}} |
}} |
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'''[[Horse]] meat''' forms a significant part of the [[Culinary arts|culinary]] traditions of many countries, particularly in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]. The eight countries that consume the most horse meat consume about 4.3 million |
'''[[Horse]] meat''' forms a significant part of the [[Culinary arts|culinary]] traditions of many countries, particularly in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]. The eight countries that consume the most horse meat consume about 4.3 million apples and horse meat are good for for so u should eat horses |
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==History== |
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During the [[Paleolithic]], wild horses formed an important source of food for humans. In many parts of Europe, the consumption of horse meat continued throughout the Middle Ages until modern times, despite a papal ban on horse meat in 732.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Pillsbury|title=No foreign food: the American diet in time and place|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8te03bzHJkUC|year=1998|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-2739-6|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8te03bzHJkUC&pg=PA14 14]|access-date=January 8, 2016|archive-date=June 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611013400/https://books.google.com/books?id=8te03bzHJkUC|url-status=live}}</ref> Horse meat was also eaten as part of [[Germanic paganism|Germanic pagan]] religious ceremonies in [[Northern Europe]], particularly ceremonies associated with the worship of [[Odin]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Calvin W. Schwabe, ''Unmentionable Cuisine'', University |
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Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-1162-1}}</ref> |
Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-1162-1}}</ref> |
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The earliest horses evolved on the North American continent, and by about 12,000 BC, they had migrated to other parts of the world,<ref name = "Azzaroli1992">{{cite journal |last=Azzaroli |first=A. |year=1992 |title=Ascent and decline of monodactyl equids: a case for prehistoric overkill |journal=Ann. Zool. Finnici |volume=28 |pages=151–163 |url=http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anzf28/anz28-151-163.pdf |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=March 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329173448/http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anzf28/anz28-151-163.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> becoming extinct in the [[Americas]].<ref name="LeQuire">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=4849 | author=LeQuire, Elise | title=No Grass, No Horse | publisher=The Horse, online edition | date=January 4, 2004 | access-date=June 8, 2009 | archive-date=October 10, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=4849 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = "Guthrie">{{Cite journal | last = Guthrie | first = R. D. | s2cid = 186242574 | title = Rapid body size decline in Alaskan Pleistocene horses before extinction | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 426 | issue = 6963 |
The earliest horses evolved on the North American continent, and by about 12,000 BC, they had migrated to other parts of the world,<ref name = "Azzaroli1992">{{cite journal |last=Azzaroli |first=A. |year=1992 |title=Ascent and decline of monodactyl equids: a case for prehistoric overkill |journal=Ann. Zool. Finnici |volume=28 |pages=151–163 |url=http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anzf28/anz28-151-163.pdf |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=March 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329173448/http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anzf28/anz28-151-163.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> becoming extinct in the [[Americas]].<ref name="LeQuire">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=4849 | author=LeQuire, Elise | title=No Grass, No Horse | publisher=The Horse, online edition | date=January 4, 2004 | access-date=June 8, 2009 | archive-date=October 10, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=4849 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = "Guthrie">{{Cite journal | last = Guthrie | first = R. D. | s2cid = 186242574 | title = Rapid body size decline in Alaskan Pleistocene horses before extinction | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 426 | issue = 6963 |
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| pages = 169–171 | date = November 13, 2003 | doi = 10.1038/nature02098 | pmid = 14614503 | bibcode = 2003Natur.426..169D }}</ref> The now-extinct [[Hagerman horse]] of Idaho, about the size of a modCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCFEeeees |
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| pages = 169–171 | date = November 13, 2003 | doi = 10.1038/nature02098 | pmid = 14614503 | bibcode = 2003Natur.426..169D }}</ref> The now-extinct [[Hagerman horse]] of Idaho, about the size of a modern-day large pony, is one example of an indigenous New World horse species.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/hafo/crittercorner/equus.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103193555/http://www.nps.gov/archive/hafo/crittercorner/equus.htm |archive-date=January 3, 2007 | title= Hagerman "Horse" – ''Equus simplicidens'' |last= McDonald |first= G. |journal=The Fossil Record |date=March 1993|url-status= dead}}</ref> In the 15th and 16th centuries, Spaniards, followed by other European settlers, reintroduced horses to the Americas. Some horses became [[feral horse|feral]], and began to be hunted by the indigenous [[Pehuenche]] people of what is now [[Chile]] and [[Argentina]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=http://universum.utalca.cl/contenido/index-01/torrejon.html |title=Variables Geohistóricas en la Evolución del Sistema Económica Pehuenche durante el periodo colonial |trans-title=Geohistorical Variables in the Evolution of the Pehuenche Economic System During the Colonial Period |author=Fernando Terrejón G. |language=es |magazine=Universum Magazine |page=226 |number=16 |year=2001 |publisher=University of Talca |access-date=2009-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313105853/http://universum.utalca.cl/contenido/index-01/torrejon.html |archive-date=2009-03-13}}</ref> Initially, early humans hunted horses as they did other game; later, they began to raise them for meat, milk and transport. The meat was, and still is, preserved by being [[dried meat|sun-dried]] in the high [[Andes]] into a product known as ''[[charqui]]''. |
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France dates its taste for horse meat to [[French Revolution|the Revolution]]. With the fall of the aristocracy, its [[auxiliaries]] had to find new means of subsistence. The horses formerly maintained by the aristocracy as a sign of prestige ended up being used to alleviate the hunger of the masses.<ref name="Harris"/> During the Napoleonic campaigns, the surgeon-in-chief of [[Napoleon]]'s [[Grand Army]], [[Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey]], advised the starving troops to eat the meat of horses. At the [[Siege of Alexandria (1801)|siege of Alexandria]], the meat of young [[Arab horse]]s relieved an epidemic of [[scurvy]]. At the [[battle of Eylau]] in 1807, Larrey served horse as soup and as ''[[bœuf à la mode]]''. At [[battle of Aspern-Essling|Aspern-Essling]] (1809), cut off from the supply lines, the cavalry used the breastplates of fallen ''[[cuirassier]]s'' as cooking pans and [[gunpowder]] as seasoning, thus founding a practice that carried on until at least the Waterloo campaign.<ref name="Musee">{{cite web|url=http://leslivresoublies.free.fr/leslivresoublies/Sciences_et_techniques_muse/cheval.html|title=Études Hygiéniques de la chair de cheval comme aliment (Hygienic studies of horseflesh as food)|publisher=[[Musée des familles]] |issue=1841–42|via=leslivresoublies.free.fr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801111700/http://leslivresoublies.free.fr/leslivresoublies/Sciences_et_techniques_muse/cheval.html|archive-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Parker">Larrey mentions in his memoirs how he fed the wounded after the (1809){{clarify|date=March 2019}} with [[bouillon]] of horse meat seasoned with gunpowder. Parker, Harold T. (1983 reprint) ''Three Napoleonic Battles''. (2nd Ed). [[Duke University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-8223-0547-X}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qiyp-Mft2zEC&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&ots=W7h9mMJcvK Page 83] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427113715/https://books.google.com/books?id=qiyp-Mft2zEC&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&ots=W7h9mMJcvK |date=April 27, 2016 }} (in [[Google Books]]). Quoting [[Dominique-Jean Larrey]], ''Mémoires de chirurgie militaire et campagnes'', III 281, Paris, Smith.</ref> |
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[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B15171, Sowjetunion, Ausschlachten eines Pferdes.jpg|thumb|Hunger during World War II led to horses being eaten.]] |
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Horse meat gained widespread acceptance in [[French cuisine]] during the later years of the [[Second French Empire]]. The high cost of living in Paris prevented many working-class citizens from buying meat such as [[pork]] or [[beef]]; in 1866, the French government legalized the eating of horse meat, and the first butcher's shop specializing in horse meat opened in eastern Paris, providing quality meat at lower prices.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1525/gfc.2007.7.2.44| title=They Eat Horses, Don't They? Hippophagy and Frenchness| journal=Gastronomica| volume=7| issue=2| pages=44–51| year=2007| last1=Weil| first1=Kari}}</ref> During the [[Siege of Paris (1870–1871)]], horse meat, along with the meat of donkeys and mules, was eaten by anyone who could afford it, partly because of a shortage of fresh meat in the blockaded city, and also because horses were eating grain that was needed by the human populace. Though large numbers of horses were in Paris (estimates suggested between 65,000 and 70,000 were butchered and eaten during the siege), the supply was ultimately limited. Not even champion racehorses were spared (two horses presented to [[Napoleon III]] by [[Alexander II of Russia]] were slaughtered), but the meat became [[Scarcity|scarce]]. Many Parisians gained a taste for horse meat during the siege, and after the war ended, horse meat remained popular. Likewise, in other places and times of siege or starvation, horses are viewed as a food source of last resort. |
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Despite the general [[Anglophone]] taboo, horse and donkey meat was eaten in Britain, especially in [[Yorkshire]], until the 1930s,<ref>''Eating Up Italy: Voyages on a Vespa'' by [[Matthew Fort]]. 2005, p253. {{ISBN|0-00-721481-2}}</ref> and, in times of postwar food shortages, surged in popularity in the United States<ref>{{cite news |last=Grutzner |first=Charles |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/25/archives/horse-meat-consumption-by-new-yorkers-is-rising-newark-dealer.html?sq=horse%2520meat&scp=4&st=cse |title=Horse Meat Consumption By New Yorkers Is Rising - Newark Dealer Reports 60% of Customers Are From City-Weinstein Will Not Prohibit Sale of the Flesh Here - Front Page - NYTimes.com |publisher=Select.nytimes.com |date=1946-09-25 |access-date=2014-02-09 |archive-date=July 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723004746/https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/25/archives/horse-meat-consumption-by-new-yorkers-is-rising-newark-dealer.html?sq=horse%2520meat&scp=4&st=cse |url-status=live }}</ref> and was considered for use as [[dietetics|hospital food]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Powers |first=James E. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/29/archives/nearby-hospitals-down-to-minimum-of-meat-supplies-westchester-just.html?sq=horse%2520meat&scp=10&st=cse |title=NEAR-BY HOSPITALS DOWN TO MINIMUM OF MEAT SUPPLIES - Westchester Just Getting By, Monmouth is Using HighProtein SubstitutesHENKEL SCORES TRUMAN Says Restaurants Can't Sell 'Patience' Any More-3 Seek to Deal in Horse Flesh Here - Front Page - NYTimes.com |publisher=Select.nytimes.com |date=1946-09-29 |access-date=2014-02-09 |archive-date=July 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723004423/https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/29/archives/nearby-hospitals-down-to-minimum-of-meat-supplies-westchester-just.html?sq=horse%2520meat&scp=10&st=cse |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2007 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine article about horse meat brought to the United States from Canada described the meat as "a sweet, rich, superlean, oddly soft meat, and closer to beef than to [[venison]]."<ref name="time" /> |
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==Nutrition== |
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Horse meat has a slightly sweet taste reminiscent of beef. Many consumers allege not being able to tell the difference between beef and horse meat.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-02-25|title=6 descriptions of what horse meat actually tastes like|url=https://theweek.com/articles/467306/6-descriptions-what-horse-meat-actually-tastes-like|access-date=2020-11-01|website=theweek.com|language=en}}</ref> |
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Meat from younger horses tends to be lighter in color, while older horses produce richer color and flavor, as with most [[mammals]]. Horse meat can be used to replace beef, pork, mutton, venison, and any other meat in virtually any recipe. Horse meat is usually very lean. Jurisdictions that allow for the slaughter of horses for food rarely have age restrictions, so many are quite young, some even as young as 16 to 24 months old. IHDH did find that horses at the age of 6 months had lower value of moisture and protein.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=De Palo|first1=P.|last2=Maggiolino|first2=A.|last3=Centoducati|first3=P.|last4=Tateo|first4=A.|date=November 2013|title=Slaughtering Age Effect on Carcass Traits and Meat Quality of Italian Heavy Draught Horse Foals|journal=Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences|volume=26|issue=11|pages=1637–1643|doi=10.5713/ajas.2013.13174|issn=1011-2367|pmc=4093806|pmid=25049752}}</ref> |
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{|class="wikitable sortable" |
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|+Selected nutrients per 100 g (3.5 oz)<ref name="horsemeat">{{cite web|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/lamb-veal-and-game-products/4639/2|title=Nutrition Facts and Analysis for Game meat, horse, raw|access-date=8 February 2013|archive-date=December 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229130808/http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/lamb-veal-and-game-products/4639/2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="stripsteak">{{cite web|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/beef-products/10525/2|title=Nutrition Facts and Analysis for Beef, grass-fed, strip steaks, lean only, raw|access-date=8 February 2013|archive-date=October 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025153248/https://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/beef-products/10525/2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="kqed">{{cite web |url=http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/07/how-nutritious-is-horse-the-other-red-meat/ |title=How Nutritious Is Horse? The Other Red Meat |last=Pino |first=Darya |author-link=Darya Pino |date=7 January 2011 |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-date=February 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218215638/http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/07/how-nutritious-is-horse-the-other-red-meat/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|- |
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!rowspan=2| Food source |
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!colspan=2| Energy |
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!rowspan=2| Protein<br />(g) |
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!rowspan=2| Fat<br />(g) |
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!rowspan=2| Iron<br />(mg) |
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!rowspan=2| Sodium<br />(mg) |
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!rowspan=2| Cholesterol<br />(mg) |
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|- |
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!(kJ) |
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!(Cal) |
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|- |
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|Game meat, horse, raw |
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|{{convert|133|Cal|kJ|order=flip|disp=table}} |
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|align=right| 21 |
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|align=right| 5 |
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|align=right| 3.8 |
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|align=right| 53 |
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|align=right| 52 |
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|- |
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|Beef, strip steak, raw |
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| {{convert|117|Cal|kJ|order=flip|disp=table}} |
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|align=right| 23 |
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|align=right| 3 |
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|align=right| 1.9 |
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|align=right| 55 |
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|align=right| 55 |
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|} |
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==Production== |
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{{Self-contradictory|about=consumption in Mexico|discuss=Contradiction re consumption in Mexico|1=article|date=November 2021}} |
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[[File:Muenchen Pferdemetzger Viktualienmarkt.jpg|thumb|Horse butcher on the [[Viktualienmarkt]] in Munich, Germany]] |
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In most countries where [[Horse slaughter|horses are slaughtered]] for food, they are processed in a similar fashion to cattle, i.e., in large-scale factory [[slaughter house]]s (abattoirs) where they are [[stunning|stunned]] with a [[captive bolt gun]] and [[exsanguination|bled to death]]. In countries with a less industrialized food-production system, horses and other animals are slaughtered individually outdoors as needed, in or near the village where they will be consumed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/26/world/asia/a-sure-thing-for-kazakhs-horses-will-provide.html|title=A Sure Thing for Kazakhs: Horses Will Provide|first=C. J.|last=Chivers|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 26, 2005|access-date=September 18, 2020|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918224614/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/26/world/asia/a-sure-thing-for-kazakhs-horses-will-provide.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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|+Ten largest producers of horse meat in 2018<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Production_LivestockPrimary_E_All_Data.zip |title=FAOSTAT - All Data (Bulk Data) |author=FAO |access-date=2020-09-11 |archive-date=November 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101190235/http://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Production_LivestockPrimary_E_All_Data.zip |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|- |
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! !! Country |
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!Number of animals |
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! Production<br />(tonnes) |
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|- |
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| 1. || {{flag|China}} |
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|1,589,164|| 200,452 |
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|- |
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| 2. || {{flag|Kazakhstan}} |
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|718,027|| 126,520 |
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|- |
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| 3. || {{flag|Mexico}} |
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|634,845|| 83,922 |
|634,845|| 83,922 |
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|- |
|- |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Horse meat
| image = Paardenrookvlees.JPG
| caption = ''Paardenrookvlees'' ([[Dutch cuisine|Dutch-style]] [[Smoking (cooking)|smoked]] and salted horse meat) on bread
| course =
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'''[[Horse]] meat''' forms a significant part of the [[Culinary arts|culinary]] traditions of many countries, particularly in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]. The eight countries that consume the most horse meat consume about 4.3 million [[horse]]s a year. For the majority of humanity's early existence, [[wild horse]]s were hunted as a source of protein.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Documenting Domestication |author=Melinda A. Zeder |publisher=University of California Pres |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-520-24638-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaVTxjrbIFQC |pages=257, 258, 265 |access-date=May 6, 2020 |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918224612/https://books.google.com/books?id=EaVTxjrbIFQC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Horse, the Wheel and Language |author=David W. Anthony |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2008 |pages=199, 220 |isbn=978-0-691-05887-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOG5VcYxhiEC |access-date=May 6, 2020 |archive-date=March 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327013641/https://books.google.com/books?id=rOG5VcYxhiEC |url-status=live }}</ref>
==History==
During the [[Paleolithic]], wild horses formed an important source of food for humans. In many parts of Europe, the consumption of horse meat continued throughout the Middle Ages until modern times, despite a papal ban on horse meat in 732.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Pillsbury|title=No foreign food: the American diet in time and place|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8te03bzHJkUC|year=1998|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-2739-6|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8te03bzHJkUC&pg=PA14 14]|access-date=January 8, 2016|archive-date=June 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611013400/https://books.google.com/books?id=8te03bzHJkUC|url-status=live}}</ref> Horse meat was also eaten as part of [[Germanic paganism|Germanic pagan]] religious ceremonies in [[Northern Europe]], particularly ceremonies associated with the worship of [[Odin]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Calvin W. Schwabe, ''Unmentionable Cuisine'', University
Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-1162-1}}</ref>
The earliest horses evolved on the North American continent, and by about 12,000 BC, they had migrated to other parts of the world,<ref name = "Azzaroli1992">{{cite journal |last=Azzaroli |first=A. |year=1992 |title=Ascent and decline of monodactyl equids: a case for prehistoric overkill |journal=Ann. Zool. Finnici |volume=28 |pages=151–163 |url=http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anzf28/anz28-151-163.pdf |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=March 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329173448/http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anzf28/anz28-151-163.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> becoming extinct in the [[Americas]].<ref name="LeQuire">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=4849 | author=LeQuire, Elise | title=No Grass, No Horse | publisher=The Horse, online edition | date=January 4, 2004 | access-date=June 8, 2009 | archive-date=October 10, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=4849 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = "Guthrie">{{Cite journal | last = Guthrie | first = R. D. | s2cid = 186242574 | title = Rapid body size decline in Alaskan Pleistocene horses before extinction | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 426 | issue = 6963
| pages = 169–171 | date = November 13, 2003 | doi = 10.1038/nature02098 | pmid = 14614503 | bibcode = 2003Natur.426..169D }}</ref> The now-extinct [[Hagerman horse]] of Idaho, about the size of a modern-day large pony, is one example of an indigenous New World horse species.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/hafo/crittercorner/equus.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103193555/http://www.nps.gov/archive/hafo/crittercorner/equus.htm |archive-date=January 3, 2007 | title= Hagerman "Horse" – ''Equus simplicidens'' |last= McDonald |first= G. |journal=The Fossil Record |date=March 1993|url-status= dead}}</ref> In the 15th and 16th centuries, Spaniards, followed by other European settlers, reintroduced horses to the Americas. Some horses became [[feral horse|feral]], and began to be hunted by the indigenous [[Pehuenche]] people of what is now [[Chile]] and [[Argentina]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=http://universum.utalca.cl/contenido/index-01/torrejon.html |title=Variables Geohistóricas en la Evolución del Sistema Económica Pehuenche durante el periodo colonial |trans-title=Geohistorical Variables in the Evolution of the Pehuenche Economic System During the Colonial Period |author=Fernando Terrejón G. |language=es |magazine=Universum Magazine |page=226 |number=16 |year=2001 |publisher=University of Talca |access-date=2009-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313105853/http://universum.utalca.cl/contenido/index-01/torrejon.html |archive-date=2009-03-13}}</ref> Initially, early humans hunted horses as they did other game; later, they began to raise them for meat, milk and transport. The meat was, and still is, preserved by being [[dried meat|sun-dried]] in the high [[Andes]] into a product known as ''[[charqui]]''.
France dates its taste for horse meat to [[French Revolution|the Revolution]]. With the fall of the aristocracy, its [[auxiliaries]] had to find new means of subsistence. The horses formerly maintained by the aristocracy as a sign of prestige ended up being used to alleviate the hunger of the masses.<ref name="Harris"/> During the Napoleonic campaigns, the surgeon-in-chief of [[Napoleon]]'s [[Grand Army]], [[Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey]], advised the starving troops to eat the meat of horses. At the [[Siege of Alexandria (1801)|siege of Alexandria]], the meat of young [[Arab horse]]s relieved an epidemic of [[scurvy]]. At the [[battle of Eylau]] in 1807, Larrey served horse as soup and as ''[[bœuf à la mode]]''. At [[battle of Aspern-Essling|Aspern-Essling]] (1809), cut off from the supply lines, the cavalry used the breastplates of fallen ''[[cuirassier]]s'' as cooking pans and [[gunpowder]] as seasoning, thus founding a practice that carried on until at least the Waterloo campaign.<ref name="Musee">{{cite web|url=http://leslivresoublies.free.fr/leslivresoublies/Sciences_et_techniques_muse/cheval.html|title=Études Hygiéniques de la chair de cheval comme aliment (Hygienic studies of horseflesh as food)|publisher=[[Musée des familles]] |issue=1841–42|via=leslivresoublies.free.fr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801111700/http://leslivresoublies.free.fr/leslivresoublies/Sciences_et_techniques_muse/cheval.html|archive-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Parker">Larrey mentions in his memoirs how he fed the wounded after the (1809){{clarify|date=March 2019}} with [[bouillon]] of horse meat seasoned with gunpowder. Parker, Harold T. (1983 reprint) ''Three Napoleonic Battles''. (2nd Ed). [[Duke University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-8223-0547-X}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qiyp-Mft2zEC&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&ots=W7h9mMJcvK Page 83] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427113715/https://books.google.com/books?id=qiyp-Mft2zEC&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&ots=W7h9mMJcvK |date=April 27, 2016 }} (in [[Google Books]]). Quoting [[Dominique-Jean Larrey]], ''Mémoires de chirurgie militaire et campagnes'', III 281, Paris, Smith.</ref>
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B15171, Sowjetunion, Ausschlachten eines Pferdes.jpg|thumb|Hunger during World War II led to horses being eaten.]]
Horse meat gained widespread acceptance in [[French cuisine]] during the later years of the [[Second French Empire]]. The high cost of living in Paris prevented many working-class citizens from buying meat such as [[pork]] or [[beef]]; in 1866, the French government legalized the eating of horse meat, and the first butcher's shop specializing in horse meat opened in eastern Paris, providing quality meat at lower prices.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1525/gfc.2007.7.2.44| title=They Eat Horses, Don't They? Hippophagy and Frenchness| journal=Gastronomica| volume=7| issue=2| pages=44–51| year=2007| last1=Weil| first1=Kari}}</ref> During the [[Siege of Paris (1870–1871)]], horse meat, along with the meat of donkeys and mules, was eaten by anyone who could afford it, partly because of a shortage of fresh meat in the blockaded city, and also because horses were eating grain that was needed by the human populace. Though large numbers of horses were in Paris (estimates suggested between 65,000 and 70,000 were butchered and eaten during the siege), the supply was ultimately limited. Not even champion racehorses were spared (two horses presented to [[Napoleon III]] by [[Alexander II of Russia]] were slaughtered), but the meat became [[Scarcity|scarce]]. Many Parisians gained a taste for horse meat during the siege, and after the war ended, horse meat remained popular. Likewise, in other places and times of siege or starvation, horses are viewed as a food source of last resort.
