Examine individual changes

[ 0 => '{{Short description|Christian feast day}}', 1 => '{{Redirect|The Feast of All Saints|the 1978 novel by Anne Rice|The Feast of All Saints (novel)}}', 2 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}', 3 => '{{Infobox holiday', 4 => '|holiday_name=All Saints' Day', 5 => '|type=Christian', 6 => '|image=All-Saints.jpg', 7 => '|imagesize=300px', 8 => '|caption=Painting of various saints by [[Fra Angelico]]', 9 => '|nickname=All Hallows' Day, Hallowmas', 10 => '|observedby= {{Plainlist|', 11 => '* [[Catholic Church]]', 12 => '* [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]', 13 => '* [[Lutheran Church]]es<ref>{{cite book |last=Marty |first=Martin E. |title=Lutheran questions, Lutheran answers: exploring Christian faith |year=2007 |publisher=[[Augsburg Fortress]] |location=Minneapolis |isbn=978-0806653501 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPRSDFqD-fwC&pg=PA127|author-link=Martin E. Marty |quote=All Lutherans celebrate All Saints Day, and many sing, 'For all the saints, who from their labors rest…' |access-date=2 November 2011 |page=127}}</ref>', 14 => '* [[Anglican Communion]]', 15 => '* [[Methodist Church]]es<ref>{{cite book |author=Willimon, William H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCRga-tv8U4C&q=Saints+%2B+Methodism&pg=PA64 |title=United Methodist Beliefs |page=64 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-1611640618 |access-date=30 October 2014}}</ref>', 16 => '*[[Church of the Nazarene]]', 17 => '* [[Reformed Church]]es', 18 => '* [[Philippine Independent Church]]', 19 => '* Other Christian denominations', 20 => '}}', 21 => '|litcolor=White (Western Christianity)<br>Green (Eastern Christianity)', 22 => '|date=[[November 1|1 November]] (Western Christianity)<br />Sunday after Pentecost (Eastern Christianity)', 23 => '|celebrations=', 24 => '|duration= 2 day', 25 => '|frequency=annual', 26 => '|observances=Church services, praying for the dead, visiting cemeteries', 27 => '|relatedto={{Plainlist|', 28 => '* [[Allhallowtide]] ([[Hallowe'en]] 31 October, [[All Souls' Day]] 2 November)', 29 => '* [[Totensonntag]]', 30 => '* [[Day of the Dead]]', 31 => '* [[Saint]]s', 32 => '}}', 33 => '|alt=|official_name=|significance=|begins=|ends=|weekday=|month=|scheduling=|firsttime=|startedby=}}', 34 => '', 35 => ''''All Saints' Day''', also known as '''All Hallows' Day''', '''Hallowmas''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://langs.eserver.org/shakespeare-glossary.txt|title=Shakespearian Glossary|access-date=10 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423155308/http://langs.eserver.org/shakespeare-glossary.txt|archive-date=23 April 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta6SAgAAQBAJ&q=shakespeare+hallowmas&pg=PT307|title=The Shakespeare Name Dictionary |publisher=Routledge |date=2004 |isbn=978-1135875718 |access-date=30 October 2014}}</ref>{{bsn|date=October 2020}} the '''Feast of All Saints''',<ref>{{cite book|title=The Anglican Service Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jN4wspXqHBkC&pg=PA676|access-date=3 November 2012|date=1 September 1991|publisher=Good Shepherd Press|isbn=978-0962995507|page=677}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=St. John of Shanghai and San Francisco|author-link=St. John of Shanghai and San Francisco|title=Homily on the Feast of All Saints of Russia|url=http://www.russianorthodox-stl.org/all_saints_russia.html|website=St. John Chrysostom Orthodox Church}}</ref> or '''Solemnity of All Saints''', is a [[Christianity|Christian]] [[solemnity]] celebrated in honour of all the [[saint]]s, known and unknown. Its intent is to celebrate all the saints, including those who do not, or are no longer, celebrated individually, either because the number of saints has become so great or because they were celebrated in groups, after suffering martyrdom collectively. From the 4th century, feasts commemorating all Christian martyrs were held in various places on various dates near [[Easter]] and [[Pentecost]]. In the 9th century, some churches in the [[British Isles]] began holding the commemoration of all saints on 1 November, and in the 10th century this was extended to the whole church by [[Pope Gregory IV]].<ref>{{Cite CE1913 | id= 01315a |title=All Saints' Day |first=Francis |last=Mershman |access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref>', 36 => '', 37 => 'In [[Western Christianity]], it is still celebrated on 1 November by the [[Latin Church|Roman Catholic Church]] as well as many Protestant churches. The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] and associated [[Eastern Catholic]] and [[Byzantine Rite Lutheranism|Byzantine Lutheran churches]] celebrate it on the first Sunday after [[Pentecost]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sidhu |first1=Salatiel |last2=Baldovin |first2=John Francis |title=Holidays and Rituals of Jews and Christians |year=2013 |isbn=978-1481711401 |page=193 |quote=Lutheran and Orthodox Churches who do not call themselves Roman Catholic Churches have maintained the traditions of the Roman Catholic Church, still celebrate this Day. Even the Protestant Churches like the United Methodist Church all celebrate this day as the All Souls Day and call it All Saints day.}}</ref> The [[Church of the East]] and associated Eastern Catholic churches celebrate All Saints' Day on the first Friday after [[Easter]].<ref name="SMCLIT">{{cite web|url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/pdf/Panchangam%20English2016.pdf|title=Syro Malabar Liturgical Calendar 2016}}</ref>', 38 => '', 39 => '==Liturgical celebrations==', 40 => 'In the Western Christian practice, the [[liturgy|liturgical]] celebration begins at [[Vespers]] on the evening of 31 October, [[All Hallows' Eve]] (All Saints' Eve), and ends at the close of 1 November. It is thus the day before [[All Souls' Day]], which commemorates the faithful departed. In many traditions, All Saints' Day is part of the season of [[Allhallowtide]], which includes the three days from 31 October to 2 November inclusive, and in some denominations, such as [[Anglicanism]], extends to [[Remembrance Sunday]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Leslie|first=Frank|title=Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x7_QAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA539|access-date=9 April 2014|year=1895|publisher=Frank Leslie Publishing House|page=539|work=Allhallowtide|quote=Just as the term "Eastertide" expresses for us the whole of the church services and ancient customs attached to the festival of Easter, from Palm Sunday until Easter Monday, so does All-hallowtide include for us all the various customs, obsolete and still observed, of Halloween, All Saints' and All Souls' Days. From the 31st of October until the morning of the 3rd of November, this period of three days, known as All-hallowtide, is full of traditional and legendary lore.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=All Saints' Tide|url=http://www.oremus.org/liturgy/pohg/s2a.html|website=Services and Prayers for the Season from All Saints to Candlemas|publisher=[[General Synod of the Church of England]]|quote=For many twentieth-century Christians the All Saints-tide period is extended to include Remembrance Sunday. In the Calendar and Lectionary we have sought to make it easier to observe this without cutting across a developing lectionary pattern, and we have reprinted the form of service approved ecumenically for use on that day.}}</ref> In places where All Saints' Day is observed as a public holiday but All Souls' Day is not, cemetery and grave rituals such as offerings of flowers, candles and prayers or blessings for the graves of loved ones often take place on All Saints Day.<ref name="Hatch1978">{{cite book|last=Hatch|first=Jane M.|title=The American Book of Days|url=https://archive.org/details/americanbookofda00hatc/page/979|year=1978|publisher=Wilson|language=en|isbn=978-0824205935|page=[https://archive.org/details/americanbookofda00hatc/page/979 979]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="army.mil-toussaint">[https://www.army.mil/article/196239/all_saints_day_honors_the_deceased "All Saints' Day honors the deceased", USAG Benelux Public Affairs, November 1, 2017]</ref><ref name="couleur-toussaint">[https://www.couleurnature.com/blogs/news/the-flower-of-death "The Flower of Death", Couleur Nature, Paris, 25 July 2011]</ref><ref name="portugese-american-saints">[http://portuguese-american-journal.com/national-holiday-november-1st-is-all-saints-day-%E2%80%93-portugal/ "National holiday: November 1st is All Saints Day – Portugal", ''Portuguese American Journal'', 1 November 2011]</ref> In Austria and Germany, [[godparents]] gift their godchildren [[Allerheiligenstriezel]] (All Saint's Braid) on All Saint's Day,<ref name="Williams2016">{{cite book|last= Williams|first=Victoria|title=Celebrating Life Customs around the World|year=2016|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|language=en|page=979}}</ref> while the practice of [[souling]] remains popular in Portugal.<ref name="Guillain2014">{{cite book|last= Guillain|first=Charlotte |title=Portugal|year=2014|publisher=Capstone|language=en}}</ref> It is a [[public holiday|national holiday]] in many [[Christian state|Christian countries]].', 41 => '', 42 => 'The Christian celebration of All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day stems from a belief that there is a powerful spiritual bond between those in heaven (the "[[Church triumphant]]"), and the living (the "[[Church militant]]"). In [[Catholic]] theology, the day commemorates all those who have attained the [[beatific vision]] in Heaven. In [[Methodist]] theology, All Saints Day revolves around "giving God solemn thanks for the lives and deaths of his [[Saints in Methodism|saints]]", including those who are "famous or obscure".<ref name="Iovino2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/all-saints-day-a-holy-day-john-wesley-loved|title=All Saints Day: A holy day John Wesley loved |last=Iovino|first=Joe|date=28 October 2015|publisher=[[The United Methodist Church]]|language=en|access-date=20 October 2016}}</ref> As such, individuals throughout the Church Universal are honoured, such as [[Paul the Apostle]], [[Augustine of Hippo]] and [[John Wesley]], in addition to individuals who have personally led one to faith in Jesus, such as one's grandmother or friend.<ref name="Iovino2015" />', 43 => '', 44 => '==Western Christianity==', 45 => 'The Christian holiday of All Saints' Day falls on 1 November, followed by [[All Souls' Day]] on 2 November, and is currently a Solemnity in the [[Roman Rite]] of the Catholic Church, a [[Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)|Festival]] in the [[Lutheran Church]]es, as well as a [[Principal Feast]] of the Anglican Communion.', 46 => '', 47 => '===History===', 48 => 'From the 4th century, there existed in certain places and at sporadic intervals a feast date to commemorate all Christian martyrs.