sup id="cite_ref-RBTH-23513_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBTH-23513-4">[4]</a></sup> damaged buildings, collapsed factory roof, shattered windows</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>Chelyabinsk meteor</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Superbolide" class="mw-redirect" title="Superbolide">superbolide</a> that entered <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a> over Russia on 15 February 2013 at about 09:20 <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg_Time" title="Yekaterinburg Time">YEKT</a> (03:20 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>). It was caused by an approximately 20 m (66 ft) <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">near-Earth asteroid</a> with a speed of 19.16 ± 0.15 kilometres per second (60,000<sup id="cite_ref-NASAassess_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAassess-5">[5]</a></sup>–69,000 km/h or 40,000<sup id="cite_ref-NASAassess_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAassess-5">[5]</a></sup>–42,900 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Science_342_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_342-7">[7]</a></sup> It quickly became a brilliant superbolide <a href="/wiki/Meteor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteor">meteor</a> over the southern <a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural region</a>. The light from the meteor was brighter than the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, visible up to 100 km (62 mi) away. It was observed over a wide area of the region and in neighbouring republics. Some eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the fireball.
</p><p>Due to its high velocity and shallow angle of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">atmospheric entry</a>, the object exploded in an <a href="/wiki/Air_burst" title="Air burst">air burst</a> over <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_Oblast" title="Chelyabinsk Oblast">Chelyabinsk Oblast</a>, at a height of around 29.7 km (18.5 mi; 97,000 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Science_342_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_342-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cams.seti.org_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cams.seti.org-8">[8]</a></sup> The explosion generated a bright flash, producing a hot cloud of dust and gas that penetrated to 26.2 km (16.3 mi), and many surviving small fragmentary <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a>, as well as a large <a href="/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">shock wave</a>. The bulk of the object's energy was absorbed by the atmosphere, with a total <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> before atmospheric impact estimated from <a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">infrasound</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seismic" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic">seismic</a> measurements to be equivalent to the blast yield of 400–500 <a href="/wiki/Kiloton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloton">kilotons of TNT</a> (about 1.4–1.8 PJ) range – 26 to 33 times as much <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> as that released from the <a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">atomic bomb detonated at Hiroshima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-David_spacecom_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_spacecom-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>The object was undetected before its <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">atmospheric entry</a>, in part because its <a href="/wiki/Radiant_(meteor_shower)" title="Radiant (meteor shower)">radiant</a> was close to the Sun. Its explosion created panic among local residents, and about 1,500 people were injured seriously enough to seek medical treatment. All of the injuries were due to indirect effects rather than the meteor itself, mainly from broken glass from windows that were blown in when the shock wave arrived, minutes after the superbolide's flash. Some 7,200 buildings in six cities across the region were damaged by the explosion's shock wave, and authorities scrambled to help repair the structures in sub-freezing temperatures.
</p><p>With an estimated initial mass of about 12,000–13,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a><sup id="cite_ref-Science_342_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_342-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cams.seti.org_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cams.seti.org-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NatureNews20131106_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatureNews20131106-10">[10]</a></sup> (13,000–14,000 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>, heavier than the <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a>), and measuring about 20 m (66 ft) in diameter, it is the largest known natural object to have entered Earth's atmosphere since the 1908 <a href="/wiki/Tunguska_event" title="Tunguska event">Tunguska event</a>, which destroyed a wide, remote, forested, and very sparsely populated area of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. The Chelyabinsk meteor is also the only meteor confirmed to have resulted in a large number of injuries. No deaths were reported.
</p><p>The earlier-predicted and well-publicized <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">close approach</a> of a larger asteroid on the same day, the roughly 30 m (98 ft) <a href="/wiki/367943_Duende" title="367943 Duende">367943 Duende</a>, occurred about 16 hours later; the very different orbits of the two objects showed they were unrelated to each other.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Initial_reports"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Initial reports</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Atmospheric_entry"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Atmospheric entry</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Reactions"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Reactions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Frequency"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Frequency</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Origin"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Origin</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Meteorites"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Meteorites</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Media_coverage"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Media coverage</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Impactor_orbital_parameters"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Impactor orbital parameters</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Coincidental_asteroid_approach"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Coincidental asteroid approach</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Initial_reports">Initial reports</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelyabinsk_meteor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Initial reports">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Trajectory_of_Chelyabinsk_meteoroid_en.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Trajectory_of_Chelyabinsk_meteoroid_en.png/220px-Trajectory_of_Chelyabinsk_meteoroid_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Trajectory_of_Chelyabinsk_meteoroid_en.png/330px-Trajectory_of_Chelyabinsk_meteoroid_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Trajectory_of_Chelyabinsk_meteoroid_en.png/440px-Trajectory_of_Chelyabinsk_meteoroid_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1102" data-file-height="822" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Trajectory_of_Chelyabinsk_meteoroid_en.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The meteor's path in relation to the ground.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunguska_and_Chelyabinsk_meteoroid_size.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tunguska_and_Chelyabinsk_meteoroid_size.png/220px-Tunguska_and_Chelyabinsk_meteoroid_size.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tunguska_and_Chelyabinsk_meteoroid_size.png/330px-Tunguska_and_Chelyabinsk_meteoroid_size.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tunguska_and_Chelyabinsk_meteoroid_size.png/440px-Tunguska_and_Chelyabinsk_meteoroid_size.png 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="1054" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunguska_and_Chelyabinsk_meteoroid_size.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Comparison of possible sizes of Chelyabinsk (CM mark) and <a href="/wiki/Tunguska_event" title="Tunguska event">Tunguska</a> meteoroids to <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>Local residents witnessed extremely bright burning objects in the sky in <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_Oblast" title="Chelyabinsk Oblast">Chelyabinsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_Oblast" title="Kurgan Oblast">Kurgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sverdlovsk_Oblast" title="Sverdlovsk Oblast">Sverdlovsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyumen_Oblast" title="Tyumen Oblast">Tyumen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orenburg_Oblast" title="Orenburg Oblast">Orenburg Oblasts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bashkortostan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Bashkortostan">Republic of Bashkortostan</a>, and in neighbouring regions in Kazakhstan,<sup id="cite_ref-Verge3991132_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verge3991132-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReutersUSBRE91E05Z_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReutersUSBRE91E05Z-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yahoo-052833588_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yahoo-052833588-13">[13]</a></sup> when the asteroid entered the Earth's atmosphere over Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA20130215_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA20130215-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USAtoday1921991_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAtoday1921991-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mercury22596238_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mercury22596238-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Universe99982_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Universe99982-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20130325_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20130325-18">[18]</a></sup> Amateur videos showed a fireball streaking across the sky and a loud boom several minutes afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-medvedev_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medvedev-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNN-20130216_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-20130216-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smh-20130215_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smh-20130215-21">[21]</a></sup> Some eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the fireball.<sup id="cite_ref-YT-9Iq2h2DIqt8_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YT-9Iq2h2DIqt8-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>The event began at 09:20:21 Yekaterinburg time,<sup id="cite_ref-Science_342_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_342-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cams.seti.org_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cams.seti.org-8">[8]</a></sup> several minutes after sunrise in Chelyabinsk, and minutes before sunrise in Yekaterinburg. According to eyewitnesses, the <a href="/wiki/Bolide" title="Bolide">bolide</a> appeared brighter than the sun,<sup id="cite_ref-ReutersUSBRE91E05Z_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReutersUSBRE91E05Z-12">[12]</a></sup> as was later confirmed by NASA.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20130215_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20130215-23">[23]</a></sup> An image of the object was also taken shortly after it entered the atmosphere by the weather satellite <a href="/wiki/Meteosat" title="Meteosat">Meteosat 9</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RT-283_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RT-283-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> Witnesses in Chelyabinsk said that the air of the city smelled like "gunpowder",<sup id="cite_ref-RT-283_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RT-283-24">[24]</a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>" and "burning odors" starting about 1 hour after the fireball and lasting all day.<sup id="cite_ref-cams.seti.org_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cams.seti.org-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Atmospheric_entry">Atmospheric entry</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelyabinsk_meteor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Atmospheric entry">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Meteoroid_-_Meteor_(Bolide)_-_Meteorite.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Meteoroid_-_Meteor_%28Bolide%29_-_Meteorite.gif/220px-Meteoroid_-_Meteor_%28Bolide%29_-_Meteorite.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Meteoroid_-_Meteor_%28Bolide%29_-_Meteorite.gif/330px-Meteoroid_-_Meteor_%28Bolide%29_-_Meteorite.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Meteoroid_-_Meteor_%28Bolide%29_-_Meteorite.gif/440px-Meteoroid_-_Meteor_%28Bolide%29_-_Meteorite.gif 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="764" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Meteoroid_-_Meteor_(Bolide)_-_Meteorite.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Illustrating all "phases", from <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmospheric</a> entry to explosion.</div></div></div>
<p>The visible phenomenon due to the passage of an <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroid</a> through the atmosphere is called a <a href="/wiki/Meteor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteor">meteor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MPS-01009_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPS-01009-26">[26]</a></sup> If the object reaches the ground, then it is called a <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorite</a>. During the Chelyabinsk meteoroid's traversal, there was a bright object trailing smoke, then an <a href="/wiki/Air_burst" title="Air burst">air burst</a> (explosion) that caused a powerful <a href="/wiki/Blast_wave" title="Blast wave">blast wave</a>. The latter was the only cause of the damage to thousands of buildings in Chelyabinsk and its neighbouring towns. The fragments then entered <a href="/wiki/Dark_flight_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark flight (astronomy)">dark flight</a> (without the emission of light) and created a <a href="/wiki/Strewn_field" title="Strewn field">strewn field</a> of numerous meteorites on the snow-covered ground (officially named Chelyabinsk meteorites).
</p><p>The last time a similar phenomenon was observed in the Chelyabinsk region was the Kunashak meteor shower of 1949, after which scientists recovered about <span class="nowrap">20 meteorites</span> weighing over <span class="nowrap">200 kg</span> in total.<sup id="cite_ref-Google-Book-mkdHJR35Q_8C_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google-Book-mkdHJR35Q_8C-27">[27]</a></sup> The Chelyabinsk meteor is thought to be the biggest natural space object to enter Earth's atmosphere since the <a href="/wiki/Tunguska_event" title="Tunguska event">1908 Tunguska event</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nature-12438_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature-12438-28">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Economist-Babbage_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist-Babbage-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20130216_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20130216-30">[30]</a></sup> and the only one confirmed to have resulted in a large number of injuries,<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes20130215_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes20130215-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[Note 1]</a></sup> although a small number of panic-related injuries occurred during the Great Madrid Meteor Event of 10 February 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-PASP1896_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PASP1896-33">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>Preliminary estimates released by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federal_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federal Space Agency">Russian Federal Space Agency</a> indicated the object was an asteroid moving at about <span class="nowrap">30 km/s</span> in a "low trajectory" when it entered Earth's atmosphere. According to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a>, the meteor then pushed through the atmosphere at a velocity of <span class="nowrap">15 km/s.</span><sup id="cite_ref-Universe99982_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Universe99982-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RT-283_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RT-283-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YahooNews_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YahooNews-34">[33]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Radiant_(meteor_shower)" title="Radiant (meteor shower)">radiant</a> (the apparent position of origin of the meteor in the sky) appears from video recordings to have been above and to the left of the rising Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaira_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaira-35">[34]</a></sup>
</p><p>Early analysis of <a href="/wiki/CCTV" class="mw-redirect" title="CCTV">CCTV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dashcam" title="Dashcam">dashcam</a> video posted online indicated that the meteor approached from the southeast, and exploded about 40 km south of central Chelyabinsk above <a href="/wiki/Korkino" title="Korkino">Korkino</a> at a height of 23.3 km (14.5 miles, 76,000 feet), with fragments continuing in the direction of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chebarkul" title="Lake Chebarkul">Lake Chebarkul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JPL20130301_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL20130301-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dagbladet25811137_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dagbladet25811137-36">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maps-54d651ba_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maps-54d651ba-37">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ogle-Recon_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogle-Recon-38">[37]</a></sup> On 1 March 2013 NASA published a detailed synopsis of the event, stating that at peak brightness (at 09:20:33 local time), the meteor was 23.3 km (14.5 miles, 76,000 feet) high, located at 54.8°N, 61.1°E. At that time it was travelling at about 18.6 km/s (11.6 mi/s), (about 67,000 km/h, or about 41,750 mph) —almost 60 times the speed of sound.<sup id="cite_ref-JPL20130301_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL20130301-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NatGeo-20130701_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeo-20130701-39">[38]</a></sup> In November 2013, results were published based on a more careful calibration of dashcam videos in the field weeks after the event during a Russian Academy of Sciences field study, which put the point of peak brightness at 29.7 km altitude and the final disruption of the thermal debris cloud at 27.0 km, settling to 26.2 km, all with a possible systematic uncertainty of ±0.7 km.<sup id="cite_ref-Science_342_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_342-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cams.seti.org_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cams.seti.org-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chebarkul_meteorite_sample_on_lake_ice.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chebarkul_meteorite_sample_on_lake_ice.jpg/220px-Chebarkul_meteorite_sample_on_lake_ice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chebarkul_meteorite_sample_on_lake_ice.jpg/330px-Chebarkul_meteorite_sample_on_lake_ice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chebarkul_meteorite_sample_on_lake_ice.jpg/440px-Chebarkul_meteorite_sample_on_lake_ice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Chebarkul_meteorite_sample_on_lake_ice.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A sample found by <a href="/wiki/Ural_Federal_University" title="Ural Federal University">Ural Federal University</a> scientists at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chebarkul" title="Lake Chebarkul">Lake Chebarkul</a>. The object is part of the <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteorite" title="Chelyabinsk meteorite">Chelyabinsk meteorite</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>The United States space agency <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> estimated the diameter of the bolide at about 17–20 m and has revised the mass several times from an initial 7,700 tonnes (7,600 long tons; 8,500 short tons),<sup id="cite_ref-NASA20130215_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA20130215-14">[14]</a></sup> until reaching a final estimate of 10,000 tonnes<sup id="cite_ref-NASA20130215_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA20130215-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA1360985685055_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA1360985685055-40">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-huffpost2704164_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffpost2704164-41">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNN20130216_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN20130216-42">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IBT-1109921_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBT-1109921-43">[42]</a></sup> (11,000 short tons, greater than the total weight of the Eiffel Tower).<sup id="cite_ref-JPL20130301_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL20130301-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eiffel_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eiffel-44">[43]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Air_burst" title="Air burst">air burst</a>'s blast wave, when it hit the ground, produced a <a href="/wiki/Seismic_wave" title="Seismic wave">seismic wave</a> which registered on seismographs at magnitude 2.7.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_Chelyabinsk_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS_Chelyabinsk-45">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USGS_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-46">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oskin-1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oskin-1-47">[46]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Geographical_Society" title="Russian Geographical Society">Russian Geographical Society</a> said the passing of the meteor over Chelyabinsk caused three blasts of different energy. The first explosion was the most powerful, and was preceded by a bright flash, which lasted about five seconds. Initial newspaper altitude estimates ranged from <span class="nowrap">30–70 km,</span> with an explosive equivalent, according to NASA, of roughly 500 kilotonnes of TNT (2,100 TJ), although there is some debate on this yield<sup id="cite_ref-RT-337_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RT-337-48">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-2013-11-07_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-2013-11-07-49">[48]</a></sup> (500 kt is exactly the same energy released by the <a href="/wiki/Ivy_King" title="Ivy King">Ivy King</a> nuclear explosion in 1952). According to a paper in 2013, all these ~500 kiloton yield estimates for the meteor airburst are "uncertain by a factor of two because of a lack of calibration data at those high energies and altitudes".<sup id="cite_ref-Science_342_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_342-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cams.seti.org_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cams.seti.org-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hypocenter" title="Hypocenter">hypocentre</a> of the explosion was to the south of Chelyabinsk, in <a href="/wiki/Yemanzhelinsk" title="Yemanzhelinsk">Yemanzhelinsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuzhnouralsk" title="Yuzhnouralsk">Yuzhnouralsk</a>. Due to the height of the air burst, the atmosphere absorbed most of the explosion's energy.<sup id="cite_ref-RT-284_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RT-284-50">[49]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph9874662_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph9874662-51">[50]</a></sup> The explosion's <a href="/wiki/Blast_wave" title="Blast wave">blast wave</a> first reached Chelyabinsk and environs between less than 2 minutes 23 seconds<sup id="cite_ref-liveleak_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liveleak-52">[51]</a></sup> and 2 minutes 57 seconds later.<sup id="cite_ref-YT-kSrUSmJPHOE_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YT-kSrUSmJPHOE-53">[52]</a></sup> The object did not release all of its <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> in the form of a blast wave as some 90 <a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">kilotons of TNT</a> <span class="nowrap">(about 3.75 × 10<sup>14</sup> joules, or 0.375 <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">PJ</a>)</span> of the total <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> of the main airburst's <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid#Fireball" title="Meteoroid">fireball</a> was emitted as visible light according to <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-JPL20130301_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL20130301-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown2002_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown2002-54">[53]</a></sup> and two main fragments survived the primary airburst disruption at 29.7 kilometres (18.5 mi); they flared around 24 kilometres (15 mi), with
one falling apart at 18.5 kilometres (11.5 mi) and the other remaining luminous down to