Despite the general [[Anglophone]] taboo, horse and donkey meat was eaten in Britain, especially in [[Yorkshire]], until the 1930s,<ref>''Eating Up Italy: Voyages on a Vespa'' by [[Matthew Fort]]. 2005, p253. {{ISBN|0-00-721481-2}}</ref> and, in times of postwar food shortages, surged in popularity in the United States<ref>{{cite news |last=Grutzner |first=Charles |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/25/archives/horse-meat-consumption-by-new-yorkers-is-rising-newark-dealer.html?sq=horse%2520meat&scp=4&st=cse |title=Horse Meat Consumption By New Yorkers Is Rising - Newark Dealer Reports 60% of Customers Are From City-Weinstein Will Not Prohibit Sale of the Flesh Here - Front Page - NYTimes.com |publisher=Select.nytimes.com |date=1946-09-25 |access-date=2014-02-09 |archive-date=July 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723004746/https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/25/archives/horse-meat-consumption-by-new-yorkers-is-rising-newark-dealer.html?sq=horse%2520meat&scp=4&st=cse |url-status=live }}</ref> and was considered for use as [[dietetics|hospital food]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Powers |first=James E. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/29/archives/nearby-hospitals-down-to-minimum-of-meat-supplies-westchester-just.html?sq=horse%2520meat&scp=10&st=cse |title=NEAR-BY HOSPITALS DOWN TO MINIMUM OF MEAT SUPPLIES - Westchester Just Getting By, Monmouth is Using HighProtein SubstitutesHENKEL SCORES TRUMAN Says Restaurants Can't Sell 'Patience' Any More-3 Seek to Deal in Horse Flesh Here - Front Page - NYTimes.com |publisher=Select.nytimes.com |date=1946-09-29 |access-date=2014-02-09 |archive-date=July 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723004423/https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/29/archives/nearby-hospitals-down-to-minimum-of-meat-supplies-westchester-just.html?sq=horse%2520meat&scp=10&st=cse |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2007 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine article about horse meat brought to the United States from Canada described the meat as "a sweet, rich, superlean, oddly soft meat, and closer to beef than to [[venison]]."<ref name="time" />
==Nutrition==
Horse meat has a slightly sweet taste reminiscent of beef. Many consumers allege not being able to tell the difference between beef and horse meat.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-02-25|title=6 descriptions of what horse meat actually tastes like|url=https://theweek.com/articles/467306/6-descriptions-what-horse-meat-actually-tastes-like|access-date=2020-11-01|website=theweek.com|language=en}}</ref>
Meat from younger horses tends to be lighter in color, while older horses produce richer color and flavor, as with most [[mammals]]. Horse meat can be used to replace beef, pork, mutton, venison, and any other meat in virtually any recipe. Horse meat is usually very lean. Jurisdictions that allow for the slaughter of horses for food rarely have age restrictions, so many are quite young, some even as young as 16 to 24 months old. IHDH did find that horses at the age of 6 months had lower value of moisture and protein.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=De Palo|first1=P.|last2=Maggiolino|first2=A.|last3=Centoducati|first3=P.|last4=Tateo|first4=A.|date=November 2013|title=Slaughtering Age Effect on Carcass Traits and Meat Quality of Italian Heavy Draught Horse Foals|journal=Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences|volume=26|issue=11|pages=1637–1643|doi=10.5713/ajas.2013.13174|issn=1011-2367|pmc=4093806|pmid=25049752}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Selected nutrients per 100 g (3.5 oz)<ref name="horsemeat">{{cite web|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/lamb-veal-and-game-products/4639/2|title=Nutrition Facts and Analysis for Game meat, horse, raw|access-date=8 February 2013|archive-date=December 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229130808/http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/lamb-veal-and-game-products/4639/2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="stripsteak">{{cite web|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/beef-products/10525/2|title=Nutrition Facts and Analysis for Beef, grass-fed, strip steaks, lean only, raw|access-date=8 February 2013|archive-date=October 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025153248/https://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/beef-products/10525/2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="kqed">{{cite web |url=http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/07/how-nutritious-is-horse-the-other-red-meat/ |title=How Nutritious Is Horse? The Other Red Meat |last=Pino |first=Darya |author-link=Darya Pino |date=7 January 2011 |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-date=February 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218215638/http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/07/how-nutritious-is-horse-the-other-red-meat/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!rowspan=2| Food source
!colspan=2| Energy
!rowspan=2| Protein<br />(g)
!rowspan=2| Fat<br />(g)
!rowspan=2| Iron<br />(mg)
!rowspan=2| Sodium<br />(mg)
!rowspan=2| Cholesterol<br />(mg)
|-
!(kJ)
!(Cal)
|-
|Game meat, horse, raw
|{{convert|133|Cal|kJ|order=flip|disp=table}}
|align=right| 21
|align=right| 5
|align=right| 3.8
|align=right| 53
|align=right| 52
|-
|Beef, strip steak, raw
| {{convert|117|Cal|kJ|order=flip|disp=table}}
|align=right| 23
|align=right| 3
|align=right| 1.9
|align=right| 55
|align=right| 55
|}
==Production==
{{Self-contradictory|about=consumption in Mexico|discuss=Contradiction re consumption in Mexico|1=article|date=November 2021}}
[[File:Muenchen Pferdemetzger Viktualienmarkt.jpg|thumb|Horse butcher on the [[Viktualienmarkt]] in Munich, Germany]]
In most countries where [[Horse slaughter|horses are slaughtered]] for food, they are processed in a similar fashion to cattle, i.e., in large-scale factory [[slaughter house]]s (abattoirs) where they are [[stunning|stunned]] with a [[captive bolt gun]] and [[exsanguination|bled to death]]. In countries with a less industrialized food-production system, horses and other animals are slaughtered individually outdoors as needed, in or near the village where they will be consumed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/26/world/asia/a-sure-thing-for-kazakhs-horses-will-provide.html|title=A Sure Thing for Kazakhs: Horses Will Provide|first=C. J.|last=Chivers|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 26, 2005|access-date=September 18, 2020|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918224614/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/26/world/asia/a-sure-thing-for-kazakhs-horses-will-provide.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Ten largest producers of horse meat in 2018<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Production_LivestockPrimary_E_All_Data.zip |title=FAOSTAT - All Data (Bulk Data) |author=FAO |access-date=2020-09-11 |archive-date=November 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101190235/http://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Production_LivestockPrimary_E_All_Data.zip |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! !! Country
!Number of animals
! Production<br />(tonnes)
|-
| 1. || {{flag|China}}
|1,589,164|| 200,452
|-
| 2. || {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
|718,027|| 126,520
|-
| 3. || {{flag|Mexico}}
|634,845|| 83,922
|-
| 4. ||{{flag|Mongolia}}
|397,271|| 57,193
|-
| 5. ||{{flag|Russia}}
|250,248|| 45,388
|-
| 6. ||{{flag|United States}}
|114,841|| 29,275
|-
| 7. ||{{flag|Canada}}
|127,656|| 27,395
|-
| 8. ||{{flag|Brazil}}
|188,531|| 24,566
|-
| 9. ||{{flag|Australia}}
|86,244|| 24,148
|-
| 10. ||{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
|155,177|| 23,762
|-
| ||Total
|4,262,004 || 642,621
|}
In 2005, the eight principal horse meat-producing countries produced over 700,000 tonnes of it. In 2005, the five biggest horse meat-consuming countries were China (421,000 tonnes), Mexico, Russia, Italy, and Kazakhstan (54,000 tonnes).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afac.ab.ca/reports/08horsereport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319202824/http://www.afac.ab.ca/reports/08horsereport.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-19 |title=The Alberta Horse Welfare Report, 2008 |access-date=2013-02-15}}</ref> In 2010, Mexico produced 140,000 tonnes, China 126,000 tonnes, and Kazakhstan 114,000 tonnes.
As horses are relatively poor converters of grass and grain to meat compared to cattle,<ref name=Harris /> they are not usually bred or raised specifically for their meat. Instead, horses are slaughtered when their monetary value as [[equitation|riding]] or [[draft animal|work animals]] is low, but their owners can still make money selling them for horse meat, for example in the routine export of the [[south England|southern English]] ponies from the [[New Forest pony|New Forest]], [[Exmoor pony|Exmoor]], and [[Dartmoor pony|Dartmoor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/south/series2/new_forest_ponies_commoners_breed_improvements.shtml |title=BBC Inside Out - New Forest Ponies |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2003-02-24 |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-date=January 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119074805/http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/south/series2/new_forest_ponies_commoners_breed_improvements.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=countrysideonline237>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007150933/http://www.countrysideonline.co.uk/plugins/content/content.php?content.237|archive-date=2006-10-07|publisher=BBC Inside Out|title=NFU Countryside Online: Passports for Ponies|url=http://www.countrysideonline.co.uk/plugins/content/content.php?content.237|access-date=2006-10-07}}</ref> [[British law]] requires the use of "[[Horse passport|equine passports]]" even for semiferal horses to enable [[traceability]] (also known as "provenance"), so most slaughtering is done in the UK before the meat is exported,<ref name=countrysideonline237 /> meaning that the animals travel as carcasses rather than live. Ex-[[Horse racing|racehorses]], [[Equestrianism|riding horses]], and other horses sold at auction may also enter the [[food chain]]; sometimes, these animals have been stolen or purchased under false pretenses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.netposse.com/stolenmissing/storyladyslaughter.htm |title=Slaughter of Lady |publisher=Netposse.com |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-date=June 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620105331/http://www.netposse.com/stolenmissing/storyladyslaughter.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Even prestigious horses may end up in the [[slaughterhouse]]; the 1986 [[Kentucky Derby]] winner and 1987 [[Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year]] winner, [[Ferdinand (horse)|Ferdinand]], is believed to have been slaughtered in Japan, probably for [[pet food]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://horsesdaily.com/news/racing/2003/07-21-derbywinner-ferdinand.html |title=Death of a Derby Winner |publisher=Horsesdaily.com |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-date=February 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216061402/http://www.horsesdaily.com/news/racing/2003/07-21-derbywinner-ferdinand.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
A misconception exists that horses are commonly slaughtered for pet food. In many countries, such as the United States, horse meat was [[outlaw]]ed for use in pet food in the 1970s. American horse meat is considered a [[delicacy]] in Europe and Japan, and its cost is in line with veal,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haras-nationaux.fr/portail/uploads/tx_vm19docsbase/DIP_ECO_03_HORSEMEAT_01.pdf |title=Horsemeat in France - (June 2006), Librairie des Haras nationaux |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101044559/http://www.haras-nationaux.fr/portail/uploads/tx_vm19docsbase/DIP_ECO_03_HORSEMEAT_01.pdf |archive-date=2007-11-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> so it would be prohibitively expensive in many countries for pet food.<ref>[http://www.maff.go.jp/aqs/animal/pdf/risk_assesment_hiikuhorse_1.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916113809/http://www.maff.go.jp/aqs/animal/pdf/risk_assesment_hiikuhorse_1.pdf |date=September 16, 2016 }} 70% of products derived from living horses that are destined to slaughter after being imported to Japan (at 2014) is meat, while pet food is 0,1%</ref>
Meat from horses that [[veterinarian]]s have [[Animal euthanasia|put down]] with a [[lethal injection]] is not suitable for human consumption, as the [[toxin]] remains in the meat; the [[Carcasses of animals|carcasses]] of such animals are sometimes [[cremation|cremated]] (most other means of disposal are problematic, due to the toxin).{{citation needed|date=March 2010}} Remains of euthanized animals can be [[Rendering (food processing)|rendered]], which maintains the value of the skin, bones, fats, etc., for such purposes as fish food. This is commonly done for lab specimens (e.g., pigs) euthanized by injection. The amount of drug (e.g. a [[barbiturate]]) is insignificant after rendering.{{citation needed|date=March 2010}}
[[Carcasses of animals|Carcasses]] of horses treated with some drugs are considered edible in some [[jurisdiction]]s. For example, according to Canadian regulation, [[hyaluronic acid|hyaluron]], used in treatment of particular disorders in horses, in HY-50 preparation, should not be administered to animals to be slaughtered for horse meat.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110607112840/http://www.drugs.com/vet/hy-50-can.html HY-50 for veterinary use] (archived from [https://www.drugs.com/vet/hy-50-can.html the original] on 2011-10-06).</ref> In Europe, however, the same preparation is not considered to have any such effect, and [[wikt:edibility|edibility]] of the horse meat is not affected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genitrix.co.uk/2008ProductsHorses-HY502.php |title=Genitrix HY-50 Vet brochure |publisher=Genitrix.co.uk |access-date=2013-02-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601040624/http://www.genitrix.co.uk/2008ProductsHorses-HY502.php |archive-date=June 1, 2008 }}</ref>
==Attitudes towards horse meat==
Horse meat is commonly eaten in many countries in Europe and Asia.<ref>{{cite news |author=Cecilia Rodriguez |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2012/12/18/no-american-horse-steak-for-you-europeans/ |title=No American Horse Steak for You, Europeans |work=Forbes |date=2012-04-18 |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-date=January 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124184633/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2012/12/18/no-american-horse-steak-for-you-europeans/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/sports/drugs-injected-at-the-racetrack-put-europe-off-us-horse-meat.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|title=Racetrack Drugs Put Europe Off U.S. Horse Meat|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2014-02-09|first=Joe|last=Drape|date=2012-12-08|url-access=subscription|archive-date=February 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216182054/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/sports/drugs-injected-at-the-racetrack-put-europe-off-us-horse-meat.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref> It is not a generally available food in some [[English-speaking countries]] such as the United Kingdom, South Africa,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/south-africa-imported-80-000-kilograms-of-horse-meat-last-year-2018-3|title=Horse meat imports into SA have suddenly jumped – and we don't know where most of it went|website=BusinessInsider|access-date=December 9, 2019|archive-date=January 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124184631/https://www.businessinsider.co.za/south-africa-imported-80-000-kilograms-of-horse-meat-last-year-2018-3|url-status=live}}</ref> Australia, Ireland, the United States,<ref>{{cite web |last=Bordonaro |first=Lori |url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Horse-Meat-M-Wells-PS-1-MoMA-Long-Island-City-Queens-171445821.html |title=Horse Meat on Menu Raises Eyebrows |publisher=NBC New York |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-date=December 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213202959/http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Horse-Meat-M-Wells-PS-1-MoMA-Long-Island-City-Queens-171445821.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[English Canada]]. It is also taboo in Brazil, Poland, Israel, and among the [[Romani people]] and [[Jewish people]] the world over. Horse meat is not generally eaten in Spain, except in the north, but the country exports horses both as live animals and as slaughtered meat for the French and Italian markets. Horse meat is consumed in some North American and Latin American countries, but is illegal in some others. The Food Standards Code of Australia and New Zealand definition of 'meat' does not include horse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/code/Documents/2.2.1%20Meat%20products%20v157.pdf|title=Standard 2.2.1 Meat and meat products|publisher=Australian Government, Federal Register of Legislation|type=PDF|access-date=September 18, 2020|archive-date=September 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919070743/https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/code/Documents/2.2.1%20Meat%20products%20v157.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Tonga]], horse meat is eaten nationally, and Tongan emigrants living in the United States, New Zealand, and Australia have retained a taste for it, claiming Christian missionaries originally introduced it to them.<ref>Simoons, F.J., 1994, Eat not this Flesh, Food Avoidances from Pre-history to Present, University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>
Earlier in [[Islamic dietary laws|Islam]] consuming horse meat is not ''[[haram]]'', but ''[[makruh]]'', which means it should be avoided, but eating it is not a sin like the eating of [[pork]], due to its other important usage. But now the ruling has been lightened(Hanafi) and is halal for consumption. The consumption of horse meat has been common in [[Central Asian]] societies, past or present, due to the abundance of [[steppes]] suitable for raising horses. In North Africa, horse meat has been occasionally consumed, but almost exclusively by the [[Hanafi]] Sunnis;{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}} it has never been eaten in the [[Maghreb]].<ref>Françoise Aubaile-Sallenave, "Meat among Mediterranean Muslims: Beliefs and Praxis", ''Estudios del Hombre'' '''19''':129 (2004)</ref>
Horse meat is forbidden by [[Kashrut|Jewish dietary laws]] because horses do not have [[cloven hoof|cloven hooves]] and they are not ruminants.
In the eighth century, Popes [[Pope Gregory III|Gregory III]] and [[Pope Zachary|Zachary]] instructed [[Saint Boniface]], missionary to the Germans, to forbid the eating of horse meat to those he converted, due to its association with [[Germanic pagan]] ceremonies.<ref>William Ian Miller, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1289363 "Of Outlaws, Christians, Horsemeat, and Writing: Uniform Laws and Saga Iceland"], ''Michigan Law Review'', Vol. 89, No. 8 (August 1991), pp. 2081-2095 {{subscription|date=October 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401182807/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1289363 |date=April 1, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/> The people of [[Iceland]] allegedly expressed reluctance to embrace [[Christianity]] for some time, largely over the issue of giving up horse meat.<ref name=IGHA-USDA>{{cite web
|url=http://www.igha.org/USDA.html
|title=U.S.D.A. Promotes Horse & Goat Meat
|publisher=International Generic Horse Association
|access-date=2007-08-09
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://www.igha.org/USDA.html
|archive-date=2017-10-10
|url-status=dead
}} (quoting a 1997 USDA report said to be no longer available online)</ref> Horse meat is now currently consumed in Iceland, and many horses are raised for this purpose. The culturally close people of [[Sweden]] still have an ambivalent attitude to horse meat, said to stem from this{{clarify|date=March 2019}} edict.
[[Henry Mayhew]] describes the difference in the acceptability and use of the horse carcass between London and Paris in ''[[London Labour and the London Poor]]'' (1851).<ref>Vol 2 pp 7-9</ref> Horse meat was rejected by the British, but continued to be eaten in other European countries such as France and Germany, where [[knackers]] often sold horse carcasses despite the papal ban. Even the hunting of wild horses for meat continued in the area of [[Westphalia]]. Londoners also suspected that horse meat was finding its way into sausages and that [[offal]] sold as that of oxen was, in fact, equine.
While no taboo on eating horse meat exists ''per se'', it is generally considered by ethnic Russians to be a low-quality meat with poor taste, and it is rarely found in stores.
It is popular among such historically nomadic peoples as the [[Tatars]], [[Yakuts]], [[Kyrgyzs]], and [[Kazakhs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofoods.ru/konina-vred-i-polza/|script-title=ru:Конина: вред и польза|language=ru|title=Archived copy|access-date=2013-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228084323/http://ofoods.ru/konina-vred-i-polza/|archive-date=2013-02-28|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Taboos===
{{further|horse sacrifice}}
In 732 AD, Pope Gregory III began a concerted effort to stop the ritual consumption of horse meat in pagan practice. In some countries, the effects of this prohibition by the [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic Church]] have lingered, and horse meat prejudices have progressed from [[taboos]] to avoidance to abhorrence.<ref name=IGHA-USDA/> In a study conducted by Fred Simoons, the avoidance of horse meat in American culture is less likely due to lingering feelings from Gregory's prohibition, but instead due to an unfamiliarity with the meat compared to more mainstream offerings.<ref>{{Cite book|title=No Foreign Food: The American Diet in Time and Place|last=Pillsbury|first=Michael|publisher=Westview Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-8133-2738-9|location=Boulder, Colorado|pages=[https://archive.org/details/noforeignfoodame00pill_1/page/14 14]|url=https://archive.org/details/noforeignfoodame00pill_1/page/14}}</ref> In other parts of the world, horse meat has the [[social stigma|stigma]] of being something poor people eat and is seen as a cheap substitute for other meats, such as pork and beef.
According to the anthropologist [[Marvin Harris]],<ref name="Harris">{{Cite book
|last=Harris
|first=Marvin
|author-link=Marvin Harris
|title=Good to Eat: Riddles of Food and Culture
|publisher=Waveland Pr Inc
|year=1998
|isbn=978-1-57766-015-6
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B1oGAAAACAAJ
|access-date=May 6, 2020
|archive-date=September 18, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918224613/https://books.google.com/books?id=B1oGAAAACAAJ
|url-status=live
}}</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2019}} some cultures class horse meat as taboo because the horse converts grass into meat less efficiently than ruminants.
[[Totem]]istic taboo is also a possible reason for refusal to eat horse meat as an everyday food, but did not necessarily preclude ritual slaughter and consumption. [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] sources state that the goddess [[Epona]] was widely worshipped in [[Gaul]] and southern Britain. Epona, a triple-aspect goddess, was the protectress of the horse and horse keepers, and horses were sacrificed to her;<ref>[[T. G. E. Powell|Powell, T. G. E.]], 1958, The Celts, Thames and Hudson, London</ref> she was paralleled by the [[Irish mythology|Irish]] [[Macha]] and [[Welsh mythology|Welsh]] [[Rhiannon]]. In ''[[The White Goddess]]'', Robert Graves argued that the taboo among Britons and their descendants was due to worship of Epona, and even earlier rites.<ref>Graves, Robert, ''The White Goddess'', Faber and Faber, London, 1961, p 384</ref> The [[Uffington White Horse]] is probable evidence of ancient horse worship. The ancient Indian [[Kshatriya]]s engaged in horse sacrifice (Ashwamedh Yaghya) as recorded in the [[Vedas]] and [[Ramayana]], but in the context of the ritual sacrifice, it is not 'killed', but instead [[Asphyxia|smothered]] to death.<ref name="Campbell 1962">Campbell, Joseph, ''Oriental Mythology: The Masks of God'', Arkana, 1962, pp190-197 {{ISBN|0-14-019442-8}}</ref> In 1913, the Finnic [[Mari people]] of the [[Volga]] region were observed to practice a horse sacrifice.<ref name="Campbell 1962" />
In ancient Scandinavia, the horse was very important, as a living, [[working animal|working creature]], as a sign of the [[social status|owner's status]], and symbolically within the old [[Norse religion]]. Horses were slaughtered as a [[sacrifice]] to the gods, and the meat was eaten by the people taking part in the religious feasts.<ref>{{Cite book
|title=Medieval Scandinavia: an encyclopedia
|author1=Phillip Pulsiano
|author2=Kirsten Wolf
|publisher=Taylor & Francis
|year=1993
|isbn=978-0-8240-4787-0
|page=523
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-XiZO8V4qUC
|access-date=May 6, 2020
|archive-date=August 1, 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801012516/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-XiZO8V4qUC
|url-status=live
}}</ref> When the Nordic countries were Christianized, eating horse meat was regarded as a sign of paganism and prohibited. A reluctance to eat horse meat is common in these countries even today.<ref>{{Cite book
|title=Old Norse Religion in Long Term Perspectives: Origins, Changes and Interactions, an International Conference in Lund, Sweden, June 3–7, 2004
|author1=Anders Andrén
|author2=Kristina Jennbert
|author3=Catharina Raudvere
|publisher=Nordic Academic Press
|year=2006
|isbn=978-91-89116-81-8
|page=131
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gjq6rvoIRpAC
}}</ref>
===Opposition to production===
The [[Horse slaughter|killing of horses for human consumption]] is widely opposed in countries such as the U.S.,<ref name="nationalpoll">{{cite web |last=Duckworth |first=Amanda |url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/35173/poll-finds-most-americans-against-horse-slaughter/ |title=Poll Finds Most Americans Against Horse Slaughter |publisher=Bloodhorse.com |date=2006-09-04 |access-date=2014-02-09 |archive-date=January 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102173436/http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/35173/poll-finds-most-americans-against-horse-slaughter |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="time">{{cite news|last=Stein |first=Joel |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1587279,00.html |title=''Time:'' Horse—It's What's for Dinner |publisher=Time.com |date=2007-02-08 |access-date=2014-02-09|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229083444/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1587279,00.html|archive-date=December 29, 2013}}</ref> UK<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/1xtra/tx/weekinpictures/180507.shtml?select=03 |title=Week in pictures - Who wants to eat horsemeat? |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |access-date=2014-02-09 |archive-date=June 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614234506/http://www.bbc.co.uk/1xtra/tx/weekinpictures/180507.shtml?select=03 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2013}} and Australia.<ref>Victorian Advocates for Animals & Coalition for the Protection of Racehorses protests</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2013}} where horses are generally considered to be companion and sporting animals only.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2002/09/04/Columns/Americans_squeamish_o.shtml|title=Americans squeamish over horse meat|work=St. Petersburg Times|access-date=2013-02-15|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051100/http://www.sptimes.com/2002/09/04/Columns/Americans_squeamish_o.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> For horses going to slaughter, no period of withdrawal, the time between administration of the drug and the time they are butchered, is required. French former actress and [[animal rights]] activist [[Brigitte Bardot]] has spent years crusading against the eating of horse meat. However, the opposition is far from unanimous; a 2007 readers' poll in the London magazine ''[[Time Out (company)|Time Out]]'' showed that 82% of respondents supported chef [[Gordon Ramsay]]'s decision to serve horse meat in his restaurants.<ref>''[[Time Out (company)|Time Out]]'' 30 May–5 June 2007</ref>
==Around the world==
{{original research section|date=April 2015}}
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2015}}
===Asia-Pacific===
====Australia====
Australians do not generally eat horse meat, although they have a horse slaughter industry that exports to EU countries.<ref>{{cite news|date=2014-06-21|title=Horse meat exports in doubt after standards complaint|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-21/horsemeat-exports-in-doubt-after-standards-complaint/5524158|access-date=2020-10-02|newspaper=ABC News|language=en-AU}}</ref> Horse meat exports peaked at 9,327 tons 1986, declining to 3,000 tons in 2003. They are at Peterborough in South Australia (SAMEX Peterborough Pty Ltd) and Caboolture Abattoir in Queensland (Meramist Pty Ltd).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.optimail.com.au/berrime/slaughter.htm |title=Horse slaughter and horsemeat: the facts |publisher=Optimail.com.au |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416155220/http://optimail.com.au/berrime/slaughter.htm |archive-date=2011-04-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A British agriculture industry website reported that Australian horse meat production levels had risen to 24,000 tons by 2009.<ref name=farminguk2009-01-17>{{cite web |url=http://www.farminguk.com/news/Argentina-Horse-Meat-world-production-figures._10249.html |title=Argentina-Horse Meat world production figures, Farming UK, January 17, 2009. Retrieved March 4, 2011 |publisher=Farminguk.com |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215063621/http://www.farminguk.com/news/Argentina-Horse-Meat-world-production-figures._10249.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 30 June 2010, Western Australian Agriculture Minister [[Terry Redman]] granted final approval to [[Western Australia]] butcher Vince Garreffa to sell horse meat for human consumption. Nedlands restaurateur Pierre Ichallalene announced plans to do a taster on [[Bastille Day]] and to put horse meat dishes on the menu if the reaction is good. Redman said that the government would "consider extending approvals should the public appetite for horse demand it".<ref name=thewest7492421>{{cite web |url=http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/latest/7492421/butcher-gives-horse-meat-a-run/ |title=Butcher gives horse meat a run |publisher=Au.news.yahoo.com |date=2010-07-01 |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-date=December 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210195715/http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/latest/7492421/butcher-gives-horse-meat-a-run/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Vince Garreffa is the owner of Mondo Di Carne, a major wholesale meat supplier, which supplies many cafes, restaurants, and hotels in Western Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mondo.net.au/retail/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026030031/http://www.mondo.net.au/data/retail.html|url-status=dead|title=Mondo Retail – Retail & Catering – Mondo Butchers|archive-date=October 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mondo.net.au/retail/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130151420/http://www.mondo.net.au/data/wholesale.html|url-status=dead|title=Mondo Retail – Retail & Catering – Mondo Butchers|archive-date=January 30, 2010}}</ref> He commented that no domestic market exists for horse meat, but a successful export market exists, of which he believes Western Australia should have a share.<ref name=thewest7492421 />
In October 2019, the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] revealed that thousands of retired racehorses were being slaughtered annually for the export market in human consumption. Each year, about 8,500 horses are retired from racing, many of which are slaughtered.<ref>{{cite news |last=Meldrum-Hanna |first=Caro |url=https://www.abc.net.au/7.30/the-dark-side-of-the-horse-racing-industry/11614022 |title=The dark side of the horse racing industry |work=[[7.30]] |publisher=ABC News (Australia) |date=17 Oct 2019 |access-date=12 February 2020 |archive-date=June 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618170546/https://www.abc.net.au/7.30/the-dark-side-of-the-horse-racing-industry/11614022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Overall, {{As of|2012|lc=y}}, about 94,000 horses were annually slaughtered, presumably including animals whose meat does not enter the human food chain.