<ref>C. Smith ''The New Catholic Encyclopedia'' 1967: ''s.v.'' "Feast of All Saints", p. 318.</ref> It was held on 13 May in [[Edessa]], the Sunday after Pentecost in [[Antioch]], and the Friday after Easter by the Syrians.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Saunders|first1=William|title=All Saints and All Souls|url=http://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/catholic-contributions/all-saints-and-all-souls.html|website=catholiceducation.org|access-date=18 September 2016}}</ref> During the 5th century, [[St. Maximus of Turin]] preached annually on the Sunday after Pentecost in honor of all martyrs in what is today Northern Italy. The [[Comes of Würzburg]], the earliest existing ecclesiastical reading list, dating to the late 6th or early 7th century in what is today Germany, lists this the Sunday after Pentecost as "dominica in natale sanctorum" or "Sunday of the Nativity of the Saints". By this time, the commemoration had expanded to include all saints whether or not they were martyred.<ref name="new-catholic-2nd-all-saints"/>', 49 => '', 50 => 'On 13 May 609 or 610, [[Pope Boniface IV]] consecrated the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon at Rome]] to the Blessed Virgin and all the martyrs, ordering an anniversary;<ref name="mershman"/> the feast of the ''dedication Sanctae Mariae ad Martyres'' has been celebrated at Rome ever since. It is suggested 13 May was chosen—by the Pope and earlier by Christians in Edessa—because it was the date of the [[Religion in ancient Rome|Roman pagan]] festival of [[Lemuria (festival)|Lemuria]], in which the malevolent and restless spirits of the dead were propitiated. Some liturgiologists base the idea that Lemuria was the origin of All Saints on their identical dates and their similar theme of "all the dead".<ref>For example, Violet Alford ("The Cat Saint", ''Folklore'' '''52'''.3 [September 1941:161–183] p. 181 note 56) observes that "Saints were often confounded with the [[Lares]] or Dead. Repasts for both were prepared in early Christian times, and All Saints' Day was transferred in 835 to November 1st from one of the days in May which were the old Lemuralia"; Alford notes [[Pierre Saintyves]], ''Les saints successeurs des dieux'', Paris 1906 (''sic'', i.e. 1907).</ref>', 51 => '', 52 => '[[Pope Gregory III]] (731–741) [[Dedication|dedicated]] an [[oratory (worship)|oratory]] in [[Old St. Peter's Basilica|St. Peter's]] to the relics "of the holy apostles and of all saints, martyrs and confessors, of all the just made perfect who are at rest throughout the world".{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Some sources say Gregory III dedicated the oratory on 1 November, and this is why the date became All Saints' Day.<ref>"All Saints' Day", ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'', 3rd edition, ed. E. A. Livingstone (Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]], 1997), 41–42; ''The New Catholic Encyclopedia'', ''eo.loc''.</ref> Other sources say Gregory III held a [[synod]] to condemn [[iconoclasm]] on 1 November 731, but dedicated the All Saints oratory on [[Palm Sunday]], 12 April 732.<ref>McClendon, Charles. "Old Saint Peter's and the Iconoclastic Controversy", in ''Old Saint Peter's, Rome''. Cambridge University Press, 2013. pp. 215–216. Quote: "Soon after his election in 731, Gregory III summoned a synod to gather on 1 November in the basilica of Saint Peter's in order to respond to the policy of iconoclasm that he believed was being promoted by the Byzantine Emperor [...] Six months later, in April of the following year, 732, the pope assembled another synod in the basilica to consecrate a new oratory dedicated to the Saviour, the Virgin Mary, and all the saints".</ref><ref>Ó Carragáin, Éamonn. ''Ritual and the Rood: Liturgical Images and the Old English Poems of the Dream of the Rood Tradition''. University of Toronto Press, 2005. p. 258. Quote: "Gregory III began his reign with a synod in St Peter's (1 November 731) which formally condemned iconoclasm [...] on the Sunday before Easter, 12 April 732, Gregory convoked yet another synod [...] and at the synod inaugurated an oratory [...] Dedicated to all saints, this oratory was designed to hold 'relics of the holy apostles and all the holy martyrs and confessors'".</ref><ref>Ian Levy, Gary Macy, Kristen Van Ausdall (editors). ''A Companion to the Eucharist in the Middle Ages''. Brill Publishers, 2011. p. 151</ref><ref>Noble, Thomas. ''Images, Iconoclasm, and the Carolingians''. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. p. 125</ref>', 53 => '', 54 => 'By 800, there is evidence that churches in [[Ireland]],<ref name="farmer">Farmer, David. ''The Oxford Dictionary of Saints'' (Fifth Edition, Revised). Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 14</ref> [[Northumbria]] (England) and [[History of Bavaria|Bavaria]] (Germany) were holding a feast commemorating all saints on 1 November.<ref name="hutton364">Hutton, p. 364</ref> Some manuscripts of the Irish ''[[Martyrology of Tallaght]]'' and ''[[Óengus of Tallaght|Martyrology of Óengus]]'', which date to this time, have a commemoration of all saints of the world on 1 November.<ref name="butler">[[Alban Butler|Butler, Alban]]. ''Butler's Lives of the Saints, New Full Edition, Volume 11: November (Revised by Sarah Fawcett Thomas)''. Burns & Oates, 1997. pp. 1–2. Quote: "Some manuscripts of the ninth-century ''Félire'', or martyrology, of St Oengus the Culdee and the ''Martyrology of Tallaght'' (c. 800), which have a commemoration of the martyrs on 17 April, a feast of 'all the saints of the whole of Europe' on 20 April, and a feast of all saints of Africa on 23 December, also refer to a celebration of all the saints on 1 November".</ref><ref name="new-catholic-2nd-all-saints"/> In the late 790s [[Alcuin]] of Northumbria recommended the holding of the feast on 1 November to his friend [[Arno of Salzburg]], Bavaria.<ref>Dales, Douglas. ''Alcuin II: Theology and Thought''. James Clarke and Co, 2013. p. 34</ref><ref>McCluskey, Stephen. ''Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe''. Cambridge University Press, 2000. p. 64</ref> Alcuin used his influence with [[Charlemagne]] to introduce the Irish-Northumbrian Feast of All Saints to the [[Frankish Kingdom]].<ref name="new-catholic-2nd-alcuin">{{cite book |title=New Catholic Encyclopedia |date=2003 |isbn=0-7876-4004-2 |pages=242–243 |edition=Second}}</ref>', 55 => '', 56 => 'Some scholars propose that churches in the British Isles began celebrating All Saints on 1 November in the 8th century to coincide with or replace the Celtic festival known in Ireland and Scotland as [[Samhain]]. James Frazer represents this school of thought by arguing that 1 November was chosen because Samhain was the date of the Celtic festival of the dead.<ref>Pseudo-Bede, ''Homiliae subdititiae''; John Hennig, 'The Meaning of All the Saints', ''Mediaeval Studies'' 10 (1948), 147–61.</ref><ref>"All Saints Day", ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'', 3rd edition, ed. E. A. Livingstone (Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]], 1997), 41–42; ''The New Catholic Encyclopedia'', ''eo.loc''.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 2856837|title = A Feast of All the Saints of Europe|journal = Speculum|volume = 21|issue = 1|pages = 49–66|last1 = Hennig|first1 = John|year = 1946|doi = 10.2307/2856837|s2cid = 161532352}}</ref> Ronald Hutton argues instead that the earliest documentary sources indicate Samhain was a harvest festival with no particular ritual connections to the dead. Hutton proposes that 1 November was a Germanic rather than a Celtic idea.<ref>{{cite book | last = Hutton | first = Ronald | author-link = Ronald Hutton | title = Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain | year = 1996 | publisher = Oxford Paperbacks | location = New York | isbn = 0192854488 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/stationsofsunhis0000hutt }}</ref>', 57 => '', 58 => 'The 1 November All Saints Day was made a day of obligation throughout the [[Frankish Empire]] in 835, by a decree of Emperor [[Louis the Pious]], issued "at the instance of [[Pope Gregory IV]] and with the assent of all the bishops",{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} which confirmed its celebration on 1 November. Under the rule of Charlemagne and his successors, the [[Carolingian Empire|Frankish Empire]] developed into the [[Holy Roman Empire]].', 59 => '', 60 => '[[Sicard of Cremona]], a scholar who lived in the 12th and 13th centuries, proposed that [[Pope Gregory VII]] (1073–85) suppressed the feast of 13 May in favour of 1 November. By the 12th century, 13 May had been removed from liturgical books.<ref name="new-catholic-2nd-all-saints"/>', 61 => '', 62 => 'The All Saints [[Octave (liturgy)|octave]] was added by [[Pope Sixtus IV]] (1471–84).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Both the All Saints vigil and the octave were suppressed by the reforms of 1955.<ref name="new-catholic-2nd-all-saints"/>', 63 => '', 64 => '===Protestant observances===', 65 => 'The festival was retained after the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] in the calendar of the [[Anglican Church]] and in many [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] churches.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} In the Lutheran churches, such as the [[Church of Sweden]], it assumes a role of general commemoration of the dead. In the [[Holidays in Sweden|Swedish calendar]], the observance takes place on the Saturday between 31 October and 6 November. In many Lutheran Churches, it is moved to the first Sunday of November. In the [[Church of England]], [[mother church]] of the [[Anglican Communion]], it is a [[Principal Feast]] and may be celebrated either on 1 November or on the Sunday between 30 October and 5 November. It is also celebrated by other [[Protestants]] of the English tradition, such as the [[United Church of Canada]], the [[Methodist]] churches and the [[Wesleyan Church]].{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}', 66 => '', 67 => 'Protestants generally commemorate all Christians, living and deceased, on All Saints' Day; if they observe All Saints Day at all, they use it to remember all Christians both past and present. In the [[United Methodist Church]], All Saints' Day is celebrated on the first Sunday in November. It is held, not only to remember Saints, but also to remember all those who have died who were members of the local church congregation. In some congregations, a candle is lit by the [[Acolyte]] as each person's name is called out by the clergy. Prayers and responsive readings may accompany the event. Often, the names of those who have died in the past year are affixed to a memorial plaque.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}', 68 => '', 69 => 'In many Lutheran churches, All Saints' Day is celebrated the Sunday after Reformation is celebrated (the date for Reformation is 31 October, so Reformation Sunday is celebrated on or before 31 October). In most congregations, the festival is marked as an occasion to remember the dead. The names of those who have died from the congregation within the last year are read during worship and a bell is tolled, a chime is played or a candle is lit for each name read. While the dead are solemnly remembered during worship on All Saints' Sunday, the festival is ultimately a celebration of [[Atonement in Christianity|Christ's victory over death]].{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}', 70 => '', 71 => 'In English-speaking countries, services often include the singing of the traditional hymn "[[For All the Saints]]" by [[Walsham How]]. The most familiar tune for this hymn is ''Sine Nomine'' by [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]]. Other hymns that are popularly sung during corporate worship on this day are "[[I Sing a Song of the Saints of God]]" and "[[Ye Watchers and Ye Holy Ones]]".{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}', 72 => '', 73 => '===Halloween celebrations===', 74 => 'Being the [[Vigil#Eves of religious celebrations|vigil]] of All Saint's Day (All Hallow's Day), in [[Geography of Halloween|many countries]], such as Ireland, the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada, [[Halloween]] is celebrated in connection with All Saints' Day,<ref>{{cite journal|year=1973|title=NEDCO Producers' Guide|publisher=Northeast Dairy Cooperative Federation|volume=31–33|quote=Originally celebrated as the night before All Saints' Day, Christians chose November first to honor their many saints. The night before was called All Saints' Eve or hallowed eve meaning holy evening.}}</ref> although celebrations are generally limited to 31 October. During the 20th century the observance largely became a secular one, although some traditional Christian groups have continued to embrace the Christian origins of the holiday whereas others have rejected celebrations.<ref name="russo">''Halloween: What's a Christian to Do?'' (1998) by Steve Russo.</ref><ref name="Brandreth">Gyles Brandreth, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20071011093730/http://telegraph.co.uk/health/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fhealth%2F2000%2F11%2F03%2Ftldevl03.xml&page=1 The Devil is gaining ground]" ''The Sunday Telegraph'' (London), 11 March 2000.</ref> On Halloween night, children dress in [[Halloween costume|costumes]] and go door to door asking for candy in a practice known as [[trick-or-treating]],<ref name=Britannica>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Halloween|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/252875/Halloween|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=25 October 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030150155/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/252875/Halloween|archive-date=30 October 2012}}</ref> while adults may host costume parties. There are many popular customs associated with Halloween, including carving a [[pumpkin]] into a [[Jack-o'-lantern]] and [[apple bobbing]].<ref name="Fieldhouse2017p256">{{cite book|author= Paul Fieldhouse|title=Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions|date=2017|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|page=256|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA256|isbn=978-1610694124}}</ref> Halloween is not a [[public holiday]] in either the United States or Canada.', 75 => '', 76 => '==Eastern Christianity==', 77 => '', 78 => 'The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], following the Byzantine tradition, commemorates all saints collectively on the Sunday after [[Pentecost]], '''All Saints' Sunday''' (Greek: Ἁγίων Πάντων, ''Agiōn Pantōn'').', 79 => '', 80 => 'By 411 the East Syrians kept the Chaldean Calendar with a "Commemoratio Confessorum" celebrated on the Friday after Easter.<ref name="mershman">{{cite book|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01315a.htm|author=Mershman, Francis|title= "All Saints' Day". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. |publisher=Robert Appleton Company|year= 1907|location=New York|access-date=30 October 2014}}</ref> The 74th homily of St. [[John Chrysostom]] from the late 4th or early 5th century marks the observance of a feast of all the martyrs on the first Sunday after Pentecost.<ref name="new-catholic-2nd-all-saints">{{cite book |title=New Catholic Encyclopedia |date=2003 |isbn=0-7876-4004-2 |pages=288–290 |edition=Second}}</ref> Some scholars place the location where this sermon was delivered as [[Constantinople]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Holy Women, Holy Men: Celebrating the Saints|publisher=Church Publishing, Inc.|isbn=978-0898696783|page=662|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZqabeZvNaMC&pg=PA662|date=2010}}</ref>', 81 => '', 82 => 'The Feast of All Saints achieved greater prominence in the 9th century, in the reign of the [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Leo VI the Wise|Leo VI "the Wise"]] (866–911). His wife, Empress [[Theophano Martiniake|Theophano]] lived a devout life and, after her death, miracles occurred. Her husband built a church for her relics and intended to name it to her. He was discouraged to do so by local bishops, and instead dedicated it to "All Saints".<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Db9Z_BagLw8C&pg=PA115 |pages=99–120 |title=The Empress Theophano: Byzantium and the West at the Turn of the First Millennium |editor1-first=Adelbert |editor1-last=Davids |first=Adelbert |last=Davids|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002 |isbn=978-0521524674 |chapter=Marriage negotiations between Byzantium and the West and the name of Theophano in Byzantium (eight to tenth centuries)}}</ref> According to tradition, it was Leo who expanded the feast from a commemoration of All Martyrs to a general commemoration of All Saints, whether martyrs or not.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}', 83 => '', 84 => 'This Sunday marks the close of the [[Paschal cycle|Paschal season]]. To the normal Sunday services are added special scriptural readings and hymns to all the saints (known and unknown) from the [[Pentecostarion]].{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}', 85 => '', 86 => 'In the late spring, the Sunday following Pentecost Saturday (50 days after Easter) is set aside as a commemoration of all locally venerated saints, such as "All Saints of America", "All Saints of [[Mount Athos]]", etc. The third Sunday after Pentecost may be observed for even more localised saints, such as "All Saints of [[St. Petersburg]]", or for saints of a particular type, such as "[[Persecution of Christians#Ottoman Empire and Turkey|New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke]]".{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}', 87 => '', 88 => 'In addition to the Mondays mentioned above, Saturdays throughout the year are days for general commemoration of all saints, and special hymns to all saints are chanted from the [[Octoechos (liturgy)|Octoechos]].{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}', 89 => '', 90 => '===Lebanon===', 91 => 'The celebration of 1 November in Lebanon as a holiday reflects the influence of Western Catholic orders present in Lebanon and is not [[Maronite]] in origin. The traditional Maronite feast equivalent to the honor of all saints in their liturgical calendar is one of three Sundays in preparation for Lent called the Sunday of the Righteous and the Just. The following Sunday is the Sunday of the Faithful Departed (similar to All Souls Day in Western calendar).{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}', 92 => '', 93 => '===East Syriac tradition===', 94 => 'In East Syriac tradition the All Saints Day celebration falls on the first Friday after resurrection Sunday.<ref name="SMCLIT" /> This is because all departed faithful are saved by the blood of Jesus and they resurrected with the Christ. Normally in east Syriac liturgy the departed souls are remembered on Friday. Church celebrates All souls day on Friday before the beginning of Great lent or Great Fast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasranifoundation.org/calendar/dr/reflection_9fri_denha.html|title= Commemoration of the Departed Faithful|work=Nasrani Foundation}}</ref>', 95 => '', 96 => '==Customs==', 97 => '[[File:Celebración de Todos los Santos, cementerio de la Santa Cruz, Gniezno, Polonia, 2017-11-01, DD 07-09 HDR.jpg|thumb|250px|All Saints' Day at a cemetery in [[Gniezno]], Poland – flowers and candles placed to honor deceased relatives (2017)]]', 98 => '', 99 => '===Europe===', 100 => '', 101 => '====Austria and Bavaria====', 102 => 'In Austria and Bavaria it is customary on All Saints' Day for godfathers to give their godchildren ''[[Allerheiligenstriezel]]'', a braided yeast pastry.<ref>[https://metropole.at/austrian-holiday-november-saints-day/ Berger, Corinna. "Your Vienna Guide of All Saints' Day", ''Metropole'', 31 October 2017]</ref>', 103 => '', 104 => '====Belgium====', 105 => 'In Belgium, ''Toussaint'' or ''Allerheiligen'' is a public holiday. Belgians visit the cemeteries to place chrysanthemums on the graves of deceased relatives on All Saints Day, since All Souls Day is not a holiday.<ref name="army.mil-toussaint"/>', 106 => '', 107 => '====France====', 108 => 'In France, and throughout the [[Francophone]] world, the day is known as ''La Toussaint''. Flowers (especially in [[Chrysanthemum]]s), or wreaths called ''couronnes de toussaints'' are placed at each tomb or grave. The following day, 2 November ([[All Souls' Day]]) is called ''Le jour des morts'', the Day of the Dead.<ref name="couleur-toussaint"/>', 109 => '', 110 => '====Germany====', 111 => 'It is a public holiday for schools and most businesses. Some German states such as [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Bavaria|Bayern]], [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rheinland-Pfalz]], [[North Rhine-Westphalia|Nordrhein-Westfalen]] and [[Saarland]] categorize it as a silent day (''stiller Tag'') when special restrictions may apply for certain types of activities, such as concerts or dance events.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/germany/all-saints|title=All Saints' Day in Germany| access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref>', 112 => '', 113 => '====Poland====', 114 => 'In Poland, ''Dzień Wszystkich Świętych'' is a public holiday. Families try to gather together for both All Saints' Day and the [[All Souls' Day]] (''Zaduszki''), the official day to commemorate the departed faithful. The celebrations begin with tending to family graves, surrounding graveyards, lighting candles and leaving flowers in a cemetery the first day and, what often extends into the next. November 1 is a bank holiday in Poland and, while the following All Souls' Day is not. The Zaduszki custom of honouring the dead thus corresponds with All Souls' Day celebrations, and is much more observed in Poland than in most other places in the West.<ref>https://culture.pl/en/article/all-souls-day-the-tradition-of-zaduszki-in-poland</ref>', 115 => '', 116 => '====Portugal====', 117 => 'In Portugal, ''Dia de Todos os Santos'' is a national holiday. Families remember their dead with religious observances and visits to the cemetery. Portuguese children celebrate the ''[[Pão-por-Deus]]'' tradition (also called ''santorinho'', ''bolinho'' or ''fiéis de Deus'') going door-to-door, where they receive cakes, nuts, pomegranates, sweets and candies.<ref name="portugese-american-saints"/>', 118 => '', 119 => '====Spain====', 120 => 'In Spain, el ''Día de Todos los Santos'' is a national holiday. As in all Hispanic countries, people take flowers to the graves of dead relatives. The play ''[[Don Juan Tenorio]]'' is traditionally performed.<ref>[http://mividaen.sampere.com/all-saints-day-in-spain "All Saints' Day in Spain", Estudio Sampere]</ref>', 121 => '', 122 => '===Latin America===', 123 => '====Guatemala====', 124 => '[[File:Barrilete (Sumpango 2009).jpg|thumb|Giant kite (''barrilete'') at [[Sumpango, Sacatepéquez|Sumpango]], Guatemala.]]', 125 => 'In Guatemala, All Saints' Day is a national holiday. On that day Guatemalans make a special meal called ''fiambre'' which is made of cold meats and vegetables; it is customary to visit cemeteries and to leave some of the ''fiambre'' for their dead. It is also customary to fly kites to help unite the dead with the living. There are festivals in towns like [[Santiago Sacatepéquez]] and [[Sumpango, Sacatepéquez|Sumpango]], where giant colorful kites are flown.<ref name="revuemag-guatemala">[http://www.revuemag.com/2012/11/all-saints-day-in-guatemala-a-photographic-essay/ Mijangos, Nelo. "All Saints Day in Guatemala", ''Revue'', 2 November 2012]</ref>', 126 => '', 127 => '====Mexico====', 128 => 'All Saints' Day in coincides with the first day of the [[Day of the Dead]] (''Día de Muertos'') celebration. It commemorates children who have died (''Dia de los Inocentes'') and the second day celebrates all deceased adults.<ref>[http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/daily-southtown/news/ct-sta-day-of-the-dead-st-1101-20151030-story.html Trebe, Patricia. "Mexican-Americans to celebrate Day of the Dead", ''Chicago Tribune'', 30 October 2015]</ref>', 129 => '', 130 => '===Philippines===', 131 => 'Hallow-mas in the Philippines is variously called "''Undás''", "''Todos los Santos''" (Spanish, "All Saints"), and sometimes "''Araw ng mga Patay / Yumao''" ([[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], "Day of the dead / those who have passed away"), which incorporates All Saints' Day and [[All Souls' Day]]. Filipinos traditionally observe this day by visiting the family dead to clean and repair their tombs. Offerings of prayers, flowers, candles,<ref name="guardian-world-saints">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2010/nov/01/all-saints-day "All Saints Day around the world", ''Guardian Weekly'', 1 November 2010]</ref> and food. [[Chinese Filipinos]] additionally burn [[joss stick|incense]] and ''[[joss paper|kim]]''. Many also spend the day and ensuing night holding reunions at the cemetery with feasts and merriment.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}', 132 => '', 133 => '====Pangangaluluwa trick-or-treat traditions====', 134 => 'Though Halloween has usually been seen as an American influence in the Philippines, the country's trick-or-treat traditions during Undas (from the Spanish "Honras", meaning honours, as in "with honors") are actually much older. This tradition was derived from the pre-colonial tradition called pangangaluwa. Pangangaluluwa (from "kaluluwa" or spirit double) was a practice of early Filipinos who sang from house to house swathed in blankets pretending to be ghosts of ancestors. If the owner of the house failed to give biko or rice cakes to the "nangangaluluwa", the "spirits" would play tricks (try to steal slippers or other objects left outside the house by members of the family or run off with the owner's chickens). Pangangaluluwa practices are still seen in rural areas.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}', 135 => '', 136 => '====Cemetery and reunion practices====', 137 => 'During Undas, family members visit the cemetery where the body of the loved ones rest. It is believed that by going to the cemetery and offering food, candles, flowers, and sometimes incense sticks, the spirit of the loved one is remembered and appeased. Contrary to common belief, this visitation practice is not an imported tradition. Prior to the establishment of coffins, pre-colonial Filipinos were already practicing such a tradition of visiting burial caves throughout the archipelago as confirmed by a research conducted by the [[University of the Philippines]]. The tradition of "atang" or "hain" is also practiced, where food and other offerings are placed near the grave site. If the family cannot go to the grave site, a specific area in the house is provided for the offering.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}', 138 => '', 139 => 'The exact date of Undas today, 1 November, is not a pre-colonial observance date but an influence from Mexico, where the same day is known as the Day of the Dead. Pre-colonial Filipinos preferred going to the burial caves of the departed occasionally as they believed that aswang (half-vampire half-werewolf beings) would take the corpse of the dead if the body was not properly guarded. The protection of the body of the loved one is called "paglalamay". However, in some communities, this paglalamay tradition is non-existent and is replaced by other pre-colonial traditions unique to each community.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}', 140 => '', 141 => 'The Undas is also seen as a family reunion, where family members coming from various regions go back to their hometown to visit the grave of loved ones. Family members are expected to remain beside the grave for the entire day and socialize with each other to mend bonds and enhance family relations. In some cases, family members going to certain burial sites exceed one hundred people. Fighting in any form is prohibited during Undas.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}', 142 => '', 143 => '====Roles of children====', 144 => 'Children have important roles during Undas. Children are allowed to play with melted candles in front of grave sites and turn the melted wax from the candles into round wax balls. The round balls of wax symbolize the affirmation that everything goes back to where it began, as the living will go back to ash, where everything started. In some cases, families also light candles at the front door of the home. The number of candles is equivalent to the number of departed loved ones. It is believed that this tradition aids departed loved ones and provide them with a happy path to the afterlife.<ref>http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/artandculture/386063/contemporary-undas-practices-derived-from-pre-colonial-influence-beliefs-cultural-anthropologist/story/</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2013/10/31/1251413/undas-filipino-culture | title=Undas in Filipino culture | newspaper=The Philippine Star | date=31 October 2013 | first=Elfren S. | last=Cruz | access-date=17 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.spot.ph/newsfeatures/the-latest-news-features/64114/10-things-pinoys-do-during-undas | title=10 Things Pinoys Do During Undas | date=29 October 2015 | first=Mimi | last=Miaco | publisher=Spot | access-date=6 December 2018 }}</ref>', 145 => '', 146 => '==See also==', 147 => '{{Portal|Christianity}}', 148 => '* [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]] which occurred on this day and had a great effect on society and philosophy', 149 => '* [[Portal:Catholicism/Patron Archive/November 1|All Saints' Day, patron saint archive]]', 150 => '* [[International Day of Prayer for the Persecuted Church]]', 151 => '* [[Dziady]]', 152 => '* [[Irish calendar]]', 153 => '* [[Litany of the Saints]]', 154 => '* [[Veneration of the dead]]', 155 => '', 156 => '==References==', 157 => '{{Reflist}}', 158 => '', 159 => ';Attribution', 160 => '* {{EB1911|wstitle=All Saints, Festival of |volume=1}}', 161 => '', 162 => '==Further reading==', 163 => '* Langgärtner, Georg. "All Saints' Day". In ''The Encyclopedia of Christianity'', edited by Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley, 41. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1999. {{ISBN|0802824137}}.', 164 => '', 165 => '==External links==', 166 => '{{wikiquote}}', 167 => '* [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120614191007/http%3A//www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/faqs.aspx All Saints and All Souls Day] American Catholic', 168 => '* [http://orthodoxengland.org.uk/sermalls.htm All Saints Sunday] Orthodox England', 169 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130530213122/http://www.liturgy.co.nz/churchyear/allsaintsvigil.html A Vigil service for All Saints] All Hallows' E'en – "Halloween"', 170 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070614033937/http://www.transfigcathedral.org/faith/Bulgakov/0621.pdf First Sunday after Pentecost, or All Saints Sunday] by Sergei Bulgakov, ''Handbook for Church Servers''', 171 => '* [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=48 Synaxis of All Saints] Icon and [[Synaxarion]] of the feast', 172 => '', 173 => '{{Hallowtide}}', 174 => '{{Liturgical year of the Catholic Church}}', 175 => '{{Halloween}}', 176 => '{{Authority control}}', 177 => '', 178 => '[[Category:Allhallowtide]]', 179 => '[[Category:Christian saints]]', 180 => '[[Category:November observances]]', 181 => '[[Category:Observances honoring the dead]]', 182 => '[[Category:Public holidays in Croatia]]' ]