{{Short description|Species of fish}} |
{{Short description|Species of fish}} |
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| ⚫ | The '''red lionfish''' (''Pterois volitans'') is a [[venom]]ous [[coral reef fish]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Scorpaenidae]], [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Scorpaeniformes]]. It is mainly native to the [[Indo-Pacific]] region, but has become an [[invasive species]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]], as well as along the [[East Coast of the United States]] and East Mediterranean and also found in [[Brazil]] at [[Fernando de Noronha]].<ref name="USGS-NAS">{{cite web|website=Species Profile| title=lionfish (''Pterois volitans''/''miles'')|date=2019-06-11|url=http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?speciesid=963|access-date=2021-06-19}}</ref> |
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{{Speciesbox |
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| name = Red lionfish |
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| image = Pterois volitans Manado-e edit.jpg |
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| status = LC |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Motomura, H. |author2=Matsuura, K. |date=2016 |title=''Pterois volitans'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T190468A78940195 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T190468A78940195.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> |
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| genus = Pterois |
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| species = volitans |
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| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) |
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}} |
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| ⚫ | The '''red lionfish''' (''Pterois volitans'') is a [[venom]]ous [[coral reef fish]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Scorpaenidae]], [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Scorpaeniformes]]. It is mainly native to the [[Indo-Pacific]] region, but has become an [[invasive species]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]], as well as along the [[East Coast of the United States]] and East Mediterranean and also found in [[Brazil]] at [[Fernando de Noronha]].<ref name="USGS-NAS">{{cite web|website=Species Profile| title=lionfish (''Pterois volitans''/''miles'')|date=2019-06-11|url=http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?speciesid=963|access-date=2021-06-19}}</ref> |
||
''P. volitans'' and a similar relative, ''[[Pterois miles]]'', have both been deemed invasive species. Red lionfish are clad in white stripes alternated with red/maroon/brown stripes. Adults in this species can grow as large as 47 cm (18.5 in)<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://lionfish.co/biggest-lionfish/ |title = World Record Size Lionfish | What is the Largest Lionfish Ever Caught?}}</ref> in length, making it one of the largest species of lionfish in the [[ocean]], while juveniles are typically shorter than {{convert|1|in|cm}}.<ref name="NOAA">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science "Have You Seen Me?"</ref> The average red lionfish lives around 10 years.<ref name="EOL">Encyclopedia of Life (EOL). (2011, January 19). Retrieved 4 May 2011 from (http://eol.org)</ref> As with many species within the family Scorpaenidae, it has large, venomous spines that protrude from the body, similar to a mane, giving it the common name [[lionfish]]. The venomous spines make the fish inedible or deter most potential [[Predation|predators]]. Lionfish reproduce monthly and are able to quickly disperse during their larval stage for expansion of their invasive region. No definitive predators of the lionfish are known, and many organizations are promoting the harvest and consumption of lionfish in efforts to prevent further increases in the already high [[population densities]]. |
''P. volitans'' and a similar relative, ''[[Pterois miles]]'', have both been deemed invasive species. Red lionfish are clad in white stripes alternated with red/maroon/brown stripes. Adults in this species can grow as large as 47 cm (18.5 in)<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://lionfish.co/biggest-lionfish/ |title = World Record Size Lionfish | What is the Largest Lionfish Ever Caught?}}</ref> in length, making it one of the largest species of lionfish in the [[ocean]], while juveniles are typically shorter than {{convert|1|in|cm}}.<ref name="NOAA">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science "Have You Seen Me?"</ref> The average red lionfish lives around 10 years.<ref name="EOL">Encyclopedia of Life (EOL). (2011, January 19). Retrieved 4 May 2011 from (http://eol.org)</ref> As with many species within the family Scorpaenidae, it has large, venomous spines that protrude from the body, similar to a mane, giving it the common name [[lionfish]]. The venomous spines make the fish inedible or deter most potential [[Predation|predators]]. Lionfish reproduce monthly and are able to quickly disperse during their larval stage for expansion of their invasive region. No definitive predators of the lionfish are known, and many organizations are promoting the harvest and consumption of lionfish in efforts to prevent further increases in the already high [[population densities]]. |
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[[File:Red lionfish near Gilli Banta Island.JPG|thumb| |
[[File:Red lionfish near Gilli Banta Island.JPG|thumb|lionfish in Indonesia]] |
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==Distribution== |
==Distribution== |
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'{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Red lionfish
| image = Pterois volitans Manado-e edit.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Motomura, H. |author2=Matsuura, K. |date=2016 |title=''Pterois volitans'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T190468A78940195 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T190468A78940195.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Pterois
| species = volitans
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
}}
The '''red lionfish''' (''Pterois volitans'') is a [[venom]]ous [[coral reef fish]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Scorpaenidae]], [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Scorpaeniformes]]. It is mainly native to the [[Indo-Pacific]] region, but has become an [[invasive species]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]], as well as along the [[East Coast of the United States]] and East Mediterranean and also found in [[Brazil]] at [[Fernando de Noronha]].<ref name="USGS-NAS">{{cite web|website=Species Profile| title=lionfish (''Pterois volitans''/''miles'')|date=2019-06-11|url=http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?speciesid=963|access-date=2021-06-19}}</ref>
''P. volitans'' and a similar relative, ''[[Pterois miles]]'', have both been deemed invasive species. Red lionfish are clad in white stripes alternated with red/maroon/brown stripes. Adults in this species can grow as large as 47 cm (18.5 in)<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://lionfish.co/biggest-lionfish/ |title = World Record Size Lionfish | What is the Largest Lionfish Ever Caught?}}</ref> in length, making it one of the largest species of lionfish in the [[ocean]], while juveniles are typically shorter than {{convert|1|in|cm}}.<ref name="NOAA">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science "Have You Seen Me?"</ref> The average red lionfish lives around 10 years.<ref name="EOL">Encyclopedia of Life (EOL). (2011, January 19). Retrieved 4 May 2011 from (http://eol.org)</ref> As with many species within the family Scorpaenidae, it has large, venomous spines that protrude from the body, similar to a mane, giving it the common name [[lionfish]]. The venomous spines make the fish inedible or deter most potential [[Predation|predators]]. Lionfish reproduce monthly and are able to quickly disperse during their larval stage for expansion of their invasive region. No definitive predators of the lionfish are known, and many organizations are promoting the harvest and consumption of lionfish in efforts to prevent further increases in the already high [[population densities]].
[[File:Red lionfish near Gilli Banta Island.JPG|thumb|Red lionfish in Indonesia]]
==Distribution==
''P. volitans'' is native to the [[Indo-Pacific]] region,<ref name=whatfishbook>{{cite book|last=Lougher|first=Tristan|quote=Where is it from? Eastern Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.|title=What Fish?: A Buyer's Guide to Marine Fish|year=2006|publisher=Interpet Publishing|isbn=0-7641-3256-3|page=197}}</ref> including the western and central Pacific and off the coast of western Australia. However, the species has been accidentally introduced into the Western Atlantic, becoming an invasive species there and in the northern Gulf of Mexico as well.
[[File:Pterois volitans - redlion fish - aug 29 2016.webm|thumb|(Video) Red lionfish swimming in a fish tank.]]
== Life history and behavior ==
=== Reproduction ===
They are mainly a solitary species and courting is the only time they aggregate, generally one male with several females.<ref name="EOL"/> Both ''P. volitans'' and ''P. miles'' are [[gonochoristic]] and only show [[sexual dimorphism]] during reproduction. Similar courtship behaviors are observed in all ''[[Pterois]]'' species, including circling, sidewinding, following, and leading. The lionfish are mostly [[nocturnal]], leading to the behaviors typically around nightfall and continuing through the night. After courtship, the female releases two egg masses, fertilized by the male before floating to the surface. The embryos secrete an adhesive mucous allowing them to attach to nearby intertidal rocks and corals before hatching. During one mating session, females can lay up to 30,000 eggs. However, it has been observed that females will lay more eggs in the warmer months.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Leis, Carson-Ewart|title=The Larvae of Indo-Pacific Coastal Fishes|publisher=Australian Museum}}</ref>
=== Early life history and dispersal ===
Although little is known about the larval stage of the lionfish, some traits of the larvae include a large head, a long, triangular snout, long, serrated head spines, a large pelvic spine, and coloration only in the pelvic fins. Larvae hatch 36 hours after fertilization.<ref name="EOL"/> They are good swimmers and can eat small ciliates just four days after conception.<ref name="EOL"/> The larval stage is the shortest stage of the lionfish's life, with a duration of about one month.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Scorpaeniformes|pages=217–225|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IXyRmngg4cC&pg=PA217|editor1-last=Leis|editor1-first=Jeffrey Martin|editor2-last=Carson-Ewart |editor2-first=Brooke M.|title=The Larvae of Indo-Pacific Coastal Fishes: An Identification Guide to Marine Fish Larvae|date=2000|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-11577-4}}</ref>
=== Venom ===
Lionfish venomous dorsal spines are used purely for defense.{{Disputed inline|Dubious|date=April 2020}} When threatened, the fish often faces its attacker in an upside-down posture which brings its spines to bear. However, its sting is usually not fatal to humans. Envenomed humans will experience extreme pain, and possibly headaches, vomiting, and breathing difficulties. A common treatment is soaking the afflicted area in hot water, as very few hospitals carry specific treatments.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Aldred B, Erickson T, Lipscomb J |title=Lionfish envenomations in an urban wilderness |journal=Wilderness Environ Med|volume=7|issue=4|pages=291–6|date=November 1996 |pmid=11990126|doi= 10.1580/1080-6032(1996)007[0291:LEIAUW]2.3.CO;2|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Taylor|first=G.|title=Toxic fish spine injury: Lessons from 11 years experience|journal=[[South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal]]|volume=30|issue=1|year=2000|issn=0813-1988|oclc=16986801|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5828 |access-date=2008-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Vetrano SJ, Lebowitz JB, Marcus S |title=Lionfish envenomation|journal=J Emerg Med|volume=23|issue=4|pages=379–82|date=November 2002|pmid=12480019|doi= 10.1016/s0736-4679(02)00572-3}}</ref> However, immediate emergency medical attention is strongly recommended, as some people are more sensitive to the venom than others.
==As an invasive species==
<!-- Please direct readers to the centralized content at [[Pterois#P. volitans and P. miles as invasive species]]. Adding large amounts of new content here makes it more difficult to keep the articles consistent. -->
{{Main|Pterois}}
Two of the 15 species of ''Pterois'', ''P. volitans'' and ''P. miles'', have established themselves as significant [[invasive species]] off the East Coast of the United States and in the [[Caribbean]]. About 93% of the invasive lionfish population is the red lionfish.<ref name="Hamner">{{cite journal |last1=Hamner |first1=R. M. |last2=Freshwater |first2=D. W. |last3=Whitfield |first3=P. E. |title=Mitochondrial cytochrome b analysis reveals two invasive lionfish species with strong founder effects in the western Atlantic |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |date=October 2007 |volume=71 |issue=sb |pages=214–222 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01575.x }}</ref> The red lionfish was likely first introduced off the [[Florida]] coast in the early to mid-1980s,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitfield |first1=Paula |last2=Gardner |first2=Todd |last3=Vives |first3=Stephen P. |last4=Gilligan |first4=Matthew R. |last5=Courtney |first5=Walter R. |last6=Ray |first6=Carleton |last7=Hare |first7=Jonathan A. |year=2003 |chapter=The Introduction and Dispersal of the Indo-Pacific Lionfish (Pterois volitans) Along the Atlantic Coast of North America |pages=84– |title=Diving for Science 2003: Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 22nd Annual Scientific Diving Symposium |oclc=647601034 }}</ref> almost certainly from the aquarium trade.<ref name=o>[http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/stories/lionfish/lion03_blame.html Is the Aquarium Trade to Blame?]</ref> Adult lionfish specimens are now found along the East Coast from [[Cape Hatteras]], [[North Carolina]], to Florida, and in [[Bermuda]], the [[Bahamas]], and throughout the Caribbean, including the [[Turks and Caicos]], [[Haiti]], [[Cuba]], the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[St. Croix]], [[Belize]], [[Honduras]], [[Aruba]], [[Cayman Islands]], [[Colombia]], [[Saint Martin (island)|St. Martin]], and [[Mexico]].<ref name=a>{{cite journal|last1=Whitfield|first1=Paula E.|last2=Hare|first2=Jonathan A.|last3=David|first3=Andrew W.|last4=Harter |first4=Stacey L.|last5=Muñoz|first5=Roldan C.|last6=Addison|first6=Christine M.|title=Abundance estimates of the Indo-Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans/miles complex in the Western North Atlantic|journal=Biological Invasions |date=28 December 2006|volume=9|issue=1|pages=53–64|doi=10.1007/s10530-006-9005-9|s2cid=41535139}}</ref> It also has in Brazil at Fernando de Noronha.<ref>https://g1.globo.com/pe/pernambuco/blog/viver-noronha/post/2021/08/28/quarto-peixe-invasor-venenoso-e-capturado-em-fernando-de-noronha-em-menos-de-um-mes.ghtml</ref>
=== Predators and prey ===