<ref>[https://www.hsi.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/pdfs/Horses_meatproduction_Australia_NewZealand.pdf Horsemeat production in Australia and New Zealand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229004347/https://www.hsi.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/pdfs/Horses_meatproduction_Australia_NewZealand.pdf |date=February 29, 2020 }}. [[Humane Society International]], 2014, p.2. Retrieved 12 February 2020</ref>
====China====
Outside of specific areas in China, such as [[Guilin]] in [[Guangxi]] or in [[Yunnan|Yunnan Province]], horse meat is not popular due to its low availability and rumors that horse meat tastes bad or it is bad for health. The ''[[Compendium of Materia Medica]]'' written during the [[Ming dynasty]] by [[Li Shizhen]] says that horse meat is poisonous and may cause [[folliculitis]] or [[death]].<ref name="bencao">[[Li Shizhen]], ''the [[Compendium of Materia Medica]]''(《{{lang|zh|本草綱目}}》) Chapter ''Shou'' Wild mammal one({{lang|zh|獸之一}}), Ming dynasty [https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E7%B6%B1%E7%9B%AE/%E7%8D%B8%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80#.E9.A6.AC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208171942/https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E7%B6%B1%E7%9B%AE/%E7%8D%B8%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80#.E9.A6.AC |date=December 8, 2019 }}</ref> The compendium also asserts, "to relieve toxin caused by eating horse meat, one can drink [[Phragmites]] root juice and eat [[apricot kernel]]." Today, in southern China, locally famous dishes include horse meat [[rice noodles]] ({{Lang|zh|马肉米粉}}; Pinyin: {{Transl|zh|mǎròu mǐfěn}}) in Guilin and horse meat [[hot pot]] ({{Lang|zh|马肉火锅}}; Pinyin: {{Transl|zh|mǎròu huǒguō}}) in [[Huishui County]] in [[Guizhou]] Province.
====Indonesia====
In [[Indonesia]], one type of [[satay]] (chunks of skewered grilled meat served with spicy sauce) known as horse satay ([[Javanese language|Javanese]]: {{Lang|jv|sate jaran}}, [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: {{Lang|id|sate kuda}}) is made from horse meat. This dish from [[Yogyakarta]] is served with sliced fresh [[shallot]], [[pepper corn|pepper]], and [[sweet soy sauce]].<!--removed citation http://ngincip.blogspot.com/2007/04/lesehan-jaran-jogja.html--> Horse is believed to be a source of strength and eating it is thought to increase a man's vitality.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brilicious.brilio.net/kuliner-kesehatan/sate-kuda-penambah-vitalitas-pria-mitos-atau-fakta-200112a.html|title=Sate kuda penambah vitalitas pria, mitos atau fakta?|trans-title=Vitality booster horse satay, myth or fact?|language=id|date=January 13, 2020|first=Rizka|last=Mifta|website=brilio.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gudeg.net/read/10472/sate-jaran-pak-kuntjoro-nikmat-nan-berkhasiat.html|title=Sate Jaran Pak Kuntjoro, Nikmat nan Berkhasiat|language=id|trans-title=Pak Kuntjoro's Jaran satay, delicious yet efficacious|first=Wirawan|last=Kuncorojati|date=February 6, 2018|website=gudeg.net}}</ref>
====Japan====
[[File:Horse-meat.jpg|thumb|''[[Basashi]]'' from [[Kumamoto, Kumamoto|Kumamoto]]]]
In [[Japanese cuisine]], raw horse meat is called {{Nihongo3||桜|sakura}} or {{Nihongo3|''sakura'' means "[[cherry blossom]]", ''niku'' means "meat"|桜肉|sakuraniku}} because of its pink color. It can be served raw as ''[[sashimi]]'' in thin slices dipped in soy sauce, often with ginger and onions added.<ref>''[[Metropolis (free magazine)|Metropolis]]'', "Straight From the Horse's Mouth", #903, 15 July 2011, pp. 12-13.</ref> In this case, it is called {{Nihongo|'''''basashi'''''|馬刺し}}. {{Transl|ja|Basashi}} is popular in some regions of Japan and is often served at ''[[izakaya]]'' bars. Fat, typically from the neck, is also found as {{Transl|ja|basashi}}, though it is white, not pink. Horse meat is also sometimes found on menus for ''[[yakiniku]]'' (a type of barbecue), where it is called {{Nihongo|''baniku''|馬肉||literally "horse meat"}} or {{Nihongo|''bagushi''|馬串||"skewered horse"}}; thin slices of raw horse meat are sometimes served wrapped in a [[perilla|shiso leaf]]. [[Kumamoto prefecture|Kumamoto]], [[Nagano Prefecture|Nagano]], and [[Ōita Prefecture|Ōita]] are famous for {{Transl|ja|basashi}}, and it is common in the [[Tōhoku region]], as well. Some types of canned corned meat in Japan include horse as one of the ingredients.<ref>[http://www.puntofocal.gov.ar/notific_otros_miembros/jpn163_t.pdf Brief Overview of the Draft Revision of Quality Labeling Standard for Canned and Bottled Livestock Products] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084019/http://www.puntofocal.gov.ar/notific_otros_miembros/jpn163_t.pdf |date=July 6, 2011 }}, Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (from [http://www.puntofocal.gov.ar/ PuntoFocal Argentina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224073903/http://www.puntofocal.gov.ar/ |date=February 24, 2010 }}).</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moit.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/AFFC01EB-9F99-4C1D-AA7F-6F52C1DD6155/0/Not0116JPN163.doc |title=NOTIFICATION, World Trade Organization, 16 January 2006 |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406083757/http://www.moit.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/AFFC01EB-9F99-4C1D-AA7F-6F52C1DD6155/0/Not0116JPN163.doc |archive-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Aside from raising local draft horses for meat,<ref>[http://www.maff.go.jp/j/chikusan/kikaku/lin/pdf/27_zentai.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909095020/http://www.maff.go.jp/j/chikusan/kikaku/lin/pdf/27_zentai.pdf |date=September 9, 2016 }} 88% percent of this industry is concentrated to Hokkaido and trend is decreasing.(pg. 2, classification "農用馬")(Japan's Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries)</ref><ref>[http://www.maff.go.jp/j/chikusan/kikaku/lin/pdf/uma_siryou4.pdf 馬の改良増殖等をめぐる情勢 平成26年6月] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916113840/http://www.maff.go.jp/j/chikusan/kikaku/lin/pdf/uma_siryou4.pdf |date=September 16, 2016 }}(pg. 2, 8.)(Japan's Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries)</ref> Japan imports living horses (from Canada and France) and meat from several countries — the five largest horse meat exporters to Japan are Canada, Mexico, Italy, Argentina, and Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-27|title=Protests at 'inhumane' export of live horses to Japan for food|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/mar/27/protests-at-inhumane-export-of-live-horses-to-japan-for-food|access-date=2021-03-27|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref name="maff.go.jp">[http://www.maff.go.jp/j/chikusan/kikaku/lin/pdf/27_6_baniku.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817044822/http://www.maff.go.jp/j/chikusan/kikaku/lin/pdf/27_6_baniku.pdf |date=August 17, 2016 }} 馬肉関係- Japan's Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries(pg. 77, 78)</ref>
====Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan====
{{See also|Kazakh cuisine|Kyrgyz cuisine}}
In [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]], horse meat is a large part of the diet, due mainly to the nomadic roots of the population.<!--removing citation because it triggers the spam blacklist url=http://www.foodbycountry.com/Kazakhstan-to-South-Africa/Kazakhstan.html --> Some of the dishes include sausages called ''[[kazy]]'' and ''[[sujuk|chuchuk]]'' or {{Lang|kk|shuzhyk}} made from the meat using the guts as the sausage skin, {{transl|ky|zhaya}} made from hip meat, which is smoked and boiled, ''[[zhal|jal (or zhal)]]'' made from neck fat which is smoked and boiled, {{Lang|kk|karta}} made from a section of the rectum that is smoked and boiled, and {{Lang|kk|sur-et}} which is kept as dried meat.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080610023546/http://www.zheruik.kz/rus/traditions/meet1.php Horse meat dishes in Kazakhstan]. Retrieved 13 January 2009. (archived from [http://www.zheruik.kz/rus/traditions/meet1.php the original] on 2008-06-10)</ref>
====Mongolia====
[[Mongolian cuisine]] includes salted horse meat sausages called {{Transl|mn|kazy}} that are produced as a regional delicacy by the Kazakhs. Generally, Mongols prefer beef and mutton (though during the extremely cold Mongolian winter, some people prefer horse meat due to its low cholesterol). It is kept unfrozen, and traditionally people believe horse meat helps warm them up.<ref>[http://www.khaliuntravel.com/what-to-eat-in-mongolia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322222557/http://www.khaliuntravel.com/what-to-eat-in-mongolia|date=March 22, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Mongolia|author=Michael Kohn|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2008|isbn=978-1-74104-578-9|page=43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7JVGCF&pg=PA43}}</ref>
Other Asian nations import processed horse meat from Mongolia.<ref name="maff.go.jp"/><ref>[http://www.eng.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/eng/news/default.aspx?cat_id=619&news_id=3032] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214040505/http://www.eng.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/eng/news/default.aspx?cat_id=619&news_id=3032|date=February 14, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canada-mongolia-connection.com/meat-production-in-mongolia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603092722/http://www.canada-mongolia-connection.com/meat-production-in-mongolia.html|url-status=dead|title=福島銀行で普通に使えるカードローンってあるのですか？ | ※のびのび教育！※審査が簡単！？教育ローンも豊富な金融サイト|archive-date=June 3, 2013|website=www.canada-mongolia-connection.com}}</ref>
====Philippines====
In the [[Philippines]], horse meat ({{transl|fil|lukba}}, {{transl|fil|tapang kabayo}}, or {{transl|fil|kabayo}}) is a delicacy commonly sold in [[wet market]]s. It is prepared by marinating the meat in lemon juice, soy sauce or fish sauce, then fried and served with vinegar for dipping.<ref name=Pawshe>{{cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295778165|title=Reference Module in Food and Health|first1=Mayur|last1=Pawshe|first2=Chandraprakash D|last2=Khedkar|first3=Anjali|last3=Pundkar|chapter=Horse Meat|publisher=Elsevier|date=January 2016}}</ref>
====South Korea====
[[File:Malgogi-yukhoe.jpg|thumb|Korean ''Malgogi-[[yukhoe]]'' (horse meat tartare)]]
In [[South Korea]], horse meat is generally not eaten, but raw horse meat, usually taken from the neck, is consumed as a delicacy on [[Jeju Island]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jejuweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=1058 |title=Full horse course an unforgettable experience |publisher=Jejuweekly.com |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-date=June 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623022337/http://www.jejuweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=1058 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.koreana.or.kr/months/news_view.asp?b_idx=1373&lang=en&page_type=list Exploring Jeju’s Savory Delicacies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623111238/http://www.koreana.or.kr/months/news_view.asp?b_idx=1373&lang=en&page_type=list |date=June 23, 2011 }}, koreana.or.kr</ref>
====Tonga====
<!--{{unreferenced section|date=February 2011}}--covered by hatnote in the "Around the world" section-->
<!--this source has potential: https://www.jstor.org/stable/25169643 'How Valuable a Horse Would Be Here': The Introduction of the Horse to Tonga by Martin Daly-->
In [[Tonga]], horse meat or {{Lang|to|lo'i ho'osi}} is much more than just a delicacy; its consumption is generally reserved for special occasions, which may include the death of an important family member or community member or as a form of celebration during the birthday of an important family member or perhaps the visitation of someone important, such as the king of Tonga. A horse is one of the most valuable animals a family can own in Tonga because of its use as a beast of burden. Tonga has long lacked land area compared with its population, so the missionaries introduced horse meat in lieu of cattle. Therefore, the slaughter of one's horse for consumption becomes a moment of immense homage to the person or event for which the horse was slain. In the [[diaspora]] into Western countries such as Australia <!-- the USA, --> and New Zealand, where consumption of horse meat is generally taboo, Tongans still eat horse meat, perhaps even more so, because it is more readily available and more affordable.
===Europe===
====Austria====
[[File:Pferdeleberkäse Ad.jpg|thumb|right|Fast-food shop selling horse ''[[Leberkäse]]'' ({{Lang|de|Pferdeleberkäse}}) in [[Vienna]]]]
Horse ''[[Leberkäse]]'' is available in special horse [[butchery|butcheries]] and occasionally at various stands, sold in a bread roll. Dumplings can also be prepared with horse meat, spinach, or Tyrolean {{Lang|de|Graukäse}} (a sour milk cheese). Such dumplings are occasionally eaten on their own, in a soup, or as a side dish.
====Belgium====
In Belgium, horse meat ({{Lang|nl|paardenvlees}} in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and {{Lang|fr|viande chevaline}} in French) is popular in a number of preparations. Lean, smoked, and sliced horse meat fillet ({{Lang|nl|paardenrookvlees}} or {{Lang|nl|paardengerookt}}; {{Lang|fr|filet chevalin}} in French) is served as a [[cold cut]] with sandwiches or as part of a cold salad. Horse steaks can be found in most butchers and are used in a variety of preparations. The city of [[Vilvoorde]] has a few restaurants specialising in dishes prepared with horse meat. Horse sausage is a well-known local specialty in [[Lokeren]] ([[Lokerse paardenworst]]) and [[Dendermonde]] with European recognition.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.streekproduct.be/producten/detail.phtml?id=18&start=54& |title=Lokerse paardenworsten |publisher=Streekproduct.be |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-date=April 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425062459/http://www.streekproduct.be/producten/detail.phtml?id=18&start=54& |url-status=live }}</ref> Smoked or dried horse/pork meat sausage, similar to salami, is sold in a square shape to be distinguished from pork and/or beef sausages.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Janssens | first1 = M.
| last2 = Myter | first2 = N.
| last3 = De Vuyst | first3 = L.
| last4 = Leroy | first4 = F.
| title = Species diversity and metabolic impact of the microbiota are low in spontaneously acidified Belgian sausages with an added starter culture of ''Staphylococcus carnosus''
| doi = 10.1016/j.fm.2011.07.005
| journal = Food Microbiology
| volume = 29
| issue = 2
| pages = 167–177
| year = 2012
| pmid = 22202870
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Janssens | first1 = M. | last2 = Myter | first2 = N. | last3 = De Vuyst | first3 = L. | last4 = Leroy | first4 = F. | title = Species diversity and metabolic impact of the microbiota are low in spontaneously acidified Belgian sausages with an added starter culture of Staphylococcus carnosus | doi = 10.1016/j.fm.2011.07.005 | journal = Food Microbiology | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 167–177 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22202870}}</ref> A Flemish region around the [[Rupel]] River is also famous for a horse [[stew]] named {{Lang|nl|schep}}, made out of shoulder chuck (or similar cuts), brown ale, onions, and mustard. {{Lang|nl|Schep}} is typically served with fries, mayonnaise, and a salad of raw [[Belgian endive]].
====Bulgaria====
Horse meat is served in some restaurants in Bulgaria, as the preferred way of consuming it is in the form of steaks and burgers. Still being far from a meat for mass consumption, horse meat is regaining its popularity, which it had in the '60s and '70s of the past century, when it was also consumed in sausages and ''[[tartare]]''.
====Finland====
[[File:Big Hero steak.jpg|thumb|right|A horse meat steak served at restaurant Oklahoma, [[Vantaa]], [[Finland]]]]
Horse meat is available in butcher shops and shops specializing in meats but it can sometimes be found in supermarkets, especially in ground form. The most common way to eat horse meat is in sausage form, especially {{Lang|fi|meetwursti}} (''[[Mettwurst]]''), a cured and smoked sausage which often contains pork, beef and horse meat. Finns consume around 400g of horse meat per person per year and the country produces around 300–400 thousand tons of meat per year, while importing around 1.5 million kilograms per year from countries like Canada, Mexico or Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-10332390|title=Suomalaiset arastelevat ekologista hevosenlihaa – suurin osa hevosista päätyy hautaan, ongelmajätteeseen tai tuhkattaviksi (Finns avoid ecological horse meat - most horses end up buried, as problem waste or cremated)|website=yle.fi|date=August 2, 2018|language=fi}}</ref> No horses are bred for meat production and there are stringent laws against using meat from a horse that has been medicated or injected with antibiotics. Using meat from a horse that has been treated with non-equine medicine or has not been inspected by a veterinarian is banned outright.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hippos.fi/hippos/muut/uutisarkisto/ajankohtaista_-_arkisto/hevosen_elaman_vastuullinen_paattaminen.5677.news?870_o=4725|title=Hevosen elämän vastuullinen päättäminen (The ethical ending of a horse's life)|language=fi|website=www.hippos.fi}}</ref>
====France====
[[File:Jielbeaumadier contrefilet de cheval 2010.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Entrecôte]]'' of horse meat, in France]] [[File:Chevaline Pezenas.jpg|thumb|280px|A butcher shop specializing in horse meat in Pezenas, Languedoc, France]]
In France, specialized butcher shops ({{Lang|fr|boucheries chevalines}}) sell horse meat, as ordinary butcher shops were for a long time forbidden to deal in it. However, since the 1990s, it can be found in supermarket butcher shops and others.
Horse meat was eaten in large amounts during the 1870 [[Siege of Paris (1870–1871)|Siege of Paris]], when it was included in ''[[haute cuisine]]'' menus.
====Germany====
Although no taboo comparable to that in the English-speaking world exists, German law used to proscribe that horse meat be sold only by specialized butchers ({{Lang|de|Pferdemetzgereien}}). This proscription was abolished in 1993, but only a small minority of ordinary butchers have since begun to sell horse meat. {{as of|2018}}, most horse meat was still sold by the specialists, some of whom also delivered by mail order.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pferd-und-fleisch.de/pferdeflsh/laden1.htm|title=Wo gibt es Pferdefleisch (Where can you get horse meat and horse sausage)|website=www.pferd-und-fleisch.de|language=de|access-date=November 5, 2018|archive-date=November 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105202612/http://www.pferd-und-fleisch.de/pferdeflsh/laden1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
Many regions of Germany have traditional recipes that include horse meat. In the [[Rhineland]] around Cologne and Düsseldorf, restaurants often offer the traditional ''[[Sauerbraten]]'' in horse meat, typically with a beef variant to choose from. Other traditional horse meat dishes include the [[Swabia]]n {{Lang|de|Pferderostbraten}} (a joint of roast meat prepared similarly to roast beef), [[Bavaria]]n sausage varieties such as {{Lang|de|Rosswurst}} and {{Lang|de|Ross-Kochsalami}} as well as {{Lang|de|Ross-Leberkäse}}, a meatloaf dish.
The [[2013 meat adulteration scandal]] started when German authorities detected horse meat in prepared food products including frozen lasagna, where it was declared fraudulently as beef. The mislabeling prompted EU authorities to speed up publication of European Commission recommendations for labeling the origin of all processed meat.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/german-press-review-on-the-horsemeat-scandal-in-frozen-foods-a-883637.html|title=German Press Review on the Horsemeat Scandal in Frozen Foods - DER SPIEGEL - International|first=DER|last=SPIEGEL|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=February 15, 2013|access-date=September 18, 2020|archive-date=March 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323202913/http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/german-press-review-on-the-horsemeat-scandal-in-frozen-foods-a-883637.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
====Hungary====
In [[Hungary]], horse meat is primarily used in salami and sausages, usually mixed with pork, but also in goulashes and other stews. These products are sold in most supermarkets and many butcher shops.
====Iceland====
In [[Cuisine of Iceland|Iceland]], horse meat is both eaten minced and as steak, also used in [[stew]]s and [[fondue]], prized for its strong flavor. It has a particular role in the culture and history of the island. The people of Iceland supposedly were reluctant to embrace Christianity for some time largely over the issue of giving up horse meat after [[Pope Gregory III]] banned horse meat consumption in 732 AD, as it was a major part of many pagan rites and sacrifice in Northern Europe. Horse meat consumption was banned when the pagan Norse [[Icelanders]] eventually [[Christianisation of Iceland#Adoption by arbitration|adopted Christianity]] in 1000 AD/[[Common Era]]. The ban became so ingrained that most people would not handle horse meat, let alone consume it. Even during harsh famines in the 18th century, most people would not eat horse meat, and those who did were castigated. In 1757, the ban was decriminalised, but general distaste for horse meat lasted well into the 19th century, possibly longer, and its consumption often regarded as an indication of poverty. Even today horse meat is not popular (3.2% of Iceland’s meat production in 2015), although this has more to do with culinary tradition and the popularity of equestrianism than any religious vestiges.
====Italy====
[[File:macelleria equina venezia.jpg|thumb|right|[[Venice|Venetian]] horse meat [[butcher]]]]
Horse meat is especially popular in [[Lombardy]], [[Apulia]], the [[Veneto]], [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]], [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]], [[Parma]], and the islands of [[Sardinia]] and [[Sicily]].