13.6 kilometres (8.5 mi),<sup id="cite_ref-cams.seti.org_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cams.seti.org-8">[8]</a></sup> with part of the meteoroid continuing on its general trajectory to punch a hole in the frozen <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chebarkul" title="Lake Chebarkul">Lake Chebarkul</a>, an impact that was fortuitously captured on camera and released in November 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RT_Fragment_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RT_Fragment-56">[55]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><div id="mwe_player_2" class="PopUpMediaTransform" style="width:220px;" videopayload="<div class="mediaContainer" style="width:640px"><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Chelyabinsk_Bolide_Plume_as_seen_by_NPP_and_NASA_Models.ogv/640px--Chelyabinsk_Bolide_Plume_as_seen_by_NPP_and_NASA_Models.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:640px;height:360px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="184.06666666667" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Chelyabinsk_Bolide_Plume_as_seen_by_NPP_and_NASA_Models.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Chelyabinsk_Bolide_Plume_as_seen_by_NPP_and_NASA_Models.ogv/Chelyabinsk_Bolide_Plume_as_seen_by_NPP_and_NASA_Models.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="541744" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Chelyabinsk_Bolide_Plume_as_seen_by_NPP_and_NASA_Models.ogv/Chelyabinsk_Bolide_Plume_as_seen_by_NPP_and_NASA_Models.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="VP9 (360P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="645024" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Chelyabinsk_Bolide_Plume_as_seen_by_NPP_and_NASA_Models.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs=&quot;theora, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Original Ogg file, 640 × 360 (924 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="923525" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Chelyabinsk_Bolide_Plume_as_seen_by_NPP_and_NASA_Models.ogv/Chelyabinsk_Bolide_Plume_as_seen_by_NPP_and_NASA_Models.ogv.120p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Lowest bandwidth VP9 (120P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 120P" data-transcodekey="120p.vp9.webm" data-width="214" data-height="120" data-bandwidth="186640" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Chelyabinsk_Bolide_Plume_as_seen_by_NPP_and_NASA_Models.ogv/Chelyabinsk_Bolide_Plume_as_seen_by_NPP_and_NASA_Models.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="199280" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Chelyabinsk_Bolide_Plume_as_seen_by_NPP_and_NASA_Models.ogv/Chelyabinsk_Bolide_Plume_as_seen_by_NPP_and_NASA_Models.ogv.180p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Low bandwidth VP9 (180P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 180P" data-transcodekey="180p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="180" data-bandwidth="268384" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Chelyabinsk_Bolide_Plume_as_seen_by_NPP_and_NASA_Models.ogv/Chelyabinsk_Bolide_Plume_as_seen_by_NPP_and_NASA_Models.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="304576" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Chelyabinsk_Bolide_Plume_as_seen_by_NPP_and_NASA_Models.ogv/Chelyabinsk_Bolide_Plume_as_seen_by_NPP_and_NASA_Models.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Small VP9 (240P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="358912" data-framerate="30"/></video></div>"><img alt="File:Chelyabinsk Bolide Plume as seen by NPP and NASA Models.ogv" style="width:220px;height:124px" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Chelyabinsk_Bolide_Plume_as_seen_by_NPP_and_NASA_Models.ogv/220px--Chelyabinsk_Bolide_Plume_as_seen_by_NPP_and_NASA_Models.ogv.jpg" /><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Chelyabinsk_Bolide_Plume_as_seen_by_NPP_and_NASA_Models.ogv" title="Play media" target="new"><span class="play-btn-large"><span class="mw-tmh-playtext">Play media</span></span></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Chelyabinsk_Bolide_Plume_as_seen_by_NPP_and_NASA_Models.ogv" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>This visualization shows the aftermath observations by NASA satellites and computer models projections of the plume and meteor debris trajectory around the atmosphere. The plume rose to an altitude of 35 km and once there, it was rapidly blown around the globe by the <a href="/wiki/Polar_night_jet" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar night jet">polar night jet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></sup></div></div></div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">infrasound</a> waves given off by the explosions were detected by 20 monitoring stations designed to detect <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">nuclear weapons testing</a> run by the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Test_Ban_Treaty_Organization_Preparatory_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission">Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) Preparatory Commission</a>, including the distant Antarctic station, some 15,000 kilometres (9,300 mi) away. The blast of the explosion was large enough to generate infrasound returns, after circling the globe, at distances up to about 85,000 kilometres (53,000 mi). Multiple arrivals involving waves that travelled twice around the globe have been identified. The meteor explosion produced the largest <a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">infrasounds</a> ever to be recorded by the CTBTO infrasound monitoring system, which began recording in 2001,<sup id="cite_ref-CTBTO20130218_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTBTO20130218-58">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mel_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mel-59">[58]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mel2_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mel2-60">[59]</a></sup> so great that they reverberated around the world several times, taking over a day to dissipate.<sup id="cite_ref-NOVA-2013.03.27_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOVA-2013.03.27-61">[60]</a></sup> Additional scientific analysis of US military infrasound data was aided by an agreement reached with US authorities to allow its use by civilian scientists, implemented only about a month before the Chelyabinsk meteor event.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20130325_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20130325-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NOVA-2013.03.27_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOVA-2013.03.27-61">[60]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_Chelyabinsk_meteor_trace.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2013_Chelyabinsk_meteor_trace.jpg/220px-2013_Chelyabinsk_meteor_trace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2013_Chelyabinsk_meteor_trace.jpg/330px-2013_Chelyabinsk_meteor_trace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2013_Chelyabinsk_meteor_trace.jpg/440px-2013_Chelyabinsk_meteor_trace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="554" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_Chelyabinsk_meteor_trace.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A full view of the smoke trail with the bulbous section corresponding to a <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_cloud" title="Mushroom cloud">mushroom cloud</a>'s cap.</div></div></div>
<p>A preliminary estimate of the explosive energy by Astronomer Boris Shustov, director of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Astronomy_of_the_Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Astronomy</a>, was 200 kilotonnes of TNT (840 TJ),<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></sup> another using empirical period-yield scaling relations and the infrasound records, by Peter Brown of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">University of Western Ontario</a> gave a value of 460–470 kilotonnes of TNT (1,900–2,000 TJ) and represents a best estimate for the yield of this airburst; there remains a potential "uncertainty [in the order of] a factor of two in this yield value".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GRL_50619_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRL_50619-64">[63]</a></sup> Brown and his colleagues also went on to publish a paper in November 2013 which stated that the "widely referenced technique of estimating airburst damage does not reproduce the [Chelyabinsk] observations, and that the mathematical relations found in the book <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Dolan" title="Philip J. Dolan">The Effects of Nuclear Weapons</a></i> which are based on the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of nuclear weapons">effects of nuclear weapons</a>—[which is] almost always used with this technique—overestimate blast damage [when applied to meteor airbursts]".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></sup> A similar overestimate of the explosive yield of the <a href="/wiki/Tunguska_event" title="Tunguska event">Tunguska</a> airburst also exists; as incoming celestial objects have rapid directional motion, the object causes stronger blast wave and thermal radiation pulses at the ground surface than would be predicted by a stationary object exploding, limited to the height at which the blast was initiated-where the object's "momentum is ignored".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a></sup> Thus a meteor airburst of a given energy is "much more damaging than an equivalent [energy] nuclear explosion at the same altitude".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_Beatty_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly_Beatty-68">[67]</a></sup>
The seismic wave produced when the primary airburst's blast struck the ground yields a rather uncertain "best estimate" of 430 kilotons (momentum ignored),<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_Beatty_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly_Beatty-68">[67]</a></sup> corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Seismic_wave" title="Seismic wave">seismic wave</a> which registered on seismographs at magnitude 2.7.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_Chelyabinsk_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS_Chelyabinsk-45">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USGS_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-46">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oskin-1_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oskin-1-47">[46]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chelyabinsk_meteor_trace_15-02-2013.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Chelyabinsk_meteor_trace_15-02-2013.jpg/220px-Chelyabinsk_meteor_trace_15-02-2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Chelyabinsk_meteor_trace_15-02-2013.jpg/330px-Chelyabinsk_meteor_trace_15-02-2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Chelyabinsk_meteor_trace_15-02-2013.jpg/440px-Chelyabinsk_meteor_trace_15-02-2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1404" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Chelyabinsk_meteor_trace_15-02-2013.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A picture taken of the smoke trail with the double plumes visible either side of the bulbous "<a href="/wiki/Mushroom_cloud" title="Mushroom cloud">mushroom cloud</a>" cap.</div></div></div>
<p>Brown also states that the double smoke plume formation, as seen in photographs, is believed to have coincided near the primary airburst section of the dust trail (as also pictured following the <a href="/wiki/Tagish_Lake_(meteorite)" title="Tagish Lake (meteorite)">Tagish Lake fireball</a>), and it likely indicates where rising air quickly flowed into the center of the trail, essentially in the same manner as a moving 3D version of a <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_cloud" title="Mushroom cloud">mushroom cloud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a></sup> Photographs of this smoke trail portion, before it split into two plumes, show this <a href="/wiki/Cigar" title="Cigar">cigar</a>-shaped region glowing <a href="/wiki/Incandescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent">incandescently</a> for a few seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a></sup> This region is the area in which the maximum of material <a href="/wiki/Ablation" title="Ablation">ablation</a> occurred, with the double plume persisting for a time and then appearing to rejoin or close up.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reactions">Reactions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelyabinsk_meteor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reactions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The Chelyabinsk meteor struck without warning. <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a>, confirmed a meteor had struck Russia and said it proved that the "entire planet" is vulnerable to meteors and a <a href="/wiki/Spaceguard" title="Spaceguard">spaceguard</a> system is needed to protect the planet from similar objects in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-medvedev_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medvedev-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ynet4345317_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ynet4345317-72">[71]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Rogozin" title="Dmitry Rogozin">Dmitry Rogozin</a>, the deputy prime minister, proposed that there should be an international program that would alert countries to "objects of an extraterrestrial origin",<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian20130215Amos_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian20130215Amos-73">[72]</a></sup> also called <a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">potentially hazardous objects</a>.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Colonel_General#Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel General">Colonel General</a> Nikolay Bogdanov, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_District" title="Central Military District">Central Military District</a>, created task forces that were directed to the probable impact areas to search for fragments of the asteroid and to monitor the situation. <a href="/wiki/Meteorites" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorites">Meteorites</a> (fragments) measuring 1 to 5 cm (0.39 to 1.97 in) were found 1 km (0.62 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Chebarkul" title="Chebarkul">Chebarkul</a> in the Chelyabinsk region.<sup id="cite_ref-Interfax381682_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interfax381682-74">[73]</a></sup>
</p><p>On the day of the impact, Bloomberg News reported that the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs</a> had suggested the investigation of creating an "Action Team on <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-Earth Objects">Near-Earth Objects</a>", a proposed global <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> warning network system, in face of <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_DA14" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 DA14">2012 DA<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">14</span></span></a></span>'s approach.<sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg_UNOOSA_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg_UNOOSA-75">[74]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CBS57569864_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS57569864-76">[75]</a></sup> As a result of the impact, two scientists in California proposed <a href="/wiki/Directed-energy_weapon" title="Directed-energy weapon">directed-energy weapon</a> technology development as a possible means to protect Earth from asteroids.<sup id="cite_ref-IBT438042_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBT438042-77">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barrie_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrie-78">[77]</a></sup>
</p>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Frequency">Frequency</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelyabinsk_meteor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Frequency">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>It is estimated that the <a href="/wiki/Impact_event#Frequency_and_risk" title="Impact event">frequency of airbursts</a> from objects 20 metres across is about once in every 60 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Earth-impact_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earth-impact-79">[78]</a></sup> There have been <a href="/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts" title="List of meteor air bursts">three incidents</a> in the previous century involving a comparable energy yield or higher: the <a href="/wiki/Tunguska_event" title="Tunguska event">1908 Tunguska event</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1930_Curu%C3%A7%C3%A1_River_event" title="1930 Curuçá River event">1930 Curuçá River event</a>, and in 1963 off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands" title="Prince Edward Islands">Prince Edward Islands</a> in the Indian Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards1_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards1-80">[79]</a></sup> Two of those were over unpopulated areas.
</p><p>Centuries before, the <a href="/wiki/1490_Ch%27ing-yang_event" title="1490 Ch'ing-yang event">1490 Ch'ing-yang event</a>, of an unknown magnitude, apparently caused 10,000 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-Yau1_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yau1-81">[80]</a></sup> While modern researchers are skeptical about that 10,000 deaths figure, the Tunguska event would have been devastating over a highly populous district.<sup id="cite_ref-Yau1_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yau1-81">[80]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Origin">Origin</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelyabinsk_meteor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origin">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Based on its entry direction and speed of 19 kilometres/second, the Chelyabinsk meteor apparently originated in the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a> between <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>. It was probably a <a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">fragmented</a> asteroid. The meteorite has veins of black material which had experienced high-pressure shock and were once partly melted, due to a previous collision. The <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chondrule" title="Chondrule">chondrules</a> in the meteorite samples indicates the rock making up the meteor had a history of collisions and was once several kilometres below the surface of a much larger <a href="/wiki/LL_chondrite" title="LL chondrite">LL-chondrite</a> asteroid. The Chelyabinsk asteroid probably entered an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">orbital resonance</a> with Jupiter (a common way for material to be ejected from the asteroid belt) which increased its orbital <a href="/wiki/Eccentricity_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eccentricity (astronomy)">eccentricity</a> until its <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a> was reduced enough for it to be able to collide with the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Meteorites">Meteorites</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelyabinsk_meteor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Meteorites">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteorite" title="Chelyabinsk meteorite">Chelyabinsk meteorite</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Strewnfield_map_of_Chelyabinsk_meteorites.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Strewnfield_map_of_Chelyabinsk_meteorites.jpg/220px-Strewnfield_map_of_Chelyabinsk_meteorites.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Strewnfield_map_of_Chelyabinsk_meteorites.jpg/330px-Strewnfield_map_of_Chelyabinsk_meteorites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Strewnfield_map_of_Chelyabinsk_meteorites.jpg/440px-Strewnfield_map_of_Chelyabinsk_meteorites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7500" data-file-height="4047" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Strewnfield_map_of_Chelyabinsk_meteorites.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Strewnfield map of recovered meteorites (253 documented find locations, status of 18 July 2013).</div></div></div>
<p>In the aftermath of the air burst of the body, a large number of small meteorites fell on areas west of Chelyabinsk, generally at <a href="/wiki/Terminal_velocity" title="Terminal velocity">terminal velocity</a>, about the speed of a piece of gravel dropped from a skyscraper.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20130219_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20130219-83">[82]</a></sup> Analysis of the meteor showed that all resulted from the main breakup at 27–34 km altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-Science_342_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_342-7">[7]</a></sup> Local residents and schoolchildren located and picked up some of the meteorites, many located in snowdrifts, by following a visible hole that had been left in the outer surface of the snow. <a href="/wiki/Intermediary" title="Intermediary">Speculators</a> were active in the informal <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market</a> that emerged for meteorite fragments.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20130219_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20130219-83">[82]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheljabinsk_meteorite_fragment.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cheljabinsk_meteorite_fragment.jpg/220px-Cheljabinsk_meteorite_fragment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cheljabinsk_meteorite_fragment.jpg/330px-Cheljabinsk_meteorite_fragment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cheljabinsk_meteorite_fragment.jpg/440px-Cheljabinsk_meteorite_fragment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="886" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheljabinsk_meteorite_fragment.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A 112.2 gram (3.96 oz) <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteorite" title="Chelyabinsk meteorite">Chelyabinsk meteorite</a> specimen, one of many found within days of the airburst, this one between the villages of Deputatsky and Emanzhelinsk. The broken fragment displays a thick primary <a href="/wiki/Fusion_crust" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion crust">fusion crust</a> with flow lines and a heavily <a href="/wiki/Meteorite_shock_stage" title="Meteorite shock stage">shocked matrix</a> with melt veins and planar fractures. Scale cube is 1 cm (0.39 in).</div></div></div>
<p>In the hours following the visual meteor sighting, a 6-metre (20 ft) wide hole was discovered on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chebarkul" title="Lake Chebarkul">Lake Chebarkul</a>'s frozen surface. It was not immediately clear whether this was the result of an <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impact</a>; scientists from the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Federal_University" title="Ural Federal University">Ural Federal University</a> collected 53 samples from around the hole the same day it was discovered. The early specimens recovered were all under 1 centimetre (0.39 in) in size and initial laboratory analysis confirmed their meteoric origin. They are <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_chondrite" title="Ordinary chondrite">ordinary chondrite</a> meteorites and contain 10% <a href="/wiki/Meteoric_iron" title="Meteoric iron">iron</a>. The fall is officially designated as the <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteorite" title="Chelyabinsk meteorite">Chelyabinsk meteorite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USRA-57165_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USRA-57165-2">[2]</a></sup> The Chelyabinsk meteor was later determined to come from the <a href="/wiki/LL_chondrite" title="LL chondrite">LL chondrite</a> group.<sup id="cite_ref-YT_BNkS1uHUbq8_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YT_BNkS1uHUbq8-84">[83]</a></sup> The meteorites were LL5 chondrites having a <a href="/wiki/Meteorite_shock_stage" title="Meteorite shock stage">shock stage of S4</a>, and had a variable appearance between light and dark types. <a href="/wiki/Petrographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrographic">Petrographic</a> changes during the fall allowed estimates that the body was heated between 65 and 135 degrees during its atmospheric entry.<sup id="cite_ref-Badyukov2015_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badyukov2015-85">[84]</a></sup>
</p><p>In June 2013, Russian scientists reported that further investigation by magnetic imaging below the location of the ice hole in Lake Chebarkul had identified a 60-centimetre (2.0-foot)-size meteorite buried in the mud at the bottom of the lake. Before recovery began, the chunk was estimated to weigh roughly 300 kilograms (660 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-rian20130622_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rian20130622-86">[85]</a></sup>
</p><p>Following an operation lasting a number of weeks, it was raised from the bottom of the <a href="/wiki/Chebarkul_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Chebarkul lake">Chebarkul lake</a> on 16 October 2013. With a total mass of 654 kg (1,442 lb), this is the largest found fragment of the Chelyabinsk meteorite. Initially, it tipped and broke the scales used to weigh it, splitting into three pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-ntv-677303_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntv-677303-87">[86]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20131016_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20131016-88">[87]</a></sup>
</p><p>In November 2013, a video from a security camera was released showing the impact of the fragment at the Chebarkul lake.<sup id="cite_ref-Science_342_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_342-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Universe_106226_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Universe_106226-89">[88]</a></sup> This is the first recorded impact of a meteorite on video. From the measured time difference between the shadow generating meteor to the moment of impact, scientists calculated that this meteorite hit the ice at about 225 metres per second, 64 percent of the speed of sound.<sup id="cite_ref-Science_342_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_342-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Media_coverage">Media coverage</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelyabinsk_meteor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Media coverage">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="infobox" style="width:22em;float: right; clear: right; margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><caption>External video</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-style: italic">Meteor air burst</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align: left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m9WooFdPGMA"><span class="plainlinks">Two videos, first from a car and from street</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align: left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZxXYscmgRg"><span class="plainlinks">Extensive dashcam footage from the atmospheric entry onwards</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align: left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w6uOzFo2MQg"><span class="plainlinks">Explosion eyewitness</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align: left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=efvP-RRuJuA"><span class="plainlinks">Bright light and sound recorded by a stationary surveillance camera</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align: left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90Omh7_I8vI"><span class="plainlinks">Video of meteor explosion that stirred panic in Urals region</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The Russian government put out a brief statement within an hour of the event. The news was first reported by the hockey site <a href="/wiki/Russian_Machine_Never_Breaks" title="Russian Machine Never Breaks">Russian Machine Never Breaks</a> before heavy coverage by the international media and the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> with the Russian government's confirmation less than two hours afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-RMNB_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMNB-90">[89]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FedPress1360914956_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FedPress1360914956-91">[90]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a></sup> Less than 15 hours after the meteor impact, videos of the meteor and its aftermath had been viewed millions of times.<sup id="cite_ref-Visible95381_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visible95381-93">[92]</a></sup>
</p><p>The number of injuries caused by the asteroid led the Internet-search giant Google to remove a <a href="/wiki/Google_logo" title="Google logo">Google Doodle</a> from their website, created for the predicted pending arrival of another asteroid, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_DA14" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 DA14">2012 DA<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">14</span></span></a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC-Google_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-Google-94">[93]</a></sup> New York City planetarium director <a href="/wiki/Neil_deGrasse_Tyson" title="Neil deGrasse Tyson">Neil deGrasse Tyson</a> stated the Chelyabinsk meteor was unpredicted because no attempt had been made to find and catalogue every <span class="nowrap">15-metre</span> <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">near-Earth object</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Today50820935_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Today50820935-95">[94]</a></sup> Doing so would be very difficult, and current efforts only aim at a complete inventory of <span class="nowrap">150-metre</span> near-Earth objects. The <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_Terrestrial-impact_Last_Alert_System" title="Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System">Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System</a>, on the other hand, could now predict some Chelyabinsk-like events a day or so in advance, if their radiant is not close to the Sun.