In its invasive range, few predators of the lionfish have been documented. Most larger Atlantic and Caribbean fish and sharks that should be able to eat the lionfish have not recognized them as [[prey]], likely due to the novelty of the fish in the invaded areas. Lionfish have, however, been found in the stomachs of [[Nassau grouper|Nassau]] and [[tiger grouper]]s in the Bahamas,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maljković |first1=A. |last2=Van Leeuwen |first2=T. E. |last3=Cove |first3=S. N. |title=Predation on the invasive red lionfish, Pterois volitans (Pisces: Scorpaenidae), by native groupers in the Bahamas |journal=Coral Reefs |date=September 2008 |volume=27 |issue=3 |page=501 |id={{ProQuest|235788303}} |doi=10.1007/s00338-008-0372-9 |bibcode=2008CorRe..27..501M |s2cid=29564920 }}</ref> but the former is critically endangered and therefore highly unlikely to provide significant predation. In its native range, two species of [[moray eels]] were found preying on lionfish.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bos |first1=Arthur R. |last2=Sanad |first2=Ashraf M. |last3=Elsayed |first3=Khamis |title=Gymnothorax spp. (Muraenidae) as natural predators of the lionfish Pterois miles in its native biogeographical range |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |date=June 2017 |volume=100 |issue=6 |pages=745–748 |doi=10.1007/s10641-017-0600-7 |s2cid=25045547 }}</ref> The [[Eunice aphroditois|Bobbit worm]], an ambush predator, has been filmed preying upon lionfish in Indonesia;<ref>{{cite news| url=http://echinoblog.blogspot.com/2013/09/who-named-bobbit-worm-eunice-sp-and.html | title= Who Named the Bobbit Worm (Eunice sp.)? And WHAT species is it.. truly?? | date=2014-08-13}}</ref> similar species inhabit the Caribbean. <br/>The lionfish themselves are voracious feeders and have outcompeted and filled the niche of the overfished [[Lutjanidae|snapper]] and [[grouper]]. When hunting, they corner prey using their large fins, then use their quick reflexes to swallow the prey whole. They hunt primarily from late afternoon to dawn. High rates of prey consumption, a wide variety of prey, and increasing abundance of the fish lead to concerns the fish may have a very active role in the already declining trend of fish densities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Côté |first1=Im |last2=Maljkovic |first2=A |title=Predation rates of Indo-Pacific lionfish on Bahamian coral reefs |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |date=8 April 2010 |volume=404 |pages=219–225 |doi=10.3354/meps08458 |jstor=24873867 |bibcode=2010MEPS..404..219C |doi-access=free }}</ref> As the fish become more abundant, they are becoming a threat to the fragile [[ecosystems]] they have invaded. Between outcompeting similar fish and having a varied diet, the lionfish is drastically changing and disrupting the food chains holding the marine ecosystems together. As these chains are disrupted, declining densities of other fish populations are found, as well as declines in the overall diversity of coral reef areas.
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [https://gurushots.com/photo/c1e7fb6904c325ab7a1c94c48a14fa99 lionfish pterois volitans photo - photo by ali köksal] (gurushots)
{{Commons category|Pterois volitans}}
{{Wikispecies|Pterois volitans}}
*[https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/lionfish Species Profile- Lionfish (''Pterois volitans'')], National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]]. Lists general information and resources for Lionfish.
*https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2016/08/29/saving-the-reef-lionfish-in-florida/
*{{cite journal |last1=Malpica-Cruz |first1=Luis |last2=Chaves |first2=Laís C. T. |last3=Côté |first3=Isabelle M. |title=Managing marine invasive species through public participation: Lionfish derbies as a case study |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 December 2016 |volume=74 |pages=158–164 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2016.09.027 }}
* {{SealifePhotos|159559}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q824672}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:lionfish, red}}
[[Category:Pterois|red lionfish]]
[[Category:Marine fish of Northern Australia]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1758|red lionfish]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|red lionfish]]'
|
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) |
'{{Short description|Species of fish}}
The '''red lionfish''' (''Pterois volitans'') is a [[venom]]ous [[coral reef fish]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Scorpaenidae]], [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Scorpaeniformes]]. It is mainly native to the [[Indo-Pacific]] region, but has become an [[invasive species]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]], as well as along the [[East Coast of the United States]] and East Mediterranean and also found in [[Brazil]] at [[Fernando de Noronha]].<ref name="USGS-NAS">{{cite web|website=Species Profile| title=lionfish (''Pterois volitans''/''miles'')|date=2019-06-11|url=http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?speciesid=963|access-date=2021-06-19}}</ref>
''P. volitans'' and a similar relative, ''[[Pterois miles]]'', have both been deemed invasive species. Red lionfish are clad in white stripes alternated with red/maroon/brown stripes. Adults in this species can grow as large as 47 cm (18.5 in)<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://lionfish.co/biggest-lionfish/ |title = World Record Size Lionfish | What is the Largest Lionfish Ever Caught?}}</ref> in length, making it one of the largest species of lionfish in the [[ocean]], while juveniles are typically shorter than {{convert|1|in|cm}}.<ref name="NOAA">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science "Have You Seen Me?"</ref> The average red lionfish lives around 10 years.<ref name="EOL">Encyclopedia of Life (EOL). (2011, January 19). Retrieved 4 May 2011 from (http://eol.org)</ref> As with many species within the family Scorpaenidae, it has large, venomous spines that protrude from the body, similar to a mane, giving it the common name [[lionfish]]. The venomous spines make the fish inedible or deter most potential [[Predation|predators]]. Lionfish reproduce monthly and are able to quickly disperse during their larval stage for expansion of their invasive region. No definitive predators of the lionfish are known, and many organizations are promoting the harvest and consumption of lionfish in efforts to prevent further increases in the already high [[population densities]].
[[File:Red lionfish near Gilli Banta Island.JPG|thumb|lionfish in Indonesia]]
==Distribution==
''P. volitans'' is native to the [[Indo-Pacific]] region,<ref name=whatfishbook>{{cite book|last=Lougher|first=Tristan|quote=Where is it from? Eastern Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.|title=What Fish?: A Buyer's Guide to Marine Fish|year=2006|publisher=Interpet Publishing|isbn=0-7641-3256-3|page=197}}</ref> including the western and central Pacific and off the coast of western Australia. However, the species has been accidentally introduced into the Western Atlantic, becoming an invasive species there and in the northern Gulf of Mexico as well.
[[File:Pterois volitans - redlion fish - aug 29 2016.webm|thumb|(Video) Red lionfish swimming in a fish tank.]]
== Life history and behavior ==
=== Reproduction ===
They are mainly a solitary species and courting is the only time they aggregate, generally one male with several females.<ref name="EOL"/> Both ''P. volitans'' and ''P. miles'' are [[gonochoristic]] and only show [[sexual dimorphism]] during reproduction. Similar courtship behaviors are observed in all ''[[Pterois]]'' species, including circling, sidewinding, following, and leading. The lionfish are mostly [[nocturnal]], leading to the behaviors typically around nightfall and continuing through the night. After courtship, the female releases two egg masses, fertilized by the male before floating to the surface. The embryos secrete an adhesive mucous allowing them to attach to nearby intertidal rocks and corals before hatching. During one mating session, females can lay up to 30,000 eggs. However, it has been observed that females will lay more eggs in the warmer months.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Leis, Carson-Ewart|title=The Larvae of Indo-Pacific Coastal Fishes|publisher=Australian Museum}}</ref>
=== Early life history and dispersal ===
Although little is known about the larval stage of the lionfish, some traits of the larvae include a large head, a long, triangular snout, long, serrated head spines, a large pelvic spine, and coloration only in the pelvic fins. Larvae hatch 36 hours after fertilization.<ref name="EOL"/> They are good swimmers and can eat small ciliates just four days after conception.<ref name="EOL"/> The larval stage is the shortest stage of the lionfish's life, with a duration of about one month.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Scorpaeniformes|pages=217–225|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IXyRmngg4cC&pg=PA217|editor1-last=Leis|editor1-first=Jeffrey Martin|editor2-last=Carson-Ewart |editor2-first=Brooke M.|title=The Larvae of Indo-Pacific Coastal Fishes: An Identification Guide to Marine Fish Larvae|date=2000|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-11577-4}}</ref>
=== Venom ===
Lionfish venomous dorsal spines are used purely for defense.{{Disputed inline|Dubious|date=April 2020}} When threatened, the fish often faces its attacker in an upside-down posture which brings its spines to bear. However, its sting is usually not fatal to humans. Envenomed humans will experience extreme pain, and possibly headaches, vomiting, and breathing difficulties. A common treatment is soaking the afflicted area in hot water, as very few hospitals carry specific treatments.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Aldred B, Erickson T, Lipscomb J |title=Lionfish envenomations in an urban wilderness |journal=Wilderness Environ Med|volume=7|issue=4|pages=291–6|date=November 1996 |pmid=11990126|doi= 10.1580/1080-6032(1996)007[0291:LEIAUW]2.3.CO;2|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Taylor|first=G.|title=Toxic fish spine injury: Lessons from 11 years experience|journal=[[South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal]]|volume=30|issue=1|year=2000|issn=0813-1988|oclc=16986801|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5828 |access-date=2008-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Vetrano SJ, Lebowitz JB, Marcus S |title=Lionfish envenomation|journal=J Emerg Med|volume=23|issue=4|pages=379–82|date=November 2002|pmid=12480019|doi= 10.1016/s0736-4679(02)00572-3}}</ref> However, immediate emergency medical attention is strongly recommended, as some people are more sensitive to the venom than others.
==As an invasive species==
<!-- Please direct readers to the centralized content at [[Pterois#P. volitans and P. miles as invasive species]]. Adding large amounts of new content here makes it more difficult to keep the articles consistent. -->
{{Main|Pterois}}
Two of the 15 species of ''Pterois'', ''P. volitans'' and ''P. miles'', have established themselves as significant [[invasive species]] off the East Coast of the United States and in the [[Caribbean]]. About 93% of the invasive lionfish population is the red lionfish.<ref name="Hamner">{{cite journal |last1=Hamner |first1=R. M. |last2=Freshwater |first2=D. W. |last3=Whitfield |first3=P. E. |title=Mitochondrial cytochrome b analysis reveals two invasive lionfish species with strong founder effects in the western Atlantic |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |date=October 2007 |volume=71 |issue=sb |pages=214–222 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01575.x }}</ref> The red lionfish was likely first introduced off the [[Florida]] coast in the early to mid-1980s,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitfield |first1=Paula |last2=Gardner |first2=Todd |last3=Vives |first3=Stephen P. |last4=Gilligan |first4=Matthew R. |last5=Courtney |first5=Walter R. |last6=Ray |first6=Carleton |last7=Hare |first7=Jonathan A. |year=2003 |chapter=The Introduction and Dispersal of the Indo-Pacific Lionfish (Pterois volitans) Along the Atlantic Coast of North America |pages=84– |title=Diving for Science 2003: Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 22nd Annual Scientific Diving Symposium |oclc=647601034 }}</ref> almost certainly from the aquarium trade.<ref name=o>[http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/stories/lionfish/lion03_blame.html Is the Aquarium Trade to Blame?]</ref> Adult lionfish specimens are now found along the East Coast from [[Cape Hatteras]], [[North Carolina]], to Florida, and in [[Bermuda]], the [[Bahamas]], and throughout the Caribbean, including the [[Turks and Caicos]], [[Haiti]], [[Cuba]], the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[St. Croix]], [[Belize]], [[Honduras]], [[Aruba]], [[Cayman Islands]], [[Colombia]], [[Saint Martin (island)|St. Martin]], and [[Mexico]].<ref name=a>{{cite journal|last1=Whitfield|first1=Paula E.|last2=Hare|first2=Jonathan A.|last3=David|first3=Andrew W.|last4=Harter |first4=Stacey L.|last5=Muñoz|first5=Roldan C.|last6=Addison|first6=Christine M.|title=Abundance estimates of the Indo-Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans/miles complex in the Western North Atlantic|journal=Biological Invasions |date=28 December 2006|volume=9|issue=1|pages=53–64|doi=10.1007/s10530-006-9005-9|s2cid=41535139}}</ref> It also has in Brazil at Fernando de Noronha.<ref>https://g1.globo.com/pe/pernambuco/blog/viver-noronha/post/2021/08/28/quarto-peixe-invasor-venenoso-e-capturado-em-fernando-de-noronha-em-menos-de-um-mes.ghtml</ref>
=== Predators and prey ===
In its invasive range, few predators of the lionfish have been documented. Most larger Atlantic and Caribbean fish and sharks that should be able to eat the lionfish have not recognized them as [[prey]], likely due to the novelty of the fish in the invaded areas. Lionfish have, however, been found in the stomachs of [[Nassau grouper|Nassau]] and [[tiger grouper]]s in the Bahamas,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maljković |first1=A. |last2=Van Leeuwen |first2=T. E. |last3=Cove |first3=S. N. |title=Predation on the invasive red lionfish, Pterois volitans (Pisces: Scorpaenidae), by native groupers in the Bahamas |journal=Coral Reefs |date=September 2008 |volume=27 |issue=3 |page=501 |id={{ProQuest|235788303}} |doi=10.1007/s00338-008-0372-9 |bibcode=2008CorRe..27..501M |s2cid=29564920 }}</ref> but the former is critically endangered and therefore highly unlikely to provide significant predation. In its native range, two species of [[moray eels]] were found preying on lionfish.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bos |first1=Arthur R. |last2=Sanad |first2=Ashraf M. |last3=Elsayed |first3=Khamis |title=Gymnothorax spp. (Muraenidae) as natural predators of the lionfish Pterois miles in its native biogeographical range |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |date=June 2017 |volume=100 |issue=6 |pages=745–748 |doi=10.1007/s10641-017-0600-7 |s2cid=25045547 }}</ref> The [[Eunice aphroditois|Bobbit worm]], an ambush predator, has been filmed preying upon lionfish in Indonesia;<ref>{{cite news| url=http://echinoblog.blogspot.com/2013/09/who-named-bobbit-worm-eunice-sp-and.html | title= Who Named the Bobbit Worm (Eunice sp.)? And WHAT species is it.. truly?? | date=2014-08-13}}</ref> similar species inhabit the Caribbean. <br/>The lionfish themselves are voracious feeders and have outcompeted and filled the niche of the overfished [[Lutjanidae|snapper]] and [[grouper]]. When hunting, they corner prey using their large fins, then use their quick reflexes to swallow the prey whole. They hunt primarily from late afternoon to dawn. High rates of prey consumption, a wide variety of prey, and increasing abundance of the fish lead to concerns the fish may have a very active role in the already declining trend of fish densities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Côté |first1=Im |last2=Maljkovic |first2=A |title=Predation rates of Indo-Pacific lionfish on Bahamian coral reefs |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |date=8 April 2010 |volume=404 |pages=219–225 |doi=10.3354/meps08458 |jstor=24873867 |bibcode=2010MEPS..404..219C |doi-access=free }}</ref> As the fish become more abundant, they are becoming a threat to the fragile [[ecosystems]] they have invaded. Between outcompeting similar fish and having a varied diet, the lionfish is drastically changing and disrupting the food chains holding the marine ecosystems together. As these chains are disrupted, declining densities of other fish populations are found, as well as declines in the overall diversity of coral reef areas.
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [https://gurushots.com/photo/c1e7fb6904c325ab7a1c94c48a14fa99 lionfish pterois volitans photo - photo by ali köksal] (gurushots)
{{Commons category|Pterois volitans}}
{{Wikispecies|Pterois volitans}}
*[https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/lionfish Species Profile- Lionfish (''Pterois volitans'')], National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]]. Lists general information and resources for Lionfish.
*https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2016/08/29/saving-the-reef-lionfish-in-florida/
*{{cite journal |last1=Malpica-Cruz |first1=Luis |last2=Chaves |first2=Laís C. T. |last3=Côté |first3=Isabelle M. |title=Managing marine invasive species through public participation: Lionfish derbies as a case study |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 December 2016 |volume=74 |pages=158–164 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2016.09.027 }}
* {{SealifePhotos|159559}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q824672}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:lionfish, red}}
[[Category:Pterois|red lionfish]]
[[Category:Marine fish of Northern Australia]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1758|red lionfish]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|red lionfish]]'
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{{Short description|Species of fish}}
-{{Speciesbox
-| name = Red lionfish
-| image = Pterois volitans Manado-e edit.jpg
-| status = LC
-| status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Motomura, H. |author2=Matsuura, K. |date=2016 |title=''Pterois volitans'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T190468A78940195 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T190468A78940195.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
-| genus = Pterois
-| species = volitans
-| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
-}}
-The '''red lionfish''' (''Pterois volitans'') is a [[venom]]ous [[coral reef fish]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Scorpaenidae]], [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Scorpaeniformes]]. It is mainly native to the [[Indo-Pacific]] region, but has become an [[invasive species]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]], as well as along the [[East Coast of the United States]] and East Mediterranean and also found in [[Brazil]] at [[Fernando de Noronha]].<ref name="USGS-NAS">{{cite web|website=Species Profile| title=lionfish (''Pterois volitans''/''miles'')|date=2019-06-11|url=http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?speciesid=963|access-date=2021-06-19}}</ref>
+The '''red lionfish''' (''Pterois volitans'') is a [[venom]]ous [[coral reef fish]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Scorpaenidae]], [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Scorpaeniformes]]. It is mainly native to the [[Indo-Pacific]] region, but has become an [[invasive species]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]], as well as along the [[East Coast of the United States]] and East Mediterranean and also found in [[Brazil]] at [[Fernando de Noronha]].<ref name="USGS-NAS">{{cite web|website=Species Profile| title=lionfish (''Pterois volitans''/''miles'')|date=2019-06-11|url=http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?speciesid=963|access-date=2021-06-19}}</ref>
''P. volitans'' and a similar relative, ''[[Pterois miles]]'', have both been deemed invasive species. Red lionfish are clad in white stripes alternated with red/maroon/brown stripes. Adults in this species can grow as large as 47 cm (18.5 in)<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://lionfish.co/biggest-lionfish/ |title = World Record Size Lionfish | What is the Largest Lionfish Ever Caught?}}</ref> in length, making it one of the largest species of lionfish in the [[ocean]], while juveniles are typically shorter than {{convert|1|in|cm}}.<ref name="NOAA">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science "Have You Seen Me?"</ref> The average red lionfish lives around 10 years.<ref name="EOL">Encyclopedia of Life (EOL). (2011, January 19). Retrieved 4 May 2011 from (http://eol.org)</ref> As with many species within the family Scorpaenidae, it has large, venomous spines that protrude from the body, similar to a mane, giving it the common name [[lionfish]]. The venomous spines make the fish inedible or deter most potential [[Predation|predators]]. Lionfish reproduce monthly and are able to quickly disperse during their larval stage for expansion of their invasive region. No definitive predators of the lionfish are known, and many organizations are promoting the harvest and consumption of lionfish in efforts to prevent further increases in the already high [[population densities]].
-[[File:Red lionfish near Gilli Banta Island.JPG|thumb|Red lionfish in Indonesia]]
+[[File:Red lionfish near Gilli Banta Island.JPG|thumb|lionfish in Indonesia]]
==Distribution==
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10 => 'The '''red lionfish''' (''Pterois volitans'') is a [[venom]]ous [[coral reef fish]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Scorpaenidae]], [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Scorpaeniformes]]. It is mainly native to the [[Indo-Pacific]] region, but has become an [[invasive species]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]], as well as along the [[East Coast of the United States]] and East Mediterranean and also found in [[Brazil]] at [[Fernando de Noronha]].<ref name="USGS-NAS">{{cite web|website=Species Profile| title=lionfish (''Pterois volitans''/''miles'')|date=2019-06-11|url=http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?speciesid=963|access-date=2021-06-19}}</ref>',
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'<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of fish</div>
<p>The <b>red lionfish</b> (<i>Pterois volitans</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Venom" title="Venom">venomous</a> <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">coral reef fish</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Scorpaenidae" title="Scorpaenidae">Scorpaenidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="/wiki/Scorpaeniformes" title="Scorpaeniformes">Scorpaeniformes</a>. It is mainly native to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a> region, but has become an <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>, as well as along the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast of the United States</a> and East Mediterranean and also found in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Noronha" title="Fernando de Noronha">Fernando de Noronha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS-NAS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-NAS-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>P. volitans</i> and a similar relative, <i><a href="/wiki/Pterois_miles" title="Pterois miles">Pterois miles</a></i>, have both been deemed invasive species. Red lionfish are clad in white stripes alternated with red/maroon/brown stripes. Adults in this species can grow as large as 47 cm (18.5 in)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> in length, making it one of the largest species of lionfish in the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>, while juveniles are typically shorter than 1 inch (2.5 cm).<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-3">[3]</a></sup> The average red lionfish lives around 10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-EOL_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOL-4">[4]</a></sup> As with many species within the family Scorpaenidae, it has large, venomous spines that protrude from the body, similar to a mane, giving it the common name <a href="/wiki/Lionfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionfish">lionfish</a>. The venomous spines make the fish inedible or deter most potential <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predators</a>. Lionfish reproduce monthly and are able to quickly disperse during their larval stage for expansion of their invasive region. No definitive predators of the lionfish are known, and many organizations are promoting the harvest and consumption of lionfish in efforts to prevent further increases in the already high <a href="/wiki/Population_densities" class="mw-redirect" title="Population densities">population densities</a>.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_lionfish_near_Gilli_Banta_Island.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Red_lionfish_near_Gilli_Banta_Island.JPG/220px-Red_lionfish_near_Gilli_Banta_Island.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="3321" data-file-height="2491" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_lionfish_near_Gilli_Banta_Island.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>lionfish in Indonesia</div></div></div>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Distribution"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Distribution</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Life_history_and_behavior"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Life history and behavior</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Reproduction"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Reproduction</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Early_life_history_and_dispersal"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Early life history and dispersal</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Venom"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Venom</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#As_an_invasive_species"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">As an invasive species</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Predators_and_prey"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Predators and prey</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Distribution">Distribution</span></h2>
<p><i>P. volitans</i> is native to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a> region,<sup id="cite_ref-whatfishbook_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatfishbook-5">[5]</a></sup> including the western and central Pacific and off the coast of western Australia. However, the species has been accidentally introduced into the Western Atlantic, becoming an invasive species there and in the northern Gulf of Mexico as well.
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codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="509096" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/Pterois_volitans_-_redlion_fish_-_aug_29_2016.webm/Pterois_volitans_-_redlion_fish_-_aug_29_2016.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="VP9 (360P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="641896" data-framerate="29.97"/></video></div>"><img alt="File:Pterois volitans - redlion fish - aug 29 2016.webm" style="width:220px;height:124px" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pterois_volitans_-_redlion_fish_-_aug_29_2016.webm/220px--Pterois_volitans_-_redlion_fish_-_aug_29_2016.webm.jpg" /><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Pterois_volitans_-_redlion_fish_-_aug_29_2016.webm" title="Play media" target="new"><span class="play-btn-large"><span class="mw-tmh-playtext">Play media</span></span></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pterois_volitans_-_redlion_fish_-_aug_29_2016.webm" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>(Video) Red lionfish swimming in a fish tank.</div></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Life_history_and_behavior">Life history and behavior</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Reproduction">Reproduction</span></h3>
<p>They are mainly a solitary species and courting is the only time they aggregate, generally one male with several females.<sup id="cite_ref-EOL_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOL-4">[4]</a></sup> Both <i>P. volitans</i> and <i>P. miles</i> are <a href="/wiki/Gonochoristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonochoristic">gonochoristic</a> and only show <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a> during reproduction. Similar courtship behaviors are observed in all <i><a href="/wiki/Pterois" title="Pterois">Pterois</a></i> species, including circling, sidewinding, following, and leading. The lionfish are mostly <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a>, leading to the behaviors typically around nightfall and continuing through the night. After courtship, the female releases two egg masses, fertilized by the male before floating to the surface. The embryos secrete an adhesive mucous allowing them to attach to nearby intertidal rocks and corals before hatching. During one mating session, females can lay up to 30,000 eggs. However, it has been observed that females will lay more eggs in the warmer months.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life_history_and_dispersal">Early life history and dispersal</span></h3>
<p>Although little is known about the larval stage of the lionfish, some traits of the larvae include a large head, a long, triangular snout, long, serrated head spines, a large pelvic spine, and coloration only in the pelvic fins. Larvae hatch 36 hours after fertilization.<sup id="cite_ref-EOL_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOL-4">[4]</a></sup> They are good swimmers and can eat small ciliates just four days after conception.<sup id="cite_ref-EOL_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOL-4">[4]</a></sup> The larval stage is the shortest stage of the lionfish's life, with a duration of about one month.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Venom">Venom</span></h3>
<p>Lionfish venomous dorsal spines are used purely for defense.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement"><span title="This claim has reliable sources with contradicting facts (April 2020)">disputed</span></a> <span class="metadata"> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Red_lionfish#Dubious" title="Talk:Red lionfish">discuss</a></span></i>]</sup> When threatened, the fish often faces its attacker in an upside-down posture which brings its spines to bear. However, its sting is usually not fatal to humans. Envenomed humans will experience extreme pain, and possibly headaches, vomiting, and breathing difficulties. A common treatment is soaking the afflicted area in hot water, as very few hospitals carry specific treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> However, immediate emergency medical attention is strongly recommended, as some people are more sensitive to the venom than others.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="As_an_invasive_species">As an invasive species</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pterois" title="Pterois">Pterois</a></div>
<p>Two of the 15 species of <i>Pterois</i>, <i>P. volitans</i> and <i>P. miles</i>, have established themselves as significant <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> off the East Coast of the United States and in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. About 93% of the invasive lionfish population is the red lionfish.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamner_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamner-11">[11]</a></sup> The red lionfish was likely first introduced off the <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> coast in the early to mid-1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> almost certainly from the aquarium trade.<sup id="cite_ref-o_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o-13">[13]</a></sup> Adult lionfish specimens are now found along the East Coast from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Hatteras" title="Cape Hatteras">Cape Hatteras</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, to Florida, and in <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>, and throughout the Caribbean, including the <a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks and Caicos">Turks and Caicos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Croix" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Croix">St. Croix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin_(island)" title="Saint Martin (island)">St. Martin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-14">[14]</a></sup> It also has in Brazil at Fernando de Noronha.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Predators_and_prey">Predators and prey</span></h3>
<p>In its invasive range, few predators of the lionfish have been documented. Most larger Atlantic and Caribbean fish and sharks that should be able to eat the lionfish have not recognized them as <a href="/wiki/Prey" class="mw-redirect" title="Prey">prey</a>, likely due to the novelty of the fish in the invaded areas. Lionfish have, however, been found in the stomachs of <a href="/wiki/Nassau_grouper" title="Nassau grouper">Nassau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiger_grouper" title="Tiger grouper">tiger groupers</a> in the Bahamas,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> but the former is critically endangered and therefore highly unlikely to provide significant predation. In its native range, two species of <a href="/wiki/Moray_eels" class="mw-redirect" title="Moray eels">moray eels</a> were found preying on lionfish.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Eunice_aphroditois" title="Eunice aphroditois">Bobbit worm</a>, an ambush predator, has been filmed preying upon lionfish in Indonesia;<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> similar species inhabit the Caribbean. <br />The lionfish themselves are voracious feeders and have outcompeted and filled the niche of the overfished <a href="/wiki/Lutjanidae" title="Lutjanidae">snapper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">grouper</a>. When hunting, they corner prey using their large fins, then use their quick reflexes to swallow the prey whole. They hunt primarily from late afternoon to dawn. High rates of prey consumption, a wide variety of prey, and increasing abundance of the fish lead to concerns the fish may have a very active role in the already declining trend of fish densities.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> As the fish become more abundant, they are becoming a threat to the fragile <a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">ecosystems</a> they have invaded. Between outcompeting similar fish and having a varied diet, the lionfish is drastically changing and disrupting the food chains holding the marine ecosystems together. As these chains are disrupted, declining densities of other fish populations are found, as well as declines in the overall diversity of coral reef areas.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
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<li id="cite_note-USGS-NAS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USGS-NAS_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?speciesid=963">"lionfish (<i>Pterois volitans</i>/<i>miles</i>)"</a>. <i>Species Profile</i>. 2019-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Species+Profile&rft.atitle=lionfish+%28Pterois+volitans%2Fmiles%29&rft.date=2019-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnas.er.usgs.gov%2Fqueries%2Ffactsheet.aspx%3Fspeciesid%3D963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+lionfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lionfish.co/biggest-lionfish/">"World Record Size Lionfish | What is the Largest Lionfish Ever Caught?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Record+Size+Lionfish+%26%23124%3B+What+is+the+Largest+Lionfish+Ever+Caught%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flionfish.co%2Fbiggest-lionfish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+lionfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NOAA-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science "Have You Seen Me?"</span>
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<li id="cite_note-EOL-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EOL_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOL_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOL_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOL_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia of Life (EOL). (2011, January 19). Retrieved 4 May 2011 from (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://eol.org">http://eol.org</a>)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-whatfishbook-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whatfishbook_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLougher2006" class="citation book cs1">Lougher, Tristan (2006). <i>What Fish?: A Buyer's Guide to Marine Fish</i>. Interpet Publishing. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7641-3256-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7641-3256-3"><bdi>0-7641-3256-3</bdi></a>. <q>Where is it from? Eastern Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Fish%3F%3A+A+Buyer%27s+Guide+to+Marine+Fish&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Interpet+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7641-3256-3&rft.aulast=Lougher&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+lionfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLeis,_Carson-Ewart" class="citation book cs1">Leis, Carson-Ewart. <i>The Larvae of Indo-Pacific Coastal Fishes</i>. Australian Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Larvae+of+Indo-Pacific+Coastal+Fishes&rft.pub=Australian+Museum&rft.au=Leis%2C+Carson-Ewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+lionfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLeisCarson-Ewart2000" class="citation book cs1">Leis, Jeffrey Martin; Carson-Ewart, Brooke M., eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-IXyRmngg4cC&pg=PA217">"Scorpaeniformes"</a>. <i>The Larvae of Indo-Pacific Coastal Fishes: An Identification Guide to Marine Fish Larvae</i>. BRILL. pp. 217–225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11577-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11577-4"><bdi>978-90-04-11577-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scorpaeniformes&rft.btitle=The+Larvae+of+Indo-Pacific+Coastal+Fishes%3A+An+Identification+Guide+to+Marine+Fish+Larvae&rft.pages=217-225&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11577-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-IXyRmngg4cC%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+lionfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAldredEricksonLipscomb1996" class="citation journal cs1">Aldred B, Erickson T, Lipscomb J (November 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1580%2F1080-6032%281996%29007%5B0291%3ALEIAUW%5D2.3.CO%3B2">"Lionfish envenomations in an urban wilderness"</a>. <i>Wilderness Environ Med</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 291–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1580%2F1080-6032%281996%29007%5B0291%3ALEIAUW%5D2.3.CO%3B2">10.1580/1080-6032(1996)007[0291:LEIAUW]2.3.CO;2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11990126">11990126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wilderness+Environ+Med&rft.atitle=Lionfish+envenomations+in+an+urban+wilderness&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=291-6&rft.date=1996-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1580%2F1080-6032%281996%29007%5B0291%3ALEIAUW%5D2.3.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11990126&rft.aulast=Aldred&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Erickson%2C+T&rft.au=Lipscomb%2C+J&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1580%252F1080-6032%25281996%2529007%255B0291%253ALEIAUW%255D2.3.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+lionfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2000" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, G. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5828">"Toxic fish spine injury: Lessons from 11 years experience"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Underwater_Medicine_Society_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal">South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal</a></i>. <b>30</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0813-1988">0813-1988</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/16986801">16986801</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Pacific+Underwater+Medicine+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=Toxic+fish+spine+injury%3A+Lessons+from+11+years+experience&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16986801&rft.issn=0813-1988&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.rubicon-foundation.org%2F5828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+lionfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFVetranoLebowitzMarcus2002" class="citation journal cs1">Vetrano SJ, Lebowitz JB, Marcus S (November 2002). "Lionfish envenomation". <i>J Emerg Med</i>. <b>23</b> (4): 379–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0736-4679%2802%2900572-3">10.1016/s0736-4679(02)00572-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12480019">12480019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Emerg+Med&rft.atitle=Lionfish+envenomation&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=379-82&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0736-4679%2802%2900572-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12480019&rft.aulast=Vetrano&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft.au=Lebowitz%2C+JB&rft.au=Marcus%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+lionfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hamner-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamner_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHamnerFreshwaterWhitfield2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hamner, R. M.; Freshwater, D. W.; Whitfield, P. E. (October 2007). "Mitochondrial cytochrome b analysis reveals two invasive lionfish species with strong founder effects in the western Atlantic". <i>Journal of Fish Biology</i>. <b>71</b> (sb): 214–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2007.01575.x">10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01575.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Fish+Biology&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+cytochrome+b+analysis+reveals+two+invasive+lionfish+species+with+strong+founder+effects+in+the+western+Atlantic&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=sb&rft.pages=214-222&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2007.01575.x&rft.aulast=Hamner&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft.au=Freshwater%2C+D.+W.&rft.au=Whitfield%2C+P.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+lionfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWhitfieldGardnerVivesGilligan2003" class="citation book cs1">Whitfield, Paula; Gardner, Todd; Vives, Stephen P.; Gilligan, Matthew R.; Courtney, Walter R.; Ray, Carleton; Hare, Jonathan A. (2003). "The Introduction and Dispersal of the Indo-Pacific Lionfish (Pterois volitans) Along the Atlantic Coast of North America". <i>Diving for Science 2003: Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 22nd Annual Scientific Diving Symposium</i>. pp. 84–. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/647601034">647601034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Introduction+and+Dispersal+of+the+Indo-Pacific+Lionfish+%28Pterois+volitans%29+Along+the+Atlantic+Coast+of+North+America&rft.btitle=Diving+for+Science+2003%3A+Proceedings+of+the+American+Academy+of+Underwater+Sciences+22nd+Annual+Scientific+Diving+Symposium&rft.pages=84-&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F647601034&rft.aulast=Whitfield&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft.au=Gardner%2C+Todd&rft.au=Vives%2C+Stephen+P.&rft.au=Gilligan%2C+Matthew+R.&rft.au=Courtney%2C+Walter+R.&rft.au=Ray%2C+Carleton&rft.au=Hare%2C+Jonathan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+lionfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-o-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-o_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/stories/lionfish/lion03_blame.html">Is the Aquarium Trade to Blame?</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-a-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWhitfieldHareDavidHarter2006" class="citation journal cs1">Whitfield, Paula E.; Hare, Jonathan A.; David, Andrew W.; Harter, Stacey L.; Muñoz, Roldan C.; Addison, Christine M. (28 December 2006). "Abundance estimates of the Indo-Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans/miles complex in the Western North Atlantic". <i>Biological Invasions</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 53–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10530-006-9005-9">10.1007/s10530-006-9005-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41535139">41535139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Invasions&rft.atitle=Abundance+estimates+of+the+Indo-Pacific+lionfish+Pterois+volitans%2Fmiles+complex+in+the+Western+North+Atlantic&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-64&rft.date=2006-12-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10530-006-9005-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41535139%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Whitfield&rft.aufirst=Paula+E.&rft.au=Hare%2C+Jonathan+A.&rft.au=David%2C+Andrew+W.&rft.au=Harter%2C+Stacey+L.&rft.au=Mu%C3%B1oz%2C+Roldan+C.&rft.au=Addison%2C+Christine+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+lionfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://g1.globo.com/pe/pernambuco/blog/viver-noronha/post/2021/08/28/quarto-peixe-invasor-venenoso-e-capturado-em-fernando-de-noronha-em-menos-de-um-mes.ghtml">https://g1.globo.com/pe/pernambuco/blog/viver-noronha/post/2021/08/28/quarto-peixe-invasor-venenoso-e-capturado-em-fernando-de-noronha-em-menos-de-um-mes.ghtml</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMaljkovićVan_LeeuwenCove2008" class="citation journal cs1">Maljković, A.; Van Leeuwen, T. E.; Cove, S. N. (September 2008). "Predation on the invasive red lionfish, Pterois volitans (Pisces: Scorpaenidae), by native groupers in the Bahamas". <i>Coral Reefs</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 501. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008CorRe..27..501M">2008CorRe..27..501M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00338-008-0372-9">10.1007/s00338-008-0372-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29564920">29564920</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/235788303">235788303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Coral+Reefs&rft.atitle=Predation+on+the+invasive+red+lionfish%2C+Pterois+volitans+%28Pisces%3A+Scorpaenidae%29%2C+by+native+groupers+in+the+Bahamas&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=501&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29564920%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00338-008-0372-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008CorRe..27..501M&rft.aulast=Maljkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Van+Leeuwen%2C+T.+E.&rft.au=Cove%2C+S.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+lionfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBosSanadElsayed2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bos, Arthur R.; Sanad, Ashraf M.; Elsayed, Khamis (June 2017). "Gymnothorax spp. (Muraenidae) as natural predators of the lionfish Pterois miles in its native biogeographical range". <i>Environmental Biology of Fishes</i>. <b>100</b> (6): 745–748. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10641-017-0600-7">10.1007/s10641-017-0600-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25045547">25045547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Biology+of+Fishes&rft.atitle=Gymnothorax+spp.+%28Muraenidae%29+as+natural+predators+of+the+lionfish+Pterois+miles+in+its+native+biogeographical+range&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=745-748&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10641-017-0600-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25045547%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bos&rft.aufirst=Arthur+R.&rft.au=Sanad%2C+Ashraf+M.&rft.au=Elsayed%2C+Khamis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+lionfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://echinoblog.blogspot.com/2013/09/who-named-bobbit-worm-eunice-sp-and.html">"Who Named the Bobbit Worm (Eunice sp.)? And WHAT species is it.. truly??"</a>. 2014-08-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who+Named+the+Bobbit+Worm+%28Eunice+sp.%29%3F+And+WHAT+species+is+it..+truly%3F%3F&rft.date=2014-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fechinoblog.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F09%2Fwho-named-bobbit-worm-eunice-sp-and.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+lionfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFCôtéMaljkovic2010" class="citation journal cs1">Côté, Im; Maljkovic, A (8 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps08458">"Predation rates of Indo-Pacific lionfish on Bahamian coral reefs"</a>. <i>Marine Ecology Progress Series</i>. <b>404</b>: 219–225. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010MEPS..404..219C">2010MEPS..404..219C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps08458">10.3354/meps08458</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/24873867">24873867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Ecology+Progress+Series&rft.atitle=Predation+rates+of+Indo-Pacific+lionfish+on+Bahamian+coral+reefs&rft.volume=404&rft.pages=219-225&rft.date=2010-04-08&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24873867%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fmeps08458&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010MEPS..404..219C&rft.aulast=C%C3%B4t%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Im&rft.au=Maljkovic%2C+A&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3354%252Fmeps08458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+lionfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gurushots.com/photo/c1e7fb6904c325ab7a1c94c48a14fa99">lionfish pterois volitans photo - photo by ali köksal</a> (gurushots)</li></ul>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pterois_volitans" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pterois volitans">Pterois volitans</a></span>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pterois_volitans" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pterois volitans">Pterois volitans</a></b></i>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/lionfish">Species Profile- Lionfish (<i>Pterois volitans</i>)</a>, National Invasive Species Information Center, <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Agricultural_Library" title="United States National Agricultural Library">United States National Agricultural Library</a>. Lists general information and resources for Lionfish.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2016/08/29/saving-the-reef-lionfish-in-florida/">https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2016/08/29/saving-the-reef-lionfish-in-florida/</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMalpica-CruzChavesCôté2016" class="citation journal cs1">Malpica-Cruz, Luis; Chaves, Laís C. T.; Côté, Isabelle M. (1 December 2016). "Managing marine invasive species through public participation: Lionfish derbies as a case study". <i>Marine Policy</i>. <b>74</b>: 158–164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpol.2016.09.027">10.1016/j.marpol.2016.09.027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Policy&rft.atitle=Managing+marine+invasive+species+through+public+participation%3A+Lionfish+derbies+as+a+case+study&rft.volume=74&rft.pages=158-164&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpol.2016.09.027&rft.aulast=Malpica-Cruz&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft.au=Chaves%2C+La%C3%ADs+C.+T.&rft.au=C%C3%B4t%C3%A9%2C+Isabelle+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+lionfish" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Photos of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sealifecollection.org/taxon/159559">Red lionfish</a> on Sealife Collection</li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Taxon_identifiers" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q824672" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q824672">Q824672</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pterois_volitans" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pterois volitans">Pterois volitans</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pterois_volitans/">Pterois_volitans</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Pterois_volitans">Pterois_volitans</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/www.arkive.org/wd/pterois-volitans/">pterois-volitans</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id97019">97019</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=47144">47144</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/5195">5195</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2334438">2334438</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Invasive_Species_Database" title="Global Invasive Species Database">GISD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=1050">1050</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/47280">47280</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11250385">11250385</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/109158">109158</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=166883">166883</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/190468">190468</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=185886">185886</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzor.org.nz/names/c193a240-ab9a-43d7-8de3-fcf59ae02136">c193a240-ab9a-43d7-8de3-fcf59ae02136</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=159559">159559</a></span></span></li></ul>
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