Horse meat is used in a variety of recipes: as a stew called {{Lang|it|pastissada}} (typical of [[Verona]]), served as steaks, as ''[[carpaccio]]'', or made into ''[[bresaola]]''. Thin strips of horse meat called {{Lang|it|sfilacci}} are popular. Horse fat is used in recipes such as ''[[b:Cookbook:Pezzetti di Cavallo|pezzetti di cavallo]]''. Horse meat sausages and salamis are traditional in various places. In Sardinia, {{lang|sc|sa petza 'e cuaddu}} or {{lang|sc|sa petha (d)e caddu}} {{lang|sc|[[campidanese]]}} and {{lang|sc|[[logudorese]]}} for horse meat) is one of the most renowned meats and sometimes is sold from kiosks with bread - also in the town of [[Sassari]] is a long tradition of eating horse steaks ({{lang|sc|carri di cabaddu}} in the local dialect). Chefs and consumers tend to prize its uniqueness by serving it as rare as possible. [[Donkey]] is also cooked, for example as a stew called {{Lang|it|stracotto d'asino}} and as meat for sausages e.g. {{Lang|it|mortadella d'asino}}. The [[Province of Parma#Cuisine|cuisine of Parma]] features a horse meat ''[[tartare]]'' called {{Lang|it|pesto di cavallo}}, as well as various cooked dishes.<ref>{{cite news |author=Jason McBride |url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/eatingweird/2009/07/03/heigh-ho-silver/ |title=Heigh ho, Silver - Eating Weird: Exploring Strange and Unusual Food in Seattle |publisher=Blog.seattlepi.com |date=2009-07-03 |access-date=2014-02-09 |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091844/http://blog.seattlepi.com/eatingweird/2009/07/03/heigh-ho-silver/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In Veneto, the consumption of horse meat dates back to at least 1000 BC/[[BCE]] to the [[Adriatic Veneti]], renowned for their horse-breeding skills. They were used to sacrifice horses to their goddess [[Reitia]] or to the mythical hero [[Diomedes]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O7z4Sl-SgFEC |title=The Latin Language - Leonard Robert Palmer - Google Libri |access-date=2014-02-09 |isbn=9780806121369 |year=1988 |last1=Palmer |first1=Leonard Robert |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918224626/https://books.google.com/books?id=O7z4Sl-SgFEC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hx7UigqsTKoC&q=runic+amulets+and+magic+objects&pg=PA1 |title=Runic Amulets and Magic Objects - Mindy MacLeod, Bernard Mees - Google Books |access-date=2014-02-09 |isbn=9781843832058 |year=2006 |last1=MacLeod |first1=Mindy |last2=Mees |first2=Bernard |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918224629/https://books.google.com/books?id=hx7UigqsTKoC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=runic+amulets+and+magic+objects |url-status=live }}</ref> Throughout the classical period, Veneto established itself as a centre for horse breeding in Italy; Venetian horses were provided for the cavalry and carriage of the [[Roman legion]]s, with the white Venetic horses becoming famous among Greeks and Romans as one of the best breeds for [[circus]] racing.<ref>An early History of Horsemanship by Augusto Azzaroli. Brill 1985. p 135-138</ref> As well as breeding horses for military and farming applications, the Venetics also used them for consumption throughout the Roman period, a practice that established the consumption of horse meat as a tradition in [[Venetian cuisine]]. In the modern age, horse meat is considered a luxury item and is widely available through supermarkets and butcheries, with some specialised butcheries offering only selected cuts of equine meat. Prices are usually higher than beef, pork, or any other kind of meat, except game.
[[File:Sfilacci di cavallo.jpg|thumb|right|Typical [[Paduan]] specialty: horse {{Lang|it|sfilacci}}, smoked and salt-cured "frayed threads" of meat]]
In the Province of [[Padua]], horse meat is a key element of the local cuisine, particularly in the area that extends southeast from the city, historically called [[Saccisica]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20130413113212/http://www.turismopadova.it/menu-en/scoprire-padova/padova-da-gustare-1/itinerari-del-gusto/Enogastronomia%20cintura%20orientale%20e%20Saccisica?set_language=en&cl=en Saccisica and Conselvano] Official site of the Padua Province. Tourist Section.</ref> Specialties based on horse meat constitute the main courses and best attractions of several typical restaurants in the zone. They are also served among other regional delicacies at the food stands of many local festivals, related to civil and religious anniversaries. Most notable is the {{Lang|it|Festa del Cavallo}}, held annually in the small town of [[Legnaro]] and totally dedicated to horses, included their consumption for food.
Some traditional dishes are:
*{{Lang|it|Sfilacci di cavallo}}: tiny frayings of horse meat, dried and seasoned; to be consumed raw, can be a light and quick snack, more popular as a topping on other dishes: ex. pasta, risotto, pizza, salads, etc. [[File:6232675-Horse meat stew Padova.jpg|thumb|{{Lang|it|Cavàeo in Umido}} (traditional horse meat stew from [[Padua]]) with grilled polenta]]
*{{Lang|it|Straéca}}: a thin soft horse steak, cut from the diaphragm, variously cooked and dressed on the grill, pan or hot-plate
*{{Lang|it|Bistecca di puledro}}: colt steak, whose preparation is similar to {{Lang|it|straéca}}
*{{Lang|it|Spezzatino di cavallo}}: also said {{Lang|it|cavàeo in umido}}, small chunks of horse meat, stewed with onion, parsley and/or other herbs and flavours, potatoes, broth, wine, etc., usually consumed with [[polenta]], much appreciated also is a similar stew made of donkey meat, served in traditional [[trattoria|trattorie]], with many variations for different villages: {{Lang|it|spessadin de musso}}, {{Lang|it|musso in umido}}, {{Lang|it|musso in tocio}}, {{Lang|it|musso in pocio}}
*{{Lang|it|Prosciutto di cavallo}}: horse [[ham]], served in very thin slices
*{{Lang|it|Salame di cavallo}} or {{Lang|it|salsiccia di cavallo}}: various kinds of [[salami]], variously produced or seasoned, sometimes made of pure equine meat, sometimes mixed with others (beef or pork)
*''[[Bigoli]]'' {{Lang|it|al sugo di cavallo}}: a typical form of fresh pasta, similar to thick rough spaghetti, dressed with sauce like [[Bolognese sauce]], but made with minced horse meat
*{{Lang|it|Pezzetti di cavallo al sugo}}: horse stew, seasoned with sauce, vegetables and various peperoncino, widely used in the [[Salento]] [[File:Spezzatino di cavallo.jpg|thumb|right|Chunks ({{Lang|it|pezzetti}}) of horse stew ({{Lang|it|spezzatino di cavallo}})]]
In southern Italy, horse meat is commonly eaten everywhere - especially in the region of [[Apulia]], where it is considered a delicacy.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fabio Parasecoli|authorlink=Fabio Parasecoli|title=Food culture in Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWlCT5Hs8YwC|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32726-1|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uWlCT5Hs8YwC&pg=PA86 86]|access-date=January 8, 2016|archive-date=July 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729083257/https://books.google.com/books?id=uWlCT5Hs8YwC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Paula Hardy|author2=Abigail Hole|author3=Olivia Pozzan|title=Puglia & Basilicata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8OEt_xn0nkC|year=2008|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74179-089-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e8OEt_xn0nkC&pg=PA42 42]|access-date=January 8, 2016|archive-date=May 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522110302/https://books.google.com/books?id=e8OEt_xn0nkC|url-status=live}}</ref> It is a vital part of the {{Lang|it|ragù barese}} ({{IPA-it|raˈɡu bbaˈreːze|}}) in [[Bari]] and of the [[Pezzetti di cavallo]], a stew with tomato sauce, vegetables and chili, popular in [[Salento]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theitaliantaste.com/italian-cooking/carne/cavallo/ricette-recipe/cav001_apulia_brasciole.php|title=Brasciole or meat rolls filled with pecorino and fat: Authentic Italian recipe of Apulia|publisher=theitaliantaste.com|access-date=January 24, 2012|archive-date=March 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321145524/http://theitaliantaste.com/italian-cooking/carne/cavallo/ricette-recipe/cav001_apulia_brasciole.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
According to British food writer [[Matthew Fort]], "The taste for donkey and horse goes back to the days when these animals were part of everyday agricultural life. In the frugal, unsentimental manner of agricultural communities, all the animals were looked on as a source of protein. Waste was not an option."<ref>Eating Up Italy: Voyages on a Vespa by [[Matthew Fort]]. 2005, p253-254. {{ISBN|0-00-721481-2}}</ref>
====Malta====
In [[Malta]], horse meat ({{lang-mt|laħam taż-żiemel}}) is seared and slowly cooked for hours in either tomato or red wine sauce. A few horse meat shops still exist and it is still served in some restaurants.<ref>{{Cite book
|title=Malta & Gozo
|author=Carolyn Bain
|year=2004
|publisher=Lonely Planet
|isbn=978-1740591782
|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetmalt00caro/page/56
|url-access=registration
|access-date=2007-09-14
|page=56
|quote=Did you know? Many of the village restaurants specialising in rabbit also feature horse meat on their menu.
}}</ref>
====Netherlands====
[[File:Horse meat in package.JPG|thumb|Sliced and packaged horse meat from the Netherlands]]In the Netherlands, smoked horse meat ({{Lang|nl|paardenrookvlees}}) is sold as sliced meat and eaten on bread. {{Lang|nl|Zuurvlees}}, a southern Dutch stew, is made with horse meat as main ingredient. There are also beef-based variants. Horse meat is also used in sausages ({{Lang|nl|paardenworst}} and ''[[frikandel]]''),<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2009-02-19|title=Deurnese vinding: de frikandel|url=https://www.bd.nl/regios/brabant/4534973/Deurnese-vinding-de-frikandel.ece|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310113957/http://www.brabantsdagblad.nl/regios/brabant/4534973/Deurnese-vinding-de-frikandel.ece|archive-date=March 10, 2012|access-date=2021-01-03|website=[[Brabants Dagblad]]|language=nl}}</ref> fried fast food snacks and ready-to-eat soups.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/Article/Detail.aspx?articleID=111hv83f |title=Erkende Lokerse paardenworst wil Europees |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |date=2007-09-28 |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-date=May 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513140904/http://www.nieuwsblad.be/Article/Detail.aspx?articleID=111hv83f |url-status=live }}</ref>
====Norway====
In Norway, horse meat is commonly used in cured meats, such as {{Lang|no|vossakorv}} and {{Lang|no|svartpølse}}, and less commonly as steak, {{Lang|no|hestebiff}}.
In pre-Christian Norway, horse was seen as an expensive animal. To eat a horse was to show one had great wealth, and to sacrifice a horse to the gods was seen as the greatest gift one could give. When Norwegians adopted Christianity, horse-eating became taboo as it was a religious act for pagans, thus it was considered a sign of heresy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jochens|first=Jenny|title=Women in Old Norse Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3h-lkgBWercC&pg=PA87|year=1998|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8520-6|pages=87–88|access-date=January 8, 2016|archive-date=March 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306013134/https://books.google.com/books?id=3h-lkgBWercC|url-status=live}}</ref>
====Poland====
Older horses are often exported [[Livestock transportation|on the hoof]] to Italy to be slaughtered. This practice is considered controversial. Horses in Poland are treated mostly as companions, and the majority of Poles are against live export for slaughter.<ref name="ratujkonie.pl">{{Cite web|title=Chcemy zakazu zabijania koni na mięso!|url=https://www.ratujkonie.pl/filmy-i-artykuly/chcemy-zakazu-zabijania-koni-na-mieso/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=Ratuj konie|language=pl-PL}}</ref> Poland has a tradition of eating horse meat (e.g., sausage or steak ''tartare''). The consumption of horse meat was highest at times when other meat was scarce, such as during the [[Second World War]] and the [[Polish People's Republic|communist period]] that followed it).<ref name="ratujkonie.pl"/>
====Serbia====
Horse meat is generally available in [[Serbia]], though mostly shunned in traditional cuisine. It is, however, often recommended by general practitioners to persons who suffer from [[anemia]]. It is available to buy at three green markets in [[Belgrade]], a market in [[Niš]], and in several cities in ethnically mixed [[Vojvodina]], where [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] and previously [[Germans|German]] traditions brought the usage.
====Slovenia====
[[File:Horse meat hamburger at restaurant Hot' Horse, Ljubljana, Slovenia.jpg|thumb|right|A horse meat hamburger in restaurant Hot' Horse, [[Ljubljana, Slovenia]]: Horse meat is a national delicacy in Slovenia.]]
Horse meat is generally available in [[Slovenia]], and is highly popular in the traditional cuisine, especially in the central region of [[Carniola]] and in the [[Karst Plateau|Karst]] region. Colt steak ({{Lang|sl|žrebičkov zrezek}}) is also highly popular, especially in Slovenia's capital [[Ljubljana]], where it is part of the city's traditional regional cuisine. In Ljubljana, many restaurants sell burgers and meat that contain large amounts of horse meat, including a fast-food chain called Hot' Horse.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ljubljana-life.com/eat/restaurants_details/96-Hot_Horse
|title=Hot Horse
|publisher=ljubljana-life.com
|access-date=2007-12-03
|archive-date=July 6, 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706132701/http://www.ljubljana-life.com/eat/restaurants_details/96-Hot_Horse
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.sloveniatimes.com/en/inside.cp2?uid=9233471E-2FB7-2359-C795-B29EDCF6A4A2&linkid=news&cid=762059D5-F84D-020A-FBA5-2AD66B5F38CB
|title=Taste Ljubljana—Capital Ideas
|date=14 December 2006
|author=Dan Ryan
|access-date=2007-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210033450/http://www.sloveniatimes.com/en/inside.cp2?uid=9233471E-2FB7-2359-C795-B29EDCF6A4A2&linkid=news&cid=762059D5-F84D-020A-FBA5-2AD66B5F38CB|archive-date=2008-02-10}}</ref>
====Spain====
[[Cecina (meat)|''Cecina'']] is a cured meat made from beef or horse, and is considered a delicacy. [[Foal]] meat ({{Lang|es|carne de potro}}) is preferred over horse meat for this purpose. Horse meat is easily found in supermarkets, and usually prepared as a stew or as steak. A common practice is to serve horse meat to [[iron-deficiency anemia|anemic]] children. Although no generalized taboo exists in Spain, consumption of horse meat is minor, compared to that of pork, beef, or lamb.
====Sweden====
Smoked, cured horse meat is widely available as a [[cold cut]] under the name {{Lang|sv|hamburgerkött}} (literally hamburger meat). It tends to be very thinly sliced and fairly salty, slightly reminiscent of deli-style ham, and as a packaged meat, may list horse meat (as {{Lang|sv|hästkött}}) as its primary ingredient.<!--removed blogspot citation--http://rlklam.blogspot.com/2009/01/please-pass-horse.html-->{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Several varieties of smoked sausage made from horse meat, including {{Lang|sv|Gustafskorv}}, are also quite popular, especially in the province of [[Dalarna]], where they are produced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americulinariska.com/2014/10/20/gustafskorv-horse-meat/|title=A HORSE of Course! Horse Meat in Sweden (Gustafskorv)|date=October 20, 2014|publisher=americulinariska.com|access-date=April 28, 2017|archive-date=April 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429001037/http://www.americulinariska.com/2014/10/20/gustafskorv-horse-meat/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Lang|sv|Gustafskorv}}, similar to salami or ''[[metworst]]'', may substitute for those meats in sandwiches.
====Switzerland====
Horse meat is widely available and consumed in Switzerland, where no taboo exists regarding it. The laws on foodstuffs of animal origin in [[Switzerland]] explicitly list [[equine]]s as an animal type allowed for the production of food.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/20143409/index.html#a2|title=RS 817.022.108 Ordonnance du DFI du 16 décembre 2016 sur les denrées alimentaires d'origine animale (ODAIAn) (Ordinance of 23 November 2005 on food of animal origin)|website=www.admin.ch|publisher=Federal Department of Home Affairs (Switzerland)|language=fr|access-date=September 18, 2020|archive-date=June 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607213931/https://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/20143409/index.html#a2|url-status=live}}</ref> Horse steak is widely offered in restaurants. A marinated, smoked [[cold cuts|deli meat]] specialty known as ''[[:de:Mostbröckli|Mostbröckli]]'' is made here with beef or horse meat. Horse meat is also used for a range of sausages in the German-speaking north of Switzerland. As in northern Italy, in Switzerland's Italian-speaking south, local {{Lang|it|salametti}} (sausages) may be made with horse meat. Horse may also be used in [[Fondue#Fondue Bourguignonne|''fondue Bourguignonne'']].
====Ukraine====
In Ukraine, especially in [[Crimea]] and other southern steppe regions, horse meat is consumed in the form of sausages called {{Transl|uk|mahan}} and {{Transl|uk|sudzhuk}}. These particular sausages are traditional food of the [[Crimean Tatars|Crimean Tatar]] population.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
====United Kingdom====
In the United Kingdom, the slaughter, preparation, and consumption of horses for food is not against the law, although it has been rare since the 1930s, and horse meat is not generally available. A cultural taboo against consuming horse meat exists in the UK, although it was eaten when other meats were scarce, such as during times of war,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/foodprogramme_20040425.shtml |title=BBC Radio 4 - Factual - Food Programme - 11 April 2004 |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2004-04-11 |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-date=June 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616180712/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/foodprogramme_20040425.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/25/a7269825.shtml |title=WW2 People's War - Horsemeat, A Wedding Treat |publisher=BBC |date=2005-11-25 |access-date=2013-02-15}}</ref> as was [[whale meat]], which similarly failed to achieve popularity. The sale of meat labelled as horse meat in UK supermarkets and butchers is minimal, and most actual horse meat consumed in the UK is imported from continental Europe, predominantly from the [[south of France]], where it is more widely eaten.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/06/nramsay06.xml |title=We Should Eat Horse Meat |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |archive-date=March 26, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326045738/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F05%2F06%2Fnramsay06.xml |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Horse meat may be eaten without the knowledge of the consumer, due to accidental or [[fraud]]ulent introduction of horse meat into human food. A 2003 [[Food Standards Agency]] investigation revealed that certain sausages, salami, and similar products such as [[chorizo]] and [[pastrami]] sometimes contained horse meat without it being listed,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2963554.stm |title=Horse meat found in salami |work=BBC News |date=June 4, 2003 |archive-date=January 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128115440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2963554.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> although listing is legally required.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.food.gov.uk/foodlabelling/ull/ |title=[ARCHIVED CONTENT] Food Standards Agency - Labelling rules |publisher=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk |access-date=2013-02-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720141827/http://www.food.gov.uk/foodlabelling/ull/ |archive-date=2008-07-20 }}</ref> The [[2013 horse meat scandal]] involved multiple products being recalled from shelves due to unlabelled horse meat in amounts up to 100% of the meat content.<ref name=bbcconf>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21375594 |title=Findus beef lasagne contained up to 100% horsemeat, FSA says |date=7 February 2013 |access-date=7 February 2013 |work=BBC News |archive-date=February 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207194258/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21375594 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Horse meat was featured in a segment of a 2007 episode of the [[Gordon Ramsay]] series ''[[The F Word (British TV series)|The F Word]]''. In the segment, [[Janet Street-Porter]] convinced locals to try horse meat, though not before facing controversy and being forced to move her stand to a privately owned location. The meat was presented as having a similar taste to beef, but with less fat, a high concentration of [[omega-3 fatty acid]]s, and as a safer alternative in times of worry regarding [[Avian influenza|bird flu]] and [[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy|mad cow disease]]. The segment was met with skepticism from many viewers after broadcast for various reasons, either because some felt the practice was cruel and against social norms, or simply a belief that if the taste was really on par with other meats, then people would already be eating it.<ref name="thefword">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1550742/We-should-eat-horse-meat-says-Ramsay.html|title=We should eat horse meat, says Ramsay|first=David|last=Harrison|date=May 6, 2007|access-date=July 24, 2016|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|archive-date=September 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920091319/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1550742/We-should-eat-horse-meat-says-Ramsay.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A company called Cowley's Fine Foods has also launched a horse jerky range called My Brittle Pony.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/is-horse-meat-legal-in-the-us_n_2966499|title = WATCH: HuffPost Tries Horse Meat and (Kind Of) Likes It|date = April 2013}}</ref> Their Twitter account @MY Brittle Pony, states that they are "Determined to make horse a stable part of the British diet.<ref>https://twitter.com/MYBrittlePony {{Bare URL inline|date=November 2021}}</ref>
===North America===
====Canada====
A thriving horse meat business exists in [[Quebec]]; the meat is available in most supermarket chains there.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/food-trends/why-you-should-eat-horsemeat-its-delicious/article567009/?page=all|title=Why you should eat horsemeat: It's delicious|date=January 4, 2011|newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]]|access-date=August 31, 2017|archive-date=May 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525133935/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/food-trends/why-you-should-eat-horsemeat-its-delicious/article567009/?page=all|url-status=live}}</ref> Horse meat is also for sale at the other end of the country, in [[Granville Island]] Market in [[downtown Vancouver]], where according to a [[Time magazine|''Time'']] reviewer who smuggled it into the United States, it turned out to be a "sweet, rich, superlean, oddly soft meat, closer to beef than venison".<ref name="time" /> Horse meat is also available in high-end [[Toronto]] butchers and supermarkets. Aside from the heritage of French cuisine at one end of the country, most of Canada shares the horse meat taboo with the rest of the [[English-speaking world]]. This mentality is especially evident in [[Alberta]], where strong [[horse racing]] and breeding industries and cultures have existed since the province's founding, although large numbers of horses are slaughtered for meat in Fort MacLeod,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tierschutzbund-zuerich.ch/en/investigation-reports/country/select_category/36.html |title=Investigation reports, Canada |publisher=Tierschutzbund Zürich TSB |location=Zurich, Switzerland |access-date=2015-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629155935/https://www.tierschutzbund-zuerich.ch/en/investigation-reports/country/select_category/36.html |archive-date=2017-06-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and certain butchers in Calgary do sell it.
In 2013, the consumer protection show ''Kassensturz'' of Swiss television [[Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen|SRF]] reported the poor animal conditions at Bouvry Exports, a Canadian horse meat farm in Fort MacLeod, Alberta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srf.ch/konsum/themen/konsum/quaelerei-auf-pferdefarmen |title=Quälerei auf Pferdefarmen |trans-title=Cruelty on horse farms |author=Ursula Gabathuler |author2=Samira Zingaro |publisher=Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen SRF |date=22 February 2013 |language=de |location=Zurich, Switzerland |access-date=2015-01-14 |archive-date=February 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227043358/http://www.srf.ch/konsum/themen/konsum/quaelerei-auf-pferdefarmen |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Migros]], the primary importer of horse meat into Switzerland, started working with Bouvry to improve their animal welfare, but in 2015 Migros cut ties with Bouvry because though improvements had been made, they had not improved sufficiently. Migros had "set itself the ambitious goal of bringing all suppliers abroad up to the strict Swiss standards by 2020."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.migros.ch/de/medien/medienmitteilungen/aktuelle-meldungen-2014/kein-pferdefleisch-vom-produzenten-bouvry.html |title=Migros bezieht kein Pferdefleisch mehr vom Produzenten Bouvry aus Kanada|trans-title=Migros no longer purchases horse meat from the producer Bouvry in Canada|language=de |publisher=[[Migros]]-Genossenschafts-Bund |location=Zurich, Switzerland |date=6 June 2014 |access-date=2015-01-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114212512/http://www.migros.ch/de/medien/medienmitteilungen/aktuelle-meldungen-2014/kein-pferdefleisch-vom-produzenten-bouvry.html |archive-date=14 January 2015 }}</ref>
[[CBC News]] reported on March 10, 2013, that horse meat was also popular among some segments of Toronto's population. <!-- The article also reported that countries where horse meat is part of the diet include France, Russia, Kazakhstan, China, and Italy. --><ref name=CBC2013-03-10>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/story/2013/03/10/toronto-horse-meat.html|title=Toronto restaurateurs say horse meat a prime dining choice|date=March 10, 2013|newspaper=[[CBC News]]|access-date=March 15, 2013|archive-date=March 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314225747/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/story/2013/03/10/toronto-horse-meat.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
====United States====
{{See also|Horse slaughter#United States}}
Horse meat is generally not eaten in the United States, and is banned in many states across the country. It holds a taboo in American culture very similar to the one found in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodreference.com/html/arthorsemeat.html|title=Horsemeat - Food Facts and History - Food Reference|work=foodreference.com|access-date=January 25, 2015|archive-date=February 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204124210/http://www.foodreference.com/html/arthorsemeat.html|url-status=live}}</ref> All horse meat produced in the United States since the 1960s (until the last quarter of 2007) was intended solely for export abroad, primarily to the European Union. However, a thriving horse exportation business is going on in several states, including Texas, primarily exporting horses to slaughterhouses in either Canada or Mexico.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tierschutzbund-zuerich.ch/en/investigation-reports/country/select_category/37.html |title=Investigation reports, USA |publisher=Tierschutzbund Zürich (Animal Welfare Foundation) TSB |location=Zurich, Switzerland |access-date=2015-01-14 |archive-date=January 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112119/http://tierschutzbund-zuerich.ch/en/investigation-reports/country/select_category/37.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Restriction of human consumption of horse meat in the U.S. has generally involved legislation at local, state, and federal levels. Several states have enacted legislation either prohibiting the sale of horse meat or banning altogether the slaughter of horses. <!-- OUTDATED, as horse slaughter occurred until 2007 Texas, for example, banned in 1949 the sale of horsemeat, as well as the any trade operation, such as transportation, involving horse meat.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/AG/htm/AG.149.htm | title=Texas Agriculture Code Chapter 149 "Sale of Horsemeat for Human Consumption" | publisher=Texas Constitution and Statutes, State of Texas| year=1949 | access-date=December 28, 2014}}</ref> -->
[[California Proposition 6 (1998)]] was passed by state voters, outlawing the possession, transfer, reception, or holding any horse, pony, burro, or mule by a person who is aware that it will be used for human consumption, and making the slaughter of horses or the sale of horse meat for human consumption a [[misdemeanor]] offense.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://vote98.sos.ca.gov/VoterGuide/Propositions/6.htm | title=Criminal Law. Prohibition on Slaughter of Horses and Sale of Horsemeat for Human Consumption. Initiative Statute. | publisher=California Secretary of State | year=1998 | access-date=September 12, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224023712/http://vote98.sos.ca.gov/VoterGuide/Propositions/6.htm | archive-date=February 24, 2012 }}</ref>
In 2007, the Illinois General Assembly enacted Public Act 95-02, amending Chapter 225, Section 635 of the state's compiled statutes<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=1381&ChapterID=24| title=225 ILCS 635 "Illinois Horse Meat Act"| publisher=Illinois General Assembly| year=2007| access-date=December 28, 2014| archive-date=April 2, 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402151319/http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=1381&ChapterID=24| url-status=live}}</ref> to prohibit both the act of slaughtering equines for human consumption and the trade of any horse meat similarly to Texas Agriculture Code's Chapter 149.
Other states banning horse slaughter or the sale of horse meat include New Jersey, Oklahoma, and Mississippi. In addition, several other states introduced legislation to outlaw the practice over the years, such as Florida, Massachusetts, New Mexico, and New York.
At the federal level, since 2001, several bills have been regularly introduced in both the House and Senate to ban horse slaughter throughout the country without success. However, a budgetary provision banning the use of federal funds to carry out mandatory inspections at horse slaughter plants (necessary to allow interstate sale and exports of horse meat) has also been in place since 2007. This restriction was temporarily removed in 2011 as part of the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2012<ref>{{cite news
|title = Horse: Coming soon to a meat case near you?
|url = http://eatocracy.cnn.com/2011/11/30/horse-coming-soon-to-a-meat-case-near-you/
|access-date = 2011-12-01
|publisher = CNN
|date = 2011-11-30
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111202170850/http://eatocracy.cnn.com/2011/11/30/horse-coming-soon-to-a-meat-case-near-you/
|archive-date = 2011-12-02
}}
</ref> but was again included in the FY2014 Agriculture Appropriations Act and subsequent federal budgets, hence preventing the operation of any domestic horse slaughter operation.
Until 2007, only three horse meat slaughterhouses still existed in the United States for export to foreign markets, but they were closed by court orders resulting from the upholding of aforementioned Illinois and Texas statutes banning horse slaughter and the sale of horse meat.
The taboo surrounding horse meat in the United States received national attention again in May 2017 when a restaurant in the [[Lawrenceville (Pittsburgh)|Lawrenceville]] section of [[Pittsburgh]] served a dish containing [[Steak tartare|horse tartare]] as part of a special event the restaurant was hosting with [[French Canadian]] chefs as guests. The restaurant, which otherwise does not serve horse meat (which is legal to serve and consume in [[Pennsylvania]]), received an inspection and a warning from the [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] not to serve horse meat again. A [[Change.org]] petition subsequently went up to advocate making serving horse meat illegal in Pennsylvania.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2017/05/15/usda-warns-pittsburgh-restaurant-that-served-horse-meat/|title = USDA Warns Pittsburgh Restaurant That Served Horse Meat|date = 2017-05-15|access-date = May 20, 2017|archive-date = May 18, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170518211537/http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2017/05/15/usda-warns-pittsburgh-restaurant-that-served-horse-meat/|url-status = live}}</ref>
From the 1920s and through the 1950s or 1960s, and with a brief rationing hiccup during WWII, horse meat was canned and sold as dog food by many different companies under many different brands, most notably by [[Ken-L Ration]]. The popularity of horse meat as dog food became so popular that by the 1930s, over 50,000 horses were bred and slaughtered each year to keep up with this specific demand.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.neatorama.com/pet/2013/05/20/Kibble-Me-This-The-History-of-Dog-Food/ | title=Kibble Me This: The History of Dog Food | access-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230305/http://www.neatorama.com/pet/2013/05/20/Kibble-Me-This-The-History-of-Dog-Food/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.animalfixer.com/articles/historydogfood.html | title=The History of Dog Food | access-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230225857/http://www.animalfixer.com/articles/historydogfood.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|isbn = 978-1592231164|title = Uncle John's Unstoppable Bathroom Reader|last1 = Institute|first1 = Bathroom Readers'|year = 2003|url = https://archive.org/details/unclejohnsunstop00bath}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://thecatsite.com/threads/the-history-of-dog-food.89636/ | title=The History of Dog Food | access-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230225803/https://thecatsite.com/threads/the-history-of-dog-food.89636/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.lrgaf.org/slaughter/savin.htm | title=Savin' All My Love for You | access-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230436/http://www.lrgaf.org/slaughter/savin.htm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://rtfitchauthor.com/tag/ken-l-ration/ | title=Ken-L-Ration – Straight from the Horse's Heart | access-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230608/https://rtfitchauthor.com/tag/ken-l-ration/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
====Mexico====
As of 2005, Mexico was the second-largest producer of horse meat in the world.<ref name=production2005>{{cite web
|url=http://www.animalwelfarecouncil.com/html/pdf/consequences.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707143541/http://www.animalwelfarecouncil.com/html/pdf/consequences.pdf
|archive-date=2011-07-07
|title=THE UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF A BAN ON THE HUMANE SLAUGHTER (PROCESSING) OF HORSES IN THE UNITED STATES
|publisher=The Animal Welfare Council, Inc., citing FAO-UN Horticultural Database
|date=May 15, 2006
|page=10
|access-date=2008-11-06
}}</ref> By 2009, it became the largest producer of horse meat in the world.<ref name=farminguk2009-01-17 /> It is only exported as it is not used or consumed in Mexico.<ref name="mexventa">{{Cite web|url=https://www.informador.mx/Economia/Mexico-consolida-venta-de-carne-de-caballo-al-exterior-20130225-0257.html|title=México consolida venta de carne de caballo al exterior (Mexico consolidates horse meat exportations)|website=El Informador :: Noticias de Jalisco, México, Deportes & Entretenimiento|access-date=April 22, 2014|language=es|archive-date=March 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312043356/https://www.informador.mx/Economia/Mexico-consolida-venta-de-carne-de-caballo-al-exterior-20130225-0257.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
===South America===
====Argentina====
[[Argentina]] is a producer and exporter of horse meat, but it is not used in local consumption and is considered taboo.<ref name="lanacion1">{{cite news|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1370512-carne-de-caballo-el-negocio-tabu-que-florece-en-la-argentina/|title=Carne de caballo, el negocio tabú que florece en la Argentina|language=es|work=La Nación|date=2011-05-04|access-date=2013-02-15|archive-date=July 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714063317/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1370512-carne-de-caballo-el-negocio-tabu-que-florece-en-la-argentina|url-status=live}}</ref>
====Chile====
In [[Chile]], it is used in ''[[charqui]]''. Also in Chile, horse meat became the main source of nutrition for the nomadic indigenous tribes, which promptly switched from a [[guanaco]]-based economy to a horse-based one after the horses brought by the Spaniards bred naturally and became feral.
Although not nearly as common as beef meat, horse meat can be readily available in some butcheries throughout the country. It is generally less expensive than beef and somewhat associated with lower social strata.
==See also==
{{portal|Food|Horses}}
* [[List of meat animals]]
* [[Mare milk]]
*[[Whale meat]]
*[[Shark fin soup]]
*[[Dog meat]]
*[[Snake meat]]
*[[Frog meat]]
*[[Monkey meat]]
*[[Cricket flour]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{cite web
|url=http://www.igha.org/USDA.html
|title=U.S.D.A. Promotes Horse & Goat Meat
|publisher=International Generic Horse Association
|access-date=2007-08-09
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://www.igha.org/USDA.html
|archive-date=2017-10-10
|url-status=dead
}} (quoting a 1997 USDA report said to be no longer available online)
*[https://www.la-viande.fr/ La Viande Chevaline], a web site made by the French Horse Meat Industry structure, called ''Interbev Equins'' (French)
{{Meat|state=expanded}}
{{Cuisine}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Horse Meat}}
[[Category:Horse products|Meat]]
[[Category:Meat by animal]]
[[Category:Horse industry]]
<!-- we do not add "egg" to all "national cuisine" categories, because it is not a product, it is an ingredient.
[[Category:Hungarian cuisine]]
[[Category:Japanese cuisine]]
[[Category:Mexican cuisine]]
[[Category:Austrian cuisine]]
[[Category:Central Asian cuisine]]
[[Category:Chilean cuisine]]
[[Category:Chinese cuisine]]
[[Category:French cuisine]]
[[Category:German cuisine]]
-->'
|
New page wikitext, after the edit ($1) (new_wikitext) |
'{{short description|Meat cut from a horse}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Horse meat
| image = Paardenrookvlees.JPG
| caption = ''Paardenrookvlees'' ([[Dutch cuisine|Dutch-style]] [[Smoking (cooking)|smoked]] and salted horse meat) on bread
| course =
| type = Meat
| main_ingredient =
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
|no_recipes=false
|no_commons=true
}}
'''[[Horse]] meat''' forms a significant part of the [[Culinary arts|culinary]] traditions of many countries, particularly in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]. The eight countries that consume the most horse meat consume about 4.3 million apples and horse meat are good for for so u should eat horses
Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-1162-1}}</ref>
The earliest horses evolved on the North American continent, and by about 12,000 BC, they had migrated to other parts of the world,<ref name = "Azzaroli1992">{{cite journal |last=Azzaroli |first=A. |year=1992 |title=Ascent and decline of monodactyl equids: a case for prehistoric overkill |journal=Ann. Zool. Finnici |volume=28 |pages=151–163 |url=http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anzf28/anz28-151-163.pdf |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=March 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329173448/http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anzf28/anz28-151-163.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> becoming extinct in the [[Americas]].<ref name="LeQuire">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=4849 | author=LeQuire, Elise | title=No Grass, No Horse | publisher=The Horse, online edition | date=January 4, 2004 | access-date=June 8, 2009 | archive-date=October 10, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=4849 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = "Guthrie">{{Cite journal | last = Guthrie | first = R. D. | s2cid = 186242574 | title = Rapid body size decline in Alaskan Pleistocene horses before extinction | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 426 | issue = 6963
| pages = 169–171 | date = November 13, 2003 | doi = 10.1038/nature02098 | pmid = 14614503 | bibcode = 2003Natur.426..169D }}</ref> The now-extinct [[Hagerman horse]] of Idaho, about the size of a modCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCFEeeees
|634,845|| 83,922
|-
| 4. ||{{flag|Mongolia}}
|397,271|| 57,193
|-
| 5. ||{{flag|Russia}}
|250,248|| 45,388
|-
| 6. ||{{flag|United States}}
|114,841|| 29,275
|-
| 7. ||{{flag|Canada}}
|127,656|| 27,395
|-
| 8. ||{{flag|Brazil}}
|188,531|| 24,566
|-
| 9. ||{{flag|Australia}}
|86,244|| 24,148
|-
| 10. ||{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
|155,177|| 23,762
|-
| ||Total
|4,262,004 || 642,621
|}
In 2005, the eight principal horse meat-producing countries produced over 700,000 tonnes of it. In 2005, the five biggest horse meat-consuming countries were China (421,000 tonnes), Mexico, Russia, Italy, and Kazakhstan (54,000 tonnes).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afac.ab.ca/reports/08horsereport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319202824/http://www.afac.ab.ca/reports/08horsereport.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-19 |title=The Alberta Horse Welfare Report, 2008 |access-date=2013-02-15}}</ref> In 2010, Mexico produced 140,000 tonnes, China 126,000 tonnes, and Kazakhstan 114,000 tonnes.
As horses are relatively poor converters of grass and grain to meat compared to cattle,<ref name=Harris /> they are not usually bred or raised specifically for their meat. Instead, horses are slaughtered when their monetary value as [[equitation|riding]] or [[draft animal|work animals]] is low, but their owners can still make money selling them for horse meat, for example in the routine export of the [[south England|southern English]] ponies from the [[New Forest pony|New Forest]], [[Exmoor pony|Exmoor]], and [[Dartmoor pony|Dartmoor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/south/series2/new_forest_ponies_commoners_breed_improvements.shtml |title=BBC Inside Out - New Forest Ponies |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2003-02-24 |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-date=January 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119074805/http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/south/series2/new_forest_ponies_commoners_breed_improvements.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=countrysideonline237>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007150933/http://www.countrysideonline.co.uk/plugins/content/content.php?content.237|archive-date=2006-10-07|publisher=BBC Inside Out|title=NFU Countryside Online: Passports for Ponies|url=http://www.countrysideonline.co.uk/plugins/content/content.php?content.237|access-date=2006-10-07}}</ref> [[British law]] requires the use of "[[Horse passport|equine passports]]" even for semiferal horses to enable [[traceability]] (also known as "provenance"), so most slaughtering is done in the UK before the meat is exported,<ref name=countrysideonline237 /> meaning that the animals travel as carcasses rather than live. Ex-[[Horse racing|racehorses]], [[Equestrianism|riding horses]], and other horses sold at auction may also enter the [[food chain]]; sometimes, these animals have been stolen or purchased under false pretenses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.netposse.com/stolenmissing/storyladyslaughter.htm |title=Slaughter of Lady |publisher=Netposse.com |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-date=June 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620105331/http://www.netposse.com/stolenmissing/storyladyslaughter.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Even prestigious horses may end up in the [[slaughterhouse]]; the 1986 [[Kentucky Derby]] winner and 1987 [[Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year]] winner, [[Ferdinand (horse)|Ferdinand]], is believed to have been slaughtered in Japan, probably for [[pet food]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://horsesdaily.com/news/racing/2003/07-21-derbywinner-ferdinand.html |title=Death of a Derby Winner |publisher=Horsesdaily.com |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-date=February 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216061402/http://www.horsesdaily.com/news/racing/2003/07-21-derbywinner-ferdinand.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
A misconception exists that horses are commonly slaughtered for pet food. In many countries, such as the United States, horse meat was [[outlaw]]ed for use in pet food in the 1970s. American horse meat is considered a [[delicacy]] in Europe and Japan, and its cost is in line with veal,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haras-nationaux.fr/portail/uploads/tx_vm19docsbase/DIP_ECO_03_HORSEMEAT_01.pdf |title=Horsemeat in France - (June 2006), Librairie des Haras nationaux |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101044559/http://www.haras-nationaux.fr/portail/uploads/tx_vm19docsbase/DIP_ECO_03_HORSEMEAT_01.pdf |archive-date=2007-11-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> so it would be prohibitively expensive in many countries for pet food.<ref>[http://www.maff.go.jp/aqs/animal/pdf/risk_assesment_hiikuhorse_1.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916113809/http://www.maff.go.jp/aqs/animal/pdf/risk_assesment_hiikuhorse_1.pdf |date=September 16, 2016 }} 70% of products derived from living horses that are destined to slaughter after being imported to Japan (at 2014) is meat, while pet food is 0,1%</ref>
Meat from horses that [[veterinarian]]s have [[Animal euthanasia|put down]] with a [[lethal injection]] is not suitable for human consumption, as the [[toxin]] remains in the meat; the [[Carcasses of animals|carcasses]] of such animals are sometimes [[cremation|cremated]] (most other means of disposal are problematic, due to the toxin).{{citation needed|date=March 2010}} Remains of euthanized animals can be [[Rendering (food processing)|rendered]], which maintains the value of the skin, bones, fats, etc., for such purposes as fish food. This is commonly done for lab specimens (e.g., pigs) euthanized by injection. The amount of drug (e.g. a [[barbiturate]]) is insignificant after rendering.{{citation needed|date=March 2010}}
[[Carcasses of animals|Carcasses]] of horses treated with some drugs are considered edible in some [[jurisdiction]]s. For example, according to Canadian regulation, [[hyaluronic acid|hyaluron]], used in treatment of particular disorders in horses, in HY-50 preparation, should not be administered to animals to be slaughtered for horse meat.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110607112840/http://www.drugs.com/vet/hy-50-can.html HY-50 for veterinary use] (archived from [https://www.drugs.com/vet/hy-50-can.html the original] on 2011-10-06).</ref> In Europe, however, the same preparation is not considered to have any such effect, and [[wikt:edibility|edibility]] of the horse meat is not affected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genitrix.co.uk/2008ProductsHorses-HY502.php |title=Genitrix HY-50 Vet brochure |publisher=Genitrix.co.uk |access-date=2013-02-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601040624/http://www.genitrix.co.uk/2008ProductsHorses-HY502.php |archive-date=June 1, 2008 }}</ref>
==Attitudes towards horse meat==
Horse meat is commonly eaten in many countries in Europe and Asia.<ref>{{cite news |author=Cecilia Rodriguez |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2012/12/18/no-american-horse-steak-for-you-europeans/ |title=No American Horse Steak for You, Europeans |work=Forbes |date=2012-04-18 |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-date=January 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124184633/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2012/12/18/no-american-horse-steak-for-you-europeans/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/sports/drugs-injected-at-the-racetrack-put-europe-off-us-horse-meat.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|title=Racetrack Drugs Put Europe Off U.S. Horse Meat|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2014-02-09|first=Joe|last=Drape|date=2012-12-08|url-access=subscription|archive-date=February 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216182054/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/sports/drugs-injected-at-the-racetrack-put-europe-off-us-horse-meat.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref> It is not a generally available food in some [[English-speaking countries]] such as the United Kingdom, South Africa,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/south-africa-imported-80-000-kilograms-of-horse-meat-last-year-2018-3|title=Horse meat imports into SA have suddenly jumped – and we don't know where most of it went|website=BusinessInsider|access-date=December 9, 2019|archive-date=January 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124184631/https://www.businessinsider.co.za/south-africa-imported-80-000-kilograms-of-horse-meat-last-year-2018-3|url-status=live}}</ref> Australia, Ireland, the United States,<ref>{{cite web |last=Bordonaro |first=Lori |url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Horse-Meat-M-Wells-PS-1-MoMA-Long-Island-City-Queens-171445821.html |title=Horse Meat on Menu Raises Eyebrows |publisher=NBC New York |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-date=December 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213202959/http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Horse-Meat-M-Wells-PS-1-MoMA-Long-Island-City-Queens-171445821.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[English Canada]]. It is also taboo in Brazil, Poland, Israel, and among the [[Romani people]] and [[Jewish people]] the world over. Horse meat is not generally eaten in Spain, except in the north, but the country exports horses both as live animals and as slaughtered meat for the French and Italian markets. Horse meat is consumed in some North American and Latin American countries, but is illegal in some others. The Food Standards Code of Australia and New Zealand definition of 'meat' does not include horse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/code/Documents/2.2.1%20Meat%20products%20v157.pdf|title=Standard 2.2.1 Meat and meat products|publisher=Australian Government, Federal Register of Legislation|type=PDF|access-date=September 18, 2020|archive-date=September 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919070743/https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/code/Documents/2.2.1%20Meat%20products%20v157.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Tonga]], horse meat is eaten nationally, and Tongan emigrants living in the United States, New Zealand, and Australia have retained a taste for it, claiming Christian missionaries originally introduced it to them.<ref>Simoons, F.J., 1994, Eat not this Flesh, Food Avoidances from Pre-history to Present, University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>
Earlier in [[Islamic dietary laws|Islam]] consuming horse meat is not ''[[haram]]'', but ''[[makruh]]'', which means it should be avoided, but eating it is not a sin like the eating of [[pork]], due to its other important usage. But now the ruling has been lightened(Hanafi) and is halal for consumption. The consumption of horse meat has been common in [[Central Asian]] societies, past or present, due to the abundance of [[steppes]] suitable for raising horses. In North Africa, horse meat has been occasionally consumed, but almost exclusively by the [[Hanafi]] Sunnis;{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}} it has never been eaten in the [[Maghreb]].<ref>Françoise Aubaile-Sallenave, "Meat among Mediterranean Muslims: Beliefs and Praxis", ''Estudios del Hombre'' '''19''':129 (2004)</ref>
Horse meat is forbidden by [[Kashrut|Jewish dietary laws]] because horses do not have [[cloven hoof|cloven hooves]] and they are not ruminants.
In the eighth century, Popes [[Pope Gregory III|Gregory III]] and [[Pope Zachary|Zachary]] instructed [[Saint Boniface]], missionary to the Germans, to forbid the eating of horse meat to those he converted, due to its association with [[Germanic pagan]] ceremonies.<ref>William Ian Miller, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1289363 "Of Outlaws, Christians, Horsemeat, and Writing: Uniform Laws and Saga Iceland"], ''Michigan Law Review'', Vol. 89, No. 8 (August 1991), pp. 2081-2095 {{subscription|date=October 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401182807/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1289363 |date=April 1, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/> The people of [[Iceland]] allegedly expressed reluctance to embrace [[Christianity]] for some time, largely over the issue of giving up horse meat.<ref name=IGHA-USDA>{{cite web
|url=http://www.igha.org/USDA.html
|title=U.S.D.A. Promotes Horse & Goat Meat
|publisher=International Generic Horse Association
|access-date=2007-08-09
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://www.igha.org/USDA.html
|archive-date=2017-10-10
|url-status=dead
}} (quoting a 1997 USDA report said to be no longer available online)</ref> Horse meat is now currently consumed in Iceland, and many horses are raised for this purpose. The culturally close people of [[Sweden]] still have an ambivalent attitude to horse meat, said to stem from this{{clarify|date=March 2019}} edict.
[[Henry Mayhew]] describes the difference in the acceptability and use of the horse carcass between London and Paris in ''[[London Labour and the London Poor]]'' (1851).<ref>Vol 2 pp 7-9</ref> Horse meat was rejected by the British, but continued to be eaten in other European countries such as France and Germany, where [[knackers]] often sold horse carcasses despite the papal ban. Even the hunting of wild horses for meat continued in the area of [[Westphalia]]. Londoners also suspected that horse meat was finding its way into sausages and that [[offal]] sold as that of oxen was, in fact, equine.
While no taboo on eating horse meat exists ''per se'', it is generally considered by ethnic Russians to be a low-quality meat with poor taste, and it is rarely found in stores.
It is popular among such historically nomadic peoples as the [[Tatars]], [[Yakuts]], [[Kyrgyzs]], and [[Kazakhs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofoods.ru/konina-vred-i-polza/|script-title=ru:Конина: вред и польза|language=ru|title=Archived copy|access-date=2013-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228084323/http://ofoods.ru/konina-vred-i-polza/|archive-date=2013-02-28|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Taboos===
{{further|horse sacrifice}}
In 732 AD, Pope Gregory III began a concerted effort to stop the ritual consumption of horse meat in pagan practice. In some countries, the effects of this prohibition by the [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic Church]] have lingered, and horse meat prejudices have progressed from [[taboos]] to avoidance to abhorrence.<ref name=IGHA-USDA/> In a study conducted by Fred Simoons, the avoidance of horse meat in American culture is less likely due to lingering feelings from Gregory's prohibition, but instead due to an unfamiliarity with the meat compared to more mainstream offerings.<ref>{{Cite book|title=No Foreign Food: The American Diet in Time and Place|last=Pillsbury|first=Michael|publisher=Westview Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-8133-2738-9|location=Boulder, Colorado|pages=[https://archive.org/details/noforeignfoodame00pill_1/page/14 14]|url=https://archive.org/details/noforeignfoodame00pill_1/page/14}}</ref> In other parts of the world, horse meat has the [[social stigma|stigma]] of being something poor people eat and is seen as a cheap substitute for other meats, such as pork and beef.
