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'{{Short description|Term for a person who falsely claims a Native American identity}} {{Use American English|date=July 2021}} {{Use mdy dates|date=July 2021}} A '''Pretendian''' is a person who is asserted to have falsely claimed Indigenous identity by claiming to be a citizen of a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] [[Tribal sovereignty in the United States|tribal nation]], or to be descended from Native ancestors.<ref>[https://eu.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona/2017/11/30/senator-elizabeth-warren-not-alone-making-questionable-claim-native-american-indian-heritage/903573001/ Maria Polleta. "'Pretendians': Elizabeth Warren not alone in making questionable claim to Native American heritage." ''The Republic''],</ref><ref name=StrangeHistory>{{cite news|author=Irwin, Nigel|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/yppmdv/joseph-boydens-apology-and-the-strange-history-of-pretendians |title=Joseph Boyden’s Apology and the Strange History of ‘Pretendians’ - Boyden is hardly the first person to be alleged to have faked Indigenous roots for material or spiritual gain|work=[[Vice Media]] |date= January 12, 2017|access-date=July 8, 2021}}</ref> As a practice, pretendianism is an extreme form of [[cultural appropriation]], sometimes also referred to as ethnic fraud or '''race shifting'''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Leroux|first=Darryl|title=Raceshifting|url=https://www.raceshifting.com/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-08|website=Raceshifting|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Ridgen|first=Melissa|date=2021-01-28|title=Pretendians and what to do with people who falsely say they’re Indigenous|url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/infocus/pretendians-and-what-to-do-with-people-who-falsely-say-theyre-indigenous-put-infocus/|access-date=2021-07-13|website=APTN News|language=en-US}}</ref> ==History of false claims to Indigenous identity== ===Early claims=== Historian [[Philip J. Deloria]] has noted that European Americans "playing Indian" is a phenomenon that stretches back at least as far as the [[Boston Tea Party]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Deloria|first=Philip J.|authorlink=Philip J. Deloria|title=Playing Indian|date=1999|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|isbn=9780300080674|pages=64–8, 91, 101, et al|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQFBTKi4aYsC&pg=PA126|accessdate=February 28, 2019}}</ref> In his book ''[[Playing Indian]]'', Deloria argues that white settlers have always played with stereotypical imagery of the peoples that were replaced during [[colonization]], using these tropes to form a new national identity that can be seen as distinct from previous European identities. Patrick Wolfe goes further, arguing that [[settler colonialism]] actively needs to erase and then reproduce [[Indigenous peoples|Indigenous]] identity in order to create and justify claims to land and territory.<ref>Patrick Wolfe (2006) Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native, Journal of Genocide Research, 8:4, 387-409, DOI: 10.1080/14623520601056240</ref> Examples of white societies who have played Indian include, according to Deloria, the [[Improved Order of Red Men]], [[Tammany Hall]], and scouting societies like the [[Order of the Arrow]]. Individuals who made careers out of pretending an Indigenous identity include [[James Beckwourth]],<ref>Laura Browder, " 'One Hundred Percent American': How a Slave, a Janitor, and a Former Klansmen Escaped Racial Categories by Becoming Indians", in Beyond the Binary: Reconstructing Cultural Identity in a Multicultural Context, ed. Timothy B. Powell, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press (1999)</ref> [[Chief Buffalo Child Long Lance]]<ref>Melinda Micco, "Tribal Re-Creations: Buffalo Child Long Lance and Black Seminole Narratives", in Re-placing America: Conversations and Contestations, ed. Ruth Hsu, Cynthia Franklin, and Suzanne Kosanke, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i and the East-West Center, 2000</ref> and [[Grey Owl]].<ref name=StrangeHistory/><ref name=APTN-Original>{{cite news |author=Murray, John |url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/investigates/cowboys-and-pretendians/ |title=APTN Investigates: Cowboys and Pretendians |work=[[Aboriginal Peoples Television Network]] |date=Apr 20, 2018|access-date=July 8, 2021|quote=Canada’s most famous pretendian is a man who called himself Grey Owl.}}</ref><ref>Donald B. Smith, From the Land of Shadows: the Making of Grey Owl, (Saskatoon: Western Prairie Books, 1990)</ref> Joel W. Martin notes that "an astonishing number of southerners assert they have a grandmother or great-grandmother who was some kind of Cherokee, often a princess," and that such myths serve settler purposes in aligning [[American frontier]] romance with southern regionalism and pride.<ref>Joel W. Martin.『′My Grandmother Was a Cherokee Princess′: Representations of Indians in Southern History.』In ''Dressing in Feathers: The Construction of the Indian in Popular Culture'', ed. Elizabeth Bird (London: Routledge 1996).</ref> ===Post-1960s: Rise of pretendians in academia and political positions=== The rise of pretendian identities post-1960s can be explained by a number of factors. The reestablishment and exercise of [[tribal sovereignty]] among tribal nations (following the era of [[Indian termination policy]]) meant that many individuals raised away from tribal communities sought, and still seek, to reestablish their status as tribal citizens or to recover connections to tribal traditions. Other tribal citizens, who had been raised in [[American Indian boarding schools]] under [[genocidal]] policies designed to erase their cultural identity, also revived tribal religious and cultural practices. At the same time, in the years following the [[Occupation of Alcatraz]], the formation of [[Native American Studies]] as a distinct form of [[area studies]], and the awarding of the [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]] to [[Kiowa]] author [[N Scott Momaday]], publishing programs and university departments began to be established specifically for or about Native American culture. At the same time, [[hippie]] and [[New Age]] cultures marketed Native cultures as accessible, spiritual, and as a form of resistance to mainstream culture, leading to the rise of the [[plastic shaman]]. All of this added up to a culture that was not inclined to disbelieve self-identification, and a wider societal impulse to claim Indigeneity. [[Elizabeth Cook-Lynn]] wrote of the influence of pretendians in academia and political positions: <blockquote>[U]nscrupulous scholars in the discipline who had no stake in Native nationhood but who had achieved status in academia and held on to it through fraudulent claims to lndian Nation heritage and blood directed the discourse. This phenomenon took place following the "lndian Preference" regulations in new hiring practices at the Bureau of lndian Affairs in the early 1970s. Sometimes unprepared for such outright aggression or suffering polarization from the conflicts in the system, Native scholars in the academy often seemed to be silent witnesses to such occurrences. Their silence has not meant complicity. It has meant, more than anything, a feeling of utter powerlessness within the structures of strong mainstream institutions.<ref>Elizabeth Cook-Lynn. "Who Stole Native American Studies?" ''Wicazo Sa Review'', Vol. 12, No. 1. (Spring, 1997), p. 23.</ref></blockquote> ===2000s: Contemporary controversies=== In recent times several controversies regarding ethnic fraud have come to light and found broad circulation within media.<ref name=":3" /> In January 2021 Journalist [[Jacqueline Keeler]] posted an article and link to a google spreadsheet of a list of individuals she has alleged to not have adequate Indigenous ancestry or sufficient documentation of Indigenous connections and ancestry.<ref name=":2">[https://www.pollennationmagazine.com/pollen-nation/2020/5/5/the-alleged-pretendians Jacqueline Keeler. "The Alleged Pretendians List"]</ref> She was inspired to investigate individuals of unclear claims of Indigenous ancestry by the case of filmmaker Michelle Latimer and journalist Claudia Lawrence.<ref name=":2" /> The list has been amplified by some Indigenous academics such as Kim Tallbear, who point out that there are few if any criteria employed in academia, media, or the entertainment industry and that, as a result, many supposed experts on Indigenous politics and cultures in these fields do not in fact have Indigenous ancestral or cultural ties.<ref>[https://kimtallbear.substack.com/p/playing-indian-constitutes-a-structural] Kim Tallbear. "Playing Indian Constitutes a Structural Form of Colonial Theft, and It Must be Tackled." ''Kim Tallbear'' 10 May 2021</ref> Tallbear also notes that all those mentioned on the list have used their Indigenous status for monetary gain. Others have criticized the list for its lack of consultation, lack of rigor, the use of genealogists who have been criticized for anti-black racism, and potential lack of sensitivity given the multitude of challenges in reclaiming Indigenous identity.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-14|title=The Real Problem With Jacqueline Keeler’s ‘Alleged Pretendian’ List|url=https://www.powwows.com/the-problem-with-jacqueline-keelers-pretendian-list/|access-date=2021-07-12|website=www.powwows.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=La Tray|first=Chris|date=February 21, 2021|title=The Pretendians|url=https://annehelen.substack.com/p/the-pretendians-131|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-13|website=annehelen.substack.com}}</ref> Chris La Trey points to issues such as a lack of ethics around the list, lack of clarity on methodology, and the possibility of negative connections to ideas of "blood purity."<ref name=":1" /> ==Notable examples== Individuals who have been accused in multiple sources of being a Pretendian include; ===Academic=== * [[Ward Churchill]]<ref>Richardson, Valerie. [http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/report.html "Report on Conclusion of Preliminary Review in the Matter of Professor Ward Churchill".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629204440/http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/report.html |date=2012-06-29 }} ''University of Colorado at Boulder.'' 2005 . Retrieved 26 July 2009.</ref><ref>Brown, Thomas. [http://hnn.us/articles/10633.html "Is Ward Churchill the New Michael Bellesiles?"] ''George Mason University's History News Network.'' 14 March 2005 . Retrieved 26 July 2009.</ref><ref>Harjo, Suzan Shown. [http://www.indiancountrytoday.com/archive/28201419.html "Ward Churchill: The White Man's Burden"], ''Indian Country Today.'' 3 August 2007 . Retrieved 26 July 2009.</ref> * [[Rachel Dolezal]]<ref>[https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/red-like-knew-rachel-dolezal-back-indigenous] Tiffany Midge. "I Knew Rachel Dolezal Back When She Was Indigenous." ''Indian Country Today'' 17 Apr 2017</ref><ref>[https://www.indianz.com/News/2015/06/15/gyasi-ross-the-native-roots-of.asp] Gyasi Ross. "The Native roots of the bizarre Rachel Dolezal drama." ''Indian Country Today'' 12 June 2017</ref> * [[Andrea Smith (academic)|Andrea Smith]]<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Viren |first1=Sarah |title=The Native Scholar Who Wasn't |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/25/magazine/cherokee-native-american-andrea-smith.html?fbclid=IwAR2EDLlSRdY7X9eNpO-bwImEHVY2Gld2d3qXheTNHhMl6-LIEVV6C4otnQg |access-date=25 May 2021 |newspaper=New York Times Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Shorter|first1=David|title=Four Words for Andrea Smith: 'I'm Not an Indian'|url=http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2015/07/01/four-words-andrea-smith-im-not-indian|publisher=Indian Country Today Media|accessdate=5 July 2015|date=July 1, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Beast2>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/07/11/tribes-blast-wannabe-native-american-professor.html|title=Tribes Blast 'Wannabe' Native American Professor |first =Samantha|last =Allen|date=July 11, 2015|website=The Daily Beast|accessdate=2015-07-11}}</ref><ref name=Rusell2015>{{cite web|last1=Russell|first1=Steve|title=Rachel Dolezal Outs Andrea Smith Again; Will Anybody Listen This Time?|url=http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/comment/2155105|publisher=[[Indian Country Today Media Network]]|accessdate=5 July 2015|date=July 1, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805234048/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/comment/2155105|archive-date=2015-08-05}}</ref><ref name="women">{{cite news|url=http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2015/07/07/open-letter-indigenous-women-scholars-regarding-discussions-andrea-smith |title=Open Letter From Indigenous Women Scholars Regarding Discussions of Andrea Smith|author = Various Authors |date=July 7, 2015|work=Indian Country Today|accessdate=2019-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810184329/https://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2015/07/07/open-letter-indigenous-women-scholars-regarding-discussions-andrea-smith|archive-date=August 10, 2015}}</ref> ===Film=== *[[Iron Eyes Cody]]<ref name=NYTobit>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/05/arts/iron-eyes-cody-94-an-actor-and-tearful-anti-littering-icon.html |title=Iron Eyes Cody, 94, an Actor And Tearful Anti-Littering Icon |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |first=Amy |last=Waldman |date=January 5, 1999}}</ref><ref name=Picayune>{{cite news |last=Aleiss |first=Angela |title=Native Son: After a Career as Hollywood's Noble Indian Hero, Iron Eyes Cody is Found to Have an Unexpected Heritage |newspaper=[[The New Orleans Times-Picayune]]|url=https://www.academia.edu/11282618/Native_Son_Italian-American_Identity_of_Iron_Eyes_Cody_ |date=May 26, 1996}}</ref> *[[Johnny Depp]]<ref>Angela Aleiss. "Disney Exploiting Confusion About Whether Depp Has Indian Blood." ''[[Indian Country Today]] 13 Sept 2018.https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/disney-exploiting-confusion-about-whether-depp-has-indian-blood</ref> *[[Michelle Latimer]]<ref name="Latimer1">{{cite web|date=December 17, 2020|title=Award-winning filmmaker Michelle Latimer's Indigenous identity under scrutiny - CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/michelle-latimer-kitigan-zibi-indigenous-identity-1.5845310|access-date=June 8, 2021|website=CBC}}</ref><ref name="Latimer2">{{cite web|date=December 23, 2020|title=Michelle Latimer resigns from CBC’s Trickster after addressing questions of Indigenous ancestry|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/article-michelle-latimer-resigns-from-cbcs-trickster-week-after-addressing/|access-date=June 8, 2021|website=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> ===Literary=== * [[Joseph Boyden]]<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.canadalandshow.com/question-joseph-boydens-indigenous-ancestry/| title=Why I Question Joseph Boyden’s Indigenous Ancestry}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Author Joseph Boyden's shape-shifting Indigenous identity|url=http://aptn.ca/news/2016/12/23/author-joseph-boydens-shape-shifting-indigenous-identity/|work=APTN National News|access-date=23 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-wednesday-edition-1.3914159/joseph-boyden-must-take-responsibility-for-misrepresenting-heritage-says-indigenous-writer-1.3907253|title=Joseph Boyden must take responsibility for misrepresenting heritage, says Indigenous writer|access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref> * [[Forrest Carter]]<ref>{{cite news|author=Carter, Dan T.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/04/opinion/the-transformation-of-a-klansman.html?pagewanted=print|title=The Transformation of a Klansman|work=[[The New York Times]]|date= October 4, 1991}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Gates, Henry Louis Jr. |url=http://www.macalester.edu/internationalstudies/Gates-Authenticity.pdf |title='Authenticity', or the Lesson of Little Tree |work=[[The New York Times Book Review]] |date=November 24, 1991 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Jamake Highwater]]<ref>{{cite book| first = Joane| last = Nagel| title = American Indian Ethnic Renewal: Red Power and the Resurgence of Identity and Culture| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4P1yTRVeBToC| date = 1997-09-25| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-512063-9 }}</ref><ref>Hoxie, Frederick E. [https://books.google.com/books?id=o-BNU7QuJkYC&pg=PA191&dq=jamake+highwater+mamake&ei=2ahsSr6WA6aSkQSFw5VZ&client=firefox-a ''Encyclopedia of North American Indians: Native American History, Culture, and Life From Paleo-Indians to the Present.''] Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2006: 191-2. (retrieved through Google Books, 26 July 2009) {{ISBN|978-0-395-66921-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first = Jace| last = Weaver| title = Other Words: American Indian Literature, Law, and Culture| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gQj_aQhYvfEC| date = 2001-11-01| publisher = University of Oklahoma Press| isbn = 978-0-8061-3352-2 }}</ref> * [[Nasdijj]]<ref>Italie, Hillel, [https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory?id=1541415&CMP=OTC-RSSFeeds0312 "Identity of Indian Memoirist is Disputed"], Associated Press, ABCNews.Go.Com, January 25, 2006. Retrieved July 30, 2006.</ref><ref>Maul, Kimberly, [https://web.archive.org/web/20060220175810/http://www.thebookstandard.com/bookstandard/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001920149 "Agent Confirms Author Nasdijj and Gay-Erotica Writer Timothy Barrus Are Same Person"], ''The Book Standard'', January 27, 2006. Retrieved July 30, 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=20060131&id=hMIxAAAAIBAJ&pg=3539,3771764|title= Publisher stops issuing memoirs by disputed author|first=Hillel|last=Italie|work=Times Daily|date=Jan 31, 2006|via=Google News Archive|accessdate=4 January 2020}}</ref> * [[Margaret Seltzer]]<ref>{{cite news | last = Rich | first = M | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/04/books/04fake.html | title = Gang Memoir, Turning Page, Is Pure Fiction | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = 2008-03-04 | access-date = 2008-03-04}}</ref><ref name=latimes>{{ cite news | url =https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-mar-04-me-author4-story.html | title = Memoir a fake, author says | work = [[Los Angeles Times]] | date = 2008-03-04}}</ref> ===Political=== * [[Elizabeth Warren]]<ref name=Olmstead>{{cite web |last1=Olmstead |first1=Molly |title=Report: Elizabeth Warren Identified as American Indian in Texas Bar Registration |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2019/02/elizabeth-warren-native-american-texas-bar-form-apology.html |website=Slate Magazine |language=en |date=February 6, 2019 |access-date=August 22, 2019 |archive-date=August 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822015158/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2019/02/elizabeth-warren-native-american-texas-bar-form-apology.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/elizabeth-warren-apologizes-for-calling-herself-native-american/2019/02/05/1627df76-2962-11e9-984d-9b8fba003e81_story.html|title=Elizabeth Warren apologizes for calling herself Native American|last=Linskey|first=Annie|date=February 5, 2019|website=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=February 9, 2019|archive-date=February 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208232241/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/elizabeth-warren-apologizes-for-calling-herself-native-american/2019/02/05/1627df76-2962-11e9-984d-9b8fba003e81_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Shira |last=Tarlo |url=https://www.salon.com/2019/02/06/elizabeth-warren-apologizes-for-identifying-as-native-american-on-texas-bar-registration-card/ |title=Elizabeth Warren apologizes for identifying as Native American on Texas bar registration card |date=February 6, 2019 |website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |access-date=February 9, 2019 |archive-date=February 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208201314/https://www.salon.com/2019/02/06/elizabeth-warren-apologizes-for-identifying-as-native-american-on-texas-bar-registration-card/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Visual arts === * [[Jimmie Durham]]<ref>[https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/native-news/rachel-dolezal-outs-andrea-smith-again-will-anybody-listen-this-time Steve Russell, Editorial: "Rachel Dolezal Outs Andrea Smith Again; Will Anybody Listen This Time?"], ''Indian Country Today Media Network,'' 1 July 2015, accessed 10 January 2016</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Watts, Ph.D.|display-authors=etal|first1=Cara Cowan|title=Dear Unsuspecting Public, Jimmie Durham Is a Trickster - Jimmie Durham's indigenous identity has always been a fabrication and remains one|url=https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/opinions/dear-unsuspecting-public-jimmie-durham-trickster/|access-date=21 July 2017|publisher=[[Indian Country Media Network]]|date=26 June 2017|quote=Durham is neither enrolled nor eligible for citizenship in any of the three federally-recognized and historical Cherokee Tribes: the [[Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians]], the [[United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians]] of Oklahoma, and the [[Cherokee Nation]].|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722090529/https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/opinions/dear-unsuspecting-public-jimmie-durham-trickster/|archive-date=22 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Gina Adams]]<ref name="BostonGlobe.com 2021">{{cite web | title=Should museums verify claims of Indigenous ancestry? Fruitlands show postponed over this ‘profoundly divisive’ issue | website=BostonGlobe.com | date=May 31, 2021 | url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/05/31/arts/should-museums-verify-claims-indigenous-ancestry-fruitlands-show-postponed-over-this-profoundly-divisive-issue/ | access-date=June 8, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Agoyo 2021">{{cite web|last=Agoyo|first=Acee|date=June 2, 2021|title=Museum won’t verify claims of tribal ancestry after artists withdraw from show|url=https://www.indianz.com/News/2021/06/02/museum-wont-verify-claims-of-tribal-ancestry-after-artists-withdraw-from-show/|access-date=June 8, 2021|website=Indianz.Com}}</ref> * [[cheyanne turions|Cheyanne Turions]]<ref name="Vancouver Sun 1970">{{cite web | title=Vancouver curator’s Indigenous ancestry claims panned as ‘pretendian’ | website=Vancouver Sun | date=December 1, 1969 | url=https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/vancouver-arts-curators-indigenous-ancestry-claims-panned-as-pretendian | access-date=June 8, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Fung 2021">{{cite web | last=Fung | first=Amy | title=Who Bears the Steep Costs of Ethnic Fraud? | website=Hyperallergic | date=June 2, 2021 | url=https://hyperallergic.com/650522/who-bears-the-steep-costs-of-ethnic-fraud/ | access-date=June 8, 2021}}</ref> (Turions later stated that she had investigated her family's history and that as a result "I changed my self-identification to settler."<ref>[https://cheyanneturions.wordpress.com/]</ref>). ==See also== * [[Cherokee descent]] * [[Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990]] * [[Passing (race)]] * [[Plastic shaman]] ==Further reading== * Laura Browder. ''Slippery Characters: Ethnic Impersonators and American Identities''. Chapel Hill: [[University of North Carolina Press]], 2000. * Darryl Leroux. ''[https://uofmpress.ca/books/detail/distorted-descent Distorted Descent: White Claims to Indigenous Identity]''. [[University of Manitoba Press]], 2019. *Darryl Leroux. "[https://www.academia.edu/47792277/Bois_Br%C3%BBl%C3%A9s_Inventing_an_Indigenous_People_in_Algonquin_TerritoryBois-Brûlés: Inventing an Indigenous People in Algonquin Territory]". ''[[Canadian Journal of History]]'', vol 56, pp 71-72, 2021. * [[Circe Sturm]]. ''Becoming Indian: The Struggle Over Cherokee Identity in the Twenty-First Century''. Santa Fe: [[School for Advanced Research]], 2010. ==References== {{reflist}} == External links == * [https://www.canadaland.com/podcast/359-the-convenient-pretendian/ #359 The Convenient "Pretendian"], Canada Land podcast * [https://www.raceshifting.com/ Raceshifting], resource on Eastern Euro-Canadians and Euro-Americans posting as Indigenous peoples [[Category:Literary forgeries]] [[Category:Impostors]] [[Category:Multiracial affairs in the United States]]'