</p><p>On 27 March 2013, a broadcast episode of the <a href="/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova (American TV series)">NOVA</a> science television series titled "Meteor Strike" documented the Chelyabinsk meteor, including the large amounts of meteoritic science revealed by the numerous videos of the airburst posted online by ordinary citizens. The NOVA program called the video documentation and the related scientific discoveries of the airburst "unprecedented". The documentary also discussed the much greater tragedy "that could have been" had the asteroid entered the Earth's atmosphere more steeply.<sup id="cite_ref-NOVA-2013.03.27_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOVA-2013.03.27-61">[60]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LATimes-2013.03.27_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimes-2013.03.27-96">[95]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Impactor_orbital_parameters">Impactor orbital parameters</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelyabinsk_meteor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Impactor orbital parameters">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div style="float:right;">
<table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin: .6em 0 0 .8em;">
<caption>Preliminary orbital solutions for impacting asteroid
</caption>
<tbody><tr align="left">
<th rowspan="2" style="width: 180px;">Source
</th>
<th>Q
</th>
<th>q
</th>
<th>a
</th>
<th>e
</th>
<th>i
</th>
<th>Ω
</th>
<th>ω
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a>
</th>
<th>
</th>
<th colspan="3">(°)
</th></tr>
<tr align="left">
<th style="text-align: left;">Popova, Jenniskens, Emel'yanenko et al.; <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a><sup id="cite_ref-Science_342_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_342-7">[7]</a></sup>
</th>
<td style="width: 35px;">2.78 <br /><small>±0.20</small>
</td>
<td style="width: 35px;">0.74 <br /><small>±0.02</small>
</td>
<td style="width: 35px;">1.76 <br /><small>±0.16</small>
</td>
<td style="width: 35px;">0.58 <br /><small>±0.02</small>
</td>
<td style="width: 35px;">4.93 <br /><small>±0.48°</small>
</td>
<td style="width: 45px;">326.442 <br /><small>±0.003°</small>
</td>
<td style="width: 45px;">108.3 <br /><small>±3.8°</small>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:left;">
<th style="text-align: left;">Lyytinen via Hankey; <a href="/wiki/American_Meteor_Society" title="American Meteor Society">AMS</a><sup id="cite_ref-AMS_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMS-97">[96]</a></sup>
</th>
<td style="width: 35px;">2.53
</td>
<td style="width: 35px;">0.80
</td>
<td style="width: 35px;">1.66
</td>
<td style="width: 35px;">0.52
</td>
<td style="width: 35px;">4.05°
</td>
<td style="width: 45px;">326.43°
</td>
<td style="width: 45px;">116.0°
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:left;">
<th style="text-align: left;">Zuluaga, Ferrin; <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a><sup id="cite_ref-Zuluaga2013_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuluaga2013-98">[97]</a></sup>
</th>
<td>2.64
</td>
<td>0.82
</td>
<td>1.73
</td>
<td>0.51
</td>
<td>3.45°
</td>
<td>326.70°
</td>
<td>120.6°
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:left;">
<th style="text-align: left;">Borovicka, et al.; <a href="/wiki/IAU" class="mw-redirect" title="IAU">IAU</a><sup id="cite_ref-IAUCBET3423_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAUCBET3423-99">[98]</a></sup>
</th>
<td>2.33
</td>
<td>0.77
</td>
<td>1.55
</td>
<td>0.50
</td>
<td>3.6°
</td>
<td>326.41°
</td>
<td>109.7°
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<th style="text-align: left;">Zuluaga, Ferrin, Geens; <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a><sup id="cite_ref-Zuluaga2013b_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuluaga2013b-100">[99]</a></sup>
</th>
<td>1.816
</td>
<td>0.716
</td>
<td align="upper">1.26 <br /><small>± 0.05</small>
</td>
<td>0.44 <br /><small>± 0.03 </small>
</td>
<td>2.984°
</td>
<td>326.5°<br /><small>± 0.3°</small>
</td>
<td align="center">95.5°<br /><small>± 2°</small>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<th style="text-align: left;">Chodas, Chesley; <a href="/wiki/JPL" class="mw-redirect" title="JPL">JPL</a> via <a href="/wiki/Sky_and_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky and Telescope">Sky and Telescope</a><sup id="cite_ref-chodas-chesley_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chodas-chesley-101">[100]</a></sup>
</th>
<td>2.78
</td>
<td>0.75
</td>
<td align="upper">1.73
</td>
<td>0.57
</td>
<td>4.2°
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td align="center">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left;">Insan<sup id="cite_ref-inasan_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inasan-102">[101]</a></sup>
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>1.5
</td>
<td>0.5
</td>
<td>3°
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:left;">
<th style="text-align: left;">Proud; <a href="/wiki/Geophysical_Research_Letters" title="Geophysical Research Letters">GRL</a><sup id="cite_ref-GRL_50660_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRL_50660-103">[102]</a></sup>
</th>
<td>2.23
</td>
<td>0.71
</td>
<td>1.47
</td>
<td>0.52
</td>
<td>4.61°
</td>
<td>326.53°
</td>
<td>96.58°
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:left;">
<th style="text-align: left;">de la Fuente Marcos; <a href="/wiki/MNRAS" class="mw-redirect" title="MNRAS">MNRAS</a>: Letters<sup id="cite_ref-RAS_slu078_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAS_slu078-104">[103]</a></sup>
</th>
<td>2.48
</td>
<td>0.76
</td>
<td>1.62
</td>
<td>0.53
</td>
<td>3.97°
</td>
<td>326.45°
</td>
<td>109.71°
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<center><small>Q = <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Aphelion</a>, q = <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Perihelion</a>, a = <a href="/wiki/Semi-major_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-major axis">Semi-major axis</a>, e = <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a>, i = <a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a>, <br /> Ω = <a href="/wiki/Longitude_of_the_ascending_node" title="Longitude of the ascending node">Ascending node longitude</a>, ω = <a href="/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis" title="Argument of periapsis">Argument of perihelion</a></small></center>
</div>
<p>Multiple videos of the Chelyabinsk superbolide, particularly from <a href="/wiki/Dashcam" title="Dashcam">dashboard cameras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traffic_camera" title="Traffic camera">traffic cameras</a> which are ubiquitous in Russia, helped to establish the meteor's provenance as an <a href="/wiki/Apollo_asteroid" title="Apollo asteroid">Apollo asteroid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IAUCBET3423_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAUCBET3423-99">[98]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arXiv511691_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arXiv511691-105">[104]</a></sup> Sophisticated analysis techniques included the subsequent superposition of nighttime <a href="/wiki/Starfield_(astronomy)" title="Starfield (astronomy)">starfield views</a> over recorded daytime images, as well as the plotting of the daytime shadow vectors shown in several online videos.<sup id="cite_ref-NOVA-2013.03.27_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOVA-2013.03.27-61">[60]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Radiant_(meteor_shower)" title="Radiant (meteor shower)">radiant</a> of the impacting asteroid was located in the <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellation</a> <a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(constellation)" title="Pegasus (constellation)">Pegasus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern hemisphere">Northern hemisphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zuluaga2013_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuluaga2013-98">[97]</a></sup> The radiant was close to the Eastern horizon where the Sun was starting to rise.<sup id="cite_ref-Zuluaga2013_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuluaga2013-98">[97]</a></sup>
</p><p>The asteroid belonged to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Apollo asteroids">Apollo</a> group of <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-Earth asteroids">near-Earth asteroids</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Zuluaga2013_98-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuluaga2013-98">[97]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC-21579422_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-21579422-106">[105]</a></sup> and was roughly 40 days past <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">perihelion</a><sup id="cite_ref-AMS_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMS-97">[96]</a></sup> (closest approach to the Sun) and had aphelion (furthest distance from the Sun) in the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AMS_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMS-97">[96]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zuluaga2013_98-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuluaga2013-98">[97]</a></sup> Several groups independently derived similar orbits for the object, but with sufficient variance to point to different potential parent bodies of this meteoroid.<sup id="cite_ref-GRL_50660_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRL_50660-103">[102]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RAS_slu078_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAS_slu078-104">[103]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YT-lmjawUCkO84_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YT-lmjawUCkO84-107">[106]</a></sup> The Apollo asteroid <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_EO40" title="2011 EO40">2011 EO<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">40</span></span></a></span> is one of the candidates proposed for the role of the <i>parent body</i> of the Chelyabinsk superbolide.<sup id="cite_ref-RAS_slu078_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAS_slu078-104">[103]</a></sup> Other published orbits are similar to the 2-kilometre-diameter asteroid <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(86039)_1999_NC43" title="(86039) 1999 NC43">(86039) 1999 NC<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">43</span></span></a></span> to suggest they had once been part of the same object;<sup id="cite_ref-Borovička_Nature2013_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borovička_Nature2013-108">[107]</a></sup> they may not be able to reproduce the timing of the impact.<sup id="cite_ref-RAS_slu078_104-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAS_slu078-104">[103]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Coincidental_asteroid_approach">Coincidental asteroid approach</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelyabinsk_meteor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Coincidental asteroid approach">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Orbit_of_2012_DA14_and_Chelyabinsk_meteor_2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Orbit_of_2012_DA14_and_Chelyabinsk_meteor_2.jpg/220px-Orbit_of_2012_DA14_and_Chelyabinsk_meteor_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Orbit_of_2012_DA14_and_Chelyabinsk_meteor_2.jpg/330px-Orbit_of_2012_DA14_and_Chelyabinsk_meteor_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Orbit_of_2012_DA14_and_Chelyabinsk_meteor_2.jpg/440px-Orbit_of_2012_DA14_and_Chelyabinsk_meteor_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1016" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Orbit_of_2012_DA14_and_Chelyabinsk_meteor_2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Comparison of the former orbit of the Chelyabinsk meteor (larger elliptical blue orbit) and asteroid <a href="/wiki/367943_Duende" title="367943 Duende"><span class="nowrap">2012 DA<sub>14</sub></span></a> (smaller circular blue orbit), showing that they are dissimilar.</div></div></div>
<p>Preliminary calculations rapidly showed that the object was unrelated to the long-predicted <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">close approach</a> of the asteroid <a href="/wiki/367943_Duende" title="367943 Duende">367943 Duende</a>, that flew by Earth 16 hours later at a distance of 27,700 km.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA20130215_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA20130215-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Slate_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slate-109">[108]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RIA923059266_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIA923059266-110">[109]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sodankyl%C3%A4_Geophysical_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory">Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kaira_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaira-35">[34]</a></sup> Russian sources,<sup id="cite_ref-Elenin_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elenin-111">[110]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ESA_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA-112">[111]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a><sup id="cite_ref-NASA20130215_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA20130215-14">[14]</a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Royal Astronomical Society">Royal Astronomical Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-wsj_597722_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj_597722-113">[112]</a></sup> all indicated the two objects could not have been related because the two asteroids had widely different trajectories.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelyabinsk_meteor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunguska_event" title="Tunguska event">Tunguska event</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts" title="List of meteor air bursts">List of meteor air bursts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelyabinsk_meteor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historical, normally accurate, Chinese records of the <a href="/wiki/1490_Ch%27ing-yang_event" title="1490 Ch'ing-yang event">1490 Ch'ing-yang event</a> describe over 10,000 deaths, but have never been confirmed.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelyabinsk_meteor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-JPL20130301-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JPL20130301_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JPL20130301_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JPL20130301_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JPL20130301_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JPL20130301_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Yeomans, Don; Chodas, Paul (1 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fireball_130301.html">"Additional Details on the Large Fireball Event over Russia on Feb. 15, 2013"</a>. NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130430164941/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fireball_130301.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2013. <q>Note that [the] estimates of total energy, diameter and mass are very approximate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Additional+Details+on+the+Large+Fireball+Event+over+Russia+on+Feb.+15%2C+2013&rft.pub=NASA%2FJPL+Near-Earth+Object+Program+Office&rft.date=2013-03-01&rft.aulast=Yeomans&rft.aufirst=Don&rft.au=Chodas%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneo.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Ffireball_130301.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><br />NASA's webpage in turn acknowledges credit for its data and visual diagrams to:
<dl><dd>Peter Brown (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">University of Western Ontario</a>); William Cooke (<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a>); Paul Chodas, Steve Chesley and Ron Baalke (JPL); Richard Binzel (<a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>); and Dan Adamo.</dd></dl>
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<li id="cite_note-RBC845595-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RBC845595_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502144652/http://top.rbc.ru/incidents/18/02/2013/845595.shtml">"Archived copy" <bdi lang="ru">Число пострадавших при падении метеорита приблизилось к 1500</bdi></a> [The number of victims of the meteorite approached 1500] (in Russian). РосБизнесКонсалтинг [RBC]. 18 February 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://top.rbc.ru/incidents/18/02/2013/845595.shtml">the original</a> on 2 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy+%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BA+1500&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3+%5BRBC%5D&rft.date=2013-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftop.rbc.ru%2Fincidents%2F18%2F02%2F2013%2F845595.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-RBTH-23513-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RBTH-23513_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>RBTH-23513</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).
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<li id="cite_note-NASAassess-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASAassess_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASAassess_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Atkinson, Nancy (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/100025/airburst-explained-nasa-addresses-the-russian-meteor-explosion/">"Airburst Explained: NASA Addresses the Russian Meteor Explosion"</a>. <i>Universe Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217064705/http://www.universetoday.com/100025/airburst-explained-nasa-addresses-the-russian-meteor-explosion/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universe+Today&rft.atitle=Airburst+Explained%3A+NASA+Addresses+the+Russian+Meteor+Explosion&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F100025%2Fairburst-explained-nasa-addresses-the-russian-meteor-explosion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cams.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf">"O. P. Popova,et al. Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization.Science 342 (2013)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O.+P.+Popova%2Cet+al.+Chelyabinsk+Airburst%2C+Damage+Assessment%2C+Meteorite+Recovery+and+Characterization.Science+342+%282013%29.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcams.seti.org%2FPopova2013-ms.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Science_342-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Science_342_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science_342_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science_342_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science_342_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science_342_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science_342_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science_342_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science_342_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science_342_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science_342_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Popova, Olga P.; Jenniskens, Peter; Emel'yanenko, Vacheslav; et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6162/1069.abstract">"Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery, and Characterization"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>342</b> (6162): 1069–1073. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...342.1069P">2013Sci...342.1069P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1242642">10.1126/science.1242642</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24200813">24200813</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140125165437/http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6162/1069.abstract">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Chelyabinsk+Airburst%2C+Damage+Assessment%2C+Meteorite+Recovery%2C+and+Characterization&rft.volume=342&rft.issue=6162&rft.pages=1069-1073&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24200813&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1242642&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...342.1069P&rft.aulast=Popova&rft.aufirst=Olga+P.&rft.au=Jenniskens%2C+Peter&rft.au=Emel%27yanenko%2C+Vacheslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F342%2F6162%2F1069.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-cams.seti.org-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cams.seti.org_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cams.seti.org_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cams.seti.org_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cams.seti.org_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cams.seti.org_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cams.seti.org_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cams.seti.org_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cams.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf">"O. P. Popova, et al. Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization.Science 342 (2013)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O.+P.+Popova%2C+et+al.+Chelyabinsk+Airburst%2C+Damage+Assessment%2C+Meteorite+Recovery+and+Characterization.Science+342+%282013%29.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcams.seti.org%2FPopova2013-ms.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-David_spacecom-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-David_spacecom_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">David, Leonard (7 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/23423-russian-fireball-meteor-airburst-risk.html">"Russian Fireball Explosion Shows Meteor Risk Greater Than Thought"</a>. <i>www.space.com</i>. New York, NY USA: Wired Magazine/Conde Nast.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.space.com&rft.atitle=Russian+Fireball+Explosion+Shows+Meteor+Risk+Greater+Than+Thought&rft.date=2013-10-07&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F23423-russian-fireball-meteor-airburst-risk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/>best estimate of the equivalent nuclear blast yield of the Chelyabinsk explosion</span>
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<li id="cite_note-NatureNews20131106-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NatureNews20131106_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schiermeier, Quirin (6 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/risk-of-massive-asteroid-strike-underestimated-1.14114">"Risk of massive asteroid strike underestimated"</a>. <i>Nature News</i>. Nature Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2013.14114">10.1038/nature.2013.14114</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131107141251/http://www.nature.com/news/risk-of-massive-asteroid-strike-underestimated-1.14114">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+News&rft.atitle=Risk+of+massive+asteroid+strike+underestimated&rft.date=2013-11-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature.2013.14114&rft.aulast=Schiermeier&rft.aufirst=Quirin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2Frisk-of-massive-asteroid-strike-underestimated-1.14114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Verge3991132-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Verge3991132_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Byford, Sam (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2013/2/15/3991132/russia-meteorite-explosion-reported">"Russia rocked by meteor explosion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130305235823/http://www.theverge.com/2013/2/15/3991132/russia-meteorite-explosion-reported">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Russia+rocked+by+meteor+explosion&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=Byford&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2013%2F2%2F15%2F3991132%2Frussia-meteorite-explosion-reported&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-yahoo-052833588-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yahoo-052833588_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Shurmina, Natalia; Kuzmin, Andrey (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215195937/http://news.yahoo.com/possible-meteor-shower-reported-eastern-russia-052833588.html">"Meteorite hits central Russia, more than 500 people hurt"</a>. <i>Yahoo News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.yahoo.com/possible-meteor-shower-reported-eastern-russia-052833588.html">the original</a> on 15 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=Meteorite+hits+central+Russia%2C+more+than+500+people+hurt&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=Shurmina&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rft.au=Kuzmin%2C+Andrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.yahoo.com%2Fpossible-meteor-shower-reported-eastern-russia-052833588.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NASA20130215-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA20130215_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA20130215_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA20130215_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA20130215_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA20130215_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Agle, D. C. (13 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/asteroids/news/asteroid20130215.html">"Russia Meteor Not Linked to Asteroid Flyby"</a>. <i>NASA news</i>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217133332/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/asteroids/news/asteroid20130215.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+news&rft.atitle=Russia+Meteor+Not+Linked+to+Asteroid+Flyby&rft.date=2013-02-13&rft.aulast=Agle&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fasteroids%2Fnews%2Fasteroid20130215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-USAtoday1921991-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USAtoday1921991_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Arutunyan, Anna; Bennetts, Marc (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/02/15/russia-meteorite/1921991/">"Meteor in central Russia injures at least 500"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Meteor+in+central+Russia+injures+at+least+500&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=Arutunyan&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Bennetts%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2013%2F02%2F15%2Frussia-meteorite%2F1921991%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Mercury22596238-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mercury22596238_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Heintz, Jim; Isachenkov, Vladimir (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_22596238/100-injured-by-meteorite-falls-russian-urals">"100 injured by meteorite falls in Russian Urals"</a>. <i>Mercury News</i>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502223112/http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_22596238/100-injured-by-meteorite-falls-russian-urals">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mercury+News&rft.atitle=100+injured+by+meteorite+falls+in+Russian+Urals&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=Heintz&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Isachenkov%2C+Vladimir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2Fbreaking-news%2Fci_22596238%2F100-injured-by-meteorite-falls-russian-urals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Universe99982-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Universe99982_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Universe99982_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Major, Jason (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/99982/meteor-blasts-rock-russia/">"Meteor Blast Rocks Russia"</a>. <i>Universe Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217062852/http://www.universetoday.com/99982/meteor-blasts-rock-russia/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universe+Today&rft.atitle=Meteor+Blast+Rocks+Russia&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=Major&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F99982%2Fmeteor-blasts-rock-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NYT-20130325-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20130325_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20130325_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Fountain, Henry (25 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/science/space/in-asteroids-aftermath-a-sigh-of-relief.html">"A Clearer View of the Space Bullet That Grazed Russia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130326074701/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/science/space/in-asteroids-aftermath-a-sigh-of-relief.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Clearer+View+of+the+Space+Bullet+That+Grazed+Russia&rft.date=2013-03-25&rft.aulast=Fountain&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F03%2F26%2Fscience%2Fspace%2Fin-asteroids-aftermath-a-sigh-of-relief.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-medvedev-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-medvedev_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medvedev_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623084923/http://www.newsroomamerica.com/story/347222/pm_medvedev_says_russian_meteorite_kef-2013_shows_entire_planet_vulnerable_.html#">"PM Medvedev Says Russian Meteorite KEF-2013 Shows "Entire Planet" Vulnerable"</a>. Newsroom America. 15 February 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsroomamerica.com/story/347222/pm_medvedev_says_russian_meteorite_kef-2013_shows_entire_planet_vulnerable_.html">the original</a> on 23 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PM+Medvedev+Says+Russian+Meteorite+KEF-2013+Shows+%22Entire+Planet%22+Vulnerable&rft.pub=Newsroom+America&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsroomamerica.com%2Fstory%2F347222%2Fpm_medvedev_says_russian_meteorite_kef-2013_shows_entire_planet_vulnerable_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-CNN-20130216-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNN-20130216_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation audio-visual"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/video/?hpt=hp_t1#/video/world/2013/02/16/ac-boulden-meteor-explodes-over-russia.cnn"><i>Videos capture exploding meteor in sky</i></a> (Television production). United States: CNN. 16 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Videos+capture+exploding+meteor+in+sky&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2013-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2Fvideo%2F%3Fhpt%3Dhp_t1%23%2Fvideo%2Fworld%2F2013%2F02%2F16%2Fac-boulden-meteor-explodes-over-russia.cnn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-smh-20130215-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smh-20130215_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/technology/sci-tech/meteor-shower-over-russia-sees-meteorites-hit-earth-20130215-2ei2j.html">"Meteor shower over Russia sees meteorites hit Earth"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. 16 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623084954/http://www.smh.com.au/technology/sci-tech/meteor-shower-over-russia-sees-meteorites-hit-earth-20130215-2ei2j.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Meteor+shower+over+Russia+sees+meteorites+hit+Earth&rft.date=2013-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Ftechnology%2Fsci-tech%2Fmeteor-shower-over-russia-sees-meteorites-hit-earth-20130215-2ei2j.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-YT-9Iq2h2DIqt8-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YT-9Iq2h2DIqt8_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Iq2h2DIqt8">"Russian Meteor strike eyewitnesses speak"</a>. YouTube. 15 February 2013. <q>In Russian, with translation voiceover in English</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Meteor+strike+eyewitnesses+speak&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D9Iq2h2DIqt8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NYT-20130215-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20130215_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Mackey, Robert; Mullany, Gerry (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/video-captures-flaming-object-believed-to-be-meteorite/">"Spectacular Videos of Meteor Over Siberia"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130430101207/http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/video-captures-flaming-object-believed-to-be-meteorite/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Spectacular+Videos+of+Meteor+Over+Siberia&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=Mackey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Mullany%2C+Gerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthelede.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F02%2F15%2Fvideo-captures-flaming-object-believed-to-be-meteorite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-RT-283-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RT-283_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RT-283_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RT-283_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rt.com/news/meteorite-crash-urals-chelyabinsk-283/">"Meteorite hits Russian Urals: Fireball explosion wreaks havoc, up to 1,200 injured (PHOTOS, VIDEO)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RT_(TV_Network)" class="mw-redirect" title="RT (TV Network)">RT</a>. 15 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130222122928/http://rt.com/news/meteorite-crash-urals-chelyabinsk-283/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Meteorite+hits+Russian+Urals%3A+Fireball+explosion+wreaks+havoc%2C+up+to+1%2C200+injured+%28PHOTOS%2C+VIDEO%29&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frt.com%2Fnews%2Fmeteorite-crash-urals-chelyabinsk-283%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Images/ImageLibrary/DAT_IL_13_02_15_A.html">"Meteor over Russia seen by Meteosat – EUMETSAT"</a>. <i>eumetsat.int</i>. EUMETSAT<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eumetsat.int&rft.atitle=Meteor+over+Russia+seen+by+Meteosat+%E2%80%93+EUMETSAT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eumetsat.int%2Fwebsite%2Fhome%2FImages%2FImageLibrary%2FDAT_IL_13_02_15_A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-MPS-01009-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPS-01009_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rubin, Alan E.; Grossman, Jeffrey N. (January 2010). "Meteorite and meteoroid: New comprehensive definitions". <i>Meteoritics & Planetary Science</i>. <b>45</b> (1): 114–122. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010M&PS...45..114R">2010M&PS...45..114R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.2009.01009.x">10.1111/j.1945-5100.2009.01009.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meteoritics+%26+Planetary+Science&rft.atitle=Meteorite+and+meteoroid%3A+New+comprehensive+definitions&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=114-122&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.2009.01009.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010M%26PS...45..114R&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Alan+E.&rft.au=Grossman%2C+Jeffrey+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Google-Book-mkdHJR35Q_8C-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Google-Book-mkdHJR35Q_8C_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Grady, Monica M (31 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mkdHJR35Q_8C&pg=PA285"><i>Catalogue of Meteorites</i></a>. London: Natural History Museum, Cambridge University Press. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66303-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66303-8"><bdi>978-0-521-66303-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+Meteorites&rft.place=London&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Natural+History+Museum%2C+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000-08-31&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66303-8&rft.aulast=Grady&rft.aufirst=Monica+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmkdHJR35Q_8C%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-nature-12438-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nature-12438_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Brumfiel, Geoff (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/russian-meteor-largest-in-a-century-1.12438">"Russian meteor largest in a century"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2013.12438">10.1038/nature.2013.12438</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130220184343/http://www.nature.com/news/russian-meteor-largest-in-a-century-1.12438">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Russian+meteor+largest+in+a+century&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature.2013.12438&rft.aulast=Brumfiel&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2Frussian-meteor-largest-in-a-century-1.12438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Economist-Babbage-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Economist-Babbage_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">T.C. (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2013/02/asteroid-impacts">"Asteroid impacts – How to avert Armageddon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130219143645/https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2013/02/asteroid-impacts">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Asteroid+impacts+%E2%80%93+How+to+avert+Armageddon&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.au=T.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Fbabbage%2F2013%2F02%2Fasteroid-impacts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NYT-20130216-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20130216_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Chang, Kenneth (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/16/science/space/size-of-blast-and-number-of-injuries-are-seen-as-rare-for-a-rock-from-space.html">"Size of Blast and Number of Injuries Are Seen as Rare for a Rock From Space"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130220221446/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/16/science/space/size-of-blast-and-number-of-injuries-are-seen-as-rare-for-a-rock-from-space.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Size+of+Blast+and+Number+of+Injuries+Are+Seen+as+Rare+for+a+Rock+From+Space&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F02%2F16%2Fscience%2Fspace%2Fsize-of-blast-and-number-of-injuries-are-seen-as-rare-for-a-rock-from-space.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Forbes20130215-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forbes20130215_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ewalt, David M (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2013/02/15/exploding-meteorite-injures-a-thousand-people-in-russia/">"Exploding Meteorite Injures A Thousand People in Russia"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130408202030/http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2013/02/15/exploding-meteorite-injures-a-thousand-people-in-russia/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Exploding+Meteorite+Injures+A+Thousand+People+in+Russia&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=Ewalt&rft.aufirst=David+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdavidewalt%2F2013%2F02%2F15%2Fexploding-meteorite-injures-a-thousand-people-in-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-PASP1896-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PASP1896_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">S.F. Chronicle (1896). "Explosion of an Aerolite in Madrid (10 February 1896)". Notices from the Lick Observatory. <i>Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific</i>. <b>8</b> (47): 86–87. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1896PASP....8...86C">1896PASP....8...86C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1086%2F121074">10.1086/121074</a>. <q>Many injuries resulted from the panic which broke out... Much damage was done by the force of the concussion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific&rft.atitle=Explosion+of+an+Aerolite+in+Madrid+%2810+February+1896%29&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=47&rft.pages=86-87&rft.date=1896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F121074&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1896PASP....8...86C&rft.au=S.F.+Chronicle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-YahooNews-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YahooNews_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Heintz, Jim (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/500-injured-blasts-meteor-falls-russia-105758757.html">"500 injured by blasts as meteor falls in Russia"</a>. <i>Yahoo News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130624001638/http://news.yahoo.com/500-injured-blasts-meteor-falls-russia-105758757.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=500+injured+by+blasts+as+meteor+falls+in+Russia&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=Heintz&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2F500-injured-blasts-meteor-falls-russia-105758757.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Kaira-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaira_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaira_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kaira.sgo.fi/2013/02/are-2012-da14-and-chelyabinsk-meteor.html">"Are <span class="nowrap">2012 DA<sub>14</sub></span> and the Chelyabinsk meteor related?"</a>. <i>Kilpisjärvi Atmospheric Imaging Receiver Array</i>. Finland: Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory. 15 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623092057/http://kaira.sgo.fi/2013/02/are-2012-da14-and-chelyabinsk-meteor.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kilpisj%C3%A4rvi+Atmospheric+Imaging+Receiver+Array&rft.atitle=Are+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2012+DA%3Csub%3E14%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+and+the+Chelyabinsk+meteor+related%3F&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkaira.sgo.fi%2F2013%2F02%2Fare-2012-da14-and-chelyabinsk-meteor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-dagbladet25811137-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dagbladet25811137_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Barstein, Geir (18 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dagbladet.no/2013/02/18/nyheter/utenriks/meteor/meteoritter/astronomi/25811137/">"Kan koste flere tusen grammet"</a> [(Meteorite) can cost several thousand dollars per gram]. <i><a href="/wiki/Dagbladet" title="Dagbladet">Dagbladet</a></i> (in Norwegian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501013304/http://www.dagbladet.no/2013/02/18/nyheter/utenriks/meteor/meteoritter/astronomi/25811137/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dagbladet&rft.atitle=Kan+koste+flere+tusen+grammet&rft.date=2013-02-18&rft.aulast=Barstein&rft.aufirst=Geir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dagbladet.no%2F2013%2F02%2F18%2Fnyheter%2Futenriks%2Fmeteor%2Fmeteoritter%2Fastronomi%2F25811137%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Maps-54d651ba-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maps-54d651ba_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation map">ssvilponis (16 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.google.ee/maps/ms?msid=216221265233140305376.0004d5da6860954d651ba&msa=0&ll=55.013851,61.333923&spn=0.872465,2.458191"><i>Chelyabinsk meteorite, 2013 February 15th</i></a> (Map). Google Maps.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chelyabinsk+meteorite%2C+2013+February+15th&rft.pub=Google+Maps&rft.date=2013-02-16&rft.au=ssvilponis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaps.google.ee%2Fmaps%2Fms%3Fmsid%3D216221265233140305376.0004d5da6860954d651ba%26msa%3D0%26ll%3D55.013851%2C61.333923%26spn%3D0.872465%2C2.458191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ogle-Recon-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ogle-Recon_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Geens, Stefan (16 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ogleearth.com/2013/02/reconstructing-the-chelyabinsk-meteors-path-with-google-earth-youtube-and-high-school-math/">"Reconstructing the Chelyabinsk meteor's path, with Google Earth, YouTube and high-school math"</a>. <i>Ogle Earth</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130228024225/http://ogleearth.com/2013/02/reconstructing-the-chelyabinsk-meteors-path-with-google-earth-youtube-and-high-school-math/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ogle+Earth&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+the+Chelyabinsk+meteor%27s+path%2C+with+Google+Earth%2C+YouTube+and+high-school+math&rft.date=2013-02-16&rft.aulast=Geens&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fogleearth.com%2F2013%2F02%2Freconstructing-the-chelyabinsk-meteors-path-with-google-earth-youtube-and-high-school-math%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NatGeo-20130701-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NatGeo-20130701_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fazekas, Andrew (1 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2013/07/01/russian-meteor-shockwave-circled-globe-twice/">"Russian Meteor Shockwave Circled Globe Twice"</a>. <i>Newswatch</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130713221042/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2013/07/01/russian-meteor-shockwave-circled-globe-twice/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newswatch&rft.atitle=Russian+Meteor+Shockwave+Circled+Globe+Twice&rft.date=2013-07-01&rft.aulast=Fazekas&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewswatch.nationalgeographic.com%2F2013%2F07%2F01%2Frussian-meteor-shockwave-circled-globe-twice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NASA1360985685055-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA1360985685055_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Cooke, William (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.nasa.gov/cm/blog/Watch%20the%20Skies/posts/post_1360985685055.html">"Orbit of the Russian Meteor"</a>. <i>NASA blogs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130307133108/http://blogs.nasa.gov/cm/blog/Watch%20the%20Skies/posts/post_1360985685055.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+blogs&rft.atitle=Orbit+of+the+Russian+Meteor&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nasa.gov%2Fcm%2Fblog%2FWatch%2520the%2520Skies%2Fposts%2Fpost_1360985685055.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-huffpost2704164-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-huffpost2704164_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Malik, Tariq (17 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/17/russian-meteor-size-blast-bigger-nasa_n_2704164.html">"Russian Meteor Blast Bigger Than Thought, NASA Says"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218113911/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/17/russian-meteor-size-blast-bigger-nasa_n_2704164.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Russian+Meteor+Blast+Bigger+Than+Thought%2C+NASA+Says&rft.date=2013-02-17&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F02%2F17%2Frussian-meteor-size-blast-bigger-nasa_n_2704164.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-CNN20130216-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNN20130216_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Black, Phil; Smith-Spark, Laura (18 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/16/world/europe/russia-meteor-shower/">"Russia starts cleanup after meteor strike"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217025049/http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/16/world/europe/russia-meteor-shower">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Russia+starts+cleanup+after+meteor+strike&rft.date=2013-02-18&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.au=Smith-Spark%2C+Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F02%2F16%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussia-meteor-shower%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-IBT-1109921-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBT-1109921_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sreeja, VN (4 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/new-asteroid-2013-ec-similar-russian-meteor-pass-earth-distance-less-moons-orbit-1109921">"New Asteroid '2013 EC' Similar To Russian Meteor To Pass Earth At A Distance Less Than Moon's Orbit"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130430174913/http://www.ibtimes.com/new-asteroid-2013-ec-similar-russian-meteor-pass-earth-distance-less-moons-orbit-1109921">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=New+Asteroid+%272013+EC%27+Similar+To+Russian+Meteor+To+Pass+Earth+At+A+Distance+Less+Than+Moon%27s+Orbit&rft.date=2013-03-04&rft.aulast=Sreeja&rft.aufirst=VN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fnew-asteroid-2013-ec-similar-russian-meteor-pass-earth-distance-less-moons-orbit-1109921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-eiffel-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eiffel_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tour-eiffel.fr/images/PDF/all_you_need_to_know_about_the_eiffel_tower.pdf">"All you need to know about the Eiffel Tower"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>tour-eiffel.fr</i>. Paris: Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623092211/http://www.tour-eiffel.fr/images/PDF/all_you_need_to_know_about_the_eiffel_tower.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tour-eiffel.fr&rft.atitle=All+you+need+to+know+about+the+Eiffel+Tower&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tour-eiffel.fr%2Fimages%2FPDF%2Fall_you_need_to_know_about_the_eiffel_tower.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-USGS_Chelyabinsk-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Chelyabinsk_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Chelyabinsk_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000f7rz#summary">"Meteor Explosion near Chelyabinsk, Russia"</a>. <i>US Geological Survey</i>. 15 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130219164510/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000f7rz#summary">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=US+Geological+Survey&rft.atitle=Meteor+Explosion+near+Chelyabinsk%2C+Russia&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Fearthquakes%2Feventpage%2Fusc000f7rz%23summary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-USGS-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218084242/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc000f7rz.php#details">"Magnitude ? (Uncertain Or Not Yet Determined) – URAL MOUNTAINS REGION, RUSSIA"</a>. <i>National Earthquake Information Center</i>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Geological Survey">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. 15 February 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc000f7rz.php#details">the original</a> on 18 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Earthquake+Information+Center&rft.atitle=Magnitude+%3F+%28Uncertain+Or+Not+Yet+Determined%29+%E2%80%93+URAL+MOUNTAINS+REGION%2C+RUSSIA&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Fearthquakes%2Frecenteqsww%2FQuakes%2Fusc000f7rz.php%23details&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Oskin-1-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oskin-1_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oskin-1_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Oskin, Becky (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/0215/Russia-meteor-blast-produced-2.7-magnitude-earthquake-equivalent">"Russia meteor blast produced 2.7 magnitude earthquake equivalent"</a>. <i>Christian Science Monitor</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0882-7729">0882-7729</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216182201/http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/0215/Russia-meteor-blast-produced-2.7-magnitude-earthquake-equivalent">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Russia+meteor+blast+produced+2.7+magnitude+earthquake+equivalent&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.issn=0882-7729&rft.aulast=Oskin&rft.aufirst=Becky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FScience%2F2013%2F0215%2FRussia-meteor-blast-produced-2.7-magnitude-earthquake-equivalent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-RT-337-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RT-337_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rt.com/news/scientists-explain-chelyabinsk-bolide-337/">"Russian meteorite blast explained: Fireball explosion equal to 20 Hiroshimas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RT_(TV_Network)" class="mw-redirect" title="RT (TV Network)">RT</a>. 15 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216074043/http://rt.com/news/scientists-explain-chelyabinsk-bolide-337/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+meteorite+blast+explained%3A+Fireball+explosion+equal+to+20+Hiroshimas&rft.pub=RT&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frt.com%2Fnews%2Fscientists-explain-chelyabinsk-bolide-337%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Guardian-2013-11-07-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-2013-11-07_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Guardian-2013-11-07</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).
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<li id="cite_note-RT-284-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RT-284_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rt.com/news/meteor-attack-not-expected-284/">"Meteor threat wasn't expected for another 2,000 years – Russian Emergency Minister"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RT_(TV_Network)" class="mw-redirect" title="RT (TV Network)">RT</a>. 22 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130225015327/http://rt.com/news/meteor-attack-not-expected-284/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Meteor+threat+wasn%27t+expected+for+another+2%2C000+years+%E2%80%93+Russian+Emergency+Minister&rft.date=2013-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frt.com%2Fnews%2Fmeteor-attack-not-expected-284%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Telegraph9874662-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph9874662_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/9874662/Russian-meteor-hit-atmosphere-with-force-of-30-Hiroshima-bombs.html">"Russian meteor hit atmosphere with force of 30 Hiroshima bombs"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 16 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218170229/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/9874662/Russian-meteor-exploded-with-force-of-30-Hiroshima-bombs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Russian+meteor+hit+atmosphere+with+force+of+30+Hiroshima+bombs&rft.date=2013-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fscience%2Fspace%2F9874662%2FRussian-meteor-hit-atmosphere-with-force-of-30-Hiroshima-bombs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-liveleak-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-liveleak_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=f06_1361290921">"Meteorite flash and Shock wave from the asteroid at the University of Chelyabinsk CCTV Footage"</a>. LiveLeak. 19 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130507065143/http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=f06_1361290921">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2013. <q>Datestamped CCTV footage starts at 2:38</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meteorite+flash+and+Shock+wave+from+the+asteroid+at+the+University+of+Chelyabinsk+CCTV+Footage&rft.pub=LiveLeak&rft.date=2013-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liveleak.com%2Fview%3Fi%3Df06_1361290921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-YT-kSrUSmJPHOE-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YT-kSrUSmJPHOE_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kSrUSmJPHOE"><bdi lang="ru">Метеорит в Челябинске</bdi></a> [Meteorite in Chelyabinsk] (in Russian). YouTube. 15 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%B2+%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DkSrUSmJPHOE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Brown2002-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown2002_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Brown, P.; Spalding, R. E.; ReVelle, D. O.; Tagliaferri, E.; Worden, S. P. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130430110029/http://www.stoprocks.com/gaps/new/news/bibliotheque/Bolide/pdf/na/flux-final.pdf">"The flux of small near-Earth objects colliding with the Earth"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>420</b> (6913): 294–296. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.420..294B">2002Natur.420..294B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01238">10.1038/nature01238</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12447433">12447433</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoprocks.com/gaps/new/news/bibliotheque/Bolide/pdf/na/flux-final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+flux+of+small+near-Earth+objects+colliding+with+the+Earth&rft.volume=420&rft.issue=6913&rft.pages=294-296&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12447433&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature01238&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Natur.420..294B&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Spalding%2C+R.+E.&rft.au=ReVelle%2C+D.+O.&rft.au=Tagliaferri%2C+E.&rft.au=Worden%2C+S.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stoprocks.com%2Fgaps%2Fnew%2Fnews%2Fbibliotheque%2FBolide%2Fpdf%2Fna%2Fflux-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/106226/newly-released-security-cam-video-shows-chelyabinsk-meteorite-impact-in-lake-chebarkul/">"Newly Released Security Cam Video Shows Chelyabinsk Meteorite Impact in Lake Chebarkul by Bob King on November 7, 2013"</a>. 7 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newly+Released+Security+Cam+Video+Shows+Chelyabinsk+Meteorite+Impact+in+Lake+Chebarkul+by+Bob+King+on+November+7%2C+2013&rft.date=2013-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F106226%2Fnewly-released-security-cam-video-shows-chelyabinsk-meteorite-impact-in-lake-chebarkul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-RT_Fragment-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RT_Fragment_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rt.com/news/largest-fragment-meteorite-lifted-258/">"Huge half-ton chunk of Russian meteorite lifted from lakebed"</a>. 16 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Huge+half-ton+chunk+of+Russian+meteorite+lifted+from+lakebed&rft.date=2013-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frt.com%2Fnews%2Flargest-fragment-meteorite-lifted-258%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteor.uwo.ca/publications/wgn-chel.pdf.pdf">"WGN, the Journal of the IMO 41:1 (2013) A Preliminary Report on the Chelyabinsk Fireball/Airburst Peter Brown"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WGN%2C+the+Journal+of+the+IMO+41%3A1+%282013%29+A+Preliminary+Report+on+the+Chelyabinsk+Fireball%2FAirburst+Peter+Brown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteor.uwo.ca%2Fpublications%2Fwgn-chel.pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Guardian20130215Amos-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian20130215Amos_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Amos, Howard (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/15/hundreds-injured-meteorite-russian-city-chelyabinsk">"Meteorite explosion over Chelyabinsk injures hundreds"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218200603/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/feb/15/hundreds-injured-meteorite-russian-city-chelyabinsk">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Meteorite+explosion+over+Chelyabinsk+injures+hundreds&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Ffeb%2F15%2Fhundreds-injured-meteorite-russian-city-chelyabinsk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Interfax381682-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Interfax381682_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfax-russia.ru/Ural/main.asp?id=381682"><bdi lang="ru">В полынье в Чебаркульском районе Челябинской области, возможно, найдены обломки метеорита – МЧС</bdi></a> [In the ice-hole in Chebarkulsky district of Chelyabinsk region, possibly found fragments of the meteorite – MOE] (in Russian). Interfax. 15 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623230536/http://www.interfax-russia.ru/Ural/main.asp?id=381682">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%2C+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%2C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0+%E2%80%93+%D0%9C%D0%A7%D0%A1&rft.pub=Interfax&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfax-russia.ru%2FUral%2Fmain.asp%3Fid%3D381682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-bloomberg_UNOOSA-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg_UNOOSA_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Drajem, Mark; Weber, Alexander (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-15/armageddon-not-in-the-stars-as-un-effort-takes-aim-at-asteroids.html">"Asteroid Passes Earth as UN Mulls Monitoring Network"</a>. Bloomberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218004927/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-15/armageddon-not-in-the-stars-as-un-effort-takes-aim-at-asteroids.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Asteroid+Passes+Earth+as+UN+Mulls+Monitoring+Network&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=Drajem&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Weber%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2013-02-15%2Farmageddon-not-in-the-stars-as-un-effort-takes-aim-at-asteroids.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-CBS57569864-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBS57569864_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">David, Leonard (18 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57569864/united-nations-reviewing-asteroid-impact-threat/">"United Nations reviewing asteroid impact threat"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218211409/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57569864/united-nations-reviewing-asteroid-impact-threat/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=United+Nations+reviewing+asteroid+impact+threat&rft.date=2013-02-18&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2F8301-205_162-57569864%2Funited-nations-reviewing-asteroid-impact-threat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-IBT438042-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBT438042_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Villamarin, Jenalyn (22 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130430154442/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/438042/20130222/end-world-2013-de-star-project-proposed.htm#">"End of the World 2013: DE-STAR Project Proposed after Asteroid 2012 DA14 Flyby, Russian Meteor Blast"</a>. <i>International Business Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/438042/20130222/end-world-2013-de-star-project-proposed.htm">the original</a> on 30 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=End+of+the+World+2013%3A+DE-STAR+Project+Proposed+after+Asteroid+2012+DA14+Flyby%2C+Russian+Meteor+Blast&rft.date=2013-02-22&rft.aulast=Villamarin&rft.aufirst=Jenalyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fau.ibtimes.com%2Farticles%2F438042%2F20130222%2Fend-world-2013-de-star-project-proposed.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Barrie-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barrie_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Barrie, Allison (19 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2013/02/19/massive-orbital-laser-blaster-could-defend-against-asteroid-threats/">"Massive, orbital laser blaster could defend against asteroid threats"</a>. <i>Fox News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130221154508/http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2013/02/19/massive-orbital-laser-blaster-could-defend-against-asteroid-threats/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Massive%2C+orbital+laser+blaster+could+defend+against+asteroid+threats&rft.date=2013-02-19&rft.aulast=Barrie&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Ftech%2F2013%2F02%2F19%2Fmassive-orbital-laser-blaster-could-defend-against-asteroid-threats%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Earth-impact-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Earth-impact_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Robert Marcus; H. Jay Melosh; Gareth Collins (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://impact.ese.ic.ac.uk/ImpactEffects/">"Earth Impact Effects Program"</a>. Imperial College London / Purdue University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Earth+Impact+Effects+Program&rft.pub=Imperial+College+London+%2F+Purdue+University&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Robert+Marcus&rft.au=H.+Jay+Melosh&rft.au=Gareth+Collins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimpact.ese.ic.ac.uk%2FImpactEffects%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/> (solution using 2600kg/m^3, 17 km/s, 45 degrees)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Edwards1-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards1_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wayne Edwards; Peter G. Brown; Douglas O. ReVelle (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteor.uwo.ca/infra_pub/Estimates_of_metereoid_kin_e_from_ovserv_of_infrasonicwaves.pdf">"Estimates of meteoroid kinetic energies from observations of infrasonic airwaves"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics</i>. <b>68</b> (10): 1136–1160. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JASTP..68.1136E">2006JASTP..68.1136E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2006.02.010">10.1016/j.jastp.2006.02.010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Atmospheric+and+Solar-Terrestrial+Physics&rft.atitle=Estimates+of+meteoroid+kinetic+energies+from+observations+of+infrasonic+airwaves&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1136-1160&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jastp.2006.02.010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JASTP..68.1136E&rft.au=Wayne+Edwards&rft.au=Peter+G.+Brown&rft.au=Douglas+O.+ReVelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteor.uwo.ca%2Finfra_pub%2FEstimates_of_metereoid_kin_e_from_ovserv_of_infrasonicwaves.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Yau1-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yau1_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yau1_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yau, K., Weissman, P., & Yeomans, D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1994Metic..29..864Y">Meteorite Falls In China And Some Related Human Casualty Events</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Meteoritics" title="Meteoritics">Meteoritics</a></i>, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 864–871, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0026-1114">0026-1114</a>, bibliographic code: 1994Metic..29..864Y.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kring, David A.; Boslough, Mark (1 September 2014). "Chelyabinsk: Portrait of an asteroid airburst". <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>67</b> (9): 32–37. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhT....67i..32K">2014PhT....67i..32K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1063%2FPT.3.2515">10.1063/PT.3.2515</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9228">0031-9228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Chelyabinsk%3A+Portrait+of+an+asteroid+airburst&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=32-37&rft.date=2014-09-01&rft.issn=0031-9228&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2FPT.3.2515&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PhT....67i..32K&rft.aulast=Kring&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.au=Boslough%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NYT-20130219-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20130219_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20130219_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kramer, Andrew E. (18 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/19/world/europe/russian-scientists-say-they-found-meteorite-fragments.html">"Russians Wade into the Snow to Seek Treasure From the Sky"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Russians+Wade+into+the+Snow+to+Seek+Treasure+From+the+Sky&rft.date=2013-02-18&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F02%2F19%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussian-scientists-say-they-found-meteorite-fragments.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-YT_BNkS1uHUbq8-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YT_BNkS1uHUbq8_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNkS1uHUbq8">"NASA (YouTube) – Dr. David Kring – Asteroid Initiative Workshop Cosmic Explorations Speakers Session"</a>. YouTube. 21 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+%28YouTube%29+%E2%80%93+Dr.+David+Kring+%E2%80%93+Asteroid+Initiative+Workshop+Cosmic+Explorations+Speakers+Session&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DBNkS1uHUbq8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Badyukov2015-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Badyukov2015_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Badyukov, D.D.; Raitala, J.; Kostama, P.; Ignatiev, A.V. (March 2015). "Chelyabinsk meteorite: Shock metamorphism, black veins and impact melt dikes, and the Hugoniot". <i>Petrology</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 103–115. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1134%2FS0869591115020022">10.1134/S0869591115020022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Petrology&rft.atitle=Chelyabinsk+meteorite%3A+Shock+metamorphism%2C+black+veins+and+impact+melt+dikes%2C+and+the+Hugoniot&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=103-115&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2FS0869591115020022&rft.aulast=Badyukov&rft.aufirst=D.D.&rft.au=Raitala%2C+J.&rft.au=Kostama%2C+P.&rft.au=Ignatiev%2C+A.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-rian20130622-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rian20130622_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.rian.ru/russia/20130622/181805477/Huge-Chunk-of-Meteorite-Located-in-Urals-Lake---Scientist.html">"Huge Chunk of Meteorite Located in Urals Lake – Scientist"</a>. <i>RIA Novosti</i>. 22 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623225109/http://en.rian.ru/russia/20130622/181805477/Huge-Chunk-of-Meteorite-Located-in-Urals-Lake---Scientist.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RIA+Novosti&rft.atitle=Huge+Chunk+of+Meteorite+Located+in+Urals+Lake+%E2%80%93+Scientist&rft.date=2013-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.rian.ru%2Frussia%2F20130622%2F181805477%2FHuge-Chunk-of-Meteorite-Located-in-Urals-Lake---Scientist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ntv-677303-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ntv-677303_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntv.ru/novosti/677303/"><bdi lang="ru">Весы не выдержали тяжести челябинского метеорита</bdi></a> [Weighing scales couldn't withstand the heft of the Chelyabinsk meteorite] (in Russian). NTV. 16 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017030618/http://www.ntv.ru/novosti/677303">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.pub=NTV&rft.date=2013-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntv.ru%2Fnovosti%2F677303%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NYT-20131016-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20131016_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Herszenhorn, David M. (16 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/17/world/europe/meteorite-pulled-from-russian-lake-breaks-into-3-pieces.html">"Lifted From a Russian Lake, a Big, if Fragile, Space Rock"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017192003/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/17/world/europe/meteorite-pulled-from-russian-lake-breaks-into-3-pieces.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Lifted+From+a+Russian+Lake%2C+a+Big%2C+if+Fragile%2C+Space+Rock&rft.date=2013-10-16&rft.aulast=Herszenhorn&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F10%2F17%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fmeteorite-pulled-from-russian-lake-breaks-into-3-pieces.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Universe_106226-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Universe_106226_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">King, Bob (7 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/106226/newly-released-security-cam-video-shows-chelyabinsk-meteorite-impact-in-lake-chebarkul/">"Newly Released Security Cam Video Shows Chelyabinsk Meteorite Impact in Lake Chebarkul"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Universe_Today" title="Universe Today">Universe Today</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109034108/http://www.universetoday.com/106226/newly-released-security-cam-video-shows-chelyabinsk-meteorite-impact-in-lake-chebarkul/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universe+Today&rft.atitle=Newly+Released+Security+Cam+Video+Shows+Chelyabinsk+Meteorite+Impact+in+Lake+Chebarkul&rft.date=2013-11-07&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F106226%2Fnewly-released-security-cam-video-shows-chelyabinsk-meteorite-impact-in-lake-chebarkul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-RMNB-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RMNB_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Franke-Ruta, Garance (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/02/how-a-dc-hockey-fan-site-got-the-russian-meteorite-story-before-the-ap/273225/">"How a D.C. Hockey Fan Site Got the Russian Meteorite Story Before the AP"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217075735/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/02/how-a-dc-hockey-fan-site-got-the-russian-meteorite-story-before-the-ap/273225/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=How+a+D.C.+Hockey+Fan+Site+Got+the+Russian+Meteorite+Story+Before+the+AP&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=Franke-Ruta&rft.aufirst=Garance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2013%2F02%2Fhow-a-dc-hockey-fan-site-got-the-russian-meteorite-story-before-the-ap%2F273225%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FedPress1360914956-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FedPress1360914956_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world.fedpress.ru/news/russia_and_cis/1360914956-chelyabinskii-meteorit-stal-odnoi-iz-samykh-populyarnykh-tem-v-mire"><bdi lang="ru">Челябинский метеорит стал одной из самых популярных тем в мире</bdi></a> [Chelyabinsk meteorite has become one of the hottest topics in the world]. <i>Federal Press World News</i> (in Russian). Federal Press. 15 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623094957/http://world.fedpress.ru/news/russia_and_cis/1360914956-chelyabinskii-meteorit-stal-odnoi-iz-samykh-populyarnykh-tem-v-mire">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Press+World+News&rft.atitle=%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworld.fedpress.ru%2Fnews%2Frussia_and_cis%2F1360914956-chelyabinskii-meteorit-stal-odnoi-iz-samykh-populyarnykh-tem-v-mire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2013/02/17/172235263/how-a-hockey-blog-got-the-scoop-on-the-russias-meteor">"How A Hockey Blog Got The Scoop on Russia's Meteorite"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=How+A+Hockey+Blog+Got+The+Scoop+on+Russia%27s+Meteorite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2013%2F02%2F17%2F172235263%2Fhow-a-hockey-blog-got-the-scoop-on-the-russias-meteor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Visible95381-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Visible95381_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20130412033315/http://corp.visiblemeasures.com/news-and-events/blog/bid/95381/Meteor-Over-Russia-Hits-Internet-with-7-7-Million-Video-Views">"Meteor Over Russia Hits Internet with 7.7 Million Video Views"</a>. <i>Visible Measures</i>. Visible Measures. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corp.visiblemeasures.com/news-and-events/blog/bid/95381/Meteor-Over-Russia-Hits-Internet-with-7-7-Million-Video-Views">the original</a> on 12 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visible+Measures&rft.atitle=Meteor+Over+Russia+Hits+Internet+with+7.7+Million+Video+Views&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcorp.visiblemeasures.com%2Fnews-and-events%2Fblog%2Fbid%2F95381%2FMeteor-Over-Russia-Hits-Internet-with-7-7-Million-Video-Views&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ABC-Google-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ABC-Google_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Stern, Joanna (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/technology/2013/02/asteroid-2012-da14-google-doodle-removed-after-russian-meteor-shower-injuries/">"Asteroid <span class="nowrap">2012 DA<sub>14</sub></span> Google Doodle Removed After Russian Meteor Shower Injuries"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216092640/http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/technology/2013/02/asteroid-2012-da14-google-doodle-removed-after-russian-meteor-shower-injuries/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Asteroid+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2012+DA%3Csub%3E14%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+Google+Doodle+Removed+After+Russian+Meteor+Shower+Injuries&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2Fblogs%2Ftechnology%2F2013%2F02%2Fasteroid-2012-da14-google-doodle-removed-after-russian-meteor-shower-injuries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Today50820935-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Today50820935_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509133134/http://www.today.com/video/today/50820935">"Neil deGrasse Tyson: Radar could not detect meteor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Today_(U.S._TV_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Today (U.S. TV program)">Today</a></i>. 15 February 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.today.com/video/today/50820935">the original</a> on 9 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Today&rft.atitle=Neil+deGrasse+Tyson%3A+Radar+could+not+detect+meteor&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.today.com%2Fvideo%2Ftoday%2F50820935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-LATimes-2013.03.27-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LATimes-2013.03.27_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kaplan, Karen (27 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-russian-meteor-chelyabinsk-nova-20130327,0,853927.story">"Russian meteor, a 'death rock from space,' stars on 'Nova<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130328151932/http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-russian-meteor-chelyabinsk-nova-20130327%2C0%2C853927.story">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Russian+meteor%2C+a+%27death+rock+from+space%2C%27+stars+on+%27Nova%27&rft.date=2013-03-27&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fsciencenow%2Fla-sci-sn-russian-meteor-chelyabinsk-nova-20130327%2C0%2C853927.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-AMS-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AMS_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMS_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMS_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hankey, Mike (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amsmeteors.org/2013/02/large-daytime-fireball-hits-russia/">"Large Daytime Fireball Hits Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Meteor_Society" title="American Meteor Society">American Meteor Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521012817/http://www.amsmeteors.org/2013/02/large-daytime-fireball-hits-russia/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Large+Daytime+Fireball+Hits+Russia&rft.pub=American+Meteor+Society&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=Hankey&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amsmeteors.org%2F2013%2F02%2Flarge-daytime-fireball-hits-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Zuluaga2013-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zuluaga2013_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zuluaga2013_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zuluaga2013_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zuluaga2013_98-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zuluaga2013_98-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation arxiv">Zuluaga, Jorge I.; Ferrin, Ignacio (2013). "A preliminary reconstruction of the orbit of the Chelyabinsk Meteoroid". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1302.5377">1302.5377</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/archive/astro-ph.EP">astro-ph.EP</a>]. <q>We use this result to classify the meteoroid among the near Earth asteroid families finding that the parent body belonged to the Apollo asteroids.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=A+preliminary+reconstruction+of+the+orbit+of+the+Chelyabinsk+Meteoroid&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1302.5377&rft.aulast=Zuluaga&rft.aufirst=Jorge+I.&rft.au=Ferrin%2C+Ignacio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-IAUCBET3423-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IAUCBET3423_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAUCBET3423_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423104342/http://www.webalice.it/mizar02/articoli/Meteorb.dat">"CBET 3423 : 20130223 : Trajectory and Orbit of the Chelyabinsk Superbolide"</a>. <i>Astronomical Telegrams</i>. International Astronomical Union. 23 February 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iau/cbet/003400/CBET003423.txt">the original</a> on 23 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Astronomical+Telegrams&rft.atitle=CBET+3423+%3A+20130223+%3A+Trajectory+and+Orbit+of+the+Chelyabinsk+Superbolide&rft.date=2013-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbat.eps.harvard.edu%2Fiau%2Fcbet%2F003400%2FCBET003423.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:90%; color:#555">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Zuluaga2013b-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zuluaga2013b_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation arxiv">Zuluaga, Jorge I.; Ferrin, Ignacio; Geens, Stefan (2013). "The orbit of the Chelyabinsk event impactor as reconstructed from amateur and public footage". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1303.1796">1303.1796</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/archive/astro-ph.EP">astro-ph.EP</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=The+orbit+of+the+Chelyabinsk+event+impactor+as+reconstructed+from+amateur+and+public+footage&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1303.1796&rft.aulast=Zuluaga&rft.aufirst=Jorge+I.&rft.au=Ferrin%2C+Ignacio&rft.au=Geens%2C+Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-chodas-chesley-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chodas-chesley_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Beatty, Kelly (6 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/newsblog/Update-on-the-Russian-Mega-Meteor-195553631.html">"Update on Russia's Mega-Meteor"</a>. <i>Sky and Telescope</i>. Sky Publishing Corp.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+and+Telescope&rft.atitle=Update+on+Russia%27s+Mega-Meteor&rft.date=2013-03-06&rft.aulast=Beatty&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyandtelescope.com%2Fcommunity%2Fskyblog%2Fnewsblog%2FUpdate-on-the-Russian-Mega-Meteor-195553631.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-inasan-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inasan_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Вибе, Дмитрий (25 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerra.ru/60969/seminarmeteoritsai/"><bdi lang="ru">Семинар по Челябинскому метеориту: российская наука выдала『официальную』информацию</bdi></a> [Seminar in Chelyabinsk meteorite: Russian science has given "official" information] (in Russian). <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Компьютерра">Компьютерра</a> [Computerra]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623093748/http://www.computerra.ru/60969/seminarmeteoritsai/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%3A+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+%22%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E%22+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8E&rft.pub=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0+%5BComputerra%5D&rft.date=2013-03-25&rft.aulast=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5&rft.aufirst=%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerra.ru%2F60969%2Fseminarmeteoritsai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-GRL_50660-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GRL_50660_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRL_50660_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Proud, S. R. (16 July 2013). "Reconstructing the orbit of the Chelyabinsk meteor using satellite observations". <i><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_Research_Letters" title="Geophysical Research Letters">Geophysical Research Letters</a></i>. <b>40</b> (13): 3351–3355. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeoRL..40.3351P">2013GeoRL..40.3351P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1002%2Fgrl.50660">10.1002/grl.50660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+the+orbit+of+the+Chelyabinsk+meteor+using+satellite+observations&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=3351-3355&rft.date=2013-07-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fgrl.50660&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013GeoRL..40.3351P&rft.aulast=Proud&rft.aufirst=S.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-RAS_slu078-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAS_slu078_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAS_slu078_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAS_slu078_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAS_slu078_104-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">de la Fuente Marcos, C.; de la Fuente Marcos, R. (1 September 2014). "Reconstructing the Chelyabinsk event: pre-impact orbital evolution". <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters</i>. <b>443</b> (1): L39–L43. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1405.7202">1405.7202</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.443L..39D">2014MNRAS.443L..39D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnrasl%2Fslu078">10.1093/mnrasl/slu078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society%3A+Letters&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+the+Chelyabinsk+event%3A+pre-impact+orbital+evolution&rft.volume=443&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=L39-L43&rft.date=2014-09-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1405.7202&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnrasl%2Fslu078&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014MNRAS.443L..39D&rft.aulast=de+la+Fuente+Marcos&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=de+la+Fuente+Marcos%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-arXiv511691-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arXiv511691_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/view/511691/astronomers-calculate-orbit-of-chelyabinsk-meteorite/">"Astronomers Calculate Orbit of Chelyabinsk Meteorite"</a>. <i>The Physics arXiv Blog</i>. MIT Technology Review. 25 February 2013. <q>Their conclusion is that the Chelyabinsk meteorite is from a family of rocks that cross Earth’s orbit called Apollo asteroids.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Physics+arXiv+Blog&rft.atitle=Astronomers+Calculate+Orbit+of+Chelyabinsk+Meteorite&rft.date=2013-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2Fview%2F511691%2Fastronomers-calculate-orbit-of-chelyabinsk-meteorite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BBC-21579422-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-21579422_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Rincon, Paul (26 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21579422">"Russia meteor's origin tracked down"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130226191142/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21579422">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Russia+meteor%27s+origin+tracked+down&rft.date=2013-02-26&rft.aulast=Rincon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-21579422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-YT-lmjawUCkO84-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YT-lmjawUCkO84_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Geens, Stefan (9 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmjawUCkO84">"Chelyabinsk meteoroid trajectories compared using Google Earth and YouTube"</a>. YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chelyabinsk+meteoroid+trajectories+compared+using+Google+Earth+and+YouTube&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2013-03-09&rft.aulast=Geens&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DlmjawUCkO84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Borovička_Nature2013-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Borovička_Nature2013_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Borovička, Jiří; Spurný, Pavel; Brown, Peter; Wiegert, Paul; Kalenda, Pavel; Clark, David; Shrbený, Lukáš (6 November 2013). "The trajectory, structure and origin of the Chelyabinsk asteroidal impactor". <i>Nature</i>. <b>503</b> (7475): 235–7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.503..235B">2013Natur.503..235B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12671">10.1038/nature12671</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24196708">24196708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+trajectory%2C+structure+and+origin+of+the+Chelyabinsk+asteroidal+impactor&rft.volume=503&rft.issue=7475&rft.pages=235-7&rft.date=2013-11-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24196708&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature12671&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Natur.503..235B&rft.aulast=Borovi%C4%8Dka&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft.au=Spurn%C3%BD%2C+Pavel&rft.au=Brown%2C+Peter&rft.au=Wiegert%2C+Paul&rft.au=Kalenda%2C+Pavel&rft.au=Clark%2C+David&rft.au=Shrben%C3%BD%2C+Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Slate-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Slate_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Plait, Phil (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/02/15/breaking_huge_meteor_explodes_over_russia.html">"Breaking: Huge Meteor Explodes Over Russia"</a>. Slate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216173203/http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/02/15/breaking_huge_meteor_explodes_over_russia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Breaking%3A+Huge+Meteor+Explodes+Over+Russia&rft.pub=Slate&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=Plait&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fblogs%2Fbad_astronomy%2F2013%2F02%2F15%2Fbreaking_huge_meteor_explodes_over_russia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-RIA923059266-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RIA923059266_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ria.ru/science/20130215/923059266.html"><bdi lang="ru">Уральский метеорит отвлек научный мир от знаменитого астероида</bdi></a> [Ural meteorite distracted (sic) from the scientific world famous asteroid] (in Russian). Moscow: РИА Новости (<a href="/wiki/RIA_Novosti" title="RIA Novosti">RIA Novosti</a>). 15 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130317124315/http://ria.ru/science/20130215/923059266.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%90+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%28RIA+Novosti%29&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fria.ru%2Fscience%2F20130215%2F923059266.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Elenin-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elenin_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Elenin" title="Leonid Elenin">Elenin, Leonid</a> (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spaceobs.org/en/2013/02/15/siberian-fireball/">"Siberian fireball (video)"</a>. <i>SpaceObs</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130304075307/http://spaceobs.org/en/2013/02/15/siberian-fireball/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceObs&rft.atitle=Siberian+fireball+%28video%29&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=Elenin&rft.aufirst=Leonid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspaceobs.org%2Fen%2F2013%2F02%2F15%2Fsiberian-fireball%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ESA-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ESA_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Russian_asteroid_strike">"Russian Asteroid Strike"</a>. <i>ESA.int</i>. European Space Agency. 15 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130221092602/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Russian_asteroid_strike">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESA.int&rft.atitle=Russian+Asteroid+Strike&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FOperations%2FRussian_asteroid_strike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-wsj_597722-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wsj_597722_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Marson, James; Naik, Gautam (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324162304578305163574597722">"Falling Meteor Explodes Over Russia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215202817/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324162304578305163574597722.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Falling+Meteor+Explodes+Over+Russia&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=Marson&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Naik%2C+Gautam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424127887324162304578305163574597722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<dl><dt>Attribution</dt></dl>
<ul><li><i>This article contains portions of text translated from the corresponding article of the Russian Wikipedia. A list of contributors can be found there in its </i><a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B2_2013_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83&action=history">history</a><i> section.</i></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelyabinsk_meteor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><cite class="citation journal">Balcerak, E. (2013). "Nuclear test monitoring system detected meteor explosion over Russia". <i><a href="/wiki/Eos_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eos (magazine)">Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union</a></i>. <b>94</b> (42): 384. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EOSTr..94S.384B">2013EOSTr..94S.384B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1002%2F2013EO420010">10.1002/2013EO420010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eos%2C+Transactions+American+Geophysical+Union&rft.atitle=Nuclear+test+monitoring+system+detected+meteor+explosion+over+Russia&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=384&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2013EO420010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013EOSTr..94S.384B&rft.aulast=Balcerak&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation news">Barry, Ellen; Kramer, Andrew E. (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/16/world/europe/meteorite-fragments-are-said-to-rain-down-on-siberia.html">"Shock Wave of Fireball Meteor Rattles Siberia, Injuring 1,200"</a>. NYTimes.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shock+Wave+of+Fireball+Meteor+Rattles+Siberia%2C+Injuring+1%2C200&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Andrew+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F02%2F16%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fmeteorite-fragments-are-said-to-rain-down-on-siberia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/> (website).<br />Also published as <cite class="citation news">"Meteor Explodes, Injuring Over 1,000 in Siberia". <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> (New York ed.). 16 February 2013. p. A1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Meteor+Explodes%2C+Injuring+Over+1%2C000+in+Siberia&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2013-02-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/> (print).</li>
<li><cite class="citation journal">Borovička, J.; Spurný, P.; Brown, P.; Wiegert, P.; Kalenda, P.; Clark, D.; Shrbený, L. (2013). "The trajectory, structure and origin of the Chelyabinsk asteroidal impactor". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>503</b> (7475): 235–237. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.503..235B">2013Natur.503..235B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12671">10.1038/nature12671</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24196708">24196708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+trajectory%2C+structure+and+origin+of+the+Chelyabinsk+asteroidal+impactor&rft.volume=503&rft.issue=7475&rft.pages=235-237&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24196708&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature12671&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Natur.503..235B&rft.aulast=Borovi%C4%8Dka&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Spurn%C3%BD%2C+P.&rft.au=Brown%2C+P.&rft.au=Wiegert%2C+P.&rft.au=Kalenda%2C+P.&rft.au=Clark%2C+D.&rft.au=Shrben%C3%BD%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation journal">Brown, P. G.; Assink, J. D.; Astiz, L.; Blaauw, R.; Boslough, M. B.; Borovička, J.; Brachet, N.; Brown, D.; Campbell-Brown, M.; Ceranna, L.; Cooke, W.; de Groot-Hedlin, C.; Drob, D. P.; Edwards, W.; Evers, L. G.; Garces, M.; Gill, J.; Hedlin, M.; Kingery, A.; Laske, G.; Le Pichon, A.; Mialle, P.; Moser, D. E.; Saffer, A.; Silber, E.; Smets, P.; Spalding, R. E.; Spurný, P.; Tagliaferri, E.; et al. (2013). "A 500-kiloton airburst over Chelyabinsk and an enhanced hazard from small impactors". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>503</b> (7475): 238–241. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.503..238B">2013Natur.503..238B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12741">10.1038/nature12741</a>. <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/10125%2F33201">10125/33201</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24196713">24196713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+500-kiloton+airburst+over+Chelyabinsk+and+an+enhanced+hazard+from+small+impactors&rft.volume=503&rft.issue=7475&rft.pages=238-241&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F33201&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24196713&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature12741&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Natur.503..238B&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=P.+G.&rft.au=Assink%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=Astiz%2C+L.&rft.au=Blaauw%2C+R.&rft.au=Boslough%2C+M.+B.&rft.au=Borovi%C4%8Dka%2C+J.&rft.au=Brachet%2C+N.&rft.au=Brown%2C+D.&rft.au=Campbell-Brown%2C+M.&rft.au=Ceranna%2C+L.&rft.au=Cooke%2C+W.&rft.au=de+Groot-Hedlin%2C+C.&rft.au=Drob%2C+D.+P.&rft.au=Edwards%2C+W.&rft.au=Evers%2C+L.+G.&rft.au=Garces%2C+M.&rft.au=Gill%2C+J.&rft.au=Hedlin%2C+M.&rft.au=Kingery%2C+A.&rft.au=Laske%2C+G.&rft.au=Le+Pichon%2C+A.&rft.au=Mialle%2C+P.&rft.au=Moser%2C+D.+E.&rft.au=Saffer%2C+A.&rft.au=Silber%2C+E.&rft.au=Smets%2C+P.&rft.au=Spalding%2C+R.+E.&rft.au=Spurn%C3%BD%2C+P.&rft.au=Tagliaferri%2C+E.&rft.au=Uren%2C+D.&rft.au=Weryk%2C+R.+J.&rft.au=Whitaker%2C+R.&rft.au=Krzeminski%2C+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation journal">Gorkavyi, N.; Rault, D. F.; Newman, P. A.; Da Silva, A. M.; Dudorov, A. E. (2013). "New stratospheric dust belt due to the Chelyabinsk bolide". <i><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_Research_Letters" title="Geophysical Research Letters">Geophysical Research Letters</a></i>. <b>40</b> (17): 4728–4733. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeoRL..40.4728G">2013GeoRL..40.4728G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1002%2Fgrl.50788">10.1002/grl.50788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=New+stratospheric+dust+belt+due+to+the+Chelyabinsk+bolide&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=4728-4733&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fgrl.50788&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013GeoRL..40.4728G&rft.aulast=Gorkavyi&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Rault%2C+D.+F.&rft.au=Newman%2C+P.+A.&rft.au=Da+Silva%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Dudorov%2C+A.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation journal">Gorkavyi, N. N.; Taidakova, T. A.; Provornikova, E. A.; Gorkavyi, I. N.; Akhmetvaleev, M. M. (2013). "Aerosol plume after the Chelyabinsk bolide". <i><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_Research" title="Solar System Research">Solar System Research</a></i>. <b>47</b> (4): 275–279. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SoSyR..47..275G">2013SoSyR..47..275G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1134%2FS003809461304014X">10.1134/S003809461304014X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Solar+System+Research&rft.atitle=Aerosol+plume+after+the+Chelyabinsk+bolide&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=275-279&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2FS003809461304014X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013SoSyR..47..275G&rft.aulast=Gorkavyi&rft.aufirst=N.+N.&rft.au=Taidakova%2C+T.+A.&rft.au=Provornikova%2C+E.+A.&rft.au=Gorkavyi%2C+I.+N.&rft.au=Akhmetvaleev%2C+M.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation journal">Kohout, Tomas; Gritsevich, Maria; Grokhovsky, Victor I.; Yakovlev, Grigoriy A.; Haloda, Jakub; Halodova, Patricie; Michallik, Radoslaw M.; Penttilä, Antti; Muinonen, Karri (2013). "Mineralogy, reflectance spectra, and physical properties of the Chelyabinsk LL5 chondrite – Insight into shock-induced changes in asteroid regoliths". <i><a href="/wiki/Icarus_(journal)" title="Icarus (journal)">Icarus</a></i>. <b>228</b> (1): 78–85. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1309.6081">1309.6081</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Icar..228...78K">2014Icar..228...78K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2013.09.027">10.1016/j.icarus.2013.09.027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Mineralogy%2C+reflectance+spectra%2C+and+physical+properties+of+the+Chelyabinsk+LL5+chondrite+%E2%80%93+Insight+into+shock-induced+changes+in+asteroid+regoliths&rft.volume=228&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=78-85&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1309.6081&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2013.09.027&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Icar..228...78K&rft.aulast=Kohout&rft.aufirst=Tomas&rft.au=Gritsevich%2C+Maria&rft.au=Grokhovsky%2C+Victor+I.&rft.au=Yakovlev%2C+Grigoriy+A.&rft.au=Haloda%2C+Jakub&rft.au=Halodova%2C+Patricie&rft.au=Michallik%2C+Radoslaw+M.&rft.au=Penttil%C3%A4%2C+Antti&rft.au=Muinonen%2C+Karri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation journal">Le Pichon, A.; Ceranna, L.; Pilger, C.; Mialle, P.; Brown, D.; Herry, P.; Brachet, N. (2013). "The 2013 Russian fireball largest ever detected by CTBTO infrasound sensors". <i><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_Research_Letters" title="Geophysical Research Letters">Geophysical Research Letters</a></i>. <b>40</b> (14): 3732–3737. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeoRL..40.3732L">2013GeoRL..40.3732L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1002%2Fgrl.50619">10.1002/grl.50619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=The+2013+Russian+fireball+largest+ever+detected+by+CTBTO+infrasound+sensors&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=3732-3737&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fgrl.50619&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013GeoRL..40.3732L&rft.aulast=Le+Pichon&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Ceranna%2C+L.&rft.au=Pilger%2C+C.&rft.au=Mialle%2C+P.&rft.au=Brown%2C+D.&rft.au=Herry%2C+P.&rft.au=Brachet%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation journal">Miller, Steven D.; Straka, William; Bachmeier, Scott (5 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3831432">"Earth-viewing satellite perspectives on the Chelyabinsk meteor event"</a>. <i>Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences</i>. <b>110</b> (45): 18092–18097. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PNAS..11018092M">2013PNAS..11018092M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1307965110">10.1073/pnas.1307965110</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3831432">3831432</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24145398">24145398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth%2C+Atmospheric%2C+and+Planetary+Sciences&rft.atitle=Earth-viewing+satellite+perspectives+on+the+Chelyabinsk+meteor+event&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=18092-18097&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3831432&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24145398&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1307965110&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PNAS..11018092M&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Steven+D.&rft.au=Straka%2C+William&rft.au=Bachmeier%2C+Scott&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3831432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation journal">Popova, Olga P.; Jenniskens, Peter; Emel’yanenko, Vacheslav; Kartashova, Anna; Biryukov, Eugeny; Khaibrakhmanov, Sergey; Shuvalov, Valery; Rybnov, Yurij; Dudorov, Alexandr; Grokhovsky, Victor I.; Badyukov, Dmitry D.; Yin, Qing-Zhu; Gural, Peter S.; Albers, Jim; Granvik, Mikael; Evers, Läslo G.; Kuiper, Jacob; Kharlamov, Vladimir; Solovyov, Andrey; Rusakov, Yuri S.; Korotkiy, Stanislav; Serdyuk, Ilya; Korochantsev, Alexander V.; Larionov, Michail Yu.; Glazachev, Dmitry; Mayer, Alexander E.; Gisler, Galen; Gladkovsky, Sergei V.; Wimpenny, Josh; Sanborn, Matthew E.; Yamakawa, Akane; Verosub, Kenneth L.; Rowland, Douglas J.; Roeske, Sarah; Botto, Nicholas W.; Friedrich, Jon M.; Zolensky, Michael E.; Le, Loan; Ross, Daniel; Ziegler, Karen; Nakamura, Tomoki; Ahn, Insu; Lee, Jong Ik; Zhou, Qin; Li, Xian-Hua; Li, Qiu-Li; Liu, Yu; Tang, Guo-Qiang; Hiroi, Takahiro; Sears, Derek; Weinstein, Ilya A.; Vokhmintsev, Alexander S.; Ishchenko, Alexei V.; Schmitt-Kopplin, Phillipe; Hertkorn, Norbert; Nagao, Keisuke; Haba, Makiko K.; Komatsu, Mutsumi; Mikouchi, Takashi; (the Chelyabinsk Airburst Consortium) (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6162/1069.abstract">"Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery, and Characterization"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>342</b> (6162): 1069–1073. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...342.1069P">2013Sci...342.1069P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1242642">10.1126/science.1242642</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24200813">24200813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Chelyabinsk+Airburst%2C+Damage+Assessment%2C+Meteorite+Recovery%2C+and+Characterization&rft.volume=342&rft.issue=6162&rft.pages=1069-1073&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24200813&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1242642&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...342.1069P&rft.aulast=Popova&rft.aufirst=Olga+P.&rft.au=Jenniskens%2C+Peter&rft.au=Emel%E2%80%99yanenko%2C+Vacheslav&rft.au=Kartashova%2C+Anna&rft.au=Biryukov%2C+Eugeny&rft.au=Khaibrakhmanov%2C+Sergey&rft.au=Shuvalov%2C+Valery&rft.au=Rybnov%2C+Yurij&rft.au=Dudorov%2C+Alexandr&rft.au=Grokhovsky%2C+Victor+I.&rft.au=Badyukov%2C+Dmitry+D.&rft.au=Yin%2C+Qing-Zhu&rft.au=Gural%2C+Peter+S.&rft.au=Albers%2C+Jim&rft.au=Granvik%2C+Mikael&rft.au=Evers%2C+L%C3%A4slo+G.&rft.au=Kuiper%2C+Jacob&rft.au=Kharlamov%2C+Vladimir&rft.au=Solovyov%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Rusakov%2C+Yuri+S.&rft.au=Korotkiy%2C+Stanislav&rft.au=Serdyuk%2C+Ilya&rft.au=Korochantsev%2C+Alexander+V.&rft.au=Larionov%2C+Michail+Yu.&rft.au=Glazachev%2C+Dmitry&rft.au=Mayer%2C+Alexander+E.&rft.au=Gisler%2C+Galen&rft.au=Gladkovsky%2C+Sergei+V.&rft.au=Wimpenny%2C+Josh&rft.au=Sanborn%2C+Matthew+E.&rft.au=Yamakawa%2C+Akane&rft.au=Verosub%2C+Kenneth+L.&rft.au=Rowland%2C+Douglas+J.&rft.au=Roeske%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Botto%2C+Nicholas+W.&rft.au=Friedrich%2C+Jon+M.&rft.au=Zolensky%2C+Michael+E.&rft.au=Le%2C+Loan&rft.au=Ross%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Ziegler%2C+Karen&rft.au=Nakamura%2C+Tomoki&rft.au=Ahn%2C+Insu&rft.au=Lee%2C+Jong+Ik&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Qin&rft.au=Li%2C+Xian-Hua&rft.au=Li%2C+Qiu-Li&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yu&rft.au=Tang%2C+Guo-Qiang&rft.au=Hiroi%2C+Takahiro&rft.au=Sears%2C+Derek&rft.au=Weinstein%2C+Ilya+A.&rft.au=Vokhmintsev%2C+Alexander+S.&rft.au=Ishchenko%2C+Alexei+V.&rft.au=Schmitt-Kopplin%2C+Phillipe&rft.au=Hertkorn%2C+Norbert&rft.au=Nagao%2C+Keisuke&rft.au=Haba%2C+Makiko+K.&rft.au=Komatsu%2C+Mutsumi&rft.au=Mikouchi%2C+Takashi&rft.au=%28the+Chelyabinsk+Airburst+Consortium%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F342%2F6162%2F1069.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation journal">Proud, S. R. (2013). "Reconstructing the orbit of the Chelyabinsk meteor using satellite observations". <i><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_Research_Letters" title="Geophysical Research Letters">Geophysical Research Letters</a></i>. <b>40</b> (13): 3351–3355. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeoRL..40.3351P">2013GeoRL..40.3351P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1002%2Fgrl.50660">10.1002/grl.50660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+the+orbit+of+the+Chelyabinsk+meteor+using+satellite+observations&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=3351-3355&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fgrl.50660&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013GeoRL..40.3351P&rft.aulast=Proud&rft.aufirst=S.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation journal">Tauzin, B.; Debayle, E.; Quantin, C.; Coltice, N. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00855474/document">"Seismoacoustic coupling induced by the breakup of the 15 February 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_Research_Letters" title="Geophysical Research Letters">Geophysical Research Letters</a></i>. <b>40</b> (14): 3522. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeoRL..40.3522T">2013GeoRL..40.3522T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1002%2Fgrl.50683">10.1002/grl.50683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Seismoacoustic+coupling+induced+by+the+breakup+of+the+15+February+2013+Chelyabinsk+meteor&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=3522&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fgrl.50683&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013GeoRL..40.3522T&rft.aulast=Tauzin&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Debayle%2C+E.&rft.au=Quantin%2C+C.&rft.au=Coltice%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00855474%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation journal">Yau, Kevin; Weissman, Paul; Yeomans, Donald (1994). "Meteorite falls in China and some related human casualty events". <i><a href="/wiki/Meteoritics_%26_Planetary_Science" title="Meteoritics & Planetary Science">Meteoritics</a></i>. <b>29</b> (6): 864–871. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Metic..29..864Y">1994Metic..29..864Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.1994.tb01101.x">10.1111/j.1945-5100.1994.tb01101.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-1114">0026-1114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meteoritics&rft.atitle=Meteorite+falls+in+China+and+some+related+human+casualty+events&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=864-871&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0026-1114&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.1994.tb01101.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994Metic..29..864Y&rft.aulast=Yau&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Weissman%2C+Paul&rft.au=Yeomans%2C+Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd>Synopsis: "A calculation based on the number of casualty events in the Chinese meteorite records suggests that the probability of a meteorite striking a human is far greater than previous estimates."</dd></dl></dd></dl>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelyabinsk_meteor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/simon_rp/8478844942/">"Meteor vapour trail from space"</a>. <i>Image captured by <a href="/wiki/EUMETSAT" class="mw-redirect" title="EUMETSAT">EUMETSAT</a> satellite</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Image+captured+by+EUMETSAT+satellite&rft.atitle=Meteor+vapour+trail+from+space&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fsimon_rp%2F8478844942%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/blog/archives/12356">"Satellite views of meteor vapor trail over Russia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CIMSS" class="mw-redirect" title="CIMSS">CIMSS</a> Satellite Blog</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIMSS+Satellite+Blog&rft.atitle=Satellite+views+of+meteor+vapor+trail+over+Russia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcimss.ssec.wisc.edu%2Fgoes%2Fblog%2Farchives%2F12356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chelyabinsk.ru/text/news/621775.html"><bdi lang="ru">Метеоритный удар по Челябинску</bdi></a> [Collection of videos and photographs of the meteor and resulting damage]. <i>Chelyabinsk website</i> (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chelyabinsk+website&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchelyabinsk.ru%2Ftext%2Fnews%2F621775.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.uwo.ca/~wiegert/chelyabinsk/">"The trajectory, structure and origin of the Chelyabinsk asteroidal impactor"</a>. <i>Animations hosted by Paul Wiegert</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Animations+hosted+by+Paul+Wiegert&rft.atitle=The+trajectory%2C+structure+and+origin+of+the+Chelyabinsk+asteroidal+impactor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astro.uwo.ca%2F~wiegert%2Fchelyabinsk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aG-yy8ILItI">"Postcards from Chelyabinsk – SETI Institute Colloquium Series (Peter Jenniskens) (video)"</a>. SETI institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Postcards+from+Chelyabinsk+%E2%80%93+SETI+Institute+Colloquium+Series+%28Peter+Jenniskens%29+%28video%29&rft.pub=SETI+institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DaG-yy8ILItI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/meteor-strike.html">"Meteor Strike"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova (American TV series)">NOVA</a> documentary broadcast, 53 minutes, aired 27 March 2013</i>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. <q>Includes extensive scientific analysis of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">infrasound</a> monitoring network data from which the megaton energy estimates were made.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOVA+documentary+broadcast%2C+53+minutes%2C+aired+27+March+2013&rft.atitle=Meteor+Strike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fearth%2Fmeteor-strike.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChelyabinsk+meteor" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ing.dk/video/animation-saa-kraftfuld-var-asteroiden-over-rusland-175877">Animation of meteor explosion</a>, by "Strip the Cosmos"</li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_impact_events" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_impact_events" title="Template:Modern impact events"><abbr title="View this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_impact_events" title="Template talk:Modern impact events"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Modern_impact_events&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_impact_events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Modern impact events</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">On Earth</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">Pre-2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>1490 <a href="/wiki/1490_Ch%27ing-yang_event" title="1490 Ch'ing-yang event">Ch'ing-yang</a></li>
<li>1783 <a href="/wiki/1783_Great_Meteor" title="1783 Great Meteor">Great Meteor</a></li>
<li>1860 <a href="/wiki/1860_Great_Meteor" title="1860 Great Meteor">Great Meteor</a></li>
<li>1896 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrid_Meteor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madrid Meteor (page does not exist)">Madrid Meteor</a></li>
<li>1908 <a href="/wiki/Tunguska_event" title="Tunguska event">Tunguska</a></li>
<li>1913 <a href="/wiki/1913_Great_Meteor_Procession" title="1913 Great Meteor Procession">Great Meteor Procession</a></li>
<li>1930 <a href="/wiki/1930_Curu%C3%A7%C3%A1_River_event" title="1930 Curuçá River event">Curuçá River</a></li>
<li>1938 <a href="/wiki/Chicora_meteor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicora meteor">Chicora meteor</a></li>
<li>1947 <a href="/wiki/Sikhote-Alin_meteorite" title="Sikhote-Alin meteorite">Sikhote-Alin meteorite</a></li>
<li>1969 <a href="/wiki/Murchison_meteorite" title="Murchison meteorite">Murchison meteorite</a></li>
<li>1972 <a href="/wiki/1972_Great_Daylight_Fireball" title="1972 Great Daylight Fireball">Great Daylight Fireball</a></li>
<li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Earth-grazing_meteoroid_of_13_October_1990" title="Earth-grazing meteoroid of 13 October 1990">Earth-grazing meteoroid</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">Post-2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>2002 <a href="/wiki/2002_Eastern_Mediterranean_event" title="2002 Eastern Mediterranean event">Eastern Mediterranean</a></li>
<li>2002 <a href="/wiki/2002_Vitim_event" title="2002 Vitim event">Vitim</a></li>
<li>2007 <a href="/wiki/2007_Carancas_impact_event" title="2007 Carancas impact event">Carancas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2008_TC3" title="2008 TC3">2008 TC3 impact</a></li>
<li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Buzzard_Coulee_meteorite" title="Buzzard Coulee meteorite">Buzzard Coulee meteorite</a></li>
<li>2009 <a href="/wiki/2009_Sulawesi_superbolide" title="2009 Sulawesi superbolide">Sulawesi superbolide</a></li>
<li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Sutter%27s_Mill_meteorite" title="Sutter's Mill meteorite">Sutter's Mill meteorite</a></li>
<li>2012 <a href="/wiki/2012_UK_meteoroid" title="2012 UK meteoroid">UK meteoroid</a></li>
<li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Novato_meteorite" title="Novato meteorite">Novato meteorite</a></li>
<li>2013 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chelyabinsk meteor</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteorite" title="Chelyabinsk meteorite">Chelyabinsk meteorite</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2014_AA" title="2014 AA">2014 AA impact</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2014_Ontario_fireball" title="2014 Ontario fireball">2014 Ontario fireball</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2015_Kerala_meteorite" title="2015 Kerala meteorite">2015 Kerala meteorite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2015_Thailand_bolide" title="2015 Thailand bolide">2015 Thailand bolide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/WT1190F" title="WT1190F">WT1190F impact</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2017_China_bolide" title="2017 China bolide">2017 China bolide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2018_LA" title="2018 LA">2018 LA impact</a></li>
<li>2018 <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_meteor" title="Kamchatka meteor">Kamchatka meteor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2019_MO" title="2019 MO">2019 MO impact</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Impact_event.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Impact-event imagery by NASA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Impact_event.jpg/100px-Impact_event.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Impact_event.jpg/150px-Impact_event.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Impact_event.jpg/200px-Impact_event.jpg 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="360" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9</a></li>
<li>2009 <a href="/wiki/2009_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2009 Jupiter impact event">Jupiter impact</a></li>
<li>2010 <a href="/wiki/2010_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2010 Jupiter impact event">Jupiter impact</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth">Asteroid close approaches to Earth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Comets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bolides" title="List of bolides">Bolides</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts" title="List of meteor air bursts">Meteor air bursts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meteorite_falls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of meteorite falls">Meteorite falls</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">Minor planets</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Earth-crossing minor planets">crossing Earth's orbit</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bolide" title="Bolide">Bolide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Earth-grazing_fireball" title="Earth-grazing fireball">Earth-grazing fireball</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_procession" title="Meteor procession">Meteor procession</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">Meteor shower</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">Meteorite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Planetary_defense" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Planetary_defense" title="Template:Planetary defense"><abbr title="View this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Planetary_defense" title="Template talk:Planetary defense"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Planetary_defense&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Planetary_defense" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Planetary defense</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bolide" title="Bolide">Bolide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Earth-grazing_fireball" title="Earth-grazing fireball">Earth-grazing fireball</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts" title="List of meteor air bursts">List of meteor air bursts</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_procession" title="Meteor procession">Meteor procession</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">Meteor shower</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">Meteorite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Defense</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_laser_ablation" title="Asteroid laser ablation">Asteroid laser ablation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_tractor" title="Gravity tractor">Gravity tractor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ion-beam_shepherd" title="Ion-beam shepherd">Ion-beam shepherd</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth">Asteroid close approaches</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Earth-crossing minor planets">Earth-crossing minor planets</a></li>
<li>Damage scales
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palermo_Technical_Impact_Hazard_Scale" title="Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale">Palermo scale</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Torino_scale" title="Torino scale">Torino scale</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Space probes</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(mission)" title="AIDA (mission)">AIDA</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(mission)#Hera" title="AIDA (mission)">Hera</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test"><i>DART</i></a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Halley_Armada" title="Halley Armada">Halley Armada</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#Instruments" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">NEO</a> tracking</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_Terrestrial-impact_Last_Alert_System" title="Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System">ATLAS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Catalina_Sky_Survey" title="Catalina Sky Survey">Catalina Sky Survey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Near-Earth_Asteroid_Research" title="Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research">LINEAR</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Observatory_Near-Earth-Object_Search" title="Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search">LONEOS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">NEAT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Object_Surveillance_Satellite" title="Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite">NEOSSat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Object_Camera" title="Near-Earth Object Camera">NEOCam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NEODyS" title="NEODyS">NEODyS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OGS_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="OGS Telescope">OGS Telescope</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orbit@home" title="Orbit@home">Orbit@home</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pan-STARRS" title="Pan-STARRS">Pan-STARRS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Schmidt_CCD_Asteroid_Program" title="Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program">SCAP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_Space_Telescope" title="Sentinel Space Telescope">Sentinel Space Telescope</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sentry_(monitoring_system)" title="Sentry (monitoring system)">Sentry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spacewatch" title="Spacewatch">Spacewatch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/B612_Foundation" title="B612 Foundation">B612 Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Spaceguard_Association" title="Japan Spaceguard Association">Japan Spaceguard Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meteoritical_Society" title="Meteoritical Society">Meteoritical Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NEOShield" class="mw-redirect" title="NEOShield">NEOShield</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spaceguard" title="Spaceguard">Spaceguard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Spaceguard_Foundation" title="The Spaceguard Foundation">The Spaceguard Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Defense_Coordination_Office" title="Planetary Defense Coordination Office">Planetary Defense Coordination Office</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Potential threats</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/(29075)_1950_DA" title="(29075) 1950 DA">1950 DA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1994_WR12" title="1994 WR12">1994 WR<sub>12</sub></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/101955_Bennu" title="101955 Bennu">101955 Bennu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2002_MN" title="2002 MN">2002 MN</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/(410777)_2009_FD" title="(410777) 2009 FD">(410777) 2009 FD</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2010_RF12" title="2010 RF12">2010 RF<sub>12</sub></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/99942_Apophis" title="99942 Apophis">99942 Apophis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Films / video</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_the_World_(1916_film)" title="The End of the World (1916 film)">The End of the World</a></i> (1916)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/When_Worlds_Collide_(1951_film)" title="When Worlds Collide (1951 film)">When Worlds Collide</a></i> (1951)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorath" title="Gorath">Gorath</a></i> (1962)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Slime" title="The Green Slime">The Green Slime</a></i> (1968)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Paradise_Syndrome" title="The Paradise Syndrome">The Paradise Syndrome</a></i> (1968)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Fire_in_the_Sky" title="A Fire in the Sky">A Fire in the Sky</a></i> (1978)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Meteor_(film)" title="Meteor (film)">Meteor</a></i> (1979)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nova_episodes#Season_23:_1995–1996" title="List of Nova episodes">NOVA: Doomsday Asteroid</a></i> (1995)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_(film)" title="Asteroid (film)">Asteroid</a></i> (1997)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(film)" title="Deep Impact (film)">Deep Impact</a></i> (1998)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Armageddon_(1998_film)" title="Armageddon (1998 film)">Armageddon</a></i> (1998)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Judgment_Day_(1999_film)" title="Judgment Day (1999 film)">Judgment Day</a></i> (1999)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Post_Impact" title="Post Impact">Post Impact</a></i> (2004)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Deadly_Skies" title="Deadly Skies">Deadly Skies</a></i> (2006)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_Comet:_After_the_Impact" title="Super Comet: After the Impact">Super Comet: After the Impact</a></i> (2007)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Impact_(miniseries)" title="Impact (miniseries)">Impact</a></i> (2009)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nova_episodes#Season_36:_2008–2009" title="List of Nova episodes">NOVA: Last Extinction</a></i> (2009)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Meteor_Storm" title="Meteor Storm">Meteor Storm</a></i> (2010)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Horizon_episodes#Series_47:_2010–2011" title="List of Horizon episodes">HORIZON: Asteroids–The Good, the Bad and the Ugly</a></i> (2010)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Melancholia_(2011_film)" title="Melancholia (2011 film)">Melancholia</a></i> (2011)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nova_episodes#Season_40:_2012–2013" title="List of Nova episodes">NOVA: Meteor Strike</a></i> (2013)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nova_episodes#Season_41:_2013–2014" title="List of Nova episodes">NOVA: Asteroid: Doomsday or Payday?</a></i> (2013)</li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impact_Earth_(TV_movie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Impact Earth (TV movie) (page does not exist)">Impact Earth</a></i> (2015)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Avengers:_Age_of_Ultron" title="Avengers: Age of Ultron">Avengers: Age of Ultron</a></i> (2015)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2013_in_space" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2013_in_space" title="Template:2013 in space"><abbr title="View this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2013_in_space" title="Template talk:2013 in space"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:2013_in_space&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2013_in_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2013 in space</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div id="*_«_2012_2014_»">
<ul><li><div style="float: left;"> « <span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Template:2012_in_space" title="Template:2012 in space">2012</a></span> </div> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Template:2014_in_space" title="Template:2014 in space">2014</a></span> » </div></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2013_in_spaceflight" title="2013 in spaceflight">Launches</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" title="Space probe">Space probes</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)">Yutu</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Space_observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Space observatory">Space observatories</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interface_Region_Imaging_Spectrograph" title="Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph">IRIS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hisaki_(satellite)" title="Hisaki (satellite)">Hisaki</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Kepler-62f_with_62e_as_Morning_Star.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Kepler-62f with 62e as Morning Star.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Kepler-62f_with_62e_as_Morning_Star.jpg/120px-Kepler-62f_with_62e_as_Morning_Star.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Kepler-62f_with_62e_as_Morning_Star.jpg/180px-Kepler-62f_with_62e_as_Morning_Star.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Kepler-62f_with_62e_as_Morning_Star.jpg/240px-Kepler-62f_with_62e_as_Morning_Star.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4268" data-file-height="2400" /></a><br /><a href="/wiki/File:LADEE_fires_small_engines.jpg" class="image"><img alt="LADEE fires small engines.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/LADEE_fires_small_engines.jpg/120px-LADEE_fires_small_engines.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/LADEE_fires_small_engines.jpg/180px-LADEE_fires_small_engines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/LADEE_fires_small_engines.jpg/240px-LADEE_fires_small_engines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7056" data-file-height="4000" /></a><br /><a href="/wiki/File:The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled_-_PIA17172.jpg" class="image"><img alt="The Day the Earth Smiled - PIA17172.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled_-_PIA17172.jpg/120px-The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled_-_PIA17172.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="47" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled_-_PIA17172.jpg/180px-The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled_-_PIA17172.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled_-_PIA17172.jpg/240px-The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled_-_PIA17172.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9000" data-file-height="3500" /></a><br /><a href="/wiki/File:Relative_sizes_of_all_of_the_habitable-zone_planets_discovered_to_date_alongside_Earth.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Relative sizes of all of the habitable-zone planets discovered to date alongside Earth.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Relative_sizes_of_all_of_the_habitable-zone_planets_discovered_to_date_alongside_Earth.jpg/120px-Relative_sizes_of_all_of_the_habitable-zone_planets_discovered_to_date_alongside_Earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Relative_sizes_of_all_of_the_habitable-zone_planets_discovered_to_date_alongside_Earth.jpg/180px-Relative_sizes_of_all_of_the_habitable-zone_planets_discovered_to_date_alongside_Earth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Relative_sizes_of_all_of_the_habitable-zone_planets_discovered_to_date_alongside_Earth.jpg/240px-Relative_sizes_of_all_of_the_habitable-zone_planets_discovered_to_date_alongside_Earth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact events</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chelyabinsk meteor</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteorite" title="Chelyabinsk meteorite">Chelyabinsk meteorite</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Novae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Centauri_2013" title="Nova Centauri 2013">Nova Centauri 2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/V339_Delphini" title="V339 Delphini">V339 Delphini</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2011_L4" title="C/2011 L4">C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_F6_(Lemmon)" title="C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)">C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_K1" title="C/2012 K1">C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comet_ISON" title="Comet ISON">C/2012 S1 (ISON)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_A1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2013 A1">C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/311P/PANSTARRS" title="311P/PANSTARRS">P/2013 P5 (PANSTARRS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_R1" title="C/2013 R1">C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">NEOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2013" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2013">Asteroid close approaches</a></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(7888)_1993_UC" title="(7888) 1993 UC">(7888) 1993 UC</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(52760)_1998_ML14" title="(52760) 1998 ML14">(52760) 1998 ML<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">14</span></span></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(285263)_1998_QE2" title="(285263) 1998 QE2">(285263) 1998 QE<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">2</span></span></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(163364)_2002_OD20" title="(163364) 2002 OD20">(163364) 2002 OD<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">20</span></span></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(277475)_2005_WK4" title="(277475) 2005 WK4">(277475) 2005 WK<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">4</span></span></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_BL8" title="2006 BL8">2006 BL<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">8</span></span></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(471240)_2011_BT15" title="(471240) 2011 BT15">(471240) 2011 BT<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">15</span></span></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_YQ1" title="2012 YQ1">2012 YQ<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">1</span></span></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_EC" title="2013 EC">2013 EC</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_ET" title="2013 ET">2013 ET</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(511002)_2013_MZ5" title="(511002) 2013 MZ5">(511002) 2013 MZ<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">5</span></span></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_PJ10" title="2013 PJ10">2013 PJ<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">10</span></span></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_TV135" title="2013 TV135">2013 TV<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">135</span></span></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_XY8" title="2013 XY8">2013 XY<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">8</span></span></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_YP139" title="2013 YP139">2013 YP<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">139</span></span></a></span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/367943_Duende" title="367943 Duende">367943 Duende</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/3361_Orpheus" title="3361 Orpheus">3361 Orpheus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">Exoplanets</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/DENIS-P_J082303.1%E2%88%92491201_b" title="DENIS-P J082303.1−491201 b">DENIS-P J082303.1−491201 b</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_504_b" title="Gliese 504 b">Gliese 504 b</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_667_Cd" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliese 667 Cd">Gliese 667 Cd</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_667_Ce" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliese 667 Ce">Gliese 667 Ce</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_667_Cf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliese 667 Cf">Gliese 667 Cf</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_667_Cg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliese 667 Cg">Gliese 667 Cg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_667_Ch" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliese 667 Ch">Gliese 667 Ch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HD_106906_b" title="HD 106906 b">HD 106906 b</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HD_95086_b" title="HD 95086 b">HD 95086 b</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-37b" title="Kepler-37b">Kepler-37b</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-37c" title="Kepler-37c">Kepler-37c</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-37d" title="Kepler-37d">Kepler-37d</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-61b" title="Kepler-61b">Kepler-61b</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-62b" title="Kepler-62b">Kepler-62b</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-62c" title="Kepler-62c">Kepler-62c</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-62d" title="Kepler-62d">Kepler-62d</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-62e" title="Kepler-62e">Kepler-62e</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-62f" title="Kepler-62f">Kepler-62f</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-65" title="Kepler-65">Kepler-65</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-66" title="Kepler-66">Kepler-66</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-67" title="Kepler-67">Kepler-67</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-68b" title="Kepler-68b">Kepler-68b</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-68c" title="Kepler-68c">Kepler-68c</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-68d" title="Kepler-68d">Kepler-68d</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-69b" title="Kepler-69b">Kepler-69b</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-69c" title="Kepler-69c">Kepler-69c</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-76b" title="Kepler-76b">Kepler-76b</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-78b" title="Kepler-78b">Kepler-78b</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-87c" title="Kepler-87c">Kepler-87c</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PSO_J318.5-22" class="mw-redirect" title="PSO J318.5-22">PSO J318.5-22</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ROXs_42Bb" title="ROXs 42Bb">ROXs 42Bb</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRB_130427A" title="GRB 130427A">GRB 130427A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hercules%E2%80%93Corona_Borealis_Great_Wall" title="Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall">Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel Space Observatory</a> (end of mission)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:2012_in_space" title="Category:2012 in space">Category:2012 in space</a> — <b><a href="/wiki/Category:2013_in_space" title="Category:2013 in space">Category:2013 in space</a></b> — <a href="/wiki/Category:2014_in_space" title="Category:2014 in space">Category:2014 in space</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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2.78% 48.525 2 Template:Cite_arXiv
-->
</div>'
|
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node ($1) (tor_exit_node) |
false
|
Unix timestamp of change ($1) (timestamp) |
1569370553
|