According to the anthropologist [[Marvin Harris]],<ref name="Harris">{{Cite book
|last=Harris
|first=Marvin
|author-link=Marvin Harris
|title=Good to Eat: Riddles of Food and Culture
|publisher=Waveland Pr Inc
|year=1998
|isbn=978-1-57766-015-6
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B1oGAAAACAAJ
|access-date=May 6, 2020
|archive-date=September 18, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918224613/https://books.google.com/books?id=B1oGAAAACAAJ
|url-status=live
}}</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2019}} some cultures class horse meat as taboo because the horse converts grass into meat less efficiently than ruminants.
[[Totem]]istic taboo is also a possible reason for refusal to eat horse meat as an everyday food, but did not necessarily preclude ritual slaughter and consumption. [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] sources state that the goddess [[Epona]] was widely worshipped in [[Gaul]] and southern Britain. Epona, a triple-aspect goddess, was the protectress of the horse and horse keepers, and horses were sacrificed to her;<ref>[[T. G. E. Powell|Powell, T. G. E.]], 1958, The Celts, Thames and Hudson, London</ref> she was paralleled by the [[Irish mythology|Irish]] [[Macha]] and [[Welsh mythology|Welsh]] [[Rhiannon]]. In ''[[The White Goddess]]'', Robert Graves argued that the taboo among Britons and their descendants was due to worship of Epona, and even earlier rites.<ref>Graves, Robert, ''The White Goddess'', Faber and Faber, London, 1961, p 384</ref> The [[Uffington White Horse]] is probable evidence of ancient horse worship. The ancient Indian [[Kshatriya]]s engaged in horse sacrifice (Ashwamedh Yaghya) as recorded in the [[Vedas]] and [[Ramayana]], but in the context of the ritual sacrifice, it is not 'killed', but instead [[Asphyxia|smothered]] to death.<ref name="Campbell 1962">Campbell, Joseph, ''Oriental Mythology: The Masks of God'', Arkana, 1962, pp190-197 {{ISBN|0-14-019442-8}}</ref> In 1913, the Finnic [[Mari people]] of the [[Volga]] region were observed to practice a horse sacrifice.<ref name="Campbell 1962" />
In ancient Scandinavia, the horse was very important, as a living, [[working animal|working creature]], as a sign of the [[social status|owner's status]], and symbolically within the old [[Norse religion]]. Horses were slaughtered as a [[sacrifice]] to the gods, and the meat was eaten by the people taking part in the religious feasts.<ref>{{Cite book
|title=Medieval Scandinavia: an encyclopedia
|author1=Phillip Pulsiano
|author2=Kirsten Wolf
|publisher=Taylor & Francis
|year=1993
|isbn=978-0-8240-4787-0
|page=523
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-XiZO8V4qUC
|access-date=May 6, 2020
|archive-date=August 1, 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801012516/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-XiZO8V4qUC
|url-status=live
}}</ref> When the Nordic countries were Christianized, eating horse meat was regarded as a sign of paganism and prohibited. A reluctance to eat horse meat is common in these countries even today.<ref>{{Cite book
|title=Old Norse Religion in Long Term Perspectives: Origins, Changes and Interactions, an International Conference in Lund, Sweden, June 3–7, 2004
|author1=Anders Andrén
|author2=Kristina Jennbert
|author3=Catharina Raudvere
|publisher=Nordic Academic Press
|year=2006
|isbn=978-91-89116-81-8
|page=131
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gjq6rvoIRpAC
}}</ref>
===Opposition to production===
The [[Horse slaughter|killing of horses for human consumption]] is widely opposed in countries such as the U.S.,<ref name="nationalpoll">{{cite web |last=Duckworth |first=Amanda |url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/35173/poll-finds-most-americans-against-horse-slaughter/ |title=Poll Finds Most Americans Against Horse Slaughter |publisher=Bloodhorse.com |date=2006-09-04 |access-date=2014-02-09 |archive-date=January 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102173436/http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/35173/poll-finds-most-americans-against-horse-slaughter |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="time">{{cite news|last=Stein |first=Joel |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1587279,00.html |title=''Time:'' Horse—It's What's for Dinner |publisher=Time.com |date=2007-02-08 |access-date=2014-02-09|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229083444/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1587279,00.html|archive-date=December 29, 2013}}</ref> UK<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/1xtra/tx/weekinpictures/180507.shtml?select=03 |title=Week in pictures - Who wants to eat horsemeat? |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |access-date=2014-02-09 |archive-date=June 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614234506/http://www.bbc.co.uk/1xtra/tx/weekinpictures/180507.shtml?select=03 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2013}} and Australia.<ref>Victorian Advocates for Animals & Coalition for the Protection of Racehorses protests</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2013}} where horses are generally considered to be companion and sporting animals only.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2002/09/04/Columns/Americans_squeamish_o.shtml|title=Americans squeamish over horse meat|work=St. Petersburg Times|access-date=2013-02-15|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051100/http://www.sptimes.com/2002/09/04/Columns/Americans_squeamish_o.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> For horses going to slaughter, no period of withdrawal, the time between administration of the drug and the time they are butchered, is required. French former actress and [[animal rights]] activist [[Brigitte Bardot]] has spent years crusading against the eating of horse meat. However, the opposition is far from unanimous; a 2007 readers' poll in the London magazine ''[[Time Out (company)|Time Out]]'' showed that 82% of respondents supported chef [[Gordon Ramsay]]'s decision to serve horse meat in his restaurants.<ref>''[[Time Out (company)|Time Out]]'' 30 May–5 June 2007</ref>
==Around the world==
{{original research section|date=April 2015}}
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2015}}
===Asia-Pacific===
====Australia====
Australians do not generally eat horse meat, although they have a horse slaughter industry that exports to EU countries.<ref>{{cite news|date=2014-06-21|title=Horse meat exports in doubt after standards complaint|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-21/horsemeat-exports-in-doubt-after-standards-complaint/5524158|access-date=2020-10-02|newspaper=ABC News|language=en-AU}}</ref> Horse meat exports peaked at 9,327 tons 1986, declining to 3,000 tons in 2003. They are at Peterborough in South Australia (SAMEX Peterborough Pty Ltd) and Caboolture Abattoir in Queensland (Meramist Pty Ltd).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.optimail.com.au/berrime/slaughter.htm |title=Horse slaughter and horsemeat: the facts |publisher=Optimail.com.au |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416155220/http://optimail.com.au/berrime/slaughter.htm |archive-date=2011-04-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A British agriculture industry website reported that Australian horse meat production levels had risen to 24,000 tons by 2009.<ref name=farminguk2009-01-17>{{cite web |url=http://www.farminguk.com/news/Argentina-Horse-Meat-world-production-figures._10249.html |title=Argentina-Horse Meat world production figures, Farming UK, January 17, 2009. Retrieved March 4, 2011 |publisher=Farminguk.com |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215063621/http://www.farminguk.com/news/Argentina-Horse-Meat-world-production-figures._10249.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 30 June 2010, Western Australian Agriculture Minister [[Terry Redman]] granted final approval to [[Western Australia]] butcher Vince Garreffa to sell horse meat for human consumption. Nedlands restaurateur Pierre Ichallalene announced plans to do a taster on [[Bastille Day]] and to put horse meat dishes on the menu if the reaction is good. Redman said that the government would "consider extending approvals should the public appetite for horse demand it".<ref name=thewest7492421>{{cite web |url=http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/latest/7492421/butcher-gives-horse-meat-a-run/ |title=Butcher gives horse meat a run |publisher=Au.news.yahoo.com |date=2010-07-01 |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-date=December 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210195715/http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/latest/7492421/butcher-gives-horse-meat-a-run/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Vince Garreffa is the owner of Mondo Di Carne, a major wholesale meat supplier, which supplies many cafes, restaurants, and hotels in Western Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mondo.net.au/retail/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026030031/http://www.mondo.net.au/data/retail.html|url-status=dead|title=Mondo Retail – Retail & Catering – Mondo Butchers|archive-date=October 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mondo.net.au/retail/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130151420/http://www.mondo.net.au/data/wholesale.html|url-status=dead|title=Mondo Retail – Retail & Catering – Mondo Butchers|archive-date=January 30, 2010}}</ref> He commented that no domestic market exists for horse meat, but a successful export market exists, of which he believes Western Australia should have a share.<ref name=thewest7492421 />
In October 2019, the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] revealed that thousands of retired racehorses were being slaughtered annually for the export market in human consumption. Each year, about 8,500 horses are retired from racing, many of which are slaughtered.<ref>{{cite news |last=Meldrum-Hanna |first=Caro |url=https://www.abc.net.au/7.30/the-dark-side-of-the-horse-racing-industry/11614022 |title=The dark side of the horse racing industry |work=[[7.30]] |publisher=ABC News (Australia) |date=17 Oct 2019 |access-date=12 February 2020 |archive-date=June 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618170546/https://www.abc.net.au/7.30/the-dark-side-of-the-horse-racing-industry/11614022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Overall, {{As of|2012|lc=y}}, about 94,000 horses were annually slaughtered, presumably including animals whose meat does not enter the human food chain.
<ref>[https://www.hsi.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/pdfs/Horses_meatproduction_Australia_NewZealand.pdf Horsemeat production in Australia and New Zealand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229004347/https://www.hsi.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/pdfs/Horses_meatproduction_Australia_NewZealand.pdf |date=February 29, 2020 }}. [[Humane Society International]], 2014, p.2. Retrieved 12 February 2020</ref>
====China====
Outside of specific areas in China, such as [[Guilin]] in [[Guangxi]] or in [[Yunnan|Yunnan Province]], horse meat is not popular due to its low availability and rumors that horse meat tastes bad or it is bad for health. The ''[[Compendium of Materia Medica]]'' written during the [[Ming dynasty]] by [[Li Shizhen]] says that horse meat is poisonous and may cause [[folliculitis]] or [[death]].<ref name="bencao">[[Li Shizhen]], ''the [[Compendium of Materia Medica]]''(《{{lang|zh|本草綱目}}》) Chapter ''Shou'' Wild mammal one({{lang|zh|獸之一}}), Ming dynasty [https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E7%B6%B1%E7%9B%AE/%E7%8D%B8%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80#.E9.A6.AC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208171942/https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E7%B6%B1%E7%9B%AE/%E7%8D%B8%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80#.E9.A6.AC |date=December 8, 2019 }}</ref> The compendium also asserts, "to relieve toxin caused by eating horse meat, one can drink [[Phragmites]] root juice and eat [[apricot kernel]]." Today, in southern China, locally famous dishes include horse meat [[rice noodles]] ({{Lang|zh|马肉米粉}}; Pinyin: {{Transl|zh|mǎròu mǐfěn}}) in Guilin and horse meat [[hot pot]] ({{Lang|zh|马肉火锅}}; Pinyin: {{Transl|zh|mǎròu huǒguō}}) in [[Huishui County]] in [[Guizhou]] Province.
====Indonesia====
In [[Indonesia]], one type of [[satay]] (chunks of skewered grilled meat served with spicy sauce) known as horse satay ([[Javanese language|Javanese]]: {{Lang|jv|sate jaran}}, [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: {{Lang|id|sate kuda}}) is made from horse meat. This dish from [[Yogyakarta]] is served with sliced fresh [[shallot]], [[pepper corn|pepper]], and [[sweet soy sauce]].<!--removed citation http://ngincip.blogspot.com/2007/04/lesehan-jaran-jogja.html--> Horse is believed to be a source of strength and eating it is thought to increase a man's vitality.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brilicious.brilio.net/kuliner-kesehatan/sate-kuda-penambah-vitalitas-pria-mitos-atau-fakta-200112a.html|title=Sate kuda penambah vitalitas pria, mitos atau fakta?|trans-title=Vitality booster horse satay, myth or fact?|language=id|date=January 13, 2020|first=Rizka|last=Mifta|website=brilio.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gudeg.net/read/10472/sate-jaran-pak-kuntjoro-nikmat-nan-berkhasiat.html|title=Sate Jaran Pak Kuntjoro, Nikmat nan Berkhasiat|language=id|trans-title=Pak Kuntjoro's Jaran satay, delicious yet efficacious|first=Wirawan|last=Kuncorojati|date=February 6, 2018|website=gudeg.net}}</ref>
====Japan====
[[File:Horse-meat.jpg|thumb|''[[Basashi]]'' from [[Kumamoto, Kumamoto|Kumamoto]]]]
In [[Japanese cuisine]], raw horse meat is called {{Nihongo3||桜|sakura}} or {{Nihongo3|''sakura'' means "[[cherry blossom]]", ''niku'' means "meat"|桜肉|sakuraniku}} because of its pink color. It can be served raw as ''[[sashimi]]'' in thin slices dipped in soy sauce, often with ginger and onions added.<ref>''[[Metropolis (free magazine)|Metropolis]]'', "Straight From the Horse's Mouth", #903, 15 July 2011, pp. 12-13.</ref> In this case, it is called {{Nihongo|'''''basashi'''''|馬刺し}}. {{Transl|ja|Basashi}} is popular in some regions of Japan and is often served at ''[[izakaya]]'' bars. Fat, typically from the neck, is also found as {{Transl|ja|basashi}}, though it is white, not pink. Horse meat is also sometimes found on menus for ''[[yakiniku]]'' (a type of barbecue), where it is called {{Nihongo|''baniku''|馬肉||literally "horse meat"}} or {{Nihongo|''bagushi''|馬串||"skewered horse"}}; thin slices of raw horse meat are sometimes served wrapped in a [[perilla|shiso leaf]]. [[Kumamoto prefecture|Kumamoto]], [[Nagano Prefecture|Nagano]], and [[Ōita Prefecture|Ōita]] are famous for {{Transl|ja|basashi}}, and it is common in the [[Tōhoku region]], as well. Some types of canned corned meat in Japan include horse as one of the ingredients.<ref>[http://www.puntofocal.gov.ar/notific_otros_miembros/jpn163_t.pdf Brief Overview of the Draft Revision of Quality Labeling Standard for Canned and Bottled Livestock Products] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084019/http://www.puntofocal.gov.ar/notific_otros_miembros/jpn163_t.pdf |date=July 6, 2011 }}, Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (from [http://www.puntofocal.gov.ar/ PuntoFocal Argentina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224073903/http://www.puntofocal.gov.ar/ |date=February 24, 2010 }}).</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moit.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/AFFC01EB-9F99-4C1D-AA7F-6F52C1DD6155/0/Not0116JPN163.doc |title=NOTIFICATION, World Trade Organization, 16 January 2006 |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406083757/http://www.moit.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/AFFC01EB-9F99-4C1D-AA7F-6F52C1DD6155/0/Not0116JPN163.doc |archive-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Aside from raising local draft horses for meat,<ref>[http://www.maff.go.jp/j/chikusan/kikaku/lin/pdf/27_zentai.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909095020/http://www.maff.go.jp/j/chikusan/kikaku/lin/pdf/27_zentai.pdf |date=September 9, 2016 }} 88% percent of this industry is concentrated to Hokkaido and trend is decreasing.(pg. 2, classification "農用馬")(Japan's Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries)</ref><ref>[http://www.maff.go.jp/j/chikusan/kikaku/lin/pdf/uma_siryou4.pdf 馬の改良増殖等をめぐる情勢 平成26年6月] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916113840/http://www.maff.go.jp/j/chikusan/kikaku/lin/pdf/uma_siryou4.pdf |date=September 16, 2016 }}(pg. 2, 8.)(Japan's Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries)</ref> Japan imports living horses (from Canada and France) and meat from several countries — the five largest horse meat exporters to Japan are Canada, Mexico, Italy, Argentina, and Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-27|title=Protests at 'inhumane' export of live horses to Japan for food|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/mar/27/protests-at-inhumane-export-of-live-horses-to-japan-for-food|access-date=2021-03-27|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref name="maff.go.jp">[http://www.maff.go.jp/j/chikusan/kikaku/lin/pdf/27_6_baniku.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817044822/http://www.maff.go.jp/j/chikusan/kikaku/lin/pdf/27_6_baniku.pdf |date=August 17, 2016 }} 馬肉関係- Japan's Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries(pg. 77, 78)</ref>
====Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan====
{{See also|Kazakh cuisine|Kyrgyz cuisine}}
In [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]], horse meat is a large part of the diet, due mainly to the nomadic roots of the population.<!--removing citation because it triggers the spam blacklist url=http://www.foodbycountry.com/Kazakhstan-to-South-Africa/Kazakhstan.html --> Some of the dishes include sausages called ''[[kazy]]'' and ''[[sujuk|chuchuk]]'' or {{Lang|kk|shuzhyk}} made from the meat using the guts as the sausage skin, {{transl|ky|zhaya}} made from hip meat, which is smoked and boiled, ''[[zhal|jal (or zhal)]]'' made from neck fat which is smoked and boiled, {{Lang|kk|karta}} made from a section of the rectum that is smoked and boiled, and {{Lang|kk|sur-et}} which is kept as dried meat.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080610023546/http://www.zheruik.kz/rus/traditions/meet1.php Horse meat dishes in Kazakhstan]. Retrieved 13 January 2009. (archived from [http://www.zheruik.kz/rus/traditions/meet1.php the original] on 2008-06-10)</ref>
====Mongolia====
[[Mongolian cuisine]] includes salted horse meat sausages called {{Transl|mn|kazy}} that are produced as a regional delicacy by the Kazakhs. Generally, Mongols prefer beef and mutton (though during the extremely cold Mongolian winter, some people prefer horse meat due to its low cholesterol). It is kept unfrozen, and traditionally people believe horse meat helps warm them up.<ref>[http://www.khaliuntravel.com/what-to-eat-in-mongolia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322222557/http://www.khaliuntravel.com/what-to-eat-in-mongolia|date=March 22, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Mongolia|author=Michael Kohn|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2008|isbn=978-1-74104-578-9|page=43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7JVGCF&pg=PA43}}</ref>
Other Asian nations import processed horse meat from Mongolia.<ref name="maff.go.jp"/><ref>[http://www.eng.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/eng/news/default.aspx?cat_id=619&news_id=3032] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214040505/http://www.eng.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/eng/news/default.aspx?cat_id=619&news_id=3032|date=February 14, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canada-mongolia-connection.com/meat-production-in-mongolia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603092722/http://www.canada-mongolia-connection.com/meat-production-in-mongolia.html|url-status=dead|title=福島銀行で普通に使えるカードローンってあるのですか？ | ※のびのび教育！※審査が簡単！？教育ローンも豊富な金融サイト|archive-date=June 3, 2013|website=www.canada-mongolia-connection.com}}</ref>
====Philippines====
In the [[Philippines]], horse meat ({{transl|fil|lukba}}, {{transl|fil|tapang kabayo}}, or {{transl|fil|kabayo}}) is a delicacy commonly sold in [[wet market]]s. It is prepared by marinating the meat in lemon juice, soy sauce or fish sauce, then fried and served with vinegar for dipping.<ref name=Pawshe>{{cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295778165|title=Reference Module in Food and Health|first1=Mayur|last1=Pawshe|first2=Chandraprakash D|last2=Khedkar|first3=Anjali|last3=Pundkar|chapter=Horse Meat|publisher=Elsevier|date=January 2016}}</ref>
====South Korea====
[[File:Malgogi-yukhoe.jpg|thumb|Korean ''Malgogi-[[yukhoe]]'' (horse meat tartare)]]
In [[South Korea]], horse meat is generally not eaten, but raw horse meat, usually taken from the neck, is consumed as a delicacy on [[Jeju Island]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jejuweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=1058 |title=Full horse course an unforgettable experience |publisher=Jejuweekly.com |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-date=June 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623022337/http://www.jejuweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=1058 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.koreana.or.kr/months/news_view.asp?b_idx=1373&lang=en&page_type=list Exploring Jeju’s Savory Delicacies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623111238/http://www.koreana.or.kr/months/news_view.asp?b_idx=1373&lang=en&page_type=list |date=June 23, 2011 }}, koreana.or.kr</ref>
====Tonga====
<!--{{unreferenced section|date=February 2011}}--covered by hatnote in the "Around the world" section-->
<!--this source has potential: https://www.jstor.org/stable/25169643 'How Valuable a Horse Would Be Here': The Introduction of the Horse to Tonga by Martin Daly-->
In [[Tonga]], horse meat or {{Lang|to|lo'i ho'osi}} is much more than just a delicacy; its consumption is generally reserved for special occasions, which may include the death of an important family member or community member or as a form of celebration during the birthday of an important family member or perhaps the visitation of someone important, such as the king of Tonga. A horse is one of the most valuable animals a family can own in Tonga because of its use as a beast of burden. Tonga has long lacked land area compared with its population, so the missionaries introduced horse meat in lieu of cattle. Therefore, the slaughter of one's horse for consumption becomes a moment of immense homage to the person or event for which the horse was slain. In the [[diaspora]] into Western countries such as Australia <!-- the USA, --> and New Zealand, where consumption of horse meat is generally taboo, Tongans still eat horse meat, perhaps even more so, because it is more readily available and more affordable.
===Europe===
====Austria====
[[File:Pferdeleberkäse Ad.jpg|thumb|right|Fast-food shop selling horse ''[[Leberkäse]]'' ({{Lang|de|Pferdeleberkäse}}) in [[Vienna]]]]
Horse ''[[Leberkäse]]'' is available in special horse [[butchery|butcheries]] and occasionally at various stands, sold in a bread roll. Dumplings can also be prepared with horse meat, spinach, or Tyrolean {{Lang|de|Graukäse}} (a sour milk cheese). Such dumplings are occasionally eaten on their own, in a soup, or as a side dish.
====Belgium====
In Belgium, horse meat ({{Lang|nl|paardenvlees}} in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and {{Lang|fr|viande chevaline}} in French) is popular in a number of preparations. Lean, smoked, and sliced horse meat fillet ({{Lang|nl|paardenrookvlees}} or {{Lang|nl|paardengerookt}}; {{Lang|fr|filet chevalin}} in French) is served as a [[cold cut]] with sandwiches or as part of a cold salad. Horse steaks can be found in most butchers and are used in a variety of preparations. The city of [[Vilvoorde]] has a few restaurants specialising in dishes prepared with horse meat. Horse sausage is a well-known local specialty in [[Lokeren]] ([[Lokerse paardenworst]]) and [[Dendermonde]] with European recognition.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.streekproduct.be/producten/detail.phtml?id=18&start=54& |title=Lokerse paardenworsten |publisher=Streekproduct.be |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-date=April 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425062459/http://www.streekproduct.be/producten/detail.phtml?id=18&start=54& |url-status=live }}</ref> Smoked or dried horse/pork meat sausage, similar to salami, is sold in a square shape to be distinguished from pork and/or beef sausages.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Janssens | first1 = M.
| last2 = Myter | first2 = N.
| last3 = De Vuyst | first3 = L.
| last4 = Leroy | first4 = F.
| title = Species diversity and metabolic impact of the microbiota are low in spontaneously acidified Belgian sausages with an added starter culture of ''Staphylococcus carnosus''
| doi = 10.1016/j.fm.2011.07.005
| journal = Food Microbiology
| volume = 29
| issue = 2
| pages = 167–177
| year = 2012
| pmid = 22202870
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Janssens | first1 = M. | last2 = Myter | first2 = N. | last3 = De Vuyst | first3 = L. | last4 = Leroy | first4 = F. | title = Species diversity and metabolic impact of the microbiota are low in spontaneously acidified Belgian sausages with an added starter culture of Staphylococcus carnosus | doi = 10.1016/j.fm.2011.07.005 | journal = Food Microbiology | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 167–177 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22202870}}</ref> A Flemish region around the [[Rupel]] River is also famous for a horse [[stew]] named {{Lang|nl|schep}}, made out of shoulder chuck (or similar cuts), brown ale, onions, and mustard. {{Lang|nl|Schep}} is typically served with fries, mayonnaise, and a salad of raw [[Belgian endive]].
====Bulgaria====
Horse meat is served in some restaurants in Bulgaria, as the preferred way of consuming it is in the form of steaks and burgers. Still being far from a meat for mass consumption, horse meat is regaining its popularity, which it had in the '60s and '70s of the past century, when it was also consumed in sausages and ''[[tartare]]''.
====Finland====
[[File:Big Hero steak.jpg|thumb|right|A horse meat steak served at restaurant Oklahoma, [[Vantaa]], [[Finland]]]]
Horse meat is available in butcher shops and shops specializing in meats but it can sometimes be found in supermarkets, especially in ground form. The most common way to eat horse meat is in sausage form, especially {{Lang|fi|meetwursti}} (''[[Mettwurst]]''), a cured and smoked sausage which often contains pork, beef and horse meat. Finns consume around 400g of horse meat per person per year and the country produces around 300–400 thousand tons of meat per year, while importing around 1.5 million kilograms per year from countries like Canada, Mexico or Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-10332390|title=Suomalaiset arastelevat ekologista hevosenlihaa – suurin osa hevosista päätyy hautaan, ongelmajätteeseen tai tuhkattaviksi (Finns avoid ecological horse meat - most horses end up buried, as problem waste or cremated)|website=yle.fi|date=August 2, 2018|language=fi}}</ref> No horses are bred for meat production and there are stringent laws against using meat from a horse that has been medicated or injected with antibiotics. Using meat from a horse that has been treated with non-equine medicine or has not been inspected by a veterinarian is banned outright.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hippos.fi/hippos/muut/uutisarkisto/ajankohtaista_-_arkisto/hevosen_elaman_vastuullinen_paattaminen.5677.news?870_o=4725|title=Hevosen elämän vastuullinen päättäminen (The ethical ending of a horse's life)|language=fi|website=www.hippos.fi}}</ref>
====France====
[[File:Jielbeaumadier contrefilet de cheval 2010.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Entrecôte]]'' of horse meat, in France]] [[File:Chevaline Pezenas.jpg|thumb|280px|A butcher shop specializing in horse meat in Pezenas, Languedoc, France]]
In France, specialized butcher shops ({{Lang|fr|boucheries chevalines}}) sell horse meat, as ordinary butcher shops were for a long time forbidden to deal in it. However, since the 1990s, it can be found in supermarket butcher shops and others.
Horse meat was eaten in large amounts during the 1870 [[Siege of Paris (1870–1871)|Siege of Paris]], when it was included in ''[[haute cuisine]]'' menus.
====Germany====
Although no taboo comparable to that in the English-speaking world exists, German law used to proscribe that horse meat be sold only by specialized butchers ({{Lang|de|Pferdemetzgereien}}). This proscription was abolished in 1993, but only a small minority of ordinary butchers have since begun to sell horse meat. {{as of|2018}}, most horse meat was still sold by the specialists, some of whom also delivered by mail order.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pferd-und-fleisch.de/pferdeflsh/laden1.htm|title=Wo gibt es Pferdefleisch (Where can you get horse meat and horse sausage)|website=www.pferd-und-fleisch.de|language=de|access-date=November 5, 2018|archive-date=November 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105202612/http://www.pferd-und-fleisch.de/pferdeflsh/laden1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
Many regions of Germany have traditional recipes that include horse meat. In the [[Rhineland]] around Cologne and Düsseldorf, restaurants often offer the traditional ''[[Sauerbraten]]'' in horse meat, typically with a beef variant to choose from. Other traditional horse meat dishes include the [[Swabia]]n {{Lang|de|Pferderostbraten}} (a joint of roast meat prepared similarly to roast beef), [[Bavaria]]n sausage varieties such as {{Lang|de|Rosswurst}} and {{Lang|de|Ross-Kochsalami}} as well as {{Lang|de|Ross-Leberkäse}}, a meatloaf dish.
The [[2013 meat adulteration scandal]] started when German authorities detected horse meat in prepared food products including frozen lasagna, where it was declared fraudulently as beef. The mislabeling prompted EU authorities to speed up publication of European Commission recommendations for labeling the origin of all processed meat.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/german-press-review-on-the-horsemeat-scandal-in-frozen-foods-a-883637.html|title=German Press Review on the Horsemeat Scandal in Frozen Foods - DER SPIEGEL - International|first=DER|last=SPIEGEL|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=February 15, 2013|access-date=September 18, 2020|archive-date=March 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323202913/http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/german-press-review-on-the-horsemeat-scandal-in-frozen-foods-a-883637.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
====Hungary====
In [[Hungary]], horse meat is primarily used in salami and sausages, usually mixed with pork, but also in goulashes and other stews. These products are sold in most supermarkets and many butcher shops.
====Iceland====
In [[Cuisine of Iceland|Iceland]], horse meat is both eaten minced and as steak, also used in [[stew]]s and [[fondue]], prized for its strong flavor. It has a particular role in the culture and history of the island. The people of Iceland supposedly were reluctant to embrace Christianity for some time largely over the issue of giving up horse meat after [[Pope Gregory III]] banned horse meat consumption in 732 AD, as it was a major part of many pagan rites and sacrifice in Northern Europe. Horse meat consumption was banned when the pagan Norse [[Icelanders]] eventually [[Christianisation of Iceland#Adoption by arbitration|adopted Christianity]] in 1000 AD/[[Common Era]]. The ban became so ingrained that most people would not handle horse meat, let alone consume it. Even during harsh famines in the 18th century, most people would not eat horse meat, and those who did were castigated. In 1757, the ban was decriminalised, but general distaste for horse meat lasted well into the 19th century, possibly longer, and its consumption often regarded as an indication of poverty. Even today horse meat is not popular (3.2% of Iceland’s meat production in 2015), although this has more to do with culinary tradition and the popularity of equestrianism than any religious vestiges.
====Italy====
[[File:macelleria equina venezia.jpg|thumb|right|[[Venice|Venetian]] horse meat [[butcher]]]]
Horse meat is especially popular in [[Lombardy]], [[Apulia]], the [[Veneto]], [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]], [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]], [[Parma]], and the islands of [[Sardinia]] and [[Sicily]].
Horse meat is used in a variety of recipes: as a stew called {{Lang|it|pastissada}} (typical of [[Verona]]), served as steaks, as ''[[carpaccio]]'', or made into ''[[bresaola]]''. Thin strips of horse meat called {{Lang|it|sfilacci}} are popular. Horse fat is used in recipes such as ''[[b:Cookbook:Pezzetti di Cavallo|pezzetti di cavallo]]''. Horse meat sausages and salamis are traditional in various places. In Sardinia, {{lang|sc|sa petza 'e cuaddu}} or {{lang|sc|sa petha (d)e caddu}} {{lang|sc|[[campidanese]]}} and {{lang|sc|[[logudorese]]}} for horse meat) is one of the most renowned meats and sometimes is sold from kiosks with bread - also in the town of [[Sassari]] is a long tradition of eating horse steaks ({{lang|sc|carri di cabaddu}} in the local dialect). Chefs and consumers tend to prize its uniqueness by serving it as rare as possible. [[Donkey]] is also cooked, for example as a stew called {{Lang|it|stracotto d'asino}} and as meat for sausages e.g. {{Lang|it|mortadella d'asino}}. The [[Province of Parma#Cuisine|cuisine of Parma]] features a horse meat ''[[tartare]]'' called {{Lang|it|pesto di cavallo}}, as well as various cooked dishes.<ref>{{cite news |author=Jason McBride |url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/eatingweird/2009/07/03/heigh-ho-silver/ |title=Heigh ho, Silver - Eating Weird: Exploring Strange and Unusual Food in Seattle |publisher=Blog.seattlepi.com |date=2009-07-03 |access-date=2014-02-09 |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091844/http://blog.seattlepi.com/eatingweird/2009/07/03/heigh-ho-silver/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In Veneto, the consumption of horse meat dates back to at least 1000 BC/[[BCE]] to the [[Adriatic Veneti]], renowned for their horse-breeding skills. They were used to sacrifice horses to their goddess [[Reitia]] or to the mythical hero [[Diomedes]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O7z4Sl-SgFEC |title=The Latin Language - Leonard Robert Palmer - Google Libri |access-date=2014-02-09 |isbn=9780806121369 |year=1988 |last1=Palmer |first1=Leonard Robert |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918224626/https://books.google.com/books?id=O7z4Sl-SgFEC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hx7UigqsTKoC&q=runic+amulets+and+magic+objects&pg=PA1 |title=Runic Amulets and Magic Objects - Mindy MacLeod, Bernard Mees - Google Books |access-date=2014-02-09 |isbn=9781843832058 |year=2006 |last1=MacLeod |first1=Mindy |last2=Mees |first2=Bernard |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918224629/https://books.google.com/books?id=hx7UigqsTKoC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=runic+amulets+and+magic+objects |url-status=live }}</ref> Throughout the classical period, Veneto established itself as a centre for horse breeding in Italy; Venetian horses were provided for the cavalry and carriage of the [[Roman legion]]s, with the white Venetic horses becoming famous among Greeks and Romans as one of the best breeds for [[circus]] racing.<ref>An early History of Horsemanship by Augusto Azzaroli. Brill 1985. p 135-138</ref> As well as breeding horses for military and farming applications, the Venetics also used them for consumption throughout the Roman period, a practice that established the consumption of horse meat as a tradition in [[Venetian cuisine]]. In the modern age, horse meat is considered a luxury item and is widely available through supermarkets and butcheries, with some specialised butcheries offering only selected cuts of equine meat. Prices are usually higher than beef, pork, or any other kind of meat, except game.
[[File:Sfilacci di cavallo.jpg|thumb|right|Typical [[Paduan]] specialty: horse {{Lang|it|sfilacci}}, smoked and salt-cured "frayed threads" of meat]]
In the Province of [[Padua]], horse meat is a key element of the local cuisine, particularly in the area that extends southeast from the city, historically called [[Saccisica]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20130413113212/http://www.turismopadova.it/menu-en/scoprire-padova/padova-da-gustare-1/itinerari-del-gusto/Enogastronomia%20cintura%20orientale%20e%20Saccisica?set_language=en&cl=en Saccisica and Conselvano] Official site of the Padua Province. Tourist Section.</ref> Specialties based on horse meat constitute the main courses and best attractions of several typical restaurants in the zone. They are also served among other regional delicacies at the food stands of many local festivals, related to civil and religious anniversaries. Most notable is the {{Lang|it|Festa del Cavallo}}, held annually in the small town of [[Legnaro]] and totally dedicated to horses, included their consumption for food.
Some traditional dishes are:
*{{Lang|it|Sfilacci di cavallo}}: tiny frayings of horse meat, dried and seasoned; to be consumed raw, can be a light and quick snack, more popular as a topping on other dishes: ex. pasta, risotto, pizza, salads, etc. [[File:6232675-Horse meat stew Padova.jpg|thumb|{{Lang|it|Cavàeo in Umido}} (traditional horse meat stew from [[Padua]]) with grilled polenta]]
*{{Lang|it|Straéca}}: a thin soft horse steak, cut from the diaphragm, variously cooked and dressed on the grill, pan or hot-plate
*{{Lang|it|Bistecca di puledro}}: colt steak, whose preparation is similar to {{Lang|it|straéca}}
*{{Lang|it|Spezzatino di cavallo}}: also said {{Lang|it|cavàeo in umido}}, small chunks of horse meat, stewed with onion, parsley and/or other herbs and flavours, potatoes, broth, wine, etc., usually consumed with [[polenta]], much appreciated also is a similar stew made of donkey meat, served in traditional [[trattoria|trattorie]], with many variations for different villages: {{Lang|it|spessadin de musso}}, {{Lang|it|musso in umido}}, {{Lang|it|musso in tocio}}, {{Lang|it|musso in pocio}}
*{{Lang|it|Prosciutto di cavallo}}: horse [[ham]], served in very thin slices
*{{Lang|it|Salame di cavallo}} or {{Lang|it|salsiccia di cavallo}}: various kinds of [[salami]], variously produced or seasoned, sometimes made of pure equine meat, sometimes mixed with others (beef or pork)
*''[[Bigoli]]'' {{Lang|it|al sugo di cavallo}}: a typical form of fresh pasta, similar to thick rough spaghetti, dressed with sauce like [[Bolognese sauce]], but made with minced horse meat
*{{Lang|it|Pezzetti di cavallo al sugo}}: horse stew, seasoned with sauce, vegetables and various peperoncino, widely used in the [[Salento]] [[File:Spezzatino di cavallo.jpg|thumb|right|Chunks ({{Lang|it|pezzetti}}) of horse stew ({{Lang|it|spezzatino di cavallo}})]]
In southern Italy, horse meat is commonly eaten everywhere - especially in the region of [[Apulia]], where it is considered a delicacy.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fabio Parasecoli|authorlink=Fabio Parasecoli|title=Food culture in Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWlCT5Hs8YwC|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32726-1|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uWlCT5Hs8YwC&pg=PA86 86]|access-date=January 8, 2016|archive-date=July 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729083257/https://books.google.com/books?id=uWlCT5Hs8YwC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Paula Hardy|author2=Abigail Hole|author3=Olivia Pozzan|title=Puglia & Basilicata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8OEt_xn0nkC|year=2008|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74179-089-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e8OEt_xn0nkC&pg=PA42 42]|access-date=January 8, 2016|archive-date=May 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522110302/https://books.google.com/books?id=e8OEt_xn0nkC|url-status=live}}</ref> It is a vital part of the {{Lang|it|ragù barese}} ({{IPA-it|raˈɡu bbaˈreːze|}}) in [[Bari]] and of the [[Pezzetti di cavallo]], a stew with tomato sauce, vegetables and chili, popular in [[Salento]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theitaliantaste.com/italian-cooking/carne/cavallo/ricette-recipe/cav001_apulia_brasciole.php|title=Brasciole or meat rolls filled with pecorino and fat: Authentic Italian recipe of Apulia|publisher=theitaliantaste.com|access-date=January 24, 2012|archive-date=March 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321145524/http://theitaliantaste.com/italian-cooking/carne/cavallo/ricette-recipe/cav001_apulia_brasciole.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
According to British food writer [[Matthew Fort]], "The taste for donkey and horse goes back to the days when these animals were part of everyday agricultural life. In the frugal, unsentimental manner of agricultural communities, all the animals were looked on as a source of protein. Waste was not an option."<ref>Eating Up Italy: Voyages on a Vespa by [[Matthew Fort]]. 2005, p253-254. {{ISBN|0-00-721481-2}}</ref>
====Malta====
In [[Malta]], horse meat ({{lang-mt|laħam taż-żiemel}}) is seared and slowly cooked for hours in either tomato or red wine sauce. A few horse meat shops still exist and it is still served in some restaurants.<ref>{{Cite book
|title=Malta & Gozo
|author=Carolyn Bain
|year=2004
|publisher=Lonely Planet
|isbn=978-1740591782
|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetmalt00caro/page/56
|url-access=registration
|access-date=2007-09-14
|page=56
|quote=Did you know? Many of the village restaurants specialising in rabbit also feature horse meat on their menu.
}}</ref>
====Netherlands====
[[File:Horse meat in package.JPG|thumb|Sliced and packaged horse meat from the Netherlands]]In the Netherlands, smoked horse meat ({{Lang|nl|paardenrookvlees}}) is sold as sliced meat and eaten on bread. {{Lang|nl|Zuurvlees}}, a southern Dutch stew, is made with horse meat as main ingredient. There are also beef-based variants. Horse meat is also used in sausages ({{Lang|nl|paardenworst}} and ''[[frikandel]]''),<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2009-02-19|title=Deurnese vinding: de frikandel|url=https://www.bd.nl/regios/brabant/4534973/Deurnese-vinding-de-frikandel.ece|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310113957/http://www.brabantsdagblad.nl/regios/brabant/4534973/Deurnese-vinding-de-frikandel.ece|archive-date=March 10, 2012|access-date=2021-01-03|website=[[Brabants Dagblad]]|language=nl}}</ref> fried fast food snacks and ready-to-eat soups.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/Article/Detail.aspx?articleID=111hv83f |title=Erkende Lokerse paardenworst wil Europees |publisher=Nieuwsblad.be |date=2007-09-28 |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-date=May 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513140904/http://www.nieuwsblad.be/Article/Detail.aspx?articleID=111hv83f |url-status=live }}</ref>
====Norway====
In Norway, horse meat is commonly used in cured meats, such as {{Lang|no|vossakorv}} and {{Lang|no|svartpølse}}, and less commonly as steak, {{Lang|no|hestebiff}}.
In pre-Christian Norway, horse was seen as an expensive animal. To eat a horse was to show one had great wealth, and to sacrifice a horse to the gods was seen as the greatest gift one could give. When Norwegians adopted Christianity, horse-eating became taboo as it was a religious act for pagans, thus it was considered a sign of heresy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jochens|first=Jenny|title=Women in Old Norse Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3h-lkgBWercC&pg=PA87|year=1998|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8520-6|pages=87–88|access-date=January 8, 2016|archive-date=March 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306013134/https://books.google.com/books?id=3h-lkgBWercC|url-status=live}}</ref>
====Poland====
Older horses are often exported [[Livestock transportation|on the hoof]] to Italy to be slaughtered. This practice is considered controversial. Horses in Poland are treated mostly as companions, and the majority of Poles are against live export for slaughter.<ref name="ratujkonie.pl">{{Cite web|title=Chcemy zakazu zabijania koni na mięso!|url=https://www.ratujkonie.pl/filmy-i-artykuly/chcemy-zakazu-zabijania-koni-na-mieso/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=Ratuj konie|language=pl-PL}}</ref> Poland has a tradition of eating horse meat (e.g., sausage or steak ''tartare''). The consumption of horse meat was highest at times when other meat was scarce, such as during the [[Second World War]] and the [[Polish People's Republic|communist period]] that followed it).<ref name="ratujkonie.pl"/>
====Serbia====
Horse meat is generally available in [[Serbia]], though mostly shunned in traditional cuisine. It is, however, often recommended by general practitioners to persons who suffer from [[anemia]]. It is available to buy at three green markets in [[Belgrade]], a market in [[Niš]], and in several cities in ethnically mixed [[Vojvodina]], where [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] and previously [[Germans|German]] traditions brought the usage.
====Slovenia====
[[File:Horse meat hamburger at restaurant Hot' Horse, Ljubljana, Slovenia.jpg|thumb|right|A horse meat hamburger in restaurant Hot' Horse, [[Ljubljana, Slovenia]]: Horse meat is a national delicacy in Slovenia.]]
Horse meat is generally available in [[Slovenia]], and is highly popular in the traditional cuisine, especially in the central region of [[Carniola]] and in the [[Karst Plateau|Karst]] region. Colt steak ({{Lang|sl|žrebičkov zrezek}}) is also highly popular, especially in Slovenia's capital [[Ljubljana]], where it is part of the city's traditional regional cuisine. In Ljubljana, many restaurants sell burgers and meat that contain large amounts of horse meat, including a fast-food chain called Hot' Horse.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ljubljana-life.com/eat/restaurants_details/96-Hot_Horse
|title=Hot Horse
|publisher=ljubljana-life.com
|access-date=2007-12-03
|archive-date=July 6, 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706132701/http://www.ljubljana-life.com/eat/restaurants_details/96-Hot_Horse
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.sloveniatimes.com/en/inside.cp2?uid=9233471E-2FB7-2359-C795-B29EDCF6A4A2&linkid=news&cid=762059D5-F84D-020A-FBA5-2AD66B5F38CB
|title=Taste Ljubljana—Capital Ideas
|date=14 December 2006
|author=Dan Ryan
|access-date=2007-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210033450/http://www.sloveniatimes.com/en/inside.cp2?uid=9233471E-2FB7-2359-C795-B29EDCF6A4A2&linkid=news&cid=762059D5-F84D-020A-FBA5-2AD66B5F38CB|archive-date=2008-02-10}}</ref>
====Spain====
[[Cecina (meat)|''Cecina'']] is a cured meat made from beef or horse, and is considered a delicacy. [[Foal]] meat ({{Lang|es|carne de potro}}) is preferred over horse meat for this purpose. Horse meat is easily found in supermarkets, and usually prepared as a stew or as steak. A common practice is to serve horse meat to [[iron-deficiency anemia|anemic]] children. Although no generalized taboo exists in Spain, consumption of horse meat is minor, compared to that of pork, beef, or lamb.
====Sweden====
Smoked, cured horse meat is widely available as a [[cold cut]] under the name {{Lang|sv|hamburgerkött}} (literally hamburger meat). It tends to be very thinly sliced and fairly salty, slightly reminiscent of deli-style ham, and as a packaged meat, may list horse meat (as {{Lang|sv|hästkött}}) as its primary ingredient.<!--removed blogspot citation--http://rlklam.blogspot.com/2009/01/please-pass-horse.html-->{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Several varieties of smoked sausage made from horse meat, including {{Lang|sv|Gustafskorv}}, are also quite popular, especially in the province of [[Dalarna]], where they are produced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americulinariska.com/2014/10/20/gustafskorv-horse-meat/|title=A HORSE of Course! Horse Meat in Sweden (Gustafskorv)|date=October 20, 2014|publisher=americulinariska.com|access-date=April 28, 2017|archive-date=April 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429001037/http://www.americulinariska.com/2014/10/20/gustafskorv-horse-meat/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Lang|sv|Gustafskorv}}, similar to salami or ''[[metworst]]'', may substitute for those meats in sandwiches.
====Switzerland====
Horse meat is widely available and consumed in Switzerland, where no taboo exists regarding it. The laws on foodstuffs of animal origin in [[Switzerland]] explicitly list [[equine]]s as an animal type allowed for the production of food.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/20143409/index.html#a2|title=RS 817.022.108 Ordonnance du DFI du 16 décembre 2016 sur les denrées alimentaires d'origine animale (ODAIAn) (Ordinance of 23 November 2005 on food of animal origin)|website=www.admin.ch|publisher=Federal Department of Home Affairs (Switzerland)|language=fr|access-date=September 18, 2020|archive-date=June 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607213931/https://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/20143409/index.html#a2|url-status=live}}</ref> Horse steak is widely offered in restaurants. A marinated, smoked [[cold cuts|deli meat]] specialty known as ''[[:de:Mostbröckli|Mostbröckli]]'' is made here with beef or horse meat. Horse meat is also used for a range of sausages in the German-speaking north of Switzerland. As in northern Italy, in Switzerland's Italian-speaking south, local {{Lang|it|salametti}} (sausages) may be made with horse meat. Horse may also be used in [[Fondue#Fondue Bourguignonne|''fondue Bourguignonne'']].
====Ukraine====
In Ukraine, especially in [[Crimea]] and other southern steppe regions, horse meat is consumed in the form of sausages called {{Transl|uk|mahan}} and {{Transl|uk|sudzhuk}}. These particular sausages are traditional food of the [[Crimean Tatars|Crimean Tatar]] population.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
====United Kingdom====
In the United Kingdom, the slaughter, preparation, and consumption of horses for food is not against the law, although it has been rare since the 1930s, and horse meat is not generally available. A cultural taboo against consuming horse meat exists in the UK, although it was eaten when other meats were scarce, such as during times of war,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/foodprogramme_20040425.shtml |title=BBC Radio 4 - Factual - Food Programme - 11 April 2004 |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2004-04-11 |access-date=2013-02-15 |archive-date=June 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616180712/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/foodprogramme_20040425.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/25/a7269825.shtml |title=WW2 People's War - Horsemeat, A Wedding Treat |publisher=BBC |date=2005-11-25 |access-date=2013-02-15}}</ref> as was [[whale meat]], which similarly failed to achieve popularity. The sale of meat labelled as horse meat in UK supermarkets and butchers is minimal, and most actual horse meat consumed in the UK is imported from continental Europe, predominantly from the [[south of France]], where it is more widely eaten.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/06/nramsay06.xml |title=We Should Eat Horse Meat |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |archive-date=March 26, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326045738/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F05%2F06%2Fnramsay06.xml |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Horse meat may be eaten without the knowledge of the consumer, due to accidental or [[fraud]]ulent introduction of horse meat into human food. A 2003 [[Food Standards Agency]] investigation revealed that certain sausages, salami, and similar products such as [[chorizo]] and [[pastrami]] sometimes contained horse meat without it being listed,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2963554.stm |title=Horse meat found in salami |work=BBC News |date=June 4, 2003 |archive-date=January 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128115440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2963554.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> although listing is legally required.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.food.gov.uk/foodlabelling/ull/ |title=[ARCHIVED CONTENT] Food Standards Agency - Labelling rules |publisher=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk |access-date=2013-02-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720141827/http://www.food.gov.uk/foodlabelling/ull/ |archive-date=2008-07-20 }}</ref> The [[2013 horse meat scandal]] involved multiple products being recalled from shelves due to unlabelled horse meat in amounts up to 100% of the meat content.<ref name=bbcconf>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21375594 |title=Findus beef lasagne contained up to 100% horsemeat, FSA says |date=7 February 2013 |access-date=7 February 2013 |work=BBC News |archive-date=February 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207194258/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21375594 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Horse meat was featured in a segment of a 2007 episode of the [[Gordon Ramsay]] series ''[[The F Word (British TV series)|The F Word]]''. In the segment, [[Janet Street-Porter]] convinced locals to try horse meat, though not before facing controversy and being forced to move her stand to a privately owned location. The meat was presented as having a similar taste to beef, but with less fat, a high concentration of [[omega-3 fatty acid]]s, and as a safer alternative in times of worry regarding [[Avian influenza|bird flu]] and [[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy|mad cow disease]]. The segment was met with skepticism from many viewers after broadcast for various reasons, either because some felt the practice was cruel and against social norms, or simply a belief that if the taste was really on par with other meats, then people would already be eating it.<ref name="thefword">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1550742/We-should-eat-horse-meat-says-Ramsay.html|title=We should eat horse meat, says Ramsay|first=David|last=Harrison|date=May 6, 2007|access-date=July 24, 2016|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|archive-date=September 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920091319/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1550742/We-should-eat-horse-meat-says-Ramsay.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A company called Cowley's Fine Foods has also launched a horse jerky range called My Brittle Pony.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/is-horse-meat-legal-in-the-us_n_2966499|title = WATCH: HuffPost Tries Horse Meat and (Kind Of) Likes It|date = April 2013}}</ref> Their Twitter account @MY Brittle Pony, states that they are "Determined to make horse a stable part of the British diet.<ref>https://twitter.com/MYBrittlePony {{Bare URL inline|date=November 2021}}</ref>
===North America===
====Canada====
A thriving horse meat business exists in [[Quebec]]; the meat is available in most supermarket chains there.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/food-trends/why-you-should-eat-horsemeat-its-delicious/article567009/?page=all|title=Why you should eat horsemeat: It's delicious|date=January 4, 2011|newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]]|access-date=August 31, 2017|archive-date=May 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525133935/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/food-trends/why-you-should-eat-horsemeat-its-delicious/article567009/?page=all|url-status=live}}</ref> Horse meat is also for sale at the other end of the country, in [[Granville Island]] Market in [[downtown Vancouver]], where according to a [[Time magazine|''Time'']] reviewer who smuggled it into the United States, it turned out to be a "sweet, rich, superlean, oddly soft meat, closer to beef than venison".<ref name="time" /> Horse meat is also available in high-end [[Toronto]] butchers and supermarkets. Aside from the heritage of French cuisine at one end of the country, most of Canada shares the horse meat taboo with the rest of the [[English-speaking world]]. This mentality is especially evident in [[Alberta]], where strong [[horse racing]] and breeding industries and cultures have existed since the province's founding, although large numbers of horses are slaughtered for meat in Fort MacLeod,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tierschutzbund-zuerich.ch/en/investigation-reports/country/select_category/36.html |title=Investigation reports, Canada |publisher=Tierschutzbund Zürich TSB |location=Zurich, Switzerland |access-date=2015-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629155935/https://www.tierschutzbund-zuerich.ch/en/investigation-reports/country/select_category/36.html |archive-date=2017-06-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and certain butchers in Calgary do sell it.
In 2013, the consumer protection show ''Kassensturz'' of Swiss television [[Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen|SRF]] reported the poor animal conditions at Bouvry Exports, a Canadian horse meat farm in Fort MacLeod, Alberta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srf.ch/konsum/themen/konsum/quaelerei-auf-pferdefarmen |title=Quälerei auf Pferdefarmen |trans-title=Cruelty on horse farms |author=Ursula Gabathuler |author2=Samira Zingaro |publisher=Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen SRF |date=22 February 2013 |language=de |location=Zurich, Switzerland |access-date=2015-01-14 |archive-date=February 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227043358/http://www.srf.ch/konsum/themen/konsum/quaelerei-auf-pferdefarmen |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Migros]], the primary importer of horse meat into Switzerland, started working with Bouvry to improve their animal welfare, but in 2015 Migros cut ties with Bouvry because though improvements had been made, they had not improved sufficiently. Migros had "set itself the ambitious goal of bringing all suppliers abroad up to the strict Swiss standards by 2020."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.migros.ch/de/medien/medienmitteilungen/aktuelle-meldungen-2014/kein-pferdefleisch-vom-produzenten-bouvry.html |title=Migros bezieht kein Pferdefleisch mehr vom Produzenten Bouvry aus Kanada|trans-title=Migros no longer purchases horse meat from the producer Bouvry in Canada|language=de |publisher=[[Migros]]-Genossenschafts-Bund |location=Zurich, Switzerland |date=6 June 2014 |access-date=2015-01-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114212512/http://www.migros.ch/de/medien/medienmitteilungen/aktuelle-meldungen-2014/kein-pferdefleisch-vom-produzenten-bouvry.html |archive-date=14 January 2015 }}</ref>
[[CBC News]] reported on March 10, 2013, that horse meat was also popular among some segments of Toronto's population. <!-- The article also reported that countries where horse meat is part of the diet include France, Russia, Kazakhstan, China, and Italy. --><ref name=CBC2013-03-10>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/story/2013/03/10/toronto-horse-meat.html|title=Toronto restaurateurs say horse meat a prime dining choice|date=March 10, 2013|newspaper=[[CBC News]]|access-date=March 15, 2013|archive-date=March 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314225747/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/story/2013/03/10/toronto-horse-meat.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
====United States====
{{See also|Horse slaughter#United States}}
Horse meat is generally not eaten in the United States, and is banned in many states across the country. It holds a taboo in American culture very similar to the one found in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodreference.com/html/arthorsemeat.html|title=Horsemeat - Food Facts and History - Food Reference|work=foodreference.com|access-date=January 25, 2015|archive-date=February 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204124210/http://www.foodreference.com/html/arthorsemeat.html|url-status=live}}</ref> All horse meat produced in the United States since the 1960s (until the last quarter of 2007) was intended solely for export abroad, primarily to the European Union. However, a thriving horse exportation business is going on in several states, including Texas, primarily exporting horses to slaughterhouses in either Canada or Mexico.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tierschutzbund-zuerich.ch/en/investigation-reports/country/select_category/37.html |title=Investigation reports, USA |publisher=Tierschutzbund Zürich (Animal Welfare Foundation) TSB |location=Zurich, Switzerland |access-date=2015-01-14 |archive-date=January 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112119/http://tierschutzbund-zuerich.ch/en/investigation-reports/country/select_category/37.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Restriction of human consumption of horse meat in the U.S. has generally involved legislation at local, state, and federal levels. Several states have enacted legislation either prohibiting the sale of horse meat or banning altogether the slaughter of horses. <!-- OUTDATED, as horse slaughter occurred until 2007 Texas, for example, banned in 1949 the sale of horsemeat, as well as the any trade operation, such as transportation, involving horse meat.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/AG/htm/AG.149.htm | title=Texas Agriculture Code Chapter 149 "Sale of Horsemeat for Human Consumption" | publisher=Texas Constitution and Statutes, State of Texas| year=1949 | access-date=December 28, 2014}}</ref> -->
[[California Proposition 6 (1998)]] was passed by state voters, outlawing the possession, transfer, reception, or holding any horse, pony, burro, or mule by a person who is aware that it will be used for human consumption, and making the slaughter of horses or the sale of horse meat for human consumption a [[misdemeanor]] offense.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://vote98.sos.ca.gov/VoterGuide/Propositions/6.htm | title=Criminal Law. Prohibition on Slaughter of Horses and Sale of Horsemeat for Human Consumption. Initiative Statute. | publisher=California Secretary of State | year=1998 | access-date=September 12, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224023712/http://vote98.sos.ca.gov/VoterGuide/Propositions/6.htm | archive-date=February 24, 2012 }}</ref>
In 2007, the Illinois General Assembly enacted Public Act 95-02, amending Chapter 225, Section 635 of the state's compiled statutes<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=1381&ChapterID=24| title=225 ILCS 635 "Illinois Horse Meat Act"| publisher=Illinois General Assembly| year=2007| access-date=December 28, 2014| archive-date=April 2, 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402151319/http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=1381&ChapterID=24| url-status=live}}</ref> to prohibit both the act of slaughtering equines for human consumption and the trade of any horse meat similarly to Texas Agriculture Code's Chapter 149.
Other states banning horse slaughter or the sale of horse meat include New Jersey, Oklahoma, and Mississippi. In addition, several other states introduced legislation to outlaw the practice over the years, such as Florida, Massachusetts, New Mexico, and New York.
At the federal level, since 2001, several bills have been regularly introduced in both the House and Senate to ban horse slaughter throughout the country without success. However, a budgetary provision banning the use of federal funds to carry out mandatory inspections at horse slaughter plants (necessary to allow interstate sale and exports of horse meat) has also been in place since 2007. This restriction was temporarily removed in 2011 as part of the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2012<ref>{{cite news
|title = Horse: Coming soon to a meat case near you?
|url = http://eatocracy.cnn.com/2011/11/30/horse-coming-soon-to-a-meat-case-near-you/
|access-date = 2011-12-01
|publisher = CNN
|date = 2011-11-30
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111202170850/http://eatocracy.cnn.com/2011/11/30/horse-coming-soon-to-a-meat-case-near-you/
|archive-date = 2011-12-02
}}
</ref> but was again included in the FY2014 Agriculture Appropriations Act and subsequent federal budgets, hence preventing the operation of any domestic horse slaughter operation.
Until 2007, only three horse meat slaughterhouses still existed in the United States for export to foreign markets, but they were closed by court orders resulting from the upholding of aforementioned Illinois and Texas statutes banning horse slaughter and the sale of horse meat.
The taboo surrounding horse meat in the United States received national attention again in May 2017 when a restaurant in the [[Lawrenceville (Pittsburgh)|Lawrenceville]] section of [[Pittsburgh]] served a dish containing [[Steak tartare|horse tartare]] as part of a special event the restaurant was hosting with [[French Canadian]] chefs as guests. The restaurant, which otherwise does not serve horse meat (which is legal to serve and consume in [[Pennsylvania]]), received an inspection and a warning from the [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] not to serve horse meat again. A [[Change.org]] petition subsequently went up to advocate making serving horse meat illegal in Pennsylvania.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2017/05/15/usda-warns-pittsburgh-restaurant-that-served-horse-meat/|title = USDA Warns Pittsburgh Restaurant That Served Horse Meat|date = 2017-05-15|access-date = May 20, 2017|archive-date = May 18, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170518211537/http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2017/05/15/usda-warns-pittsburgh-restaurant-that-served-horse-meat/|url-status = live}}</ref>
From the 1920s and through the 1950s or 1960s, and with a brief rationing hiccup during WWII, horse meat was canned and sold as dog food by many different companies under many different brands, most notably by [[Ken-L Ration]]. The popularity of horse meat as dog food became so popular that by the 1930s, over 50,000 horses were bred and slaughtered each year to keep up with this specific demand.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.neatorama.com/pet/2013/05/20/Kibble-Me-This-The-History-of-Dog-Food/ | title=Kibble Me This: The History of Dog Food | access-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230305/http://www.neatorama.com/pet/2013/05/20/Kibble-Me-This-The-History-of-Dog-Food/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.animalfixer.com/articles/historydogfood.html | title=The History of Dog Food | access-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230225857/http://www.animalfixer.com/articles/historydogfood.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|isbn = 978-1592231164|title = Uncle John's Unstoppable Bathroom Reader|last1 = Institute|first1 = Bathroom Readers'|year = 2003|url = https://archive.org/details/unclejohnsunstop00bath}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://thecatsite.com/threads/the-history-of-dog-food.89636/ | title=The History of Dog Food | access-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230225803/https://thecatsite.com/threads/the-history-of-dog-food.89636/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.lrgaf.org/slaughter/savin.htm | title=Savin' All My Love for You | access-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230436/http://www.lrgaf.org/slaughter/savin.htm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://rtfitchauthor.com/tag/ken-l-ration/ | title=Ken-L-Ration – Straight from the Horse's Heart | access-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230608/https://rtfitchauthor.com/tag/ken-l-ration/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
====Mexico====
As of 2005, Mexico was the second-largest producer of horse meat in the world.<ref name=production2005>{{cite web
|url=http://www.animalwelfarecouncil.com/html/pdf/consequences.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707143541/http://www.animalwelfarecouncil.com/html/pdf/consequences.pdf
|archive-date=2011-07-07
|title=THE UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF A BAN ON THE HUMANE SLAUGHTER (PROCESSING) OF HORSES IN THE UNITED STATES
|publisher=The Animal Welfare Council, Inc., citing FAO-UN Horticultural Database
|date=May 15, 2006
|page=10
|access-date=2008-11-06
}}</ref> By 2009, it became the largest producer of horse meat in the world.<ref name=farminguk2009-01-17 /> It is only exported as it is not used or consumed in Mexico.<ref name="mexventa">{{Cite web|url=https://www.informador.mx/Economia/Mexico-consolida-venta-de-carne-de-caballo-al-exterior-20130225-0257.html|title=México consolida venta de carne de caballo al exterior (Mexico consolidates horse meat exportations)|website=El Informador :: Noticias de Jalisco, México, Deportes & Entretenimiento|access-date=April 22, 2014|language=es|archive-date=March 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312043356/https://www.informador.mx/Economia/Mexico-consolida-venta-de-carne-de-caballo-al-exterior-20130225-0257.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
===South America===
====Argentina====
[[Argentina]] is a producer and exporter of horse meat, but it is not used in local consumption and is considered taboo.<ref name="lanacion1">{{cite news|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1370512-carne-de-caballo-el-negocio-tabu-que-florece-en-la-argentina/|title=Carne de caballo, el negocio tabú que florece en la Argentina|language=es|work=La Nación|date=2011-05-04|access-date=2013-02-15|archive-date=July 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714063317/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1370512-carne-de-caballo-el-negocio-tabu-que-florece-en-la-argentina|url-status=live}}</ref>
====Chile====
In [[Chile]], it is used in ''[[charqui]]''. Also in Chile, horse meat became the main source of nutrition for the nomadic indigenous tribes, which promptly switched from a [[guanaco]]-based economy to a horse-based one after the horses brought by the Spaniards bred naturally and became feral.
Although not nearly as common as beef meat, horse meat can be readily available in some butcheries throughout the country. It is generally less expensive than beef and somewhat associated with lower social strata.
==See also==
{{portal|Food|Horses}}
* [[List of meat animals]]
* [[Mare milk]]
*[[Whale meat]]
*[[Shark fin soup]]
*[[Dog meat]]
*[[Snake meat]]
*[[Frog meat]]
*[[Monkey meat]]
*[[Cricket flour]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{cite web
|url=http://www.igha.org/USDA.html
|title=U.S.D.A. Promotes Horse & Goat Meat
|publisher=International Generic Horse Association
|access-date=2007-08-09
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://www.igha.org/USDA.html
|archive-date=2017-10-10
|url-status=dead
}} (quoting a 1997 USDA report said to be no longer available online)
*[https://www.la-viande.fr/ La Viande Chevaline], a web site made by the French Horse Meat Industry structure, called ''Interbev Equins'' (French)
{{Meat|state=expanded}}
{{Cuisine}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Horse Meat}}
[[Category:Horse products|Meat]]
[[Category:Meat by animal]]
[[Category:Horse industry]]
<!-- we do not add "egg" to all "national cuisine" categories, because it is not a product, it is an ingredient.
[[Category:Hungarian cuisine]]
[[Category:Japanese cuisine]]
[[Category:Mexican cuisine]]
[[Category:Austrian cuisine]]
[[Category:Central Asian cuisine]]
[[Category:Chilean cuisine]]
[[Category:Chinese cuisine]]
[[Category:French cuisine]]
[[Category:German cuisine]]
-->'
|
Unified diff of changes made by edit ($1) (edit_diff) |
'@@ -15,75 +15,9 @@
}}
-'''[[Horse]] meat''' forms a significant part of the [[Culinary arts|culinary]] traditions of many countries, particularly in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]. The eight countries that consume the most horse meat consume about 4.3 million [[horse]]s a year. For the majority of humanity's early existence, [[wild horse]]s were hunted as a source of protein.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Documenting Domestication |author=Melinda A. Zeder |publisher=University of California Pres |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-520-24638-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaVTxjrbIFQC |pages=257, 258, 265 |access-date=May 6, 2020 |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918224612/https://books.google.com/books?id=EaVTxjrbIFQC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Horse, the Wheel and Language |author=David W. Anthony |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2008 |pages=199, 220 |isbn=978-0-691-05887-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOG5VcYxhiEC |access-date=May 6, 2020 |archive-date=March 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327013641/https://books.google.com/books?id=rOG5VcYxhiEC |url-status=live }}</ref>
-
-==History==
-During the [[Paleolithic]], wild horses formed an important source of food for humans. In many parts of Europe, the consumption of horse meat continued throughout the Middle Ages until modern times, despite a papal ban on horse meat in 732.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Pillsbury|title=No foreign food: the American diet in time and place|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8te03bzHJkUC|year=1998|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-2739-6|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8te03bzHJkUC&pg=PA14 14]|access-date=January 8, 2016|archive-date=June 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611013400/https://books.google.com/books?id=8te03bzHJkUC|url-status=live}}</ref> Horse meat was also eaten as part of [[Germanic paganism|Germanic pagan]] religious ceremonies in [[Northern Europe]], particularly ceremonies associated with the worship of [[Odin]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Calvin W. Schwabe, ''Unmentionable Cuisine'', University
+'''[[Horse]] meat''' forms a significant part of the [[Culinary arts|culinary]] traditions of many countries, particularly in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]. The eight countries that consume the most horse meat consume about 4.3 million apples and horse meat are good for for so u should eat horses
Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-1162-1}}</ref>
The earliest horses evolved on the North American continent, and by about 12,000 BC, they had migrated to other parts of the world,<ref name = "Azzaroli1992">{{cite journal |last=Azzaroli |first=A. |year=1992 |title=Ascent and decline of monodactyl equids: a case for prehistoric overkill |journal=Ann. Zool. Finnici |volume=28 |pages=151–163 |url=http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anzf28/anz28-151-163.pdf |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=March 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329173448/http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anzf28/anz28-151-163.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> becoming extinct in the [[Americas]].<ref name="LeQuire">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=4849 | author=LeQuire, Elise | title=No Grass, No Horse | publisher=The Horse, online edition | date=January 4, 2004 | access-date=June 8, 2009 | archive-date=October 10, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=4849 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = "Guthrie">{{Cite journal | last = Guthrie | first = R. D. | s2cid = 186242574 | title = Rapid body size decline in Alaskan Pleistocene horses before extinction | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 426 | issue = 6963
- | pages = 169–171 | date = November 13, 2003 | doi = 10.1038/nature02098 | pmid = 14614503 | bibcode = 2003Natur.426..169D }}</ref> The now-extinct [[Hagerman horse]] of Idaho, about the size of a modern-day large pony, is one example of an indigenous New World horse species.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/hafo/crittercorner/equus.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103193555/http://www.nps.gov/archive/hafo/crittercorner/equus.htm |archive-date=January 3, 2007 | title= Hagerman "Horse" – ''Equus simplicidens'' |last= McDonald |first= G. |journal=The Fossil Record |date=March 1993|url-status= dead}}</ref> In the 15th and 16th centuries, Spaniards, followed by other European settlers, reintroduced horses to the Americas. Some horses became [[feral horse|feral]], and began to be hunted by the indigenous [[Pehuenche]] people of what is now [[Chile]] and [[Argentina]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=http://universum.utalca.cl/contenido/index-01/torrejon.html |title=Variables Geohistóricas en la Evolución del Sistema Económica Pehuenche durante el periodo colonial |trans-title=Geohistorical Variables in the Evolution of the Pehuenche Economic System During the Colonial Period |author=Fernando Terrejón G. |language=es |magazine=Universum Magazine |page=226 |number=16 |year=2001 |publisher=University of Talca |access-date=2009-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313105853/http://universum.utalca.cl/contenido/index-01/torrejon.html |archive-date=2009-03-13}}</ref> Initially, early humans hunted horses as they did other game; later, they began to raise them for meat, milk and transport. The meat was, and still is, preserved by being [[dried meat|sun-dried]] in the high [[Andes]] into a product known as ''[[charqui]]''.
-
-France dates its taste for horse meat to [[French Revolution|the Revolution]]. With the fall of the aristocracy, its [[auxiliaries]] had to find new means of subsistence. The horses formerly maintained by the aristocracy as a sign of prestige ended up being used to alleviate the hunger of the masses.<ref name="Harris"/> During the Napoleonic campaigns, the surgeon-in-chief of [[Napoleon]]'s [[Grand Army]], [[Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey]], advised the starving troops to eat the meat of horses. At the [[Siege of Alexandria (1801)|siege of Alexandria]], the meat of young [[Arab horse]]s relieved an epidemic of [[scurvy]]. At the [[battle of Eylau]] in 1807, Larrey served horse as soup and as ''[[bœuf à la mode]]''. At [[battle of Aspern-Essling|Aspern-Essling]] (1809), cut off from the supply lines, the cavalry used the breastplates of fallen ''[[cuirassier]]s'' as cooking pans and [[gunpowder]] as seasoning, thus founding a practice that carried on until at least the Waterloo campaign.<ref name="Musee">{{cite web|url=http://leslivresoublies.free.fr/leslivresoublies/Sciences_et_techniques_muse/cheval.html|title=Études Hygiéniques de la chair de cheval comme aliment (Hygienic studies of horseflesh as food)|publisher=[[Musée des familles]] |issue=1841–42|via=leslivresoublies.free.fr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801111700/http://leslivresoublies.free.fr/leslivresoublies/Sciences_et_techniques_muse/cheval.html|archive-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Parker">Larrey mentions in his memoirs how he fed the wounded after the (1809){{clarify|date=March 2019}} with [[bouillon]] of horse meat seasoned with gunpowder. Parker, Harold T. (1983 reprint) ''Three Napoleonic Battles''. (2nd Ed). [[Duke University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-8223-0547-X}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qiyp-Mft2zEC&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&ots=W7h9mMJcvK Page 83] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427113715/https://books.google.com/books?id=qiyp-Mft2zEC&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&ots=W7h9mMJcvK |date=April 27, 2016 }} (in [[Google Books]]). Quoting [[Dominique-Jean Larrey]], ''Mémoires de chirurgie militaire et campagnes'', III 281, Paris, Smith.</ref>
-[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B15171, Sowjetunion, Ausschlachten eines Pferdes.jpg|thumb|Hunger during World War II led to horses being eaten.]]
-Horse meat gained widespread acceptance in [[French cuisine]] during the later years of the [[Second French Empire]]. The high cost of living in Paris prevented many working-class citizens from buying meat such as [[pork]] or [[beef]]; in 1866, the French government legalized the eating of horse meat, and the first butcher's shop specializing in horse meat opened in eastern Paris, providing quality meat at lower prices.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1525/gfc.2007.7.2.44| title=They Eat Horses, Don't They? Hippophagy and Frenchness| journal=Gastronomica| volume=7| issue=2| pages=44–51| year=2007| last1=Weil| first1=Kari}}</ref> During the [[Siege of Paris (1870–1871)]], horse meat, along with the meat of donkeys and mules, was eaten by anyone who could afford it, partly because of a shortage of fresh meat in the blockaded city, and also because horses were eating grain that was needed by the human populace. Though large numbers of horses were in Paris (estimates suggested between 65,000 and 70,000 were butchered and eaten during the siege), the supply was ultimately limited. Not even champion racehorses were spared (two horses presented to [[Napoleon III]] by [[Alexander II of Russia]] were slaughtered), but the meat became [[Scarcity|scarce]]. Many Parisians gained a taste for horse meat during the siege, and after the war ended, horse meat remained popular. Likewise, in other places and times of siege or starvation, horses are viewed as a food source of last resort.
-
-Despite the general [[Anglophone]] taboo, horse and donkey meat was eaten in Britain, especially in [[Yorkshire]], until the 1930s,<ref>''Eating Up Italy: Voyages on a Vespa'' by [[Matthew Fort]]. 2005, p253. {{ISBN|0-00-721481-2}}</ref> and, in times of postwar food shortages, surged in popularity in the United States<ref>{{cite news |last=Grutzner |first=Charles |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/25/archives/horse-meat-consumption-by-new-yorkers-is-rising-newark-dealer.html?sq=horse%2520meat&scