Jump to content
 







Main menu
    


Navigation  


●Main page
 ●Contents
 ●Current events
 ●Random article
 ●About Wikipedia
 ●Contact us
 ●Donate
  



Contribute  


●Help
 ●Learn to edit
 ●Community portal
 ●Recent changes
 ●Upload file
  



Languages  











Search  

































●Create account

●Log in
 









●Create account
 ● Log in
  



Pages for logged out editors learn more  


●Contributions
 ●Talk
  
















Edit filter log



Help
  






●Home
 ●Recent filter changes
 ●Examine past edits
 ●Edit filter log
  
























Tools
    


Actions  






General  


●Upload file
 ●Special pages
 ●Printable version
 ●Get shortened URL
 ●Download QR code
  















Appearance
    

 





Details for log entry 24,218,915
19:27, 15 June 2019: 103.252.203.113 (talk) triggered filter 636, performing the action "edit" on Chinese Singaporeans. Actions taken: Warn; Filter description: Unexplained removal of sourced content (examine)

Changes made in edit

Open main menu

{{Short description|Ethnic group}}

Wikipedia Search

Pig

Read in another language

Watch this page

Edit

This article is about the genus. For other uses, see Pig (disambiguation).

A pig is any of the animals in the genus Sus, within the even-toed ungulate family Suidae. Pigs include the domestic pig and its ancestor, the common Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa), along with other species. Related creatures outside the genus include the peccary, the babirusa, and the warthog. Pigs, like all suids, are native to the Eurasian and African continents. Juvenile pigs are known as piglets.[1] Pigs are highly social and intelligent animals.[2]


Pig

{{EngvarB|date=April 2016}}

Temporal range: Early Pleistocene to recent

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}

Sus Barbatus, the Bornean Bearded Pig (12616351323).jpg

Bornean bearded pig at the London Zoo.

Scientific classification e

Kingdom:

Animalia

Phylum:

Chordata

Class:

Mammalia

Order:

Artiodactyla

Family:

Suidae

Subfamily:

Suinae

Genus:

Sus

Linnaeus, 1758

Species

See text

With around 1 billion individuals alive at any time, the domestic pig is among the most populous large mammals in the world.[3][4] Pigs are omnivores and can consume a wide range of food.[5] Pigs are biologically similar to humans and are thus frequently used for human medical research.[6]


Etymology

{{Infobox ethnic group

Description and behaviour

| flag = {{flagicon|China}} {{flagicon|Taiwan}} {{flagicon|Singapore}}

Distribution and evolution

| group = Chinese Singaporeans <br /><small>新加坡华人</small>

Habitat and reproduction

| image = File:Chess at Chinatown, Singapore.jpg

Diet and foraging

| caption = Elderly Chinese Singaporeans playing chess in [[Chinatown, Singapore|Chinatown]], Singapore.

Relationship with humans

| population = '''{{formatnum:2571000}}'''<br>76.2% of the [[Singaporeans|Singaporean]] population (2015)<ref name="highlights2015">{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.nptd.gov.sg/Portals/0/Homepage/Highlights/population-in-brief-2015.pdf|title=Population in Brief 2015|work=Singapore Government|date=September 2015|accessdate=14 February 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216110141/http://www.nptd.gov.sg/Portals/0/Homepage/Highlights/population-in-brief-2015.pdf|archivedate=16 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Species

| popplace = {{flag|Singapore}}

Domestic pigs

| langs = Predominantly [[Singaporean Mandarin|Mandarin]] (lingua franca of all Chinese), [[English language|English]] (medium of communication in government, education and commerce), other Chinese dialects ([[Singaporean Hokkien|Hokkien]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]], [[Cantonese]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], [[Hainanese]], [[Fuzhou dialect|Fuzhounese]], [[Shanghainese dialect|Shanghainese]], etc) and uncommonly spoken by a small minority, [[Malay language|Malay]] (Mainly only [[Peranakans]])<br /><br />

Cultural and religious reference to pigs

| rels = [[Buddhism]]{{·}}[[Atheism]]{{·}}[[Taoism]]{{·}}[[Chinese folk religion]]{{·}}[[Christianity]]

Environmental impacts

| related = [[Overseas Chinese]]

Health issues

}}

See also

References

{{Ethnic Singapore sidebar}}

External links

Last edited 13 days ago by RockingGeo

'''Chinese Singaporeans''' ({{zh|s={{linktext|新加坡|华人}}|t=新加坡華人|p=Xīnjiāpō Huárén}}), are [[Singaporean nationality law|Singaporeans]] of full or partial Chinese{{spaced ndash}}particularly southern [[Han Chinese]]{{spaced ndash}}ancestry from numerous different regions.

Wikipedia

Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted.

As of 2015, Chinese Singaporeans constituted 76.2% of the country's citizens<ref name="highlights2015" /> making them the largest [[ethnic group]] in Singapore.<ref name="Singapore Census 2011">{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/population2011.pdf|work=Singapore Department of Statistics, Social Statistics Section|title=Population Trends 2011|accessdate=7 May 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113150435/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/population2011.pdf|archivedate=13 November 2011|df=dmy}}</ref> Outside [[Greater China]], Singapore is the only country in the world where [[Overseas Chinese|ethnic Chinese]] constitute a majority of the population and are well represented in all levels of Singaporean society, politically and economically.<ref name="Vatikiotis February 12th 1998">{{cite book|last=Vatikiotis|first=Michael|title=Entrerepeeneurs|date=12 February 1998|publisher=Far Eastern Economic Review|location=Bangkok|url=http://www.chaihah.co.th/docs/Far%20Eastern%20Economic%20Review%20260698.pdf}}</ref><ref name="faqs.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/minorities/South-East-Asia/Chinese-of-Indonesia-Malaysia-and-the-Philippines.html |title=Chinese of Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines – World Directory of Minorities |publisher=Faqs.org |accessdate=23 April 2012}}</ref> It is the home of the fifth largest number of people of the Chinese diaspora, behind the Chinese communities in Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the United States.

Terms of UsePrivacyDesktop

In the Chinese language, Singaporean Chinese clearly distinguish themselves as ethnic Chinese ({{zh|s=华人 |p=[[Huaren|Huárén]] |labels=no}}) or people of Chinese descent rather than [[overseas Chinese]] ({{zh |s={{linktext|华裔}} |p=Huáyì |labels=no}}; {{zh |s={{linktext|华侨}} |p=Huáqiáo |labels=no}}).


==Definition==

==Definition==

Action parameters

VariableValue
Edit count of the user (user_editcount)
null
Name of the user account (user_name)
'103.252.203.113'
Age of the user account (user_age)
0
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups)
[ 0 => '*' ]
Rights that the user has (user_rights)
[ 0 => 'createaccount', 1 => 'read', 2 => 'edit', 3 => 'createtalk', 4 => 'writeapi', 5 => 'viewmywatchlist', 6 => 'editmywatchlist', 7 => 'viewmyprivateinfo', 8 => 'editmyprivateinfo', 9 => 'editmyoptions', 10 => 'abusefilter-log-detail', 11 => 'centralauth-merge', 12 => 'abusefilter-view', 13 => 'abusefilter-log', 14 => 'vipsscaler-test' ]
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app)
false
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile)
true
user_wpzero
false
Page ID (page_id)
1413338
Page namespace (page_namespace)
0
Page title without namespace (page_title)
'Chinese Singaporeans'
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle)
'Chinese Singaporeans'
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors)
[ 0 => '111.65.57.145', 1 => 'Ineedtostopforgetting', 2 => '111.65.44.30', 3 => '111.65.35.221', 4 => 'Xaiver0510', 5 => 'Narky Blert', 6 => 'Night Lantern', 7 => 'Jordanopia', 8 => '2404:E800:E700:3200:0:0:0:86', 9 => 'Rodw' ]
Action (action)
'edit'
Edit summary/reason (summary)
''
Old content model (old_content_model)
'wikitext'
New content model (new_content_model)
'wikitext'
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext)
'{{Short description|Ethnic group}} {{EngvarB|date=April 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}} {{Infobox ethnic group | flag = {{flagicon|China}} {{flagicon|Taiwan}} {{flagicon|Singapore}} | group = Chinese Singaporeans <br /><small>新加坡华人</small> | image = File:Chess at Chinatown, Singapore.jpg | caption = Elderly Chinese Singaporeans playing chess in [[Chinatown, Singapore|Chinatown]], Singapore. | population = '''{{formatnum:2571000}}'''<br>76.2% of the [[Singaporeans|Singaporean]] population (2015)<ref name="highlights2015">{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.nptd.gov.sg/Portals/0/Homepage/Highlights/population-in-brief-2015.pdf|title=Population in Brief 2015|work=Singapore Government|date=September 2015|accessdate=14 February 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216110141/http://www.nptd.gov.sg/Portals/0/Homepage/Highlights/population-in-brief-2015.pdf|archivedate=16 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | popplace = {{flag|Singapore}} | langs = Predominantly [[Singaporean Mandarin|Mandarin]] (lingua franca of all Chinese), [[English language|English]] (medium of communication in government, education and commerce), other Chinese dialects ([[Singaporean Hokkien|Hokkien]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]], [[Cantonese]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], [[Hainanese]], [[Fuzhou dialect|Fuzhounese]], [[Shanghainese dialect|Shanghainese]], etc) and uncommonly spoken by a small minority, [[Malay language|Malay]] (Mainly only [[Peranakans]])<br /><br /> | rels = [[Buddhism]]{{·}}[[Atheism]]{{·}}[[Taoism]]{{·}}[[Chinese folk religion]]{{·}}[[Christianity]] | related = [[Overseas Chinese]] }} {{Ethnic Singapore sidebar}} '''Chinese Singaporeans''' ({{zh|s={{linktext|新加坡|华人}}|t=新加坡華人|p=Xīnjiāpō Huárén}}), are [[Singaporean nationality law|Singaporeans]] of full or partial Chinese{{spaced ndash}}particularly southern [[Han Chinese]]{{spaced ndash}}ancestry from numerous different regions. As of 2015, Chinese Singaporeans constituted 76.2% of the country's citizens<ref name="highlights2015" /> making them the largest [[ethnic group]] in Singapore.<ref name="Singapore Census 2011">{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/population2011.pdf|work=Singapore Department of Statistics, Social Statistics Section|title=Population Trends 2011|accessdate=7 May 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113150435/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/population2011.pdf|archivedate=13 November 2011|df=dmy}}</ref> Outside [[Greater China]], Singapore is the only country in the world where [[Overseas Chinese|ethnic Chinese]] constitute a majority of the population and are well represented in all levels of Singaporean society, politically and economically.<ref name="Vatikiotis February 12th 1998">{{cite book|last=Vatikiotis|first=Michael|title=Entrerepeeneurs|date=12 February 1998|publisher=Far Eastern Economic Review|location=Bangkok|url=http://www.chaihah.co.th/docs/Far%20Eastern%20Economic%20Review%20260698.pdf}}</ref><ref name="faqs.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/minorities/South-East-Asia/Chinese-of-Indonesia-Malaysia-and-the-Philippines.html |title=Chinese of Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines – World Directory of Minorities |publisher=Faqs.org |accessdate=23 April 2012}}</ref> It is the home of the fifth largest number of people of the Chinese diaspora, behind the Chinese communities in Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the United States. In the Chinese language, Singaporean Chinese clearly distinguish themselves as ethnic Chinese ({{zh|s=华人 |p=[[Huaren|Huárén]] |labels=no}}) or people of Chinese descent rather than [[overseas Chinese]] ({{zh |s={{linktext|华裔}} |p=Huáyì |labels=no}}; {{zh |s={{linktext|华侨}} |p=Huáqiáo |labels=no}}). ==Definition== The [[Organisation of the Government of Singapore#Departments/Divisions 10|Singapore Department of Statistics]] defines "Chinese" as a "[[Race (classification of human beings)|race]]" or "[[ethnic group]]" and "Chinese in Singapore" as referring to Singaporean Chinese who settled down in Singapore before Singapore's independence in 1965. They consist of "persons of Chinese origin" such as the [[Hoklo people|Hokkiens]], [[Teochew people|Teochews]], [[Hainanese people|Hainanese]], [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]], [[Hakka people|Hakka]], [[Fuzhou people|Hokchias and Foochows]], [[Putian people|Henghuas]], [[Shanghainese people|Shanghainese]], Northern Chinese, etc."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf|title=Census of Population 2010 Statistical Release 1: Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion|last=|first=|date=|year=2000|website=|publisher=Department of Statistics, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Republic of Singapore|page=185|format=PDF|accessdate=1 September 2016}}</ref> ==Ancestral Origins== In general, the Singaporeans of Chinese descent are grouped according to their respective ancestral origins in China or dialect/language-speaking group. Most descended from the southeastern coast of China in the provinces of [[Fujian]], [[Guangdong]] and [[Hainan]]. The Min Nan people ([[Hoklo people|Hokkiens]] and [[Teochew people|Teochew]]) and [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] together form more than three-quarters of the Singaporean Chinese population. The [[Hakka people|Hakka]], [[Putian people|Henghuas]], [[Fuzhou people|Foochows]] and other groups account for most of the remainder. These are generally the descendants of the free and indentured immigrants from southern China during the 19th and early half of the 20th century and are typically known as "'native' Singaporean Chinese" (<small>[[simplified characters|s]]</small> {{lang|zh|{{linktext|新加坡|本地|华人}}}}, <small>[[pinyin|p]]</small> ''Xīnjiāpōběndì Huárén''). The 1990s and early 21st century saw Singapore experience a third wave of migration from different parts of China. <imagemap>File:Singaporean Homelands, China.png|This clickable map depicts the ancestral homelands of the majority of Chinese Singaporeans. Click on the regional subdivisions to see the name of a state, province, or region.|upright=1.8|thumb rect 655 404 779 433 [[China]] poly 629 357 629 364 630 365 631 369 633 372 639 374 646 374 649 372 653 369 655 366 655 360 657 355 659 354 660 349 657 345 654 345 653 347 651 347 650 346 647 346 646 347 639 347 637 348 635 348 635 351 633 354 [[Hainan]] poly 642 340 640 336 639 332 639 327 640 324 638 323 644 319 647 318 646 314 649 315 652 314 652 311 651 309 653 306 658 299 656 295 658 292 664 289 663 286 662 284 666 281 664 276 667 273 667 268 666 266 671 266 674 269 676 272 678 270 677 267 674 266 674 264 679 263 680 262 682 264 684 263 687 265 687 262 689 262 690 265 692 264 697 265 698 264 701 267 700 269 695 275 695 278 702 277 706 275 709 277 711 278 712 278 712 274 715 273 719 274 719 277 723 277 725 279 727 282 727 285 728 287 729 291 729 293 727 295 729 296 728 298 725 298 725 301 723 301 720 303 715 304 714 306 710 305 707 304 704 307 701 304 694 305 690 307 685 312 685 315 682 316 681 318 680 319 680 323 675 323 675 320 672 321 669 320 665 320 668 321 668 323 663 323 655 325 652 326 650 329 651 332 649 333 648 334 651 338 652 341 650 343 644 343 643 341 [[Guangdong]] poly 689 310 690 315 691 317 697 318 705 317 706 312 703 307 701 305 699 305 693 306 690 308 689 309 [[Hong Kong]] poly 686 319 686 312 688 310 689 312 690 317 690 318 [[Macau]] poly 775 280 774 284 772 288 772 292 774 296 772 297 772 299 774 300 776 304 777 308 780 310 784 314 785 317 786 317 787 307 789 303 791 298 791 294 792 280 792 276 791 273 792 270 792 267 790 267 787 265 783 266 781 268 779 269 778 273 775 279 [[Taiwan]] poly 715 235 715 244 717 245 718 246 716 248 715 250 715 253 714 254 714 260 715 260 715 265 714 266 713 270 713 273 715 273 718 273 719 275 720 276 723 276 725 278 728 283 729 289 731 292 733 291 737 288 740 285 743 280 743 277 747 277 748 279 750 275 751 271 754 267 756 266 756 264 754 263 755 261 759 264 762 262 762 259 759 261 758 259 759 254 757 253 761 248 758 246 762 245 763 242 761 240 763 238 765 236 766 232 767 230 765 228 761 227 758 228 756 230 754 229 750 225 749 226 749 229 747 230 744 230 738 220 738 217 739 215 737 213 734 213 732 215 730 216 727 217 725 216 723 216 723 217 722 219 719 220 718 221 719 223 720 225 721 226 721 229 720 232 717 234 [[Fujian]] poly 716 196 722 199 725 200 729 205 730 215 735 212 739 214 739 216 738 218 739 222 744 228 745 230 747 229 749 228 749 224 751 225 756 229 760 227 765 227 766 228 767 222 768 221 769 218 771 218 770 222 775 218 775 215 773 212 774 209 773 206 771 205 771 202 772 205 775 205 775 201 774 198 773 197 773 195 775 195 776 197 777 196 775 194 778 191 776 189 775 186 773 186 773 188 773 189 772 192 769 191 764 187 760 187 757 189 754 189 754 187 756 187 757 184 761 181 751 175 747 177 746 175 742 175 740 174 737 169 732 171 733 174 732 176 731 178 732 179 731 180 729 180 728 179 726 180 726 184 725 184 725 187 [[Zhejiang]] poly 752 162 752 167 751 169 750 175 761 180 762 181 775 182 770 165 759 164 756 162 [[Shanghai]] desc bottom-left </imagemap> {|class="wikitable" |- |+ Population Profile of Singapore Han Chinese Subgroups<ref>[http://www.howardscott.net/4/Swatow_A_Colonial_Heritage/Files/Documentation/Lee%20Eu%20Fah.pdf Edmund Lee Eu Fah, "''Profile of the Singapore Chinese Dialect Groups''", Social Statistic Section, Singapore Department of Statistics (2000)]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census10_stat_release1.html|title=Census of Population 2010: Basic Demographic Characteristics|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106032823/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census10_stat_release1.html|archivedate=6 January 2014}}</ref> |- ! Group !Province/region ![[Ancestral home (China)|Ancestral home]] !'''1990''' !'''2000''' !'''2010''' |- |[[Hoklo people|Hokkien]]<br/>(Minnan) |[[Fujian]] (福建) [[Taiwan]] (台湾) |[[Xiamen]] City (厦门市): [[Tong'an District|Tong'an]] (同安), <br> [[Quanzhou]] (泉州): [[Anxi County|Anxi]] (安溪), [[Nan'an, Fujian|Nan'an]] City (南安市), [[Jinjiang, Fujian|Jinjiang]] (晋江), [[Shishi, Fujian|Shishi]] City (石狮市), [[Hui'an County|Hui'an]] (惠安), [[Yongchun County|Yongchun]] (永春), [[Kinmen]] (金门岛), <br>[[Zhangzhou]] (漳州): [[Longhai City|Longhai]] (龙海市), [[Pinghe County|Pinghe]] (平和), [[Zhao'an County|Zhao'an]] (诏安), [[Longyan]] City urban districts (龙岩市) |align=right |896,080 |align=right |1,028,490 |align=right |1,118,817 |- |[[Teochew people|Teochew]] |[[Guangdong]] (广东) |[[Chaozhou]] (潮州), [[Shantou]] (汕头), [[Chao'an County|Chao'an]] (潮安), [[Chaoyang District, Shantou|Chaoyang]] (朝阳), [[Jieyang]] (揭阳), [[Raoping County|Raoping]] (饶平), [[Chenghai District|Chenghai]] (澄海), [[Puning]] (普宁), [[Huilai County|Huilai]] (惠来) |align=right |466,020 |align=right |526,200 |align=right |562,139 |- |[[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] |[[Guangdong]] (广东) [[Hong Kong]] (香港) [[Macau]] (澳门) |[[Guangzhou]] (广州), [[Zhaoqing]] (肇庆), [[Foshan]] (佛山), [[Shunde]] (顺德), [[Sanshui]] (三水), [[Taishan, Guangdong|Taishan]] (台山), [[Heshan, Guangdong|Heshan]] (鹤山), [[Dongguan]] (东莞), [[Kaiping]] (开平), [[Xinhui]] (新会), [[Enping]] (恩平) |align=right |327,870 |align=right |385,630 |align=right |408,517 |- |[[Hakka people|Hakka]] |[[Guangdong]] (广东)<br>[[Fujian]] (福建) [[Taiwan]] (台湾) |[[Meixian, Guangdong|Chengxiang county <small>(former)</small> now renamed to Meixian county]] (梅县, 旧称为程乡), [[Dabu County|Dapu]] (大埔县), [[Jiexi County|Hepo]] (河婆镇), [[Huizhou]] (惠州市), [[Huiyang District|Danshui <small>(former)</small> now renamed to Huiyang]] (惠州惠阳区,旧称为淡水镇), [[Yongding County|Yongding]](永定县), [[Heyuan]] (河源市), rural peasant parts of Longyan (western part), [[Lufeng, Guangdong|Lufeng]] (陆丰) |align=right |155,980 |align=right |198,440 |align=right |232,914 |- |[[Hainanese people|Hainanese]] |[[Hainan]] (海南) |[[Wenchang]] (文昌), [[Haikou]] (海口), [[Qionghai]] (琼海), [[Ding'an County|Ding'an]] (定安), [[Wanning]] (万宁) |align=right |148,740 |align=right |167,590 |align=right |177,541 |- |[[Fuzhou people|Foochow]]<br/>(Mindong) |[[Fujian]] (福建) |[[Fuzhou]] (福州), [[Changele]] (长乐), [[Gutian]] (古田) |align=right |36,490 |align=right |46,890 |align=right |54,233 |- |[[Putian people|Henghua]]<br/>(Putian) |[[Fujian]] (福建) |[[Putian]] city (莆田), [[Xianyou County|Xianyou]] (仙游) |align=right |19,990 |align=right |23,540 |align=right |25,549 |- |[[Shanghainese people|Shanghainese]] |[[Shanghai]] (上海) |Shanghai |align=right |17,310 |align=right |21,550 |align=right |22,053 |- |[[Fuqing|Hockchia]]<br/>(Fuqing) |[[Fujian]] (福建) <br>[[Zhejiang]] (浙江) |[[Fuqing]] (福清) |align=right |13,230 |align=right |15,470 |align=right |16,556 |- |Other |''Various'' |''Various'' |align=right |50,150 |align=right |91,590 |align=right |175,661 |} ===Hokkien=== [[File:Thian Hock Keng Temple 3, Dec 05.JPG|thumb|[[Thian Hock Keng]] is the oldest [[Hoklo people|Hokkien]] temple in Singapore.]] The Hoklo (福建闽南人) constitute around two-fifths of the Singaporean Chinese population. They are the largest linguistic group in Singapore. They come from the Minnan or [[Hoklo people]] who originated in the southern parts of the [[Fujian]] province, including [[Xiamen]], [[Quanzhou]], and [[Zhangzhou]]. They speak [[Singaporean Hokkien]], the standard of which is based on the [[Amoy dialect]] of [[Xiamen]], which is partially comprehensible with [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]] although less so with [[Qiongwen|Hainanese]].<ref>"[http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/research/mutint/minnan.php Minnan]".</ref> Hokkien Chinese was a ''[[lingua franca]]'' among coastal Chinese and was also used by other ethnic groups such as the [[Malay people|Malays]] and [[demographics of India|Indians]] to communicate with Chinese before Mandarin came to dominance during the 1980s and 1990s. Just as in [[Taiwan]], [[Hoklo people]], speakers of [[Hokkien]], refers not to people originating from all parts of Fujian. "Hokkien" refers only to the Minnan (Southern Min) region of southern coastal Fujian. Singaporean Hokkien does not include northern Fujianese such as those arriving from [[Fuzhou]], [[Putian]], and so on. Early Hokkien migrants settled around Amoy Street and Telok Ayer Street, forming enclaves around the [[Thian Hock Kheng Temple]]. They subsequently set up clan headquarters (''Hokkien Huey Kuan'') there and later expanded to Hokkien Street and the vicinity of China Street. The Hokkien were the most active in early trading that centred along the [[Singapore River]]. As early settlers came from the southern coast of China, they were active in sea trade and worshipped one of the patron-deities of [[Taoist]] [[Pantheon (gods)|pantheon]], the Heavenly Mother [[Matsu (goddess)|Ma Zhu]], a protectress of sailors. In Singapore, her idol was at the Thian Hock Kheng Temple, which was thus also known as the Ma Zhor Kheng. Other popular deities are the [[Nine Emperor Gods]] and the [[Jade Emperor]], who is celebrated on his birthday on the 9th day of [[Chinese New Year]].{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} A traditional Taoist practice by a spiritual medium (乩童, <small>[[pinyin|p]]</small> ''jītóng'', <small>Hokkien</small> ''tangki''，闽南语正字：童乩) is also popular. The ''tangki'' goes into a trance and purportedly channels a chosen deity for the petitioner. The deity then provides a wide range of help ranging from religious rituals to answering queries to providing protective talismans.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} ===Teochew=== {{Main|Teochew people}} [[File:Teochew Building, Mar 06.JPG|thumb|upright|right|The [[Ngee Ann Kongsi]] is based at the Teochew Building on Tank Road.]] The [[Teochew people|Teochew]]-speaking group in Singapore constitutes about a fifth of the Singaporean Chinese population, making them the second largest Southern Min dialect-speaking group in Singapore. The Teochew speakers form a separate division of Hoklo (Min Nan/Hokkien) people. They originated from [[Chaoshan]] region in eastern [[Guangdong]], in cities like [[Chaozhou]], [[Jieyang]] and [[Shantou]]. Many trace their origins from different Northern cities, but were settled there to maintain as county authorities within the south of China. Despite similarities, the Teochew and Hokkien speakers consider themselves distinct and did not get along during their early settlement in Singapore, especially during the British colonial era. The Teochew were dominant for a period of time during the 19th century. Mass immigration from Fujian changed this, although the majority of the Chinese along the banks of the [[Straits of Johor]] were Teochew until the [[Housing and Development Board|HDB]] initiated redevelopment in the 1980s. ''[[The Straits Times]]'' reports that [[Hougang]] still has a relatively high concentration of Teochew residents.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} Most Teochew settled along the [[Singapore River]] in [[Chinatown]] during the 19th and early 20th century. Teochew who settled in Chinatown worked in many commercial sectors as well as the fisheries. Commercial sectors once dominated by Teochews include Circular Road and South Bridge Road. Other Teochew businessmen set up [[Uncaria|gambier]] and [[Black pepper|pepper]] plantations in the dense forests of north Singapore and [[Johor Bahru]]. The Chinese first started their plantations with the approval of the [[Sultan of Johor]] and then developed the ''kangchu'' (江厝, <small>[[pinyin|p]]</small> ''jiāngcuò'', <small>lit.</small> "river house") system. ''Chu'' was the clan name of the first headman of the plantations in the area. These ''kangchus'' gave rise to modern place names such as [[Choa Chu Kang]], [[Lim Chu Kang]] and [[Yio Chu Kang]], all of which were plantation areas prior to urban redevelopment. Early Chinese immigrants clustered themselves to form clan and language associations. These clan associations (''kongsi'') served as unions for the mostly illiterate Chinese labourers and represented them when dealing with their colonial administrators or employers. One of the more prominent associations for the Teochew was the ''[[Ngee Ann Kongsi]]'', formed in 1845 and still in operation. ===Cantonese=== {{Main|Cantonese people|Taishanese people}} The [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] make up 15% of the Singaporean Chinese population. They originated from Hong Kong and the southern region of [[Guangdong]] province in (mainland) China, including [[Guangzhou]], [[Foshan]], [[Zhaoqing]], [[Jiangmen]], [[Maoming]] and [[Heshan, Guangdong|Heshan]]. The Cantonese speak several dialects belonging to the [[Yue Chinese|Yue family]]. ''Yue Hai'' is considered the [[prestige dialect]] from its occurrence in [[Guangzhou]]. Other variants include ''Luoguang'', ''[[Siyi dialect|Siyi]]'' and ''Gouyeung''. The ''Gwainaam'' is spoken by immigrants from [[Guangxi]] and shares close affinity with ''[[Pinghua Chinese|Pinghua]]''. The Cantonese worked mainly as professionals and tradesmen during the early and mid 20th centuries, and their businesses dominated the shop houses along Temple Street, Pagoda Street, and Mosque Street. Cantonese women from the [[Sanshui District|Samsui]] district worked at construction sites and contributed greatly toward Singapore's development. These [[Samsui women]] left their families behind in China and came to Singapore to work at construction sites for a living during the early 20th century. Cantonese women from the [[Siyi]] district of [[Jiangmen]] wore black headgear similar to the Samsui women and mainly worked at [[Keppel Harbour]] and the shipyards at the old harbour along the [[Singapore River]]. Many Cantonese women also worked as majie in rich people's households. More Cantonese immigrated from Hong Kong in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Today, the Cantonese dialect is still preserved amongst ethnic Chinese of Cantonese descent, although most younger generations tend to speak more Mandarin and English due to language reforms (while learning other official and national languages such as Tamil and Malay as supplementary languages for communication), but still widely used as the main lingua franca for connecting both the older and the younger generations when communicating to one another as well. As of 2010, Singaporeans recognise [[Chinatown, Singapore|Chinatown]] for having a large number of Cantonese people. ===Hakka=== {{Main|Hakka people}} [[File:Ying Fo Fui Kun, Oct 06.JPG|thumb|[[Ying Fo Fui Kun]] is the first [[Hakka people|Hakka]] [[clan]] [[Voluntary association|association]] in Singapore.]] The [[Hakka people|Hakka]] constitute 11.4% of the Singaporean Chinese population.<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview Singapore|year=2006|url=http://www.intercultures.ca/cil-cai/overview-apercu-eng.asp?iso=sg|accessdate=18 November 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919181532/http://www.intercultures.ca/cil-cai/overview-apercu-eng.asp?iso=sg|archivedate=19 September 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> They originated mainly from the northeastern part of [[Guangdong]], from such areas mostly in the villages of [[Mei County, Guangdong|Meixian]] and [[Dabu County|Dapu]] in [[Meizhou]] prefecture. There are more than 200,000 Hakkas here and they are the fourth-largest dialect group after the Hokkiens, Teochews and Cantonese. The Hakkas are known for running pawnshops, traditional Chinese medicine shops and optical shops.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} Many Hakka women who came to Singapore during the early 20th century worked in construction sites and wore headgear similar to the Samsui women. However, unlike the Samsui, the Hakka women wore black headgear. Ying He Hui Guan (<s>应</s>和<s>会馆</s>), a Hakka clan association, is the oldest clan association in Singapore. Its clan house is located at Telok Ayer Street in the Outram Planning Area, within the Central Area, Singapore's central business district. In 2015 a Hakka ''[[tulou]]'' (土樓) replica was built. The replica in Singapore was built by the Fong Yun Thai Association, an umbrella body for three Hakka clans – Char Yong (Dabu) Association, Eng Teng Association and Foong Shoon Fui Kuan. This is the only tulou replica outside of proper China till date. Singapore's founding father [[Lee Kuan Yew]] and his son, current Prime Minister [[Lee Hsien Loong]] were fourth and fifth generation Singaporean Chinese of Hakka descent, respectively. Apart from Lee Kuan Yew, numerous first generation of leaders of independent Singapore were of Hakka descent, such as [[Chor Yeok Eng]], [[Hon Sui Sen]], [[Howe Yoon Chong]] and [[Yong Nyuk Lin]]. ===Other Min=== {{Main|Hainanese people}} This group constitutes about 5% of the Singaporean Chinese population. Of them, the majority are from [[Hainan]] and speak [[Hainanese]]. The [[Hainanese people|Hainanese]] in Singapore originated mainly from north-east part of the island, from cities such as [[Wenchang]] and [[Haikou]]. As relative late-comers to Singapore in the late 19th century, most of them worked as shop assistants, chefs, and waiters in the hospitality sector. [[Hainanese chicken rice]] became a famous dish. They were also known for their Western cooking, as many of the early Hainanese migrants worked as cooks on European ships. The [[Hockchew]] and [[Hockchia]] originated from northeastern [[Fujian]], particularly [[Fuzhou]] and its surrounding village of [[Fuqing]]. They speak various [[Eastern Min]] dialects. The Puxian or [[Hinghwa]]s originated from Central Fujian{{spaced ndash}}[[Putian]] and [[Xianyou]]{{spaced ndash}}and speak [[Puxian Min]]. ===Taiwanese=== {{Main|Taiwanese people}} This group numbers around 30,000 (2012) and constitutes less than 2% of Singaporean population.<ref>{{cite web | title = overseas Taiwanese population (Overseas Communities Affair Council, Republic of China)| year = 2012 | url = http://www.ocac.gov.tw/OCAC/File/Attach/10/File_55.pdf| accessdate= 3 June 2014}}</ref> In Singapore, due to their small population, the [[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese]] are often grouped into larger populations, such as the Hokkien and Hakka, according to their dialect or ancestral origin. Newer Taiwanese immigrants have formed a distinctive group on their own. They may speak [[Taiwanese Mandarin]], [[Taiwanese Hokkien|Hokkien]], or [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] and originate from many different cities, including [[Taipei]], [[New Taipei]], [[Hsinchu]], [[Taichung]], [[Tainan City|Tainan]], and [[Kaohsiung]]. According to the book "Japanese's view of Singapore" 《日本人眼裡的新加坡》 edited by Mr. Lin Shaobin, the Vice-Chairman of Singapore Japanese cultural society, the "bank of Taiwan" started its operation in Singapore from 1912 to 1925. The book also indicated that according to Japanese statistics of 1932, there were around 105 Taiwanese living in Malaya (including Singapore). According to verbal accounts by Singaporeans, many of the "Japanese" soldiers involved in the [[Japanese occupation of Singapore|occupation of Singapore]] during World War II were in fact [[Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman|Taiwanese serving in the Imperial Japanese Army]]. Similar accounts relate that many teachers of Chinese in the 1950s and 1960s came from Taiwan. After 1965, military ties led to the immigration of some Taiwanese military personnel as high-ranking officers in [[Singapore Armed Forces]]. More immigration began during the 1970s and 1980s from investors, businessmen, and students. Most of these were highly educated and employed in professions such as engineering, business, investment, research and education. Intermarriages between Chinese and Taiwanese Singaporeans often resulted in the Taiwanese partner moving to Singapore and obtaining citizenship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zaobao.com/xhd/pages/xhd090504c.shtml|title=他們來自另一個島嶼 (They come from another island)|author=陈能端 (Chen Nengduan)|first=|date=|website=|publisher=zaobao.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=10 January 2011}}</ref> ===Peranakan=== {{main|Peranakan}} [[File:East Coast Road 3, Mar 06.JPG|thumb|[[Peranakan]]s in Singapore were once concentrated in [[Katong]].]] The [[Peranakan]] or ''Baba-Nyonya'' are early Chinese immigrants from [[Malacca]] and [[Penang]] who later migrated to Singapore. A large number are mixed Chinese and tge indigenous [[Ethnic Malays|Malay]] or other indigenous populations like the [[Malay people|Malays]], [[Bugis]] [[Javanese people|Javanese]], certain Peranakans classify themselves as a separate ethnic group and have a distinct identity from either separate group, although many of them also decided to put themselves as ethnic Chinese racial classification in their Birth Certs and NRICs for census purposes.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} The men are known as ''Baba'' while the women are known as ''Bibiks'' or ''Nyonyas''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiapacbooks.com/pdf/Peranakan_preview.pdf|title=Gateway to Peranakan Culture|publisher=AsiaPac Books|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref> Peranakans in Singapore were once concentrated around the Malay settlement at Geylang and the Chinese enclave at [[Katong]], because they often served as intermediaries for businesses and social groups in colonial Singapore owing to multilingual fluency in English, Malay, and Hokkien (post-independence and after the 1980s, standard [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] as well mastered as a third supplementary language). Many Peranakans and Hokkien Chinese moved out of the congested town of Singapore{{spaced ndash}}today's Central Business District{{spaced ndash}}and built seaside mansions and villas along the East Coast in Tanjong Katong for their families. After Singapore's independence, Peranankan people have moved throughout the island. Many Peranankans converted to [[Roman Catholicism]] during the 17th and 18th century Dutch, Portuguese, British and Spanish colonisation of southeast Asia, which saw missionaries set up posts in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] (today's [[Jakarta]]) and along the [[Malay peninsula]]. ===New Chinese migrants=== {{Main|Wu-speaking peoples|Han Chinese subgroups}} Prior to 1990, [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] speakers from Beijing and northern China and [[Wu Chinese|Wu]] speakers from Shanghai and the central Pacific coast of China constituted less than 2% of the Chinese Singaporean population. Most of the current population of native [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] speakers immigrated to Singapore much later than the other groups, after the Singaporean government relaxed immigration laws in 1989. Because of this, the members of this third wave are called the "New Immigrants" ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|新|移|民}}}}, <small>[[pinyin|p]]</small> ''Xīnyímín''). They all speak [[Standard Mandarin]],{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} the ''lingua franca'' among mainland Chinese groups today, and many speak other [[varieties of Chinese|varieties]] as well. Since the 1990s, the number of mainland Chinese who come to Singapore to study or work has steadily increased every year. Many stayed only for a short time and then returned to China, but eventually many settled down permanently and became permanent residents or citizens of Singapore. New Immigrants tend to be highly paid white-collar workers in multinational corporations or academics in research and educational institutes. There is also an increasing number of teachers of Chinese from the PRC working in primary and secondary schools and junior colleges in Singapore.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} ==Language== {{Main|Singaporean Mandarin|Singdarin|Singlish|Singaporean Hokkien}} {{Refimprove section|date=August 2011}} [[File:Junction of Pekin Street and China Street, Singapore, photographed February 1969 × July 1971.jpg|thumb|Bilingual signage at the junction of Pekin Street and China Street, Singapore, photographed February 1969 × July 1971.]] ===Overview=== Traditionally, Chinese-Singaporeans used their respective mother tongues as their main avenue of communication. Although that led to communication difficulties amongst speakers of more drastically different dialects, it has nevertheless forged strong dialectal bonds amongst the Chinese community. But today, the speech of Chinese in Singapore exhibits a great amount of linguistic diversity and includes [[Singapore English|English]], [[Singlish]], [[Singaporean Mandarin|Mandarin]], [[Singdarin]] ([[Colloquial Singaporean Mandarin]]), [[Singaporean Hokkien|Hokkien]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]], [[Cantonese]], [[Hakka]], [[Hainanese]], as well as other varieties. Most Chinese Singaporeans are generally bilingual, whereby they can speak both English and a variety of Chinese. ===Before the 1980s=== Before the 1980s, Singaporean Chinese were either English-educated or Chinese-educated. The English-educated Chinese were educated with English as the medium of instruction and learnt little or no Mandarin in school (in such cases, Mandarin became an optional language). As a result, they became affianced to English-speaking and inevitably distanced from the Chinese language and their respective mother tongues. On the other hand, the Chinese-educated were educated with Mandarin as the medium of instruction but learnt little or no English. They usually speak Mandarin and their respective mother tongues with little or no English. There were of course a portion of Chinese Singaporeans who were bilingual, i.e. simultaneously educated with English and Mandarin as the medium of instruction, or who attended Chinese-based primary schools and subsequently transferred to English-based schools for their secondary education. ===After the 1980s=== After the 1980s, all schools (including former Chinese-based schools) in Singapore began to use English as the primary medium of instruction with Mandarin as a secondary language. Thus, Chinese Singaporeans educated in the post-80s are theoretically bilingual. English is supposedly the first language and therefore presumably spoken by all residents of Singapore. This was partly due to the policy of Singapore's government to make English the medium of instruction in all schools in the 1980s (including former Chinese-based schools), as well as making English the working language for administration and business in Singapore (in short making English the [[lingua franca]] among all Singaporean). The presence of the English language in Singapore has its roots originating from Singapore's colonial past, when Singapore was a British colony. As a result of the government's policy, English or Singlish has become widespread among the residents of Singapore, including but not being confined to the Chinese Singaporeans (esp. the young people). The increase of English/Singlish speaking Chinese families in Singapore was a result of misperceived social and cultural values that the preservation of mother tongues is "low-class" resulting in desperate attempts to replace mother tongues with the English language. As of 2010, it was estimated that 32.6% of Singapore Chinese speak English at home.<ref name="Singapore Census 2010">{{cite book|format=PDF|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/C2010sr1/cop2010sr1.pdf|title=Table 4 Resident Population Aged 5 Years and Over by Language Most Frequently Spoken at Home|work=Singapore Department of Statistics, Social Statistics Section|page=26|accessdate=12 January 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303155259/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/C2010sr1/cop2010sr1.pdf|archivedate=3 March 2011|df=dmy}}</ref> But at work or in the city and business district, English is the official [[lingua franca]], but ironically the [[Singaporean Hokkien|Hokkien dialect]] remains extant amongst Singaporeans, not limiting to the Chinese, and operates as an unofficial common language. [[Singaporean Mandarin|Mandarin]] is another widely spoken language among Chinese Singaporeans. As of 2010, it was estimated that 47.7% of Chinese Singaporeans speak Mandarin at home.<ref name="Singapore Census 2010"/> Evidently, Singapore government's [[Speak Mandarin Campaign]] was launched in the 1980s with the intention of making Mandarin the [[lingua franca]] among the Chinese in Singapore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iasdr2009.org/ap/Papers/Orally%20Presented%20Papers/Society%20in%20Design/Envisioning%20Chinese%20Identity%20and%20Managing%20Multiracialism%20in%20Singapore.pdf|title=Envisioning Chinese Identity and Multiracialism in Singapore|author=Leong Koon Chan|accessdate=14 February 2011}}</ref> It was intentionally a way to unify the Chinese from different dialect groups. In the 1990s, this campaign began to target the English-speaking Chinese Singaporeans. As a result of this campaign, Mandarin became widespread in places such as residential areas, neighbourhood markets and even business districts. Mandarin is also often spoken in most "traditional Chinese-based" schools, despite the fact that English is their medium of instruction. Colloquially, as with all other languages spoken in Singapore, the Chinese Singaporeans prefer a localised flavour in mixing words from English, [[Hokkien]], [[Malaysian language|Malay]], and some other varieties, into their Mandarin speech. Most young Chinese Singaporeans are capable of conversational Mandarin, but are weaker in their ability to write Chinese. ===Variations according to age group=== The linguistic diversity among Singaporean Chinese varies according to age group. Most young Singaporean Chinese speak either English or Mandarin while the elderly, though able to converse in Mandarin, have preferred other Chinese varieties, such as [[Hokkien]], [[Cantonese]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]], [[Hakka]], or [[Hainanese]]. As the south-eastern Chinese varieties are not taught in school, the number of their speakers has steadily declined. In addition, many parents have begun to communicate with their children solely in English, believing that the language is essential to attain upward social mobility. Many of the young Chinese in Singapore are unable to use their mother tongues fluently. This applies equally even to the more westernised Singaporean Chinese Christian community, who prefers the English language over any other. This (the [[Singaporean Hokkien|Hokkien dialect]]) apparently seems to be the only struggling force against the loss of Chinese cultural heritage. ===Debate over preferred language=== The question of which language is preferred in Singapore seem to have caused a debate among Singaporeans recently. The question of declining standards in the command of the Chinese language amongst Singaporean Chinese seems to cause several revisions in the government's education policies towards the Chinese language. The government of Singapore's continued policy towards bilingualism for all Singaporean Chinese, which is to continue to pursue English as the first language while making Mandarin the [[lingua franca]] (or at least the 2nd language or home language) amongst all Chinese has drawn mixed responses. The more English-speaking Singaporean Chinese generally prefer English as the [[lingua franca]] or their home language, while the Mandarin-speakers worry that English will replace Mandarin as the [[lingua franca]], which would eliminate the thin thread of [[Chinese identity]] altogether. With the rising economy of China in the 21st century, which has led to more Singaporean companies requiring fluency in Mandarin, Mandarin has been viewed with greater importance amongst the Singaporean Chinese than before.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/09/16/singapore-china-idUSSIN36618920090916| title=Rpt-Feature-Eyeing China, Singapore sees Mandarin as its future|author=Reuters| accessdate=14 February 2011|date=16 September 2009}}</ref> Both English and Mandarin will continue to dominate the language scene among Singaporean Chinese. ===Preservation of other Chinese varieties=== There also exists a strong urge and need in preserving the many non-Mandarin dialects existing Singapore. The decline of the Chinese indigenous religion, [[Taoism]], has also indirectly contributed to the deterioration of Chinese cultural heritage. Unless the government and Singaporean Chinese take their own initiative in preserving non-Mandarin varieties, there is worry that they may disappear from Singapore in the near future. There is thus a strong desire to restore the [[Chinese identity]] or risk it falling into extinction one day. This exigency is translated into recent renewed efforts by [[Chinese clan associations]] in Singapore to impart and revive their respective Chinese mother tongues, which are met with warm receptions, including by the younger generations. Therefore, there lies a greater challenge for the Chinese community in Singapore – the preservation of the Chinese identity – than just the satisfaction of linguistic domination and material gains. {| class="wikitable" |- !colspan="6"|Language Most Frequently Spoken at Home Among Chinese Resident Population Aged 5 and Over.<ref name="Singapore Census 2010"/><ref name="howardscott.net">{{citation| url=http://www.howardscott.net/4/Swatow_A_Colonial_Heritage/Files/Documentation/Lee%20Eu%20Fah.pdf| work=Singapore Department of Statistics, Social Statistics Section| title=Profile of the Singapore Chinese Dialects | author=Lee, Edmund E. F. | accessdate=18 October 2010}}</ref> |- ! Home language !! 1990 ('000) !! 2000 ('000) !! 1990 (%) !! 2000 (%) !! 2010 (%) |- | Total || 1,884.0 || 2,236.1 || 100.0 || 100.0 || 100.0 |- | English || 363.4 || 533.9 || 19.3 || 23.9 || 32.6 |- | Mandarin || 566.2 || 1,008.5 || 30.1 || 45.1 || 47.7 |- | Chinese Dialects || 948.1 || 685.8 || 50.3 || 30.7 || 19.2 |- | Others || 6.4 || 7.9 || 0.3 || 0.4 || 0.4 |} ==Socioeconomics== [[File:KITLV - 15275 - Lambert & Co., G.R. - Singapore - Chinese locksmith at Singapore - circa 1900.tif|thumb|right|Chinese locksmith in [[Singapore]], circa 1900.]] ===Education=== Alongside other ethnic groups, Singaporeans of Chinese descent from all social backgrounds and occupations have achieved significant upward advances in their educational levels, income, and life expectancy and experienced other social indicators. Singapore's rapid industrialisation between the 1960s and the 1990s has lifted numerous people out of poverty and has created a broad middle class for many Singaporeans. During the period of rapid economic growth the process, many Chinese began experience upward social mobility for the first time in their lives. In 2000, Chinese Singaporeans represented the second highest proportion of University graduates after the Indian Singaporeans and their new citizenship holders.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singapore Department of Statistics|title=Changing Education Profile of Singapore Population |date=June 2002|publisher=Singapore Department of Statistics|location=Hong Kong University of Science and Technology SAR|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/papers/people/cp-education.pdf}}</ref> In 2008, 86.2% of Chinese Singaporean students achieved a minimum of 5 passes at O-level, the exams taken by 15- and 16-year-olds, compared to 59.3% for Singaporean Malays and 73% for Singaporean Indians.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bland|first=Ben|title=Singapore government dodges Malay education issue again|url=http://asiancorrespondent.com/29145/singapore-government-dodges-malay-education-issue-again/|publisher=Asian Correspondent|accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> According to the 2010 Census, 22.6% of Chinese Singaporeans have achieved a bachelor's degree, a figure below the national average of 22.8% and remained the second highest after the Indian Singaporeans due to the fact that Singaporean Indians had a larger increase in proportion of university graduates compared with Singaporean Chinese and Singaporean Malays. The increase in proportion of Indian university graduates was partly due to the inflow of Indian permanent residents with university qualifications. Some 60 per cent of Indian permanent residents were university graduates in 2005, up from 51 per cent in 2000.<ref>{{cite book|last=SingStat|first=SingStat|title=Key Indicators|date=February 2011|publisher=Government of Singapore|location=Singapore|pages=2|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/c2010sr2/indicators.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|title=Education and Language |year=2005|publisher=Singaporean Statistics Bureau|location=Singapore|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/ghsr1/chap2.pdf|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/68v13p3aH?url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/ghsr1/chap2.pdf|archivedate=5 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Employment=== As of 2005, 47.3% of Singaporean Chinese work in select white-collar occupations compared with the national average of 44.8%.<ref name="SingStat 2005 1–2">{{cite book|last=SingStat|first=SingStat|title=Key Indicators|year=2005|publisher=Government of Singapore|location=Singapore|pages=1–2|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/ghsr1/indicators.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070919204403/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/ghsr1/indicators.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2007-09-19}}</ref> The labour force participation rate was 63.6% contrasting towards the national average of 63.0%.<ref name="SingStat 2005 1–2"/> This figure was up from 46.2% in 2000 and was highest participation rate during that year in the white collar workforce among the three major ethnic groups in Singapore.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://s3.amazonaws.com/zanran_storage/www.singstat.gov.sg/ContentPages/8823241.pdf | title=The Resident Labour Fource | journal=Economic Characteristics of the Resident Population | year=2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/c2000adr/chap6.pdf | title= The Resident Labour Fource | journal=SingStat | year=2000}}</ref> ===Economics=== {{main|Bamboo network}} While constituting nearly three-quarters of the Singaporean population, Singaporean Chinese are estimated to control 80% of the Singaporean's publicly listed companies by market capitalisation as well as contributing to 80% of Singapore's [[Gross National Product|GNP]].<ref name="Vatikiotis February 12th 1998"/><ref name="faqs.org"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=VrO3O0h6I0wC&pg=PA41&dq=ethnic+chinese+owned+percent+of+the+gnp#v=onepage&q=ethnic%20chinese%20owned%20percent%20of%20the%20gnp&f=false |title=Asian Brand Strategy: How Asia Builds Strong Brands – Martin Roll – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.ca |accessdate=23 April 2012|isbn=9780230513068 |date=2005-10-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=piNfUHUmPG8C&pg=PA152&lpg=PA152&dq=overseas+chinese+control+percent+of+the+economy#v=onepage&q=overseas%20chinese%20control%20percent%20of%20the%20economy&f=false |title=Business Networks in Asia: Promises, Doubts, and Perspectives – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.ca |accessdate=23 April 2012|isbn=9781567203028 |year=1999 }}</ref> Singaporean Chinese businesses are part of the larger [[bamboo network]], a network of [[overseas Chinese]] businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties.<ref name="Weidenbaum">{{cite book|author=Murray L Weidenbaum|title=The Bamboo Network: How Expatriate Chinese Entrepreneurs are Creating a New Economic Superpower in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pcRlgZttsMUC|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Martin Kessler Books, Free Press|isbn=978-0-684-82289-1|pages=4–8}}</ref> Measured in 1990 dollars, the average household monthly income rose from SGD$3,080 in 1990 to SGD$4,170 in 2000 at an average annual rate of 2.8%. According to the 2005 Singaporean census, both the average and median monthly income for Singaporeans of Chinese origin were (S$3,610 and $2,500 respectively), exceeded the national average. Household and median income for Chinese Singaporeans commonly exceed the national average where it remained the highest out of the three major ethnic groups in 2000. Chinese Singaporeans held the second highest median and average household income among all three major ethnic groups in Singapore after [[Singaporean Indian]]s in 2010.<ref name="Singapore Stat">{{cite journal|last=Singapore Stat|author2=Singapore Stat|title=Education and Language |journal=Singapore Stat|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/people/hhldindicators.pdf|accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ong|first=Andrea|title=Households smaller but more affluent|year=2011|publisher=The Straits Times|url=http://www.spp.nus.edu.sg/ips/docs/media/yr2011/ST_Households%20smaller%20but%20more%20affluent_160211.pdf}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- |+ '''Monthly household income from work by ethnic group of head (2000 and 2010)'''<ref name="Singapore Stat"/> |- ! rowspan="2" | Ethnic group ! colspan="2" | Average household income ([[SGD]]$)<br /> ! colspan="2" | Median household income ([[SGD]]$)<br /> |- ! 2000 ! 2010 ! 2000 ! 2010 |- |'''Total''' |'''4,988''' |'''7,214''' |'''3,638''' |'''5,000''' |- |Chinese |5,258 |7,326 |3,800 |5,100 |- |Malays |3,151 |4,575 |2,709 |3,844 |- |Indians |4,623 |7,664 |3,438 |5,370 |- |Others |7,446 |11,518 |4,870 |7,432 |} ==Singaporean Education System== {{Main|Nanyang University|Chinese-medium education system in Singapore}} Singapore's Chinese education began with the establishment of [[old-style private Chinese school]]s (known as "Sishu 私塾") by early Chinese immigrants during the 19th century. These schools predominantly used various southern Chinese varieties (such as [[Hokkien]]) as its medium to teach [[Chinese classics]]. In the 1920s, as influenced by China's [[New Cultural Movement]], many [[Chinese schools]] in Singapore began to change its medium of instruction to [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]. During the British colonial times, the colonial government generally allowed the Chinese community in Singapore to organise and develop its own system of Chinese education. By the 1930s and 1940s, with donations and fundings from the public, more Chinese organisations began to set up more Chinese schools. In 1953, the chairman of [[Singapore Hokkien Huay Kuan]], Mr.[[Tan Lark Sye]] organised and helped to establish the first overseas Chinese-medium university ([[Nanyang University]]) in Singapore, leading to the establishing of a well-structured Chinese-medium education system (from primary school to university) in Singapore. However, after the 1960s, the left-wing communist ideology of People's Republic of China and the [[cultural revolution]] was in conflict with the capitalist policy of Singapore. To attract western investments, Singapore decided to adopt the fundamental policy of making English its main [[lingua franca]] and working language. To prevent the Singaporean Chinese from being influenced by left-wing political thoughts, Singapore greatly promoted English and placed less emphasis on Chinese education. On the one hand, it encouraged Chinese Singaporeans to attend English-medium schools for economic reasons; on the other hand, it initiated a public effort in denouncing communism. Due to a lesser proficiency in English, Chinese-educated Singaporeans often encountered difficulties in finding jobs in Singapore. Thus, the majority of Chinese Singaporeans sent their children to English-medium schools for better job prospects, causing the number of registered students at Chinese-medium schools to drop annually. All these factors (including that of government policy) eventually caused the Chinese-medium education system to perish in Singapore. {{Main|Education in Singapore|Special Assistance Plan}} Since the early 1980s, the Singapore government gradually abolished the Chinese-medium education system in Singapore. Apart from Chinese language and moral education subjects, all subjects are taught in English. However, to make sure that Singaporean Chinese still maintain and preserve their mother tongue (Chinese) culture, the Singapore government implemented the teaching of Chinese language in all schools: All Chinese Singaporeans had to learn [[Mandarin Chinese]] as a "second language". Singapore also established the [[Special Assistance Plan|Special Assistance Plan Schools]]. These were formerly traditional Chinese-medium schools and were tasked with the nurturing of Chinese language and cultural talents. The Chinese subject in Singapore did not just involve the teaching of Chinese; it was also tasked with the mission of transmitting [[Chinese Culture|Chinese cultural]] values to Chinese Singaporeans. Because of the continuation of Chinese education in Singapore, the Chinese Singaporeans are generally able to speak, read, and write Mandarin Chinese. Chinese Singaporeans are thus one of the few [[overseas Chinese]] communities (the other being [[Malaysian Chinese]]) which still preserved the Chinese language and [[Chinese Culture|culture]]. ==Influence on culture of Singapore== {{Main|Chinese culture|Culture of Singapore}} {{Refimprove section|date=August 2011}} Since most Singaporean Chinese trace their ancestral origins to southern China, their culture generally has a closer affinity with southern Chinese culture (predominantly that of [[Fujian]], Guangdong and [[Hainan]]) This is especially true in terms of various southern Chinese dialects, customs, cultural, and religious practices in Singapore. Although Singaporean culture is diverse in nature, Singapore is one of the few countries outside [[Greater China]] with a vibrant Chinese-speaking presence. On one glance, Singapore's infrastructure and environment might seem Western, but on closer observation, certain aspects of Chinese culture is generally present across all corners of Singapore. This includes the widespread use of different [[varieties of Chinese|Chinese varieties]], various Chinese writings across Singapore, various Chinese press and entertainment media, a thriving Chinese pop culture, various Chinese organisations, Chinese cultural festivals, Chinese opera, Chinese religious activities, Chinese bookshops etc. ===Values=== Chinese immigrants to Singapore brought many of their ideas and values with them. Although they were influenced by western culture, many continue to uphold Chinese values such as [[Confucian]] respect for elders, [[filial piety]], [[meritocracy]], emphasis on education, courtesy etc. The Chinese taught in Singapore was also critical in propagating traditional Chinese values such as [[filial piety]], respect and care for elders, social harmony and meritocracy etc. to the Chinese Singaporean. ===Linguistics influence=== Mandarin and other Chinese varieties are spoken by the Chinese Singaporeans. They influence the way other Non-Chinese languages are spoken in Singapore. For instance, [[Singlish]] is known to be greatly influenced by [[Singaporean Hokkien]] and [[Singaporean Mandarin]] in terms of grammar, syntax and lexicon. ===Religion=== {{Main|Singaporean Chinese religion}} {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = Religion of Chinese Singaporeans (2015)<ref name="Singapore Census 2015">Statistics Singapore: [http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications-and-papers/GHS/ghs2015content 2015 General Household Survey]. [http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/GHS/ghs2015/excel/t43-48.xls Religion data]</ref> |label1 = [[Buddhism]] |value1 = 42.29 |color1 = Gold |label2 = [[Christianity]] |value2 = 20.90 |color2 = DodgerBlue |label3 = [[Taoism]] |value3 = 12.93 |color3 = Crimson |label4 = [[Islam]] |value4 = 0.34 |color4 = Green |label5 = Other |value5 = 0.25 |color5 = Pink |label6 = Not religious |value6 = 23.29 |color6 = Honeydew }} According to a 2010 census, 43% of Singapore's Chinese population declared themselves Buddhist (declining from 53.6% in 2000), 20.1% Christianity (growing from 16.5% in 2000), 14.4% Taoist (growing from 10.8% in 2000), and 21.8% non-religious (growing from 18.6% in 2000).<ref name="Singapore Census 2010 religion">{{citation|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf |work=Singapore Census 2010, Statistical Release 1 |title=Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion |pages=13–16 |accessdate=17 November 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113154937/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> Chinese comprise the vast majority in these four groups due to their dominance in Singapore.<ref name="Singapore Census 2010 religion"/> According to a 2015 census, 42.29% of Singapore's Chinese population declared themselves Buddhist (declining from 43% in 2010), 20.90% Christianity (growing from 20.1% in 2010), 12.93% Taoist (declining from 14.4% in 2010), 0.34% Islam (declining from 0.4% in 2010), 0.25% other religion (include (Hinduism) declining from 0.3% in 2010), and 23.29% non-religious (growing from 21.8% in 2010).<ref name="Singapore Census 2015">Statistics Singapore: [http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications-and-papers/GHS/ghs2015content 2015 General Household Survey]. [http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/GHS/ghs2015/excel/t43-48.xls Religion data]</ref> While the majority of Chinese Singaporeans register themselves as Buddhists, the recent decades have seen a growth in adherence to Christianity (chiefly the [[Catholic Church]]<ref>''[http://yawningbread.wordpress.com/2011/08/06/singapores-religious-landscape-from-census-2010/ Singapore’s religious landscape from Census 2010]''. The Catholic Church in Singapore has grown from 4.8% in 2000 to 7.1% in 2010, while the Protestant churches have grown from 9.8% to 11.3% along the same years.</ref>) and Taoism, as well as a growth of Chinese who identify as not religious. In Singapore, [[Chinese folk religion]]s such as ancestor worship and praying to certain deities are often classified under Taoism.<ref name="Singapore Census 2010 religion"/> ===Food=== {{Main|Chinese cuisine|Cuisine of Singapore}} Many Singaporean Chinese dishes were adapted by early Chinese immigrants to suit local circumstances (such as available ingredients) and cannot strictly be considered mainstream [[Chinese cuisine]]. Nevertheless, these dishes exhibited local Singaporean Chinese flavours and tastes. Most local Singaporean Chinese dishes such as [[Bak kut teh]], [[Mee pok]], [[Ban mian]], [[Char kway teow]], [[Chee cheong fun]], [[Hokkien mee]], [[Hainanese chicken rice]], [[Wan ton mee]], and [[Popiah]] can still be easily found in food centres throughout Singapore. Some Singaporean Chinese are vegetarians, as they may be devoted followers of [[Buddhism]]. With the influx of new migrants from all parts of China in the 21st century, Chinese cuisine of a variety of regional flavours and tastes can be found across Chinese restaurants in [[Chinatown, Singapore]] or in other regions of Singapore, such as [[Szechuan cuisine|Sichuanese cuisine]], northeastern Chinese cuisine etc. ===Chinese-language media=== In [[Singapore]], [[Mandarin Chinese]] is generally propagated through various [[Mandarin Chinese]] national [[free-to-air]] [[terrestrial television|television broadcast terrestrial]] [[media (communication)|media station]] ([[MediaCorp TV Channel 8]] and [[MediaCorp TV Channel U]]), [[cable television]] ([[StarHub TV]] and [[Singtel TV]]) and [[radio channel]]s (including [[Capital 95.8FM|MediaCorp Radio Capital 95.8FM]]). Most media in other [[China|Chinese]] varieties (such as those of [[Hokkien]] and [[Cantonese]]) are [[general]]ly [[Censorship|censored]] in the mainstream [[Chinese language|Chinese]] media of [[Singapore]], except for some [[broadcasting]] on [[Mediacorp Channel 8|Channel 8]] and [[Mediacorp OKTO|Okto]] (Such as Soap opera and government-funded mini Chinese dialect show that caters for older generation), and in [[radio channel]] [[Capital 95.8FM]]. [[Taiwanese Hokkien]] media from [[Taiwan]] and [[Cantonese]] media from [[Hong Kong]] are however easily available for sale in [[Retail shop|shop]]s of [[Singapore]] and also present in [[Karaoke]] [[Bar (establishment)|lounges]]. Some [[cable television|cable television channels]] in [[Singapore]] (e.g. [[StarHub TV]]) also have begun to have [[Chinese language|Chinese]] media from [[China]] (e.g. [[CCTV-4|CCTV-4 Chinese International Channel (Asia)/中國中央電視台中文國際頻道 (亞洲)]]) and [[Cantonese]] media from [[Hong Kong]] (e.g. [[TVB Jade#Singapore, Australia and Indonesia|TVB Jade Satellite Channel (Southeast Asia)/翡翠衛星台 (東南亞)]]). ===Chinese press=== The major [[Chinese-language]] [[newspaper]] in Singapore is ''[[Lianhe Zaobao]]'' (聯合早報), which was formed by a merger of two of the country's oldest Chinese-language newspaper. ''Lianhe Zaobao'' was critical in maintaining the [[China|Chinese]] literary scene in [[Singapore]]. In addition to this are other [[newspaper]]s such as ''[[Lianhe Zaobao Sunday]]'' (聯合早報星期日), ''[[Lianhe Wanbao]]'' (聯合晚報), ''[[Shin Min Daily News]]'' (新明日報), ''[[My Paper]]'' (我報) (prints in both English and Mandarin), ''[[zbCOMMA]]'' (早報逗號), ''Thumbs Up'' (大拇指) and ''[[Thumbs Up Junior]]'' (小拇指). ===Literature in Chinese=== Singapore has a thriving literary scene in Chinese. The [[Singapore Association of Writers]] (新加坡作家协会) regularly publish [[Singapore Chinese Literature Journal]] (新华文学）, an anthology of literary works by Chinese Singaporeans. A number of writers (or poets) including [[You Jin]] (尤今), [[Wang Runhua]] (王润华), [[Liu Duanjin]] (刘瑞金), [[Rongzi]] (蓉子) etc. had contributed to the Singapore Chinese literary scene. The Singapore Chinese literature reflected the immigration and social-historical changes of Singapore. Singapore Chinese literature had its roots from Malaysian Chinese literature, as Singapore was part of Malaya before independence. Early Chinese immigrants started off with the establishment of Chinese schools and Chinese press and as such began to create works of literature. Early Chinese literary magazines such as ''New Citizens'' (新国民杂志), ''Southern Wind'' (南风), and ''Singapore Light'' (星光) in Singapore portrayed the lifestyle of immigrants in the pre-war period. During the 1950s, most of the writers in Singapore had literary works portraying the lifestyle of all social spheres of Singapore. These literary works contain large use of local Chinese slang, creating unique localised literary works. The active writers at that time include [[Miao Xiu]] (苗秀), [[Yaozhi]] (姚紫), [[Zhaorong (Singapore)|Zhaorong]] (赵戎) and [[Shushu]] (絮絮). After Singapore's independence in 1965, the Chinese literature in Singapore began to separate from the Malaysia Chinese literature and continued to develop on its own. ===Chinese festivals=== Traditional Chinese festivals are celebrated in Singapore including [[Chinese New Year]], [[Mooncake Festival]], [[Qingming Festival]] (also known as Tomb Sweeping Festival). Certain traditional Chinese festivals are made public holiday of Singapore, such as [[Chinese New Year]]. There existed some differences in the Singapore Chinese festival customs as compared to that from mainland China and Taiwan. For instance, it was common to carry lantern during mooncake festivals, but mainland China and Taiwan only practised the carrying of lantern on 15 January lunar calendar. ===Chinese pop music=== Singapore features a thriving Chinese pop music scene and are known for producing Mandopop artists such as [[JJ Lin]], [[Stefanie Sun]], [[Tanya Chua]] etc. Singapore is also known for holding Chinese music concerts and festivals, including the Taiwanese-originated Spring Wave Singapore Music Festival in 2013. ===Cultural and linguistic differences from mainland China=== There exists, however, some degree of differences between the Singaporean Chinese and mainland Chinese in terms of mindset, culture, and languages. While mainland Chinese are largely Sino-centric in their outlook of the world, Singaporean Chinese are educated in English medium schools (but also are taught the Chinese language) and are exposed to western influences due to its long history as a British constituent colony of the [[Straits Settlements]]. As such, the local Singaporean Chinese culture is a blend and mix of southern Chinese culture, local Singaporean culture (with various influences from cultures of other ethnicity) and western culture. There are also some differences in the Singaporean Chinese culture compared to that of China. Some traditional Chinese religious and folks custom are preserved by the Chinese community in Singapore, but are no longer practised or seen in China after the [[Cultural Revolution]]. This is especially true of regional rites and rituals practised by Singaporean descendants of immigrants from southern China. There are also distinctive recognisable differences between the [[Singaporean Mandarin]] and [[Standard Mandarin|mainland Chinese Mandarin]] accents. Colloquially, many Singaporean Chinese also speak a creole of [[Singlish]] and [[Singdarin]] or [[Code switching|code switch]] between English and Mandarin or a dialect.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Code-switching in the Classroom: A Taboo Norm|url=http://singteach.nie.edu.sg/issue09-ideas01/|publisher=[[National Institute of Education]]|journal=SingTeach|issue=9|date=October 2007|first1=Goh|last1=Hock Huan|first2=Zhao|last2=Chunsheng}}</ref> Many of the local Chinese dialects in Singapore, such as [[Singaporean Hokkien|Hokkien]], Teochew, or Cantonese, have also been largely acculturated and differ from what is spoken in China. ===Relation with current Chinese migrants=== Singaporean Chinese and mainland Chinese have had a testy relationship in recent years. While the reasons for such a contentious relationship are multi-factorial, one of those mentioned was the cultural differences between Singaporean Chinese (whose ancestors were mainly from Southern parts of China) and mainland Chinese (who are mainly from Northern China).<ref>{{cite web|last=Peidong|first=Yang|title=Why Chinese nationals and S'poreans don't always get along|url=http://www.singapolitics.sg/views/why-chinese-nationals-and-sporeans-dont-always-get-along/|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130821093154/http://www.singapolitics.sg/views/why-chinese-nationals-and-sporeans-dont-always-get-along/|archivedate=21 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Peidong|first=Yang|title=Why Chinese nationals and S'poreans don't always get along (Part 2)|url=http://www.singapolitics.sg/news/pt-iiwhy-chinese-nationals-and-sporeans-dont-always-get-along/|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130821093255/http://www.singapolitics.sg/news/pt-iiwhy-chinese-nationals-and-sporeans-dont-always-get-along/|archivedate=21 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==History== {{Main|Chinese migration}} ===Before 1819=== The early records of Singapore in [[Imperial Chinese#Imperial China|Imperial Chinese]] sources named Singapore as "[[Long Ya Men]]" (龙牙门), "[[Temasek|Dan Ma Xi]]" (单马锡or淡马锡). Later other terms such as "Xi La" (息辣), "Shi le" (石叻), or "Xi Li" (息力, for "selat" meaning strait) may also refer to Singapore or the surrounding areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_51d52c870100nawn.html |title=一口气读完新加坡 }}</ref> Archaeological excavations of artefacts such as Chinese coins or ceramics in Singapore, which dated back to the period of the reign of [[Emperor Zhenzong of Song]] (998–1022) and [[Emperor Renzong of Song]] (1023–1063), indicated that Chinese merchants or traders had already visited Singapore since [[Song dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web|title=新加坡华语戏曲的发端 |url=http://lunwen.5151doc.com/Article/HTML/212003.html|accessdate=11 November 2010}}</ref> The Chinese record ''Annals of various foreign states'' (''[[Zhu fan zhi]]'') written by [[Zhao Rugua|Zhao Rushi]] in 1225 clearly described Chinese merchant ships arriving in Singapore from [[Quanzhou]] and various Chinese trading activities.<ref>{{cite web|title="狮城"新加坡地名文化(Singapore local geographical culture)|author=周定国 (Zhou Dingguo)|url=http://www.zgchb.com.cn/article/2008/1231/article_12172.html|accessdate=10 November 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318045319/http://www.zgchb.com.cn/article/2008/1231/article_12172.html|archivedate=18 March 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In this annal, the chapter [[Sanfoqi|San Fo Qi]] (三佛齐 the Chinese name for [[Srivijaya]]) recorded merchant ships passing through "Ling Ya Men" (凌牙门, although it is not clear however if it is the same as [[Long Ya Men]]) before reaching [[Srivijaya]] for trading.<ref name=chau>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023289345#page/n75/mode/2up |author= Chau Ju-Kua, Friedrich Hirth and W. W. Rockhill|title=Chau ju-kua: his work on the Chinese and Arab trade in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries : entitled Chu-fan-chi |others= translated from the Chinese and annotated by Friedrich Hirth and W. W. Rockhill |pages=60–62 |location= St Petersburg|publisher= Imperial Academy of Sciences |date= 1911}}</ref> The Chinese traveller [[Wang Dayuan]], visiting the island around 1330, described a small Malay settlement called [[Temasek|Dan Ma Xi]] (淡馬錫, from Malay Tamasik) in which Chinese residents live together with the Malays.<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Wheatley|authorlink=w:Paul Wheatley (geographer)|title=The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500|location=Kuala Lumpur|publisher=[[w:University of Malaya|University of Malaya Press]]|year=1961|oclc=504030596|pages= 82–83}}</ref> Following the decline of [[Srivijayan]] power, Temasek was alternately claimed by the Majapahit and the Siamese, but the invasion of 1377 and 1391 caused Singapore to be destroyed. Following that, there were little Chinese records of the visiting of Chinese to Singapore. Singapore is marked as Dan Ma Xi in the [[Mao Kun map]] that dates back to the naval voyage of Chinese explorer [[Zheng He]] in 1403.<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Wheatley|authorlink=w:Paul Wheatley (geographer)|title=The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500|location=Kuala Lumpur|publisher=[[w:University of Malaya|University of Malaya Press]]|year=1961|oclc=504030596|pages= 93–98}}</ref> In 1420, en route the 6th voyage, [[Zheng He]] passed by Singapore, but there were no records of presence of Chinese.{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}} The 19th century Chinese record'' Investigation of Southern Pacific'' (南洋蠡测) (Nanyang Li Ce) described the presence of Chinese tombs in Singapore (known as "Xin Ji Li Po" (新忌利波 in Chinese). On the Chinese tomb, there were words and inscriptions recording the period of [[Later Liang (Five Dynasties)|Later Liang]] and [[Emperor Gong of Song]]. This may suggest that from 907 to 1274, some Chinese had settled, lived, died and were buried in Singapore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://libapps2.nus.edu.sg/sea_chinese/documents/education/book-journal/wan%20qing%20shi%20liao%20bi%20ji/wan%20qing%20shi%20liao%2018_nan%20yang%20li%20ce.pdf |title=《南洋蠡测》 / 颜斯综著 |work=NUS }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kkJW86YlRckC&pg=PR8 |title= 新加坡古事記|author= 饒宗頤 |page=viii |publisher= Chinese University Press |isbn=9789622014497}}</ref> ===1819–1937=== [[File:Junction of Smith Street and Trengganu Street 2, Dec 05.JPG|thumb|left|[[Chinatown, Singapore]] was an [[enclave]] for the early Chinese immigrants in Singapore in the 19th and early 20th centuries.]] From the founding of modern Singapore by [[Stamford Raffles]] till the Japanese occupation in 1942, Singapore was ruled as a colony by the British. When the British first arrived in Singapore, most of the inhabitants on the island of Singapore were fisherman, seamen or pirates, living in small houses. There were about 150 people; about 30 were Chinese, while the rest were Malays.<ref>[[Thomas John Newbold|Newbold, Thomas John]]. ''Political and statistical account of the British settlements in the Straits of Malacca, viz, Pinang, Malacca and Singapore: with a state with a history of the Malayan states on the Peninsula of Malacca''. vol 1. London: J Murray. 1839. p279</ref> When Singapore became a [[Straits Settlement]], there were very few Chinese. After Singapore became a British trading post as part of the [[Straits Settlement]], the first batch of Chinese came from Malaysia, predominantly from [[Malacca]] and [[Penang]]. Amongst these Chinese from [[Malacca]] and [[Penang]], many were Peranakans or descendants of Chinese in Malaysia for several generations. Most of them were traders who could speak Chinese and Malay, though many were also English-educated and could communicate with the British. In the'' Manners and customs of the Chinese of the Straits Settlements, Singapore'', it was described that the Straits-born Chinese regarded themselves as British subjects instead of Chinese subjects; their lifestyle were more westernised.<ref>Vaughan, Jonas Daniel. "[http://sgebooks.nl.sg/opendoc.aspx?doc=shc/nlbhb/020000022.pdf The manners and customs of the Chinese of the Straits Settlements] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827024244/http://sgebooks.nl.sg/opendoc.aspx?doc=shc%2Fnlbhb%2F020000022.pdf |date=27 August 2011 }}" . Singapore: Mission Press. 1879 . pp4-5</ref> By the time of the first census of Singapore in 1824, the Chinese migrants were noted as being either [[Peranakan]]s, or from [[Macau]], [[Guangdong]] and [[Fujian]].<ref name="1823 census">{{cite web |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/2fb8948b-5f16-4a7a-8e3c-7a724e1eb6ad |title=First Census of Singapore is Taken |work=History SG }}</ref> [[File:KITLV - 50190 - Lambert & Co., G.R. - Singapore - Chinese girls in Singapore - circa 1900.tif|thumb|upright|right|Chinese women in Singapore, ca. 1900. In early Singapore there were far fewer Chinese women than men.]] The Chinese quickly formed the majority of the population in Singapore, by the census of 1826 there were already more Chinese (6,088) than Malays (4,790) excluding Bugis (1,242) and Javanese (267).<ref name="census 1826"/> The Chinese became the dominant group by the 1830s (the largest ethnic group at 45.9% in the 1836 census), and by 1849, 52.8% of the total population of 52,891 were Chinese.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Population Trends in Singapore, 1819–1967|jstor=20067730|author=Saw Swee-Hock|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian History|volume= 10|issue=1 |date=March 1969|pages= 36–49 }}</ref> The Chinese population reached over 70% of the total by 1901 and has stayed there since.<ref name="warren"/> The early Chinese migrants to Singapore were predominantly males. In 1826, the official census figures show that out of a total population of 13,750, there were 5,747 Chinese males but only 341 Chinese females.<ref name="census 1826">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023134368#page/n43/mode/2up |editors=Wright, Arnold and Cartwright, H.A. |date= 1907|title=Twentieth century impressions of British Malaya: its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources |page=37 }}</ref> Most of the Chinese females in this early period of Singapore were [[nyonya]]s from [[Malacca]] as women from China were discouraged from emigrating. It was noted in 1837 that there were no Chinese women in Singapore who had emigrated directly from China; even as late as 1876, a British official in Singapore wrote that he did not know of any respectable Chinese woman who had emigrated with her husband.<ref name="jstor1"/> The imbalance of the sexes of the Chinese community continued for a long time with the continual flow into Singapore of male migrant workers who were either single or had left their wives and children behind in China; for example, the 1901 census figures show that there were 130,367 Chinese males compared to 33,674 Chinese females.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924030396067#page/n189/mode/2up/search/singapore |title=Census of the British empire. 1901|page=123 |date=1906 |work=Great Britain Census Office}}</ref> For a long period, most of the Chinese population in early Singapore were immigrants as many did not intend to settle permanently to raise their family there; even by the late 1890s, only around 10% of the Chinese population in Singapore were born there.<ref name="warren"/> The early migrant Chinese workers worked to send money back to their family in China, and many would then return to China after they had earned enough money. However, an increasing number would also choose to settle permanently in Singapore, especially in the 1920s when more chose to remain in Singapore rather than leave.<ref name="warren">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wVyqbmHS2zQC&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Rickshaw Coolie: A People's History of Singapore, 1880–1940 |author= James Francis Warren|page=19 |publisher=NUS Press |date=30 June 2003|isbn=978-9971692667 }}</ref> Change in social attitude in the modern era also meant that Chinese women were freer to emigrate from China, and the sex ratio began to normalise in the 20th century.<ref name="jstor1">{{cite journal |jstor=20067730 |title=Population Trends in Singapore, 1819–1967 |author=Saw Swee-Hock|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian History|volume= 10|issue= 1|date= March 1969|pages= 36–49 }}</ref> This gradual normalisation of sex ratio led to an increase in the number of native births. Immigration would continue to be the main reason for the Chinese population increase in Singapore until the 1931–1947 period when the natural increase in population would surpass the net immigration figures.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dD2qVu8EpdUC&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Population of Singapore |edition=3rd |author= Saw Swee-Hock | publisher=ISEAS Publishing|date=30 June 2012|isbn= 978-9814380980 |page=12}}</ref> Many of the early migrants were Chinese traders who were attracted by the free trade policy after Singapore became the capital of the [[British Empire|British]] [[Straits Settlements]] in 1832. Many also came to work in the plantations, with 11,000 migrants recorded in one year. Singapore became one of the entry and dispersal points for large number of Chinese and Indian migrants who came to work in the plantations and mines of the Straits Settlements, many of whom then settled in Singapore after their contract ended.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023134368#page/n227/mode/2up |editors=Wright, Arnold and Cartwright, H.A. |author=Mrs Reginald Sanderson|date= 1907|title=Twentieth century impressions of British Malaya: its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources |pages=220–221 }}</ref> Because of a booming commerce which required large number of labour force, Chinese [[coolie]] trade also appeared in Singapore. Indentured Chinese labourers (known as [[coolie]]) were contracted by coolie traders and brought to Singapore to work. Because China banned the travelling of Chinese overseas before the [[Opium War]], any form of coolie trade was conducted mainly through the Portuguese-controlled [[Macau]]. Thus any form of large migration of Chinese labourers overseas in the beginning of the 19th century is quite unlikely. It was only after the [[Treaty of Nanking]] signed on 1842 (due to [[Opium War]]) that large migration of Chinese [[coolie]] began to appear. In 1860 under the 2nd Opium War, Chinese coolie trade became legalised and reached a high peak. The large influx of coolies into Singapore only stopped after [[William A. Pickering|William Pickering]] became the Protector of Chinese. In 1914, the coolie trade was abolished and banned in Singapore.{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}} The large influx of Chinese to Singapore led to the establishment of a large number of Chinese associations, schools, and temples in Singapore and, within a century, the Chinese immigrant population exceeded that of the Malays. During this period, Christian [[missionaries]] from Europe began evangelising to the Asians, especially the Chinese. Peranakans or those English-educated Chinese who had descended for many generations in Singapore were typically known as "'''Laokeh'''" (老客 – Old Guest) or "'''Straits Chinese'''". Most of them paid loyalty to the [[British Empire]] and did not regard themselves as "Huaqiao". From the 19th till the mid 20th century, migrants from China were known as "'''Sinkeh'''" (新客 – New Guest). Out of these Sinkeh, a majority of them were coolies, workers on steam boats etc. Some of them came to Singapore for work, in search of a better living or to escape from poverty in China. However, most of Sinkeh who came mostly from [[Fujian]], Guangdong, [[Hainan]] province paid loyalty to China and regarded themselves as "[[Overseas Chinese|Huaqiao]]". ===1937–1945 (World War II)=== [[File:Lim Bo Seng Memorial, Aug 06.JPG|thumb|The Lim Bo Seng Memorial at [[Esplanade Park]] commemorates [[Lim Bo Seng]], a [[World War II]] anti-Japanese Resistance fighter who was based in Singapore and [[British Malaya]].]] The [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], started in 1937, revived a perceived sense of patriotism in the local Chinese to China and soon the Singaporean Chinese imposed an embargo against Japanese goods and products in Singapore. During the war, fearing for the safety of their relatives in China, some of the immigrants returned to China to fight the Japanese, while established entrepreneurs sent economic aid or military equipment to China. After the Japanese [[Battle of Singapore|took Singapore]] in 1942, the [[Kempeitai]] tracked down many Chinese who aided the Chinese war effort against Japan. However, the Kempeitai's [[Sook Ching Operation]] was simply a massacre designed to drive fear into the local populace, so the Kempeitai simply picked out people based on accounts of masked informers, which in many cases were false accounts based on personal vendettas. There were also active anti-Japanese resistance during the war, such as [[Force 136]], headed by [[Lim Bo Seng]]. ===After 1945=== [[Race riots]] were common during the early post-war period, predominantly in the period between self-governance and independence in 1965. One [[1964 race riots in Singapore|major riot]] took place during birthday celebrations in honour of [[Muhammad]], on 21 July 1964. There were records of high casualties (23 killed and 454 injured), as well as claims that the riot was politically motivated to oust the then Prime Minister ([[Lee Kuan Yew]]) and his cabinet as well as to prevent the promotion of a [[Malaysian Malaysia]] concept in [[Peninsular Malaysia]]. After the independence of Singapore in 1965, Singapore began to foster a more racially harmonious society in Singapore. Following the construction of Singapore national identity and nationhood, the Chinese in Singapore began to change their mindset from temporary stay to permanent settlements in Singapore, thus taking roots in Singapore. Following this transformation, the Chinese in Singapore gradually began to recognise nationally as "Singaporeans", while racially as "[[Huaren]]" instead of "[[Overseas Chinese|Huaqiao]]".{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}} Chinese migrants from China during the late 20th century and early 21st century were generally known as『Xinyimin 新移民』(new immigrants). They came from various parts of China. ==Chinese associations or institutions in Singapore== ===Historical Background=== {{Refimprove section|date=August 2011}} When the Chinese migrants first arrived in Singapore in the 19th and early 20th century, they settled in an enclave such as [[Chinatown, Singapore|Chinatown]]. They tended to group themselves according to dialectal similarity, with those from nearby Chinese regions grouping together. This led the Chinese to form 5 dialectal Cohorts (known as ''Bangqun'' 幫群), namely the ''Hokkien Bang'', ''Teochew Bang'','' Cantonese Bang'', ''Hakka Bang'' and ''Hainanese Bang''. During the British colonial period, the colonial government basically adopted the approach of using "the Chinese to govern the Chinese". They appointed Chinese leaders to govern the Chinese community. Effectively, the Chinese community existed in a half-autonomy state. Most Chinese leaders used the Chinese civil societies (small organisations) to help govern the Chinese community and to help new Chinese immigrants settled into Singapore, including finding jobs and lodgings for them. As most of these Chinese civil societies were involved in Chinese family religious activities such as funerals or ancestral worship, they were in fact religious-oriented. This gradually evolved into the development of [[Chinese Temple]]s or [[Chinese clan associations]] in Singapore. As time passed by, the Chinese had grown to have more achievements in the business and education in Singapore. Some rich and powerful Chinese businessmen began to establish Clubs, such as the [[Ee Ho Hean Club]] (怡和轩) in 1895,<ref>{{cite web|author=中国侨网 (zhonguo qiaowang)|title=新加坡怡和轩俱乐部(Singapore Ee Ho Hean Club)|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/overseas/2005-01/18/content_2477406.htm|accessdate=12 February 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202074142/http://news.xinhuanet.com/overseas/2005-01/18/content_2477406.htm|archivedate=2 December 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and [[Chamber of Commerce]], such as the [[Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry]], to broaden the Chinese social circle. Established in 1906, the [[Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] was the highest body of organisation within the Chinese community in Singapore. It was responsible for fighting the rights of the Chinese in Singapore during the British colonial period. During the [[World War II]], the [[Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] had managed to help raise funds and resources to help relieve the sufferings in war-torn China. After Singapore gained independence and autonomy in the 1960s, the Singapore government undertook measures to help foster racial harmony in Singapore. It encouraged various races of different languages and religious backgrounds to intermingle and to live side by side. Following the growth of Singaporean nationhood and national identity, the Chinese immigrants began to change their mindset from temporary migration to permanent settlements, thus soiling their roots in Singapore. With the strengthening of Singaporean national identity, the Chinese clans association gradually declined in terms of importance. Their role of organising and governing the Chinese community was soon taken over by the Singapore government. ===Today=== Today, all Singapore's clans associations came under the flagship of [[Singapore Federation of Chinese Clans Association]] (SFCCA). They function as the cultural role for connecting Chinese Singaporeans to their Chinese roots or Ancestral home. In addition, the [[Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] (SCCCI) continued to look after the interests of the Chinese business community as well as sourcing business opportunities in China. The [[Chinese Development Assistance Council]] was founded out of these two organisations (SFCCA and SCCCI) to help nurture and develop the potential of the Chinese community in contributing to the continued success of multiracial Singapore. There are also various Chinese cultural organisations such as [[Singapore Chinese Calligraphy Society]], [[Singapore Chinese Orchestra]], [[Nanyang Confucian Association]], [[Singapore Chinese Opera Institute]] etc. In addition, there are also major Chinese religious Associations such as [[Singapore Taoist Federation]], [[Singapore Buddhist Federation]] to look after the religious affairs of Chinese Singaporeans. All these Chinese organisations continue to play an important role in the economical, cultural and religious activities of Chinese Singaporeans. ==List of Chinese Singaporeans== *''[[:Category:Singaporean people of Chinese descent|List of Chinese Singaporeans]]'' *[[Lim Nee Soon]], Chinese community leader. *[[Tan Tock Seng]], served as acting Kapitan China of Singapore (government-appointed head of the Chinese community) and founder of [[Tan Tock Seng Hospital]]. * [[Lee Kong Chian]], one of the most richest man in South east Asia. *[[Tan Kah Kee]], businessman, Chinese community leader and philanthropist. *[[Lim Yew Hock]], Chief Minister of Singapore. * [[Lee Kuan Yew]], first Prime Minister of Singapore and one of the founding Fathers of modern Singapore. * [[Goh Cheng Liang]], currently the most richest man in Singapore. *[[Sim Wong Hoo]], the founder, CEO and Chairman of [[Creative Technology]]. *[[Goh Keng Swee]], a founding father of modern Singapore eho derved as Deputy and Cabinet Minister during LKY's rule. *[[Toh Chin Chye]], a founding father of modern Singapore. *[[Goh Chok Tong]], 2nd Prime Minister of Singapore. *[[Lee Hsien Loong]] *[[JJ Lin]] *[[Kevin Kwan]], author of internationally best-seller [[Crazy Rich Asians and China Rich Girlfriend]]. *[[Stefanie Sun]] (孙燕姿), award winning internationally famous singer-songwriter. ==See also== *[[China–Singapore relations]] *[[Chinatown, Singapore]] *[[List of common Chinese surnames in Singapore]] *[[Bamboo network]] *[[Singapore Chinese characters]] *[[Superstitions of Malaysian Chinese]] ==References== ===Notes=== {{Reflist|2}} ===Bibliography=== {{Refbegin}} *http://weecheng.com/singapore/9eg/index.htm *''[[The Straits Times]]'', 28 April 2006, pg 15, Prime section *[http://www.zaobao.com/chinese/region/singapore/culture/singapore_culture140399c.html 新加坡华文知识分子角色的演变 (Changing role of the Chinese Intellectuals in Singapore), Lianhe Zaobao, 14 March 1999] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060218115017/http://www.zaobao.com.sg/chinese/region/singapore/pages/singapore_chinese221000.html 新加坡华人族谱的价值与缺憾 (Values of Singaporean Chinese genealogy records)] {{Refend}} ==Further reading== *{{cite book|author=Lynn Pan (Singapore Chinese Heritage Center)|title=The Encyclopedia of the Chinese Overseas|location=Singapore|publisher=Archipelago Press Landmark Books|year=1998|isbn=981-3018-92-5}} *{{cite book|author=许教正 (Xu Jiaozhen)|title=《''东南亚人物志''》 (''Historical Figure of South East Asia'')|location=Singapore|publisher=Xu Jiaozhen Pub|year=1965}} *{{cite book|author=[[Song Ong Siang]]|title=One Hundred Years' History of the Chinese in Singapore|location=Singapore|publisher=[[Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry|Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce]] Publisher|year=1993}} ==External links== {{Library resources box |onlinebooks=no |by=no }} *[http://regaliathai.com/index.htm Thai Theravada Buddhist Shop in Singapore] *[http://weecheng.com/singapore/tanki/story1.htm Festival of the Nine Emperor Gods] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051122011311/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=2875 2003 speech by Lee Hsien Loong on Teochews] *[http://www.lib.nus.edu.sg/chz/SEAChinese/zynr.html Research Center for Overseas Chinese at National University of Singapore] *[http://www.chineseheritagecentre.org/ Singapore Chinese Heritage Center] *[http://www.huayinet.org/ Singapore Huayi Net] *[http://www.sctu.org.sg/ Singapore Chinese Teachers' Union] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090306072624/http://www.cdac.org.sg/cos/o.x?c=%2Fcdac_corp%2Fsection Singapore Chinese Development Assistance Council] *[http://www.sfcca.org.sg/ Singapore Federation of Chinese Clan Associations] *[http://www.sccci.org.sg/ Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry] {{Ethnic groups in Singapore}} {{Overseas Chinese}} {{Portal bar|Language|China|Singapore}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Singaporean people of Chinese descent| ]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Singapore]] [[Category:Chinese diaspora in Singapore| ]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext)
'Open main menu Wikipedia Search Pig Read in another language Watch this page Edit This article is about the genus. For other uses, see Pig (disambiguation). A pig is any of the animals in the genus Sus, within the even-toed ungulate family Suidae. Pigs include the domestic pig and its ancestor, the common Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa), along with other species. Related creatures outside the genus include the peccary, the babirusa, and the warthog. Pigs, like all suids, are native to the Eurasian and African continents. Juvenile pigs are known as piglets.[1] Pigs are highly social and intelligent animals.[2] Pig Temporal range: Early Pleistocene to recent Sus Barbatus, the Bornean Bearded Pig (12616351323).jpg Bornean bearded pig at the London Zoo. Scientific classification e Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Suidae Subfamily: Suinae Genus: Sus Linnaeus, 1758 Species See text With around 1 billion individuals alive at any time, the domestic pig is among the most populous large mammals in the world.[3][4] Pigs are omnivores and can consume a wide range of food.[5] Pigs are biologically similar to humans and are thus frequently used for human medical research.[6] Etymology Description and behaviour Distribution and evolution Habitat and reproduction Diet and foraging Relationship with humans Species Domestic pigs Cultural and religious reference to pigs Environmental impacts Health issues See also References External links Last edited 13 days ago by RockingGeo Wikipedia Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted. Terms of UsePrivacyDesktop ==Definition== The [[Organisation of the Government of Singapore#Departments/Divisions 10|Singapore Department of Statistics]] defines "Chinese" as a "[[Race (classification of human beings)|race]]" or "[[ethnic group]]" and "Chinese in Singapore" as referring to Singaporean Chinese who settled down in Singapore before Singapore's independence in 1965. They consist of "persons of Chinese origin" such as the [[Hoklo people|Hokkiens]], [[Teochew people|Teochews]], [[Hainanese people|Hainanese]], [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]], [[Hakka people|Hakka]], [[Fuzhou people|Hokchias and Foochows]], [[Putian people|Henghuas]], [[Shanghainese people|Shanghainese]], Northern Chinese, etc."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf|title=Census of Population 2010 Statistical Release 1: Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion|last=|first=|date=|year=2000|website=|publisher=Department of Statistics, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Republic of Singapore|page=185|format=PDF|accessdate=1 September 2016}}</ref> ==Ancestral Origins== In general, the Singaporeans of Chinese descent are grouped according to their respective ancestral origins in China or dialect/language-speaking group. Most descended from the southeastern coast of China in the provinces of [[Fujian]], [[Guangdong]] and [[Hainan]]. The Min Nan people ([[Hoklo people|Hokkiens]] and [[Teochew people|Teochew]]) and [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] together form more than three-quarters of the Singaporean Chinese population. The [[Hakka people|Hakka]], [[Putian people|Henghuas]], [[Fuzhou people|Foochows]] and other groups account for most of the remainder. These are generally the descendants of the free and indentured immigrants from southern China during the 19th and early half of the 20th century and are typically known as "'native' Singaporean Chinese" (<small>[[simplified characters|s]]</small> {{lang|zh|{{linktext|新加坡|本地|华人}}}}, <small>[[pinyin|p]]</small> ''Xīnjiāpōběndì Huárén''). The 1990s and early 21st century saw Singapore experience a third wave of migration from different parts of China. <imagemap>File:Singaporean Homelands, China.png|This clickable map depicts the ancestral homelands of the majority of Chinese Singaporeans. Click on the regional subdivisions to see the name of a state, province, or region.|upright=1.8|thumb rect 655 404 779 433 [[China]] poly 629 357 629 364 630 365 631 369 633 372 639 374 646 374 649 372 653 369 655 366 655 360 657 355 659 354 660 349 657 345 654 345 653 347 651 347 650 346 647 346 646 347 639 347 637 348 635 348 635 351 633 354 [[Hainan]] poly 642 340 640 336 639 332 639 327 640 324 638 323 644 319 647 318 646 314 649 315 652 314 652 311 651 309 653 306 658 299 656 295 658 292 664 289 663 286 662 284 666 281 664 276 667 273 667 268 666 266 671 266 674 269 676 272 678 270 677 267 674 266 674 264 679 263 680 262 682 264 684 263 687 265 687 262 689 262 690 265 692 264 697 265 698 264 701 267 700 269 695 275 695 278 702 277 706 275 709 277 711 278 712 278 712 274 715 273 719 274 719 277 723 277 725 279 727 282 727 285 728 287 729 291 729 293 727 295 729 296 728 298 725 298 725 301 723 301 720 303 715 304 714 306 710 305 707 304 704 307 701 304 694 305 690 307 685 312 685 315 682 316 681 318 680 319 680 323 675 323 675 320 672 321 669 320 665 320 668 321 668 323 663 323 655 325 652 326 650 329 651 332 649 333 648 334 651 338 652 341 650 343 644 343 643 341 [[Guangdong]] poly 689 310 690 315 691 317 697 318 705 317 706 312 703 307 701 305 699 305 693 306 690 308 689 309 [[Hong Kong]] poly 686 319 686 312 688 310 689 312 690 317 690 318 [[Macau]] poly 775 280 774 284 772 288 772 292 774 296 772 297 772 299 774 300 776 304 777 308 780 310 784 314 785 317 786 317 787 307 789 303 791 298 791 294 792 280 792 276 791 273 792 270 792 267 790 267 787 265 783 266 781 268 779 269 778 273 775 279 [[Taiwan]] poly 715 235 715 244 717 245 718 246 716 248 715 250 715 253 714 254 714 260 715 260 715 265 714 266 713 270 713 273 715 273 718 273 719 275 720 276 723 276 725 278 728 283 729 289 731 292 733 291 737 288 740 285 743 280 743 277 747 277 748 279 750 275 751 271 754 267 756 266 756 264 754 263 755 261 759 264 762 262 762 259 759 261 758 259 759 254 757 253 761 248 758 246 762 245 763 242 761 240 763 238 765 236 766 232 767 230 765 228 761 227 758 228 756 230 754 229 750 225 749 226 749 229 747 230 744 230 738 220 738 217 739 215 737 213 734 213 732 215 730 216 727 217 725 216 723 216 723 217 722 219 719 220 718 221 719 223 720 225 721 226 721 229 720 232 717 234 [[Fujian]] poly 716 196 722 199 725 200 729 205 730 215 735 212 739 214 739 216 738 218 739 222 744 228 745 230 747 229 749 228 749 224 751 225 756 229 760 227 765 227 766 228 767 222 768 221 769 218 771 218 770 222 775 218 775 215 773 212 774 209 773 206 771 205 771 202 772 205 775 205 775 201 774 198 773 197 773 195 775 195 776 197 777 196 775 194 778 191 776 189 775 186 773 186 773 188 773 189 772 192 769 191 764 187 760 187 757 189 754 189 754 187 756 187 757 184 761 181 751 175 747 177 746 175 742 175 740 174 737 169 732 171 733 174 732 176 731 178 732 179 731 180 729 180 728 179 726 180 726 184 725 184 725 187 [[Zhejiang]] poly 752 162 752 167 751 169 750 175 761 180 762 181 775 182 770 165 759 164 756 162 [[Shanghai]] desc bottom-left </imagemap> {|class="wikitable" |- |+ Population Profile of Singapore Han Chinese Subgroups<ref>[http://www.howardscott.net/4/Swatow_A_Colonial_Heritage/Files/Documentation/Lee%20Eu%20Fah.pdf Edmund Lee Eu Fah, "''Profile of the Singapore Chinese Dialect Groups''", Social Statistic Section, Singapore Department of Statistics (2000)]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census10_stat_release1.html|title=Census of Population 2010: Basic Demographic Characteristics|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106032823/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census10_stat_release1.html|archivedate=6 January 2014}}</ref> |- ! Group !Province/region ![[Ancestral home (China)|Ancestral home]] !'''1990''' !'''2000''' !'''2010''' |- |[[Hoklo people|Hokkien]]<br/>(Minnan) |[[Fujian]] (福建) [[Taiwan]] (台湾) |[[Xiamen]] City (厦门市): [[Tong'an District|Tong'an]] (同安), <br> [[Quanzhou]] (泉州): [[Anxi County|Anxi]] (安溪), [[Nan'an, Fujian|Nan'an]] City (南安市), [[Jinjiang, Fujian|Jinjiang]] (晋江), [[Shishi, Fujian|Shishi]] City (石狮市), [[Hui'an County|Hui'an]] (惠安), [[Yongchun County|Yongchun]] (永春), [[Kinmen]] (金门岛), <br>[[Zhangzhou]] (漳州): [[Longhai City|Longhai]] (龙海市), [[Pinghe County|Pinghe]] (平和), [[Zhao'an County|Zhao'an]] (诏安), [[Longyan]] City urban districts (龙岩市) |align=right |896,080 |align=right |1,028,490 |align=right |1,118,817 |- |[[Teochew people|Teochew]] |[[Guangdong]] (广东) |[[Chaozhou]] (潮州), [[Shantou]] (汕头), [[Chao'an County|Chao'an]] (潮安), [[Chaoyang District, Shantou|Chaoyang]] (朝阳), [[Jieyang]] (揭阳), [[Raoping County|Raoping]] (饶平), [[Chenghai District|Chenghai]] (澄海), [[Puning]] (普宁), [[Huilai County|Huilai]] (惠来) |align=right |466,020 |align=right |526,200 |align=right |562,139 |- |[[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] |[[Guangdong]] (广东) [[Hong Kong]] (香港) [[Macau]] (澳门) |[[Guangzhou]] (广州), [[Zhaoqing]] (肇庆), [[Foshan]] (佛山), [[Shunde]] (顺德), [[Sanshui]] (三水), [[Taishan, Guangdong|Taishan]] (台山), [[Heshan, Guangdong|Heshan]] (鹤山), [[Dongguan]] (东莞), [[Kaiping]] (开平), [[Xinhui]] (新会), [[Enping]] (恩平) |align=right |327,870 |align=right |385,630 |align=right |408,517 |- |[[Hakka people|Hakka]] |[[Guangdong]] (广东)<br>[[Fujian]] (福建) [[Taiwan]] (台湾) |[[Meixian, Guangdong|Chengxiang county <small>(former)</small> now renamed to Meixian county]] (梅县, 旧称为程乡), [[Dabu County|Dapu]] (大埔县), [[Jiexi County|Hepo]] (河婆镇), [[Huizhou]] (惠州市), [[Huiyang District|Danshui <small>(former)</small> now renamed to Huiyang]] (惠州惠阳区,旧称为淡水镇), [[Yongding County|Yongding]](永定县), [[Heyuan]] (河源市), rural peasant parts of Longyan (western part), [[Lufeng, Guangdong|Lufeng]] (陆丰) |align=right |155,980 |align=right |198,440 |align=right |232,914 |- |[[Hainanese people|Hainanese]] |[[Hainan]] (海南) |[[Wenchang]] (文昌), [[Haikou]] (海口), [[Qionghai]] (琼海), [[Ding'an County|Ding'an]] (定安), [[Wanning]] (万宁) |align=right |148,740 |align=right |167,590 |align=right |177,541 |- |[[Fuzhou people|Foochow]]<br/>(Mindong) |[[Fujian]] (福建) |[[Fuzhou]] (福州), [[Changele]] (长乐), [[Gutian]] (古田) |align=right |36,490 |align=right |46,890 |align=right |54,233 |- |[[Putian people|Henghua]]<br/>(Putian) |[[Fujian]] (福建) |[[Putian]] city (莆田), [[Xianyou County|Xianyou]] (仙游) |align=right |19,990 |align=right |23,540 |align=right |25,549 |- |[[Shanghainese people|Shanghainese]] |[[Shanghai]] (上海) |Shanghai |align=right |17,310 |align=right |21,550 |align=right |22,053 |- |[[Fuqing|Hockchia]]<br/>(Fuqing) |[[Fujian]] (福建) <br>[[Zhejiang]] (浙江) |[[Fuqing]] (福清) |align=right |13,230 |align=right |15,470 |align=right |16,556 |- |Other |''Various'' |''Various'' |align=right |50,150 |align=right |91,590 |align=right |175,661 |} ===Hokkien=== [[File:Thian Hock Keng Temple 3, Dec 05.JPG|thumb|[[Thian Hock Keng]] is the oldest [[Hoklo people|Hokkien]] temple in Singapore.]] The Hoklo (福建闽南人) constitute around two-fifths of the Singaporean Chinese population. They are the largest linguistic group in Singapore. They come from the Minnan or [[Hoklo people]] who originated in the southern parts of the [[Fujian]] province, including [[Xiamen]], [[Quanzhou]], and [[Zhangzhou]]. They speak [[Singaporean Hokkien]], the standard of which is based on the [[Amoy dialect]] of [[Xiamen]], which is partially comprehensible with [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]] although less so with [[Qiongwen|Hainanese]].<ref>"[http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/research/mutint/minnan.php Minnan]".</ref> Hokkien Chinese was a ''[[lingua franca]]'' among coastal Chinese and was also used by other ethnic groups such as the [[Malay people|Malays]] and [[demographics of India|Indians]] to communicate with Chinese before Mandarin came to dominance during the 1980s and 1990s. Just as in [[Taiwan]], [[Hoklo people]], speakers of [[Hokkien]], refers not to people originating from all parts of Fujian. "Hokkien" refers only to the Minnan (Southern Min) region of southern coastal Fujian. Singaporean Hokkien does not include northern Fujianese such as those arriving from [[Fuzhou]], [[Putian]], and so on. Early Hokkien migrants settled around Amoy Street and Telok Ayer Street, forming enclaves around the [[Thian Hock Kheng Temple]]. They subsequently set up clan headquarters (''Hokkien Huey Kuan'') there and later expanded to Hokkien Street and the vicinity of China Street. The Hokkien were the most active in early trading that centred along the [[Singapore River]]. As early settlers came from the southern coast of China, they were active in sea trade and worshipped one of the patron-deities of [[Taoist]] [[Pantheon (gods)|pantheon]], the Heavenly Mother [[Matsu (goddess)|Ma Zhu]], a protectress of sailors. In Singapore, her idol was at the Thian Hock Kheng Temple, which was thus also known as the Ma Zhor Kheng. Other popular deities are the [[Nine Emperor Gods]] and the [[Jade Emperor]], who is celebrated on his birthday on the 9th day of [[Chinese New Year]].{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} A traditional Taoist practice by a spiritual medium (乩童, <small>[[pinyin|p]]</small> ''jītóng'', <small>Hokkien</small> ''tangki''，闽南语正字：童乩) is also popular. The ''tangki'' goes into a trance and purportedly channels a chosen deity for the petitioner. The deity then provides a wide range of help ranging from religious rituals to answering queries to providing protective talismans.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} ===Teochew=== {{Main|Teochew people}} [[File:Teochew Building, Mar 06.JPG|thumb|upright|right|The [[Ngee Ann Kongsi]] is based at the Teochew Building on Tank Road.]] The [[Teochew people|Teochew]]-speaking group in Singapore constitutes about a fifth of the Singaporean Chinese population, making them the second largest Southern Min dialect-speaking group in Singapore. The Teochew speakers form a separate division of Hoklo (Min Nan/Hokkien) people. They originated from [[Chaoshan]] region in eastern [[Guangdong]], in cities like [[Chaozhou]], [[Jieyang]] and [[Shantou]]. Many trace their origins from different Northern cities, but were settled there to maintain as county authorities within the south of China. Despite similarities, the Teochew and Hokkien speakers consider themselves distinct and did not get along during their early settlement in Singapore, especially during the British colonial era. The Teochew were dominant for a period of time during the 19th century. Mass immigration from Fujian changed this, although the majority of the Chinese along the banks of the [[Straits of Johor]] were Teochew until the [[Housing and Development Board|HDB]] initiated redevelopment in the 1980s. ''[[The Straits Times]]'' reports that [[Hougang]] still has a relatively high concentration of Teochew residents.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} Most Teochew settled along the [[Singapore River]] in [[Chinatown]] during the 19th and early 20th century. Teochew who settled in Chinatown worked in many commercial sectors as well as the fisheries. Commercial sectors once dominated by Teochews include Circular Road and South Bridge Road. Other Teochew businessmen set up [[Uncaria|gambier]] and [[Black pepper|pepper]] plantations in the dense forests of north Singapore and [[Johor Bahru]]. The Chinese first started their plantations with the approval of the [[Sultan of Johor]] and then developed the ''kangchu'' (江厝, <small>[[pinyin|p]]</small> ''jiāngcuò'', <small>lit.</small> "river house") system. ''Chu'' was the clan name of the first headman of the plantations in the area. These ''kangchus'' gave rise to modern place names such as [[Choa Chu Kang]], [[Lim Chu Kang]] and [[Yio Chu Kang]], all of which were plantation areas prior to urban redevelopment. Early Chinese immigrants clustered themselves to form clan and language associations. These clan associations (''kongsi'') served as unions for the mostly illiterate Chinese labourers and represented them when dealing with their colonial administrators or employers. One of the more prominent associations for the Teochew was the ''[[Ngee Ann Kongsi]]'', formed in 1845 and still in operation. ===Cantonese=== {{Main|Cantonese people|Taishanese people}} The [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] make up 15% of the Singaporean Chinese population. They originated from Hong Kong and the southern region of [[Guangdong]] province in (mainland) China, including [[Guangzhou]], [[Foshan]], [[Zhaoqing]], [[Jiangmen]], [[Maoming]] and [[Heshan, Guangdong|Heshan]]. The Cantonese speak several dialects belonging to the [[Yue Chinese|Yue family]]. ''Yue Hai'' is considered the [[prestige dialect]] from its occurrence in [[Guangzhou]]. Other variants include ''Luoguang'', ''[[Siyi dialect|Siyi]]'' and ''Gouyeung''. The ''Gwainaam'' is spoken by immigrants from [[Guangxi]] and shares close affinity with ''[[Pinghua Chinese|Pinghua]]''. The Cantonese worked mainly as professionals and tradesmen during the early and mid 20th centuries, and their businesses dominated the shop houses along Temple Street, Pagoda Street, and Mosque Street. Cantonese women from the [[Sanshui District|Samsui]] district worked at construction sites and contributed greatly toward Singapore's development. These [[Samsui women]] left their families behind in China and came to Singapore to work at construction sites for a living during the early 20th century. Cantonese women from the [[Siyi]] district of [[Jiangmen]] wore black headgear similar to the Samsui women and mainly worked at [[Keppel Harbour]] and the shipyards at the old harbour along the [[Singapore River]]. Many Cantonese women also worked as majie in rich people's households. More Cantonese immigrated from Hong Kong in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Today, the Cantonese dialect is still preserved amongst ethnic Chinese of Cantonese descent, although most younger generations tend to speak more Mandarin and English due to language reforms (while learning other official and national languages such as Tamil and Malay as supplementary languages for communication), but still widely used as the main lingua franca for connecting both the older and the younger generations when communicating to one another as well. As of 2010, Singaporeans recognise [[Chinatown, Singapore|Chinatown]] for having a large number of Cantonese people. ===Hakka=== {{Main|Hakka people}} [[File:Ying Fo Fui Kun, Oct 06.JPG|thumb|[[Ying Fo Fui Kun]] is the first [[Hakka people|Hakka]] [[clan]] [[Voluntary association|association]] in Singapore.]] The [[Hakka people|Hakka]] constitute 11.4% of the Singaporean Chinese population.<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview Singapore|year=2006|url=http://www.intercultures.ca/cil-cai/overview-apercu-eng.asp?iso=sg|accessdate=18 November 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919181532/http://www.intercultures.ca/cil-cai/overview-apercu-eng.asp?iso=sg|archivedate=19 September 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> They originated mainly from the northeastern part of [[Guangdong]], from such areas mostly in the villages of [[Mei County, Guangdong|Meixian]] and [[Dabu County|Dapu]] in [[Meizhou]] prefecture. There are more than 200,000 Hakkas here and they are the fourth-largest dialect group after the Hokkiens, Teochews and Cantonese. The Hakkas are known for running pawnshops, traditional Chinese medicine shops and optical shops.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} Many Hakka women who came to Singapore during the early 20th century worked in construction sites and wore headgear similar to the Samsui women. However, unlike the Samsui, the Hakka women wore black headgear. Ying He Hui Guan (<s>应</s>和<s>会馆</s>), a Hakka clan association, is the oldest clan association in Singapore. Its clan house is located at Telok Ayer Street in the Outram Planning Area, within the Central Area, Singapore's central business district. In 2015 a Hakka ''[[tulou]]'' (土樓) replica was built. The replica in Singapore was built by the Fong Yun Thai Association, an umbrella body for three Hakka clans – Char Yong (Dabu) Association, Eng Teng Association and Foong Shoon Fui Kuan. This is the only tulou replica outside of proper China till date. Singapore's founding father [[Lee Kuan Yew]] and his son, current Prime Minister [[Lee Hsien Loong]] were fourth and fifth generation Singaporean Chinese of Hakka descent, respectively. Apart from Lee Kuan Yew, numerous first generation of leaders of independent Singapore were of Hakka descent, such as [[Chor Yeok Eng]], [[Hon Sui Sen]], [[Howe Yoon Chong]] and [[Yong Nyuk Lin]]. ===Other Min=== {{Main|Hainanese people}} This group constitutes about 5% of the Singaporean Chinese population. Of them, the majority are from [[Hainan]] and speak [[Hainanese]]. The [[Hainanese people|Hainanese]] in Singapore originated mainly from north-east part of the island, from cities such as [[Wenchang]] and [[Haikou]]. As relative late-comers to Singapore in the late 19th century, most of them worked as shop assistants, chefs, and waiters in the hospitality sector. [[Hainanese chicken rice]] became a famous dish. They were also known for their Western cooking, as many of the early Hainanese migrants worked as cooks on European ships. The [[Hockchew]] and [[Hockchia]] originated from northeastern [[Fujian]], particularly [[Fuzhou]] and its surrounding village of [[Fuqing]]. They speak various [[Eastern Min]] dialects. The Puxian or [[Hinghwa]]s originated from Central Fujian{{spaced ndash}}[[Putian]] and [[Xianyou]]{{spaced ndash}}and speak [[Puxian Min]]. ===Taiwanese=== {{Main|Taiwanese people}} This group numbers around 30,000 (2012) and constitutes less than 2% of Singaporean population.<ref>{{cite web | title = overseas Taiwanese population (Overseas Communities Affair Council, Republic of China)| year = 2012 | url = http://www.ocac.gov.tw/OCAC/File/Attach/10/File_55.pdf| accessdate= 3 June 2014}}</ref> In Singapore, due to their small population, the [[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese]] are often grouped into larger populations, such as the Hokkien and Hakka, according to their dialect or ancestral origin. Newer Taiwanese immigrants have formed a distinctive group on their own. They may speak [[Taiwanese Mandarin]], [[Taiwanese Hokkien|Hokkien]], or [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] and originate from many different cities, including [[Taipei]], [[New Taipei]], [[Hsinchu]], [[Taichung]], [[Tainan City|Tainan]], and [[Kaohsiung]]. According to the book "Japanese's view of Singapore" 《日本人眼裡的新加坡》 edited by Mr. Lin Shaobin, the Vice-Chairman of Singapore Japanese cultural society, the "bank of Taiwan" started its operation in Singapore from 1912 to 1925. The book also indicated that according to Japanese statistics of 1932, there were around 105 Taiwanese living in Malaya (including Singapore). According to verbal accounts by Singaporeans, many of the "Japanese" soldiers involved in the [[Japanese occupation of Singapore|occupation of Singapore]] during World War II were in fact [[Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman|Taiwanese serving in the Imperial Japanese Army]]. Similar accounts relate that many teachers of Chinese in the 1950s and 1960s came from Taiwan. After 1965, military ties led to the immigration of some Taiwanese military personnel as high-ranking officers in [[Singapore Armed Forces]]. More immigration began during the 1970s and 1980s from investors, businessmen, and students. Most of these were highly educated and employed in professions such as engineering, business, investment, research and education. Intermarriages between Chinese and Taiwanese Singaporeans often resulted in the Taiwanese partner moving to Singapore and obtaining citizenship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zaobao.com/xhd/pages/xhd090504c.shtml|title=他們來自另一個島嶼 (They come from another island)|author=陈能端 (Chen Nengduan)|first=|date=|website=|publisher=zaobao.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=10 January 2011}}</ref> ===Peranakan=== {{main|Peranakan}} [[File:East Coast Road 3, Mar 06.JPG|thumb|[[Peranakan]]s in Singapore were once concentrated in [[Katong]].]] The [[Peranakan]] or ''Baba-Nyonya'' are early Chinese immigrants from [[Malacca]] and [[Penang]] who later migrated to Singapore. A large number are mixed Chinese and tge indigenous [[Ethnic Malays|Malay]] or other indigenous populations like the [[Malay people|Malays]], [[Bugis]] [[Javanese people|Javanese]], certain Peranakans classify themselves as a separate ethnic group and have a distinct identity from either separate group, although many of them also decided to put themselves as ethnic Chinese racial classification in their Birth Certs and NRICs for census purposes.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} The men are known as ''Baba'' while the women are known as ''Bibiks'' or ''Nyonyas''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiapacbooks.com/pdf/Peranakan_preview.pdf|title=Gateway to Peranakan Culture|publisher=AsiaPac Books|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref> Peranakans in Singapore were once concentrated around the Malay settlement at Geylang and the Chinese enclave at [[Katong]], because they often served as intermediaries for businesses and social groups in colonial Singapore owing to multilingual fluency in English, Malay, and Hokkien (post-independence and after the 1980s, standard [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] as well mastered as a third supplementary language). Many Peranakans and Hokkien Chinese moved out of the congested town of Singapore{{spaced ndash}}today's Central Business District{{spaced ndash}}and built seaside mansions and villas along the East Coast in Tanjong Katong for their families. After Singapore's independence, Peranankan people have moved throughout the island. Many Peranankans converted to [[Roman Catholicism]] during the 17th and 18th century Dutch, Portuguese, British and Spanish colonisation of southeast Asia, which saw missionaries set up posts in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] (today's [[Jakarta]]) and along the [[Malay peninsula]]. ===New Chinese migrants=== {{Main|Wu-speaking peoples|Han Chinese subgroups}} Prior to 1990, [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] speakers from Beijing and northern China and [[Wu Chinese|Wu]] speakers from Shanghai and the central Pacific coast of China constituted less than 2% of the Chinese Singaporean population. Most of the current population of native [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] speakers immigrated to Singapore much later than the other groups, after the Singaporean government relaxed immigration laws in 1989. Because of this, the members of this third wave are called the "New Immigrants" ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|新|移|民}}}}, <small>[[pinyin|p]]</small> ''Xīnyímín''). They all speak [[Standard Mandarin]],{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} the ''lingua franca'' among mainland Chinese groups today, and many speak other [[varieties of Chinese|varieties]] as well. Since the 1990s, the number of mainland Chinese who come to Singapore to study or work has steadily increased every year. Many stayed only for a short time and then returned to China, but eventually many settled down permanently and became permanent residents or citizens of Singapore. New Immigrants tend to be highly paid white-collar workers in multinational corporations or academics in research and educational institutes. There is also an increasing number of teachers of Chinese from the PRC working in primary and secondary schools and junior colleges in Singapore.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} ==Language== {{Main|Singaporean Mandarin|Singdarin|Singlish|Singaporean Hokkien}} {{Refimprove section|date=August 2011}} [[File:Junction of Pekin Street and China Street, Singapore, photographed February 1969 × July 1971.jpg|thumb|Bilingual signage at the junction of Pekin Street and China Street, Singapore, photographed February 1969 × July 1971.]] ===Overview=== Traditionally, Chinese-Singaporeans used their respective mother tongues as their main avenue of communication. Although that led to communication difficulties amongst speakers of more drastically different dialects, it has nevertheless forged strong dialectal bonds amongst the Chinese community. But today, the speech of Chinese in Singapore exhibits a great amount of linguistic diversity and includes [[Singapore English|English]], [[Singlish]], [[Singaporean Mandarin|Mandarin]], [[Singdarin]] ([[Colloquial Singaporean Mandarin]]), [[Singaporean Hokkien|Hokkien]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]], [[Cantonese]], [[Hakka]], [[Hainanese]], as well as other varieties. Most Chinese Singaporeans are generally bilingual, whereby they can speak both English and a variety of Chinese. ===Before the 1980s=== Before the 1980s, Singaporean Chinese were either English-educated or Chinese-educated. The English-educated Chinese were educated with English as the medium of instruction and learnt little or no Mandarin in school (in such cases, Mandarin became an optional language). As a result, they became affianced to English-speaking and inevitably distanced from the Chinese language and their respective mother tongues. On the other hand, the Chinese-educated were educated with Mandarin as the medium of instruction but learnt little or no English. They usually speak Mandarin and their respective mother tongues with little or no English. There were of course a portion of Chinese Singaporeans who were bilingual, i.e. simultaneously educated with English and Mandarin as the medium of instruction, or who attended Chinese-based primary schools and subsequently transferred to English-based schools for their secondary education. ===After the 1980s=== After the 1980s, all schools (including former Chinese-based schools) in Singapore began to use English as the primary medium of instruction with Mandarin as a secondary language. Thus, Chinese Singaporeans educated in the post-80s are theoretically bilingual. English is supposedly the first language and therefore presumably spoken by all residents of Singapore. This was partly due to the policy of Singapore's government to make English the medium of instruction in all schools in the 1980s (including former Chinese-based schools), as well as making English the working language for administration and business in Singapore (in short making English the [[lingua franca]] among all Singaporean). The presence of the English language in Singapore has its roots originating from Singapore's colonial past, when Singapore was a British colony. As a result of the government's policy, English or Singlish has become widespread among the residents of Singapore, including but not being confined to the Chinese Singaporeans (esp. the young people). The increase of English/Singlish speaking Chinese families in Singapore was a result of misperceived social and cultural values that the preservation of mother tongues is "low-class" resulting in desperate attempts to replace mother tongues with the English language. As of 2010, it was estimated that 32.6% of Singapore Chinese speak English at home.<ref name="Singapore Census 2010">{{cite book|format=PDF|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/C2010sr1/cop2010sr1.pdf|title=Table 4 Resident Population Aged 5 Years and Over by Language Most Frequently Spoken at Home|work=Singapore Department of Statistics, Social Statistics Section|page=26|accessdate=12 January 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303155259/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/C2010sr1/cop2010sr1.pdf|archivedate=3 March 2011|df=dmy}}</ref> But at work or in the city and business district, English is the official [[lingua franca]], but ironically the [[Singaporean Hokkien|Hokkien dialect]] remains extant amongst Singaporeans, not limiting to the Chinese, and operates as an unofficial common language. [[Singaporean Mandarin|Mandarin]] is another widely spoken language among Chinese Singaporeans. As of 2010, it was estimated that 47.7% of Chinese Singaporeans speak Mandarin at home.<ref name="Singapore Census 2010"/> Evidently, Singapore government's [[Speak Mandarin Campaign]] was launched in the 1980s with the intention of making Mandarin the [[lingua franca]] among the Chinese in Singapore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iasdr2009.org/ap/Papers/Orally%20Presented%20Papers/Society%20in%20Design/Envisioning%20Chinese%20Identity%20and%20Managing%20Multiracialism%20in%20Singapore.pdf|title=Envisioning Chinese Identity and Multiracialism in Singapore|author=Leong Koon Chan|accessdate=14 February 2011}}</ref> It was intentionally a way to unify the Chinese from different dialect groups. In the 1990s, this campaign began to target the English-speaking Chinese Singaporeans. As a result of this campaign, Mandarin became widespread in places such as residential areas, neighbourhood markets and even business districts. Mandarin is also often spoken in most "traditional Chinese-based" schools, despite the fact that English is their medium of instruction. Colloquially, as with all other languages spoken in Singapore, the Chinese Singaporeans prefer a localised flavour in mixing words from English, [[Hokkien]], [[Malaysian language|Malay]], and some other varieties, into their Mandarin speech. Most young Chinese Singaporeans are capable of conversational Mandarin, but are weaker in their ability to write Chinese. ===Variations according to age group=== The linguistic diversity among Singaporean Chinese varies according to age group. Most young Singaporean Chinese speak either English or Mandarin while the elderly, though able to converse in Mandarin, have preferred other Chinese varieties, such as [[Hokkien]], [[Cantonese]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]], [[Hakka]], or [[Hainanese]]. As the south-eastern Chinese varieties are not taught in school, the number of their speakers has steadily declined. In addition, many parents have begun to communicate with their children solely in English, believing that the language is essential to attain upward social mobility. Many of the young Chinese in Singapore are unable to use their mother tongues fluently. This applies equally even to the more westernised Singaporean Chinese Christian community, who prefers the English language over any other. This (the [[Singaporean Hokkien|Hokkien dialect]]) apparently seems to be the only struggling force against the loss of Chinese cultural heritage. ===Debate over preferred language=== The question of which language is preferred in Singapore seem to have caused a debate among Singaporeans recently. The question of declining standards in the command of the Chinese language amongst Singaporean Chinese seems to cause several revisions in the government's education policies towards the Chinese language. The government of Singapore's continued policy towards bilingualism for all Singaporean Chinese, which is to continue to pursue English as the first language while making Mandarin the [[lingua franca]] (or at least the 2nd language or home language) amongst all Chinese has drawn mixed responses. The more English-speaking Singaporean Chinese generally prefer English as the [[lingua franca]] or their home language, while the Mandarin-speakers worry that English will replace Mandarin as the [[lingua franca]], which would eliminate the thin thread of [[Chinese identity]] altogether. With the rising economy of China in the 21st century, which has led to more Singaporean companies requiring fluency in Mandarin, Mandarin has been viewed with greater importance amongst the Singaporean Chinese than before.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/09/16/singapore-china-idUSSIN36618920090916| title=Rpt-Feature-Eyeing China, Singapore sees Mandarin as its future|author=Reuters| accessdate=14 February 2011|date=16 September 2009}}</ref> Both English and Mandarin will continue to dominate the language scene among Singaporean Chinese. ===Preservation of other Chinese varieties=== There also exists a strong urge and need in preserving the many non-Mandarin dialects existing Singapore. The decline of the Chinese indigenous religion, [[Taoism]], has also indirectly contributed to the deterioration of Chinese cultural heritage. Unless the government and Singaporean Chinese take their own initiative in preserving non-Mandarin varieties, there is worry that they may disappear from Singapore in the near future. There is thus a strong desire to restore the [[Chinese identity]] or risk it falling into extinction one day. This exigency is translated into recent renewed efforts by [[Chinese clan associations]] in Singapore to impart and revive their respective Chinese mother tongues, which are met with warm receptions, including by the younger generations. Therefore, there lies a greater challenge for the Chinese community in Singapore – the preservation of the Chinese identity – than just the satisfaction of linguistic domination and material gains. {| class="wikitable" |- !colspan="6"|Language Most Frequently Spoken at Home Among Chinese Resident Population Aged 5 and Over.<ref name="Singapore Census 2010"/><ref name="howardscott.net">{{citation| url=http://www.howardscott.net/4/Swatow_A_Colonial_Heritage/Files/Documentation/Lee%20Eu%20Fah.pdf| work=Singapore Department of Statistics, Social Statistics Section| title=Profile of the Singapore Chinese Dialects | author=Lee, Edmund E. F. | accessdate=18 October 2010}}</ref> |- ! Home language !! 1990 ('000) !! 2000 ('000) !! 1990 (%) !! 2000 (%) !! 2010 (%) |- | Total || 1,884.0 || 2,236.1 || 100.0 || 100.0 || 100.0 |- | English || 363.4 || 533.9 || 19.3 || 23.9 || 32.6 |- | Mandarin || 566.2 || 1,008.5 || 30.1 || 45.1 || 47.7 |- | Chinese Dialects || 948.1 || 685.8 || 50.3 || 30.7 || 19.2 |- | Others || 6.4 || 7.9 || 0.3 || 0.4 || 0.4 |} ==Socioeconomics== [[File:KITLV - 15275 - Lambert & Co., G.R. - Singapore - Chinese locksmith at Singapore - circa 1900.tif|thumb|right|Chinese locksmith in [[Singapore]], circa 1900.]] ===Education=== Alongside other ethnic groups, Singaporeans of Chinese descent from all social backgrounds and occupations have achieved significant upward advances in their educational levels, income, and life expectancy and experienced other social indicators. Singapore's rapid industrialisation between the 1960s and the 1990s has lifted numerous people out of poverty and has created a broad middle class for many Singaporeans. During the period of rapid economic growth the process, many Chinese began experience upward social mobility for the first time in their lives. In 2000, Chinese Singaporeans represented the second highest proportion of University graduates after the Indian Singaporeans and their new citizenship holders.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singapore Department of Statistics|title=Changing Education Profile of Singapore Population |date=June 2002|publisher=Singapore Department of Statistics|location=Hong Kong University of Science and Technology SAR|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/papers/people/cp-education.pdf}}</ref> In 2008, 86.2% of Chinese Singaporean students achieved a minimum of 5 passes at O-level, the exams taken by 15- and 16-year-olds, compared to 59.3% for Singaporean Malays and 73% for Singaporean Indians.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bland|first=Ben|title=Singapore government dodges Malay education issue again|url=http://asiancorrespondent.com/29145/singapore-government-dodges-malay-education-issue-again/|publisher=Asian Correspondent|accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> According to the 2010 Census, 22.6% of Chinese Singaporeans have achieved a bachelor's degree, a figure below the national average of 22.8% and remained the second highest after the Indian Singaporeans due to the fact that Singaporean Indians had a larger increase in proportion of university graduates compared with Singaporean Chinese and Singaporean Malays. The increase in proportion of Indian university graduates was partly due to the inflow of Indian permanent residents with university qualifications. Some 60 per cent of Indian permanent residents were university graduates in 2005, up from 51 per cent in 2000.<ref>{{cite book|last=SingStat|first=SingStat|title=Key Indicators|date=February 2011|publisher=Government of Singapore|location=Singapore|pages=2|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/c2010sr2/indicators.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|title=Education and Language |year=2005|publisher=Singaporean Statistics Bureau|location=Singapore|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/ghsr1/chap2.pdf|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/68v13p3aH?url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/ghsr1/chap2.pdf|archivedate=5 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Employment=== As of 2005, 47.3% of Singaporean Chinese work in select white-collar occupations compared with the national average of 44.8%.<ref name="SingStat 2005 1–2">{{cite book|last=SingStat|first=SingStat|title=Key Indicators|year=2005|publisher=Government of Singapore|location=Singapore|pages=1–2|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/ghsr1/indicators.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070919204403/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/ghsr1/indicators.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2007-09-19}}</ref> The labour force participation rate was 63.6% contrasting towards the national average of 63.0%.<ref name="SingStat 2005 1–2"/> This figure was up from 46.2% in 2000 and was highest participation rate during that year in the white collar workforce among the three major ethnic groups in Singapore.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://s3.amazonaws.com/zanran_storage/www.singstat.gov.sg/ContentPages/8823241.pdf | title=The Resident Labour Fource | journal=Economic Characteristics of the Resident Population | year=2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/c2000adr/chap6.pdf | title= The Resident Labour Fource | journal=SingStat | year=2000}}</ref> ===Economics=== {{main|Bamboo network}} While constituting nearly three-quarters of the Singaporean population, Singaporean Chinese are estimated to control 80% of the Singaporean's publicly listed companies by market capitalisation as well as contributing to 80% of Singapore's [[Gross National Product|GNP]].<ref name="Vatikiotis February 12th 1998"/><ref name="faqs.org"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=VrO3O0h6I0wC&pg=PA41&dq=ethnic+chinese+owned+percent+of+the+gnp#v=onepage&q=ethnic%20chinese%20owned%20percent%20of%20the%20gnp&f=false |title=Asian Brand Strategy: How Asia Builds Strong Brands – Martin Roll – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.ca |accessdate=23 April 2012|isbn=9780230513068 |date=2005-10-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=piNfUHUmPG8C&pg=PA152&lpg=PA152&dq=overseas+chinese+control+percent+of+the+economy#v=onepage&q=overseas%20chinese%20control%20percent%20of%20the%20economy&f=false |title=Business Networks in Asia: Promises, Doubts, and Perspectives – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.ca |accessdate=23 April 2012|isbn=9781567203028 |year=1999 }}</ref> Singaporean Chinese businesses are part of the larger [[bamboo network]], a network of [[overseas Chinese]] businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties.<ref name="Weidenbaum">{{cite book|author=Murray L Weidenbaum|title=The Bamboo Network: How Expatriate Chinese Entrepreneurs are Creating a New Economic Superpower in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pcRlgZttsMUC|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Martin Kessler Books, Free Press|isbn=978-0-684-82289-1|pages=4–8}}</ref> Measured in 1990 dollars, the average household monthly income rose from SGD$3,080 in 1990 to SGD$4,170 in 2000 at an average annual rate of 2.8%. According to the 2005 Singaporean census, both the average and median monthly income for Singaporeans of Chinese origin were (S$3,610 and $2,500 respectively), exceeded the national average. Household and median income for Chinese Singaporeans commonly exceed the national average where it remained the highest out of the three major ethnic groups in 2000. Chinese Singaporeans held the second highest median and average household income among all three major ethnic groups in Singapore after [[Singaporean Indian]]s in 2010.<ref name="Singapore Stat">{{cite journal|last=Singapore Stat|author2=Singapore Stat|title=Education and Language |journal=Singapore Stat|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/people/hhldindicators.pdf|accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ong|first=Andrea|title=Households smaller but more affluent|year=2011|publisher=The Straits Times|url=http://www.spp.nus.edu.sg/ips/docs/media/yr2011/ST_Households%20smaller%20but%20more%20affluent_160211.pdf}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- |+ '''Monthly household income from work by ethnic group of head (2000 and 2010)'''<ref name="Singapore Stat"/> |- ! rowspan="2" | Ethnic group ! colspan="2" | Average household income ([[SGD]]$)<br /> ! colspan="2" | Median household income ([[SGD]]$)<br /> |- ! 2000 ! 2010 ! 2000 ! 2010 |- |'''Total''' |'''4,988''' |'''7,214''' |'''3,638''' |'''5,000''' |- |Chinese |5,258 |7,326 |3,800 |5,100 |- |Malays |3,151 |4,575 |2,709 |3,844 |- |Indians |4,623 |7,664 |3,438 |5,370 |- |Others |7,446 |11,518 |4,870 |7,432 |} ==Singaporean Education System== {{Main|Nanyang University|Chinese-medium education system in Singapore}} Singapore's Chinese education began with the establishment of [[old-style private Chinese school]]s (known as "Sishu 私塾") by early Chinese immigrants during the 19th century. These schools predominantly used various southern Chinese varieties (such as [[Hokkien]]) as its medium to teach [[Chinese classics]]. In the 1920s, as influenced by China's [[New Cultural Movement]], many [[Chinese schools]] in Singapore began to change its medium of instruction to [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]. During the British colonial times, the colonial government generally allowed the Chinese community in Singapore to organise and develop its own system of Chinese education. By the 1930s and 1940s, with donations and fundings from the public, more Chinese organisations began to set up more Chinese schools. In 1953, the chairman of [[Singapore Hokkien Huay Kuan]], Mr.[[Tan Lark Sye]] organised and helped to establish the first overseas Chinese-medium university ([[Nanyang University]]) in Singapore, leading to the establishing of a well-structured Chinese-medium education system (from primary school to university) in Singapore. However, after the 1960s, the left-wing communist ideology of People's Republic of China and the [[cultural revolution]] was in conflict with the capitalist policy of Singapore. To attract western investments, Singapore decided to adopt the fundamental policy of making English its main [[lingua franca]] and working language. To prevent the Singaporean Chinese from being influenced by left-wing political thoughts, Singapore greatly promoted English and placed less emphasis on Chinese education. On the one hand, it encouraged Chinese Singaporeans to attend English-medium schools for economic reasons; on the other hand, it initiated a public effort in denouncing communism. Due to a lesser proficiency in English, Chinese-educated Singaporeans often encountered difficulties in finding jobs in Singapore. Thus, the majority of Chinese Singaporeans sent their children to English-medium schools for better job prospects, causing the number of registered students at Chinese-medium schools to drop annually. All these factors (including that of government policy) eventually caused the Chinese-medium education system to perish in Singapore. {{Main|Education in Singapore|Special Assistance Plan}} Since the early 1980s, the Singapore government gradually abolished the Chinese-medium education system in Singapore. Apart from Chinese language and moral education subjects, all subjects are taught in English. However, to make sure that Singaporean Chinese still maintain and preserve their mother tongue (Chinese) culture, the Singapore government implemented the teaching of Chinese language in all schools: All Chinese Singaporeans had to learn [[Mandarin Chinese]] as a "second language". Singapore also established the [[Special Assistance Plan|Special Assistance Plan Schools]]. These were formerly traditional Chinese-medium schools and were tasked with the nurturing of Chinese language and cultural talents. The Chinese subject in Singapore did not just involve the teaching of Chinese; it was also tasked with the mission of transmitting [[Chinese Culture|Chinese cultural]] values to Chinese Singaporeans. Because of the continuation of Chinese education in Singapore, the Chinese Singaporeans are generally able to speak, read, and write Mandarin Chinese. Chinese Singaporeans are thus one of the few [[overseas Chinese]] communities (the other being [[Malaysian Chinese]]) which still preserved the Chinese language and [[Chinese Culture|culture]]. ==Influence on culture of Singapore== {{Main|Chinese culture|Culture of Singapore}} {{Refimprove section|date=August 2011}} Since most Singaporean Chinese trace their ancestral origins to southern China, their culture generally has a closer affinity with southern Chinese culture (predominantly that of [[Fujian]], Guangdong and [[Hainan]]) This is especially true in terms of various southern Chinese dialects, customs, cultural, and religious practices in Singapore. Although Singaporean culture is diverse in nature, Singapore is one of the few countries outside [[Greater China]] with a vibrant Chinese-speaking presence. On one glance, Singapore's infrastructure and environment might seem Western, but on closer observation, certain aspects of Chinese culture is generally present across all corners of Singapore. This includes the widespread use of different [[varieties of Chinese|Chinese varieties]], various Chinese writings across Singapore, various Chinese press and entertainment media, a thriving Chinese pop culture, various Chinese organisations, Chinese cultural festivals, Chinese opera, Chinese religious activities, Chinese bookshops etc. ===Values=== Chinese immigrants to Singapore brought many of their ideas and values with them. Although they were influenced by western culture, many continue to uphold Chinese values such as [[Confucian]] respect for elders, [[filial piety]], [[meritocracy]], emphasis on education, courtesy etc. The Chinese taught in Singapore was also critical in propagating traditional Chinese values such as [[filial piety]], respect and care for elders, social harmony and meritocracy etc. to the Chinese Singaporean. ===Linguistics influence=== Mandarin and other Chinese varieties are spoken by the Chinese Singaporeans. They influence the way other Non-Chinese languages are spoken in Singapore. For instance, [[Singlish]] is known to be greatly influenced by [[Singaporean Hokkien]] and [[Singaporean Mandarin]] in terms of grammar, syntax and lexicon. ===Religion=== {{Main|Singaporean Chinese religion}} {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = Religion of Chinese Singaporeans (2015)<ref name="Singapore Census 2015">Statistics Singapore: [http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications-and-papers/GHS/ghs2015content 2015 General Household Survey]. [http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/GHS/ghs2015/excel/t43-48.xls Religion data]</ref> |label1 = [[Buddhism]] |value1 = 42.29 |color1 = Gold |label2 = [[Christianity]] |value2 = 20.90 |color2 = DodgerBlue |label3 = [[Taoism]] |value3 = 12.93 |color3 = Crimson |label4 = [[Islam]] |value4 = 0.34 |color4 = Green |label5 = Other |value5 = 0.25 |color5 = Pink |label6 = Not religious |value6 = 23.29 |color6 = Honeydew }} According to a 2010 census, 43% of Singapore's Chinese population declared themselves Buddhist (declining from 53.6% in 2000), 20.1% Christianity (growing from 16.5% in 2000), 14.4% Taoist (growing from 10.8% in 2000), and 21.8% non-religious (growing from 18.6% in 2000).<ref name="Singapore Census 2010 religion">{{citation|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf |work=Singapore Census 2010, Statistical Release 1 |title=Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion |pages=13–16 |accessdate=17 November 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113154937/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> Chinese comprise the vast majority in these four groups due to their dominance in Singapore.<ref name="Singapore Census 2010 religion"/> According to a 2015 census, 42.29% of Singapore's Chinese population declared themselves Buddhist (declining from 43% in 2010), 20.90% Christianity (growing from 20.1% in 2010), 12.93% Taoist (declining from 14.4% in 2010), 0.34% Islam (declining from 0.4% in 2010), 0.25% other religion (include (Hinduism) declining from 0.3% in 2010), and 23.29% non-religious (growing from 21.8% in 2010).<ref name="Singapore Census 2015">Statistics Singapore: [http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications-and-papers/GHS/ghs2015content 2015 General Household Survey]. [http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/GHS/ghs2015/excel/t43-48.xls Religion data]</ref> While the majority of Chinese Singaporeans register themselves as Buddhists, the recent decades have seen a growth in adherence to Christianity (chiefly the [[Catholic Church]]<ref>''[http://yawningbread.wordpress.com/2011/08/06/singapores-religious-landscape-from-census-2010/ Singapore’s religious landscape from Census 2010]''. The Catholic Church in Singapore has grown from 4.8% in 2000 to 7.1% in 2010, while the Protestant churches have grown from 9.8% to 11.3% along the same years.</ref>) and Taoism, as well as a growth of Chinese who identify as not religious. In Singapore, [[Chinese folk religion]]s such as ancestor worship and praying to certain deities are often classified under Taoism.<ref name="Singapore Census 2010 religion"/> ===Food=== {{Main|Chinese cuisine|Cuisine of Singapore}} Many Singaporean Chinese dishes were adapted by early Chinese immigrants to suit local circumstances (such as available ingredients) and cannot strictly be considered mainstream [[Chinese cuisine]]. Nevertheless, these dishes exhibited local Singaporean Chinese flavours and tastes. Most local Singaporean Chinese dishes such as [[Bak kut teh]], [[Mee pok]], [[Ban mian]], [[Char kway teow]], [[Chee cheong fun]], [[Hokkien mee]], [[Hainanese chicken rice]], [[Wan ton mee]], and [[Popiah]] can still be easily found in food centres throughout Singapore. Some Singaporean Chinese are vegetarians, as they may be devoted followers of [[Buddhism]]. With the influx of new migrants from all parts of China in the 21st century, Chinese cuisine of a variety of regional flavours and tastes can be found across Chinese restaurants in [[Chinatown, Singapore]] or in other regions of Singapore, such as [[Szechuan cuisine|Sichuanese cuisine]], northeastern Chinese cuisine etc. ===Chinese-language media=== In [[Singapore]], [[Mandarin Chinese]] is generally propagated through various [[Mandarin Chinese]] national [[free-to-air]] [[terrestrial television|television broadcast terrestrial]] [[media (communication)|media station]] ([[MediaCorp TV Channel 8]] and [[MediaCorp TV Channel U]]), [[cable television]] ([[StarHub TV]] and [[Singtel TV]]) and [[radio channel]]s (including [[Capital 95.8FM|MediaCorp Radio Capital 95.8FM]]). Most media in other [[China|Chinese]] varieties (such as those of [[Hokkien]] and [[Cantonese]]) are [[general]]ly [[Censorship|censored]] in the mainstream [[Chinese language|Chinese]] media of [[Singapore]], except for some [[broadcasting]] on [[Mediacorp Channel 8|Channel 8]] and [[Mediacorp OKTO|Okto]] (Such as Soap opera and government-funded mini Chinese dialect show that caters for older generation), and in [[radio channel]] [[Capital 95.8FM]]. [[Taiwanese Hokkien]] media from [[Taiwan]] and [[Cantonese]] media from [[Hong Kong]] are however easily available for sale in [[Retail shop|shop]]s of [[Singapore]] and also present in [[Karaoke]] [[Bar (establishment)|lounges]]. Some [[cable television|cable television channels]] in [[Singapore]] (e.g. [[StarHub TV]]) also have begun to have [[Chinese language|Chinese]] media from [[China]] (e.g. [[CCTV-4|CCTV-4 Chinese International Channel (Asia)/中國中央電視台中文國際頻道 (亞洲)]]) and [[Cantonese]] media from [[Hong Kong]] (e.g. [[TVB Jade#Singapore, Australia and Indonesia|TVB Jade Satellite Channel (Southeast Asia)/翡翠衛星台 (東南亞)]]). ===Chinese press=== The major [[Chinese-language]] [[newspaper]] in Singapore is ''[[Lianhe Zaobao]]'' (聯合早報), which was formed by a merger of two of the country's oldest Chinese-language newspaper. ''Lianhe Zaobao'' was critical in maintaining the [[China|Chinese]] literary scene in [[Singapore]]. In addition to this are other [[newspaper]]s such as ''[[Lianhe Zaobao Sunday]]'' (聯合早報星期日), ''[[Lianhe Wanbao]]'' (聯合晚報), ''[[Shin Min Daily News]]'' (新明日報), ''[[My Paper]]'' (我報) (prints in both English and Mandarin), ''[[zbCOMMA]]'' (早報逗號), ''Thumbs Up'' (大拇指) and ''[[Thumbs Up Junior]]'' (小拇指). ===Literature in Chinese=== Singapore has a thriving literary scene in Chinese. The [[Singapore Association of Writers]] (新加坡作家协会) regularly publish [[Singapore Chinese Literature Journal]] (新华文学）, an anthology of literary works by Chinese Singaporeans. A number of writers (or poets) including [[You Jin]] (尤今), [[Wang Runhua]] (王润华), [[Liu Duanjin]] (刘瑞金), [[Rongzi]] (蓉子) etc. had contributed to the Singapore Chinese literary scene. The Singapore Chinese literature reflected the immigration and social-historical changes of Singapore. Singapore Chinese literature had its roots from Malaysian Chinese literature, as Singapore was part of Malaya before independence. Early Chinese immigrants started off with the establishment of Chinese schools and Chinese press and as such began to create works of literature. Early Chinese literary magazines such as ''New Citizens'' (新国民杂志), ''Southern Wind'' (南风), and ''Singapore Light'' (星光) in Singapore portrayed the lifestyle of immigrants in the pre-war period. During the 1950s, most of the writers in Singapore had literary works portraying the lifestyle of all social spheres of Singapore. These literary works contain large use of local Chinese slang, creating unique localised literary works. The active writers at that time include [[Miao Xiu]] (苗秀), [[Yaozhi]] (姚紫), [[Zhaorong (Singapore)|Zhaorong]] (赵戎) and [[Shushu]] (絮絮). After Singapore's independence in 1965, the Chinese literature in Singapore began to separate from the Malaysia Chinese literature and continued to develop on its own. ===Chinese festivals=== Traditional Chinese festivals are celebrated in Singapore including [[Chinese New Year]], [[Mooncake Festival]], [[Qingming Festival]] (also known as Tomb Sweeping Festival). Certain traditional Chinese festivals are made public holiday of Singapore, such as [[Chinese New Year]]. There existed some differences in the Singapore Chinese festival customs as compared to that from mainland China and Taiwan. For instance, it was common to carry lantern during mooncake festivals, but mainland China and Taiwan only practised the carrying of lantern on 15 January lunar calendar. ===Chinese pop music=== Singapore features a thriving Chinese pop music scene and are known for producing Mandopop artists such as [[JJ Lin]], [[Stefanie Sun]], [[Tanya Chua]] etc. Singapore is also known for holding Chinese music concerts and festivals, including the Taiwanese-originated Spring Wave Singapore Music Festival in 2013. ===Cultural and linguistic differences from mainland China=== There exists, however, some degree of differences between the Singaporean Chinese and mainland Chinese in terms of mindset, culture, and languages. While mainland Chinese are largely Sino-centric in their outlook of the world, Singaporean Chinese are educated in English medium schools (but also are taught the Chinese language) and are exposed to western influences due to its long history as a British constituent colony of the [[Straits Settlements]]. As such, the local Singaporean Chinese culture is a blend and mix of southern Chinese culture, local Singaporean culture (with various influences from cultures of other ethnicity) and western culture. There are also some differences in the Singaporean Chinese culture compared to that of China. Some traditional Chinese religious and folks custom are preserved by the Chinese community in Singapore, but are no longer practised or seen in China after the [[Cultural Revolution]]. This is especially true of regional rites and rituals practised by Singaporean descendants of immigrants from southern China. There are also distinctive recognisable differences between the [[Singaporean Mandarin]] and [[Standard Mandarin|mainland Chinese Mandarin]] accents. Colloquially, many Singaporean Chinese also speak a creole of [[Singlish]] and [[Singdarin]] or [[Code switching|code switch]] between English and Mandarin or a dialect.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Code-switching in the Classroom: A Taboo Norm|url=http://singteach.nie.edu.sg/issue09-ideas01/|publisher=[[National Institute of Education]]|journal=SingTeach|issue=9|date=October 2007|first1=Goh|last1=Hock Huan|first2=Zhao|last2=Chunsheng}}</ref> Many of the local Chinese dialects in Singapore, such as [[Singaporean Hokkien|Hokkien]], Teochew, or Cantonese, have also been largely acculturated and differ from what is spoken in China. ===Relation with current Chinese migrants=== Singaporean Chinese and mainland Chinese have had a testy relationship in recent years. While the reasons for such a contentious relationship are multi-factorial, one of those mentioned was the cultural differences between Singaporean Chinese (whose ancestors were mainly from Southern parts of China) and mainland Chinese (who are mainly from Northern China).<ref>{{cite web|last=Peidong|first=Yang|title=Why Chinese nationals and S'poreans don't always get along|url=http://www.singapolitics.sg/views/why-chinese-nationals-and-sporeans-dont-always-get-along/|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130821093154/http://www.singapolitics.sg/views/why-chinese-nationals-and-sporeans-dont-always-get-along/|archivedate=21 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Peidong|first=Yang|title=Why Chinese nationals and S'poreans don't always get along (Part 2)|url=http://www.singapolitics.sg/news/pt-iiwhy-chinese-nationals-and-sporeans-dont-always-get-along/|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130821093255/http://www.singapolitics.sg/news/pt-iiwhy-chinese-nationals-and-sporeans-dont-always-get-along/|archivedate=21 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==History== {{Main|Chinese migration}} ===Before 1819=== The early records of Singapore in [[Imperial Chinese#Imperial China|Imperial Chinese]] sources named Singapore as "[[Long Ya Men]]" (龙牙门), "[[Temasek|Dan Ma Xi]]" (单马锡or淡马锡). Later other terms such as "Xi La" (息辣), "Shi le" (石叻), or "Xi Li" (息力, for "selat" meaning strait) may also refer to Singapore or the surrounding areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_51d52c870100nawn.html |title=一口气读完新加坡 }}</ref> Archaeological excavations of artefacts such as Chinese coins or ceramics in Singapore, which dated back to the period of the reign of [[Emperor Zhenzong of Song]] (998–1022) and [[Emperor Renzong of Song]] (1023–1063), indicated that Chinese merchants or traders had already visited Singapore since [[Song dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web|title=新加坡华语戏曲的发端 |url=http://lunwen.5151doc.com/Article/HTML/212003.html|accessdate=11 November 2010}}</ref> The Chinese record ''Annals of various foreign states'' (''[[Zhu fan zhi]]'') written by [[Zhao Rugua|Zhao Rushi]] in 1225 clearly described Chinese merchant ships arriving in Singapore from [[Quanzhou]] and various Chinese trading activities.<ref>{{cite web|title="狮城"新加坡地名文化(Singapore local geographical culture)|author=周定国 (Zhou Dingguo)|url=http://www.zgchb.com.cn/article/2008/1231/article_12172.html|accessdate=10 November 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318045319/http://www.zgchb.com.cn/article/2008/1231/article_12172.html|archivedate=18 March 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In this annal, the chapter [[Sanfoqi|San Fo Qi]] (三佛齐 the Chinese name for [[Srivijaya]]) recorded merchant ships passing through "Ling Ya Men" (凌牙门, although it is not clear however if it is the same as [[Long Ya Men]]) before reaching [[Srivijaya]] for trading.<ref name=chau>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023289345#page/n75/mode/2up |author= Chau Ju-Kua, Friedrich Hirth and W. W. Rockhill|title=Chau ju-kua: his work on the Chinese and Arab trade in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries : entitled Chu-fan-chi |others= translated from the Chinese and annotated by Friedrich Hirth and W. W. Rockhill |pages=60–62 |location= St Petersburg|publisher= Imperial Academy of Sciences |date= 1911}}</ref> The Chinese traveller [[Wang Dayuan]], visiting the island around 1330, described a small Malay settlement called [[Temasek|Dan Ma Xi]] (淡馬錫, from Malay Tamasik) in which Chinese residents live together with the Malays.<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Wheatley|authorlink=w:Paul Wheatley (geographer)|title=The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500|location=Kuala Lumpur|publisher=[[w:University of Malaya|University of Malaya Press]]|year=1961|oclc=504030596|pages= 82–83}}</ref> Following the decline of [[Srivijayan]] power, Temasek was alternately claimed by the Majapahit and the Siamese, but the invasion of 1377 and 1391 caused Singapore to be destroyed. Following that, there were little Chinese records of the visiting of Chinese to Singapore. Singapore is marked as Dan Ma Xi in the [[Mao Kun map]] that dates back to the naval voyage of Chinese explorer [[Zheng He]] in 1403.<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Wheatley|authorlink=w:Paul Wheatley (geographer)|title=The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500|location=Kuala Lumpur|publisher=[[w:University of Malaya|University of Malaya Press]]|year=1961|oclc=504030596|pages= 93–98}}</ref> In 1420, en route the 6th voyage, [[Zheng He]] passed by Singapore, but there were no records of presence of Chinese.{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}} The 19th century Chinese record'' Investigation of Southern Pacific'' (南洋蠡测) (Nanyang Li Ce) described the presence of Chinese tombs in Singapore (known as "Xin Ji Li Po" (新忌利波 in Chinese). On the Chinese tomb, there were words and inscriptions recording the period of [[Later Liang (Five Dynasties)|Later Liang]] and [[Emperor Gong of Song]]. This may suggest that from 907 to 1274, some Chinese had settled, lived, died and were buried in Singapore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://libapps2.nus.edu.sg/sea_chinese/documents/education/book-journal/wan%20qing%20shi%20liao%20bi%20ji/wan%20qing%20shi%20liao%2018_nan%20yang%20li%20ce.pdf |title=《南洋蠡测》 / 颜斯综著 |work=NUS }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kkJW86YlRckC&pg=PR8 |title= 新加坡古事記|author= 饒宗頤 |page=viii |publisher= Chinese University Press |isbn=9789622014497}}</ref> ===1819–1937=== [[File:Junction of Smith Street and Trengganu Street 2, Dec 05.JPG|thumb|left|[[Chinatown, Singapore]] was an [[enclave]] for the early Chinese immigrants in Singapore in the 19th and early 20th centuries.]] From the founding of modern Singapore by [[Stamford Raffles]] till the Japanese occupation in 1942, Singapore was ruled as a colony by the British. When the British first arrived in Singapore, most of the inhabitants on the island of Singapore were fisherman, seamen or pirates, living in small houses. There were about 150 people; about 30 were Chinese, while the rest were Malays.<ref>[[Thomas John Newbold|Newbold, Thomas John]]. ''Political and statistical account of the British settlements in the Straits of Malacca, viz, Pinang, Malacca and Singapore: with a state with a history of the Malayan states on the Peninsula of Malacca''. vol 1. London: J Murray. 1839. p279</ref> When Singapore became a [[Straits Settlement]], there were very few Chinese. After Singapore became a British trading post as part of the [[Straits Settlement]], the first batch of Chinese came from Malaysia, predominantly from [[Malacca]] and [[Penang]]. Amongst these Chinese from [[Malacca]] and [[Penang]], many were Peranakans or descendants of Chinese in Malaysia for several generations. Most of them were traders who could speak Chinese and Malay, though many were also English-educated and could communicate with the British. In the'' Manners and customs of the Chinese of the Straits Settlements, Singapore'', it was described that the Straits-born Chinese regarded themselves as British subjects instead of Chinese subjects; their lifestyle were more westernised.<ref>Vaughan, Jonas Daniel. "[http://sgebooks.nl.sg/opendoc.aspx?doc=shc/nlbhb/020000022.pdf The manners and customs of the Chinese of the Straits Settlements] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827024244/http://sgebooks.nl.sg/opendoc.aspx?doc=shc%2Fnlbhb%2F020000022.pdf |date=27 August 2011 }}" . Singapore: Mission Press. 1879 . pp4-5</ref> By the time of the first census of Singapore in 1824, the Chinese migrants were noted as being either [[Peranakan]]s, or from [[Macau]], [[Guangdong]] and [[Fujian]].<ref name="1823 census">{{cite web |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/2fb8948b-5f16-4a7a-8e3c-7a724e1eb6ad |title=First Census of Singapore is Taken |work=History SG }}</ref> [[File:KITLV - 50190 - Lambert & Co., G.R. - Singapore - Chinese girls in Singapore - circa 1900.tif|thumb|upright|right|Chinese women in Singapore, ca. 1900. In early Singapore there were far fewer Chinese women than men.]] The Chinese quickly formed the majority of the population in Singapore, by the census of 1826 there were already more Chinese (6,088) than Malays (4,790) excluding Bugis (1,242) and Javanese (267).<ref name="census 1826"/> The Chinese became the dominant group by the 1830s (the largest ethnic group at 45.9% in the 1836 census), and by 1849, 52.8% of the total population of 52,891 were Chinese.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Population Trends in Singapore, 1819–1967|jstor=20067730|author=Saw Swee-Hock|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian History|volume= 10|issue=1 |date=March 1969|pages= 36–49 }}</ref> The Chinese population reached over 70% of the total by 1901 and has stayed there since.<ref name="warren"/> The early Chinese migrants to Singapore were predominantly males. In 1826, the official census figures show that out of a total population of 13,750, there were 5,747 Chinese males but only 341 Chinese females.<ref name="census 1826">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023134368#page/n43/mode/2up |editors=Wright, Arnold and Cartwright, H.A. |date= 1907|title=Twentieth century impressions of British Malaya: its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources |page=37 }}</ref> Most of the Chinese females in this early period of Singapore were [[nyonya]]s from [[Malacca]] as women from China were discouraged from emigrating. It was noted in 1837 that there were no Chinese women in Singapore who had emigrated directly from China; even as late as 1876, a British official in Singapore wrote that he did not know of any respectable Chinese woman who had emigrated with her husband.<ref name="jstor1"/> The imbalance of the sexes of the Chinese community continued for a long time with the continual flow into Singapore of male migrant workers who were either single or had left their wives and children behind in China; for example, the 1901 census figures show that there were 130,367 Chinese males compared to 33,674 Chinese females.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924030396067#page/n189/mode/2up/search/singapore |title=Census of the British empire. 1901|page=123 |date=1906 |work=Great Britain Census Office}}</ref> For a long period, most of the Chinese population in early Singapore were immigrants as many did not intend to settle permanently to raise their family there; even by the late 1890s, only around 10% of the Chinese population in Singapore were born there.<ref name="warren"/> The early migrant Chinese workers worked to send money back to their family in China, and many would then return to China after they had earned enough money. However, an increasing number would also choose to settle permanently in Singapore, especially in the 1920s when more chose to remain in Singapore rather than leave.<ref name="warren">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wVyqbmHS2zQC&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Rickshaw Coolie: A People's History of Singapore, 1880–1940 |author= James Francis Warren|page=19 |publisher=NUS Press |date=30 June 2003|isbn=978-9971692667 }}</ref> Change in social attitude in the modern era also meant that Chinese women were freer to emigrate from China, and the sex ratio began to normalise in the 20th century.<ref name="jstor1">{{cite journal |jstor=20067730 |title=Population Trends in Singapore, 1819–1967 |author=Saw Swee-Hock|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian History|volume= 10|issue= 1|date= March 1969|pages= 36–49 }}</ref> This gradual normalisation of sex ratio led to an increase in the number of native births. Immigration would continue to be the main reason for the Chinese population increase in Singapore until the 1931–1947 period when the natural increase in population would surpass the net immigration figures.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dD2qVu8EpdUC&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Population of Singapore |edition=3rd |author= Saw Swee-Hock | publisher=ISEAS Publishing|date=30 June 2012|isbn= 978-9814380980 |page=12}}</ref> Many of the early migrants were Chinese traders who were attracted by the free trade policy after Singapore became the capital of the [[British Empire|British]] [[Straits Settlements]] in 1832. Many also came to work in the plantations, with 11,000 migrants recorded in one year. Singapore became one of the entry and dispersal points for large number of Chinese and Indian migrants who came to work in the plantations and mines of the Straits Settlements, many of whom then settled in Singapore after their contract ended.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023134368#page/n227/mode/2up |editors=Wright, Arnold and Cartwright, H.A. |author=Mrs Reginald Sanderson|date= 1907|title=Twentieth century impressions of British Malaya: its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources |pages=220–221 }}</ref> Because of a booming commerce which required large number of labour force, Chinese [[coolie]] trade also appeared in Singapore. Indentured Chinese labourers (known as [[coolie]]) were contracted by coolie traders and brought to Singapore to work. Because China banned the travelling of Chinese overseas before the [[Opium War]], any form of coolie trade was conducted mainly through the Portuguese-controlled [[Macau]]. Thus any form of large migration of Chinese labourers overseas in the beginning of the 19th century is quite unlikely. It was only after the [[Treaty of Nanking]] signed on 1842 (due to [[Opium War]]) that large migration of Chinese [[coolie]] began to appear. In 1860 under the 2nd Opium War, Chinese coolie trade became legalised and reached a high peak. The large influx of coolies into Singapore only stopped after [[William A. Pickering|William Pickering]] became the Protector of Chinese. In 1914, the coolie trade was abolished and banned in Singapore.{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}} The large influx of Chinese to Singapore led to the establishment of a large number of Chinese associations, schools, and temples in Singapore and, within a century, the Chinese immigrant population exceeded that of the Malays. During this period, Christian [[missionaries]] from Europe began evangelising to the Asians, especially the Chinese. Peranakans or those English-educated Chinese who had descended for many generations in Singapore were typically known as "'''Laokeh'''" (老客 – Old Guest) or "'''Straits Chinese'''". Most of them paid loyalty to the [[British Empire]] and did not regard themselves as "Huaqiao". From the 19th till the mid 20th century, migrants from China were known as "'''Sinkeh'''" (新客 – New Guest). Out of these Sinkeh, a majority of them were coolies, workers on steam boats etc. Some of them came to Singapore for work, in search of a better living or to escape from poverty in China. However, most of Sinkeh who came mostly from [[Fujian]], Guangdong, [[Hainan]] province paid loyalty to China and regarded themselves as "[[Overseas Chinese|Huaqiao]]". ===1937–1945 (World War II)=== [[File:Lim Bo Seng Memorial, Aug 06.JPG|thumb|The Lim Bo Seng Memorial at [[Esplanade Park]] commemorates [[Lim Bo Seng]], a [[World War II]] anti-Japanese Resistance fighter who was based in Singapore and [[British Malaya]].]] The [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], started in 1937, revived a perceived sense of patriotism in the local Chinese to China and soon the Singaporean Chinese imposed an embargo against Japanese goods and products in Singapore. During the war, fearing for the safety of their relatives in China, some of the immigrants returned to China to fight the Japanese, while established entrepreneurs sent economic aid or military equipment to China. After the Japanese [[Battle of Singapore|took Singapore]] in 1942, the [[Kempeitai]] tracked down many Chinese who aided the Chinese war effort against Japan. However, the Kempeitai's [[Sook Ching Operation]] was simply a massacre designed to drive fear into the local populace, so the Kempeitai simply picked out people based on accounts of masked informers, which in many cases were false accounts based on personal vendettas. There were also active anti-Japanese resistance during the war, such as [[Force 136]], headed by [[Lim Bo Seng]]. ===After 1945=== [[Race riots]] were common during the early post-war period, predominantly in the period between self-governance and independence in 1965. One [[1964 race riots in Singapore|major riot]] took place during birthday celebrations in honour of [[Muhammad]], on 21 July 1964. There were records of high casualties (23 killed and 454 injured), as well as claims that the riot was politically motivated to oust the then Prime Minister ([[Lee Kuan Yew]]) and his cabinet as well as to prevent the promotion of a [[Malaysian Malaysia]] concept in [[Peninsular Malaysia]]. After the independence of Singapore in 1965, Singapore began to foster a more racially harmonious society in Singapore. Following the construction of Singapore national identity and nationhood, the Chinese in Singapore began to change their mindset from temporary stay to permanent settlements in Singapore, thus taking roots in Singapore. Following this transformation, the Chinese in Singapore gradually began to recognise nationally as "Singaporeans", while racially as "[[Huaren]]" instead of "[[Overseas Chinese|Huaqiao]]".{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}} Chinese migrants from China during the late 20th century and early 21st century were generally known as『Xinyimin 新移民』(new immigrants). They came from various parts of China. ==Chinese associations or institutions in Singapore== ===Historical Background=== {{Refimprove section|date=August 2011}} When the Chinese migrants first arrived in Singapore in the 19th and early 20th century, they settled in an enclave such as [[Chinatown, Singapore|Chinatown]]. They tended to group themselves according to dialectal similarity, with those from nearby Chinese regions grouping together. This led the Chinese to form 5 dialectal Cohorts (known as ''Bangqun'' 幫群), namely the ''Hokkien Bang'', ''Teochew Bang'','' Cantonese Bang'', ''Hakka Bang'' and ''Hainanese Bang''. During the British colonial period, the colonial government basically adopted the approach of using "the Chinese to govern the Chinese". They appointed Chinese leaders to govern the Chinese community. Effectively, the Chinese community existed in a half-autonomy state. Most Chinese leaders used the Chinese civil societies (small organisations) to help govern the Chinese community and to help new Chinese immigrants settled into Singapore, including finding jobs and lodgings for them. As most of these Chinese civil societies were involved in Chinese family religious activities such as funerals or ancestral worship, they were in fact religious-oriented. This gradually evolved into the development of [[Chinese Temple]]s or [[Chinese clan associations]] in Singapore. As time passed by, the Chinese had grown to have more achievements in the business and education in Singapore. Some rich and powerful Chinese businessmen began to establish Clubs, such as the [[Ee Ho Hean Club]] (怡和轩) in 1895,<ref>{{cite web|author=中国侨网 (zhonguo qiaowang)|title=新加坡怡和轩俱乐部(Singapore Ee Ho Hean Club)|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/overseas/2005-01/18/content_2477406.htm|accessdate=12 February 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202074142/http://news.xinhuanet.com/overseas/2005-01/18/content_2477406.htm|archivedate=2 December 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and [[Chamber of Commerce]], such as the [[Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry]], to broaden the Chinese social circle. Established in 1906, the [[Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] was the highest body of organisation within the Chinese community in Singapore. It was responsible for fighting the rights of the Chinese in Singapore during the British colonial period. During the [[World War II]], the [[Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] had managed to help raise funds and resources to help relieve the sufferings in war-torn China. After Singapore gained independence and autonomy in the 1960s, the Singapore government undertook measures to help foster racial harmony in Singapore. It encouraged various races of different languages and religious backgrounds to intermingle and to live side by side. Following the growth of Singaporean nationhood and national identity, the Chinese immigrants began to change their mindset from temporary migration to permanent settlements, thus soiling their roots in Singapore. With the strengthening of Singaporean national identity, the Chinese clans association gradually declined in terms of importance. Their role of organising and governing the Chinese community was soon taken over by the Singapore government. ===Today=== Today, all Singapore's clans associations came under the flagship of [[Singapore Federation of Chinese Clans Association]] (SFCCA). They function as the cultural role for connecting Chinese Singaporeans to their Chinese roots or Ancestral home. In addition, the [[Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] (SCCCI) continued to look after the interests of the Chinese business community as well as sourcing business opportunities in China. The [[Chinese Development Assistance Council]] was founded out of these two organisations (SFCCA and SCCCI) to help nurture and develop the potential of the Chinese community in contributing to the continued success of multiracial Singapore. There are also various Chinese cultural organisations such as [[Singapore Chinese Calligraphy Society]], [[Singapore Chinese Orchestra]], [[Nanyang Confucian Association]], [[Singapore Chinese Opera Institute]] etc. In addition, there are also major Chinese religious Associations such as [[Singapore Taoist Federation]], [[Singapore Buddhist Federation]] to look after the religious affairs of Chinese Singaporeans. All these Chinese organisations continue to play an important role in the economical, cultural and religious activities of Chinese Singaporeans. ==List of Chinese Singaporeans== *''[[:Category:Singaporean people of Chinese descent|List of Chinese Singaporeans]]'' *[[Lim Nee Soon]], Chinese community leader. *[[Tan Tock Seng]], served as acting Kapitan China of Singapore (government-appointed head of the Chinese community) and founder of [[Tan Tock Seng Hospital]]. * [[Lee Kong Chian]], one of the most richest man in South east Asia. *[[Tan Kah Kee]], businessman, Chinese community leader and philanthropist. *[[Lim Yew Hock]], Chief Minister of Singapore. * [[Lee Kuan Yew]], first Prime Minister of Singapore and one of the founding Fathers of modern Singapore. * [[Goh Cheng Liang]], currently the most richest man in Singapore. *[[Sim Wong Hoo]], the founder, CEO and Chairman of [[Creative Technology]]. *[[Goh Keng Swee]], a founding father of modern Singapore eho derved as Deputy and Cabinet Minister during LKY's rule. *[[Toh Chin Chye]], a founding father of modern Singapore. *[[Goh Chok Tong]], 2nd Prime Minister of Singapore. *[[Lee Hsien Loong]] *[[JJ Lin]] *[[Kevin Kwan]], author of internationally best-seller [[Crazy Rich Asians and China Rich Girlfriend]]. *[[Stefanie Sun]] (孙燕姿), award winning internationally famous singer-songwriter. ==See also== *[[China–Singapore relations]] *[[Chinatown, Singapore]] *[[List of common Chinese surnames in Singapore]] *[[Bamboo network]] *[[Singapore Chinese characters]] *[[Superstitions of Malaysian Chinese]] ==References== ===Notes=== {{Reflist|2}} ===Bibliography=== {{Refbegin}} *http://weecheng.com/singapore/9eg/index.htm *''[[The Straits Times]]'', 28 April 2006, pg 15, Prime section *[http://www.zaobao.com/chinese/region/singapore/culture/singapore_culture140399c.html 新加坡华文知识分子角色的演变 (Changing role of the Chinese Intellectuals in Singapore), Lianhe Zaobao, 14 March 1999] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060218115017/http://www.zaobao.com.sg/chinese/region/singapore/pages/singapore_chinese221000.html 新加坡华人族谱的价值与缺憾 (Values of Singaporean Chinese genealogy records)] {{Refend}} ==Further reading== *{{cite book|author=Lynn Pan (Singapore Chinese Heritage Center)|title=The Encyclopedia of the Chinese Overseas|location=Singapore|publisher=Archipelago Press Landmark Books|year=1998|isbn=981-3018-92-5}} *{{cite book|author=许教正 (Xu Jiaozhen)|title=《''东南亚人物志''》 (''Historical Figure of South East Asia'')|location=Singapore|publisher=Xu Jiaozhen Pub|year=1965}} *{{cite book|author=[[Song Ong Siang]]|title=One Hundred Years' History of the Chinese in Singapore|location=Singapore|publisher=[[Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry|Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce]] Publisher|year=1993}} ==External links== {{Library resources box |onlinebooks=no |by=no }} *[http://regaliathai.com/index.htm Thai Theravada Buddhist Shop in Singapore] *[http://weecheng.com/singapore/tanki/story1.htm Festival of the Nine Emperor Gods] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051122011311/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=2875 2003 speech by Lee Hsien Loong on Teochews] *[http://www.lib.nus.edu.sg/chz/SEAChinese/zynr.html Research Center for Overseas Chinese at National University of Singapore] *[http://www.chineseheritagecentre.org/ Singapore Chinese Heritage Center] *[http://www.huayinet.org/ Singapore Huayi Net] *[http://www.sctu.org.sg/ Singapore Chinese Teachers' Union] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090306072624/http://www.cdac.org.sg/cos/o.x?c=%2Fcdac_corp%2Fsection Singapore Chinese Development Assistance Council] *[http://www.sfcca.org.sg/ Singapore Federation of Chinese Clan Associations] *[http://www.sccci.org.sg/ Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry] {{Ethnic groups in Singapore}} {{Overseas Chinese}} {{Portal bar|Language|China|Singapore}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Singaporean people of Chinese descent| ]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Singapore]] [[Category:Chinese diaspora in Singapore| ]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff)
'@@ -1,26 +1,53 @@ -{{Short description|Ethnic group}} +Open main menu +Wikipedia Search +Pig +Read in another language +Watch this page +Edit +This article is about the genus. For other uses, see Pig (disambiguation). +A pig is any of the animals in the genus Sus, within the even-toed ungulate family Suidae. Pigs include the domestic pig and its ancestor, the common Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa), along with other species. Related creatures outside the genus include the peccary, the babirusa, and the warthog. Pigs, like all suids, are native to the Eurasian and African continents. Juvenile pigs are known as piglets.[1] Pigs are highly social and intelligent animals.[2] -{{EngvarB|date=April 2016}} -{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}} +Pig +Temporal range: Early Pleistocene to recent +Sus Barbatus, the Bornean Bearded Pig (12616351323).jpg +Bornean bearded pig at the London Zoo. +Scientific classification e +Kingdom: +Animalia +Phylum: +Chordata +Class: +Mammalia +Order: +Artiodactyla +Family: +Suidae +Subfamily: +Suinae +Genus: +Sus +Linnaeus, 1758 +Species +See text +With around 1 billion individuals alive at any time, the domestic pig is among the most populous large mammals in the world.[3][4] Pigs are omnivores and can consume a wide range of food.[5] Pigs are biologically similar to humans and are thus frequently used for human medical research.[6] -{{Infobox ethnic group -| flag = {{flagicon|China}} {{flagicon|Taiwan}} {{flagicon|Singapore}} -| group = Chinese Singaporeans <br /><small>新加坡华人</small> -| image = File:Chess at Chinatown, Singapore.jpg -| caption = Elderly Chinese Singaporeans playing chess in [[Chinatown, Singapore|Chinatown]], Singapore. -| population = '''{{formatnum:2571000}}'''<br>76.2% of the [[Singaporeans|Singaporean]] population (2015)<ref name="highlights2015">{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.nptd.gov.sg/Portals/0/Homepage/Highlights/population-in-brief-2015.pdf|title=Population in Brief 2015|work=Singapore Government|date=September 2015|accessdate=14 February 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216110141/http://www.nptd.gov.sg/Portals/0/Homepage/Highlights/population-in-brief-2015.pdf|archivedate=16 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> -| popplace = {{flag|Singapore}} -| langs = Predominantly [[Singaporean Mandarin|Mandarin]] (lingua franca of all Chinese), [[English language|English]] (medium of communication in government, education and commerce), other Chinese dialects ([[Singaporean Hokkien|Hokkien]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]], [[Cantonese]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], [[Hainanese]], [[Fuzhou dialect|Fuzhounese]], [[Shanghainese dialect|Shanghainese]], etc) and uncommonly spoken by a small minority, [[Malay language|Malay]] (Mainly only [[Peranakans]])<br /><br /> -| rels = [[Buddhism]]{{·}}[[Atheism]]{{·}}[[Taoism]]{{·}}[[Chinese folk religion]]{{·}}[[Christianity]] -| related = [[Overseas Chinese]] -}} - -{{Ethnic Singapore sidebar}} - -'''Chinese Singaporeans''' ({{zh|s={{linktext|新加坡|华人}}|t=新加坡華人|p=Xīnjiāpō Huárén}}), are [[Singaporean nationality law|Singaporeans]] of full or partial Chinese{{spaced ndash}}particularly southern [[Han Chinese]]{{spaced ndash}}ancestry from numerous different regions. - -As of 2015, Chinese Singaporeans constituted 76.2% of the country's citizens<ref name="highlights2015" /> making them the largest [[ethnic group]] in Singapore.<ref name="Singapore Census 2011">{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/population2011.pdf|work=Singapore Department of Statistics, Social Statistics Section|title=Population Trends 2011|accessdate=7 May 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113150435/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/population2011.pdf|archivedate=13 November 2011|df=dmy}}</ref> Outside [[Greater China]], Singapore is the only country in the world where [[Overseas Chinese|ethnic Chinese]] constitute a majority of the population and are well represented in all levels of Singaporean society, politically and economically.<ref name="Vatikiotis February 12th 1998">{{cite book|last=Vatikiotis|first=Michael|title=Entrerepeeneurs|date=12 February 1998|publisher=Far Eastern Economic Review|location=Bangkok|url=http://www.chaihah.co.th/docs/Far%20Eastern%20Economic%20Review%20260698.pdf}}</ref><ref name="faqs.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/minorities/South-East-Asia/Chinese-of-Indonesia-Malaysia-and-the-Philippines.html |title=Chinese of Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines – World Directory of Minorities |publisher=Faqs.org |accessdate=23 April 2012}}</ref> It is the home of the fifth largest number of people of the Chinese diaspora, behind the Chinese communities in Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the United States. - -In the Chinese language, Singaporean Chinese clearly distinguish themselves as ethnic Chinese ({{zh|s=华人 |p=[[Huaren|Huárén]] |labels=no}}) or people of Chinese descent rather than [[overseas Chinese]] ({{zh |s={{linktext|华裔}} |p=Huáyì |labels=no}}; {{zh |s={{linktext|华侨}} |p=Huáqiáo |labels=no}}). +Etymology +Description and behaviour +Distribution and evolution +Habitat and reproduction +Diet and foraging +Relationship with humans +Species +Domestic pigs +Cultural and religious reference to pigs +Environmental impacts +Health issues +See also +References +External links +Last edited 13 days ago by RockingGeo +Wikipedia +Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted. +Terms of UsePrivacyDesktop ==Definition== '
New page size (new_size)
89011
Old page size (old_size)
91193
Size change in edit (edit_delta)
-2182
Lines added in edit (added_lines)
[ 0 => 'Open main menu', 1 => 'Wikipedia Search', 2 => 'Pig', 3 => 'Read in another language', 4 => 'Watch this page', 5 => 'Edit', 6 => 'This article is about the genus. For other uses, see Pig (disambiguation).', 7 => 'A pig is any of the animals in the genus Sus, within the even-toed ungulate family Suidae. Pigs include the domestic pig and its ancestor, the common Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa), along with other species. Related creatures outside the genus include the peccary, the babirusa, and the warthog. Pigs, like all suids, are native to the Eurasian and African continents. Juvenile pigs are known as piglets.[1] Pigs are highly social and intelligent animals.[2]', 8 => 'Pig', 9 => 'Temporal range: Early Pleistocene to recent', 10 => 'Sus Barbatus, the Bornean Bearded Pig (12616351323).jpg', 11 => 'Bornean bearded pig at the London Zoo.', 12 => 'Scientific classification e', 13 => 'Kingdom:', 14 => 'Animalia', 15 => 'Phylum:', 16 => 'Chordata', 17 => 'Class:', 18 => 'Mammalia', 19 => 'Order:', 20 => 'Artiodactyla', 21 => 'Family:', 22 => 'Suidae', 23 => 'Subfamily:', 24 => 'Suinae', 25 => 'Genus:', 26 => 'Sus', 27 => 'Linnaeus, 1758', 28 => 'Species', 29 => 'See text', 30 => 'With around 1 billion individuals alive at any time, the domestic pig is among the most populous large mammals in the world.[3][4] Pigs are omnivores and can consume a wide range of food.[5] Pigs are biologically similar to humans and are thus frequently used for human medical research.[6]', 31 => 'Etymology', 32 => 'Description and behaviour', 33 => 'Distribution and evolution', 34 => 'Habitat and reproduction', 35 => 'Diet and foraging', 36 => 'Relationship with humans', 37 => 'Species', 38 => 'Domestic pigs', 39 => 'Cultural and religious reference to pigs', 40 => 'Environmental impacts', 41 => 'Health issues', 42 => 'See also', 43 => 'References', 44 => 'External links', 45 => 'Last edited 13 days ago by RockingGeo', 46 => 'Wikipedia', 47 => 'Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted.', 48 => 'Terms of UsePrivacyDesktop' ]
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines)
[ 0 => '{{Short description|Ethnic group}}', 1 => '{{EngvarB|date=April 2016}}', 2 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}', 3 => '{{Infobox ethnic group', 4 => '| flag = {{flagicon|China}} {{flagicon|Taiwan}} {{flagicon|Singapore}}', 5 => '| group = Chinese Singaporeans <br /><small>新加坡华人</small>', 6 => '| image = File:Chess at Chinatown, Singapore.jpg', 7 => '| caption = Elderly Chinese Singaporeans playing chess in [[Chinatown, Singapore|Chinatown]], Singapore.', 8 => '| population = '''{{formatnum:2571000}}'''<br>76.2% of the [[Singaporeans|Singaporean]] population (2015)<ref name="highlights2015">{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.nptd.gov.sg/Portals/0/Homepage/Highlights/population-in-brief-2015.pdf|title=Population in Brief 2015|work=Singapore Government|date=September 2015|accessdate=14 February 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216110141/http://www.nptd.gov.sg/Portals/0/Homepage/Highlights/population-in-brief-2015.pdf|archivedate=16 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>', 9 => '| popplace = {{flag|Singapore}}', 10 => '| langs = Predominantly [[Singaporean Mandarin|Mandarin]] (lingua franca of all Chinese), [[English language|English]] (medium of communication in government, education and commerce), other Chinese dialects ([[Singaporean Hokkien|Hokkien]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]], [[Cantonese]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], [[Hainanese]], [[Fuzhou dialect|Fuzhounese]], [[Shanghainese dialect|Shanghainese]], etc) and uncommonly spoken by a small minority, [[Malay language|Malay]] (Mainly only [[Peranakans]])<br /><br />', 11 => '| rels = [[Buddhism]]{{·}}[[Atheism]]{{·}}[[Taoism]]{{·}}[[Chinese folk religion]]{{·}}[[Christianity]]', 12 => '| related = [[Overseas Chinese]]', 13 => '}}', 14 => false, 15 => '{{Ethnic Singapore sidebar}}', 16 => false, 17 => ''''Chinese Singaporeans''' ({{zh|s={{linktext|新加坡|华人}}|t=新加坡華人|p=Xīnjiāpō Huárén}}), are [[Singaporean nationality law|Singaporeans]] of full or partial Chinese{{spaced ndash}}particularly southern [[Han Chinese]]{{spaced ndash}}ancestry from numerous different regions.', 18 => false, 19 => 'As of 2015, Chinese Singaporeans constituted 76.2% of the country's citizens<ref name="highlights2015" /> making them the largest [[ethnic group]] in Singapore.<ref name="Singapore Census 2011">{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/population2011.pdf|work=Singapore Department of Statistics, Social Statistics Section|title=Population Trends 2011|accessdate=7 May 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113150435/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/population2011.pdf|archivedate=13 November 2011|df=dmy}}</ref> Outside [[Greater China]], Singapore is the only country in the world where [[Overseas Chinese|ethnic Chinese]] constitute a majority of the population and are well represented in all levels of Singaporean society, politically and economically.<ref name="Vatikiotis February 12th 1998">{{cite book|last=Vatikiotis|first=Michael|title=Entrerepeeneurs|date=12 February 1998|publisher=Far Eastern Economic Review|location=Bangkok|url=http://www.chaihah.co.th/docs/Far%20Eastern%20Economic%20Review%20260698.pdf}}</ref><ref name="faqs.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/minorities/South-East-Asia/Chinese-of-Indonesia-Malaysia-and-the-Philippines.html |title=Chinese of Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines – World Directory of Minorities |publisher=Faqs.org |accessdate=23 April 2012}}</ref> It is the home of the fifth largest number of people of the Chinese diaspora, behind the Chinese communities in Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the United States.', 20 => false, 21 => 'In the Chinese language, Singaporean Chinese clearly distinguish themselves as ethnic Chinese ({{zh|s=华人 |p=[[Huaren|Huárén]] |labels=no}}) or people of Chinese descent rather than [[overseas Chinese]] ({{zh |s={{linktext|华裔}} |p=Huáyì |labels=no}}; {{zh |s={{linktext|华侨}} |p=Huáqiáo |labels=no}}).' ]
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
false
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
1560626849

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog/24218915"






●Privacy policy
●About Wikipedia
●Disclaimers
●Contact Wikipedia
●Code of Conduct
●Developers
●Statistics
●Cookie statement
●Mobile view


Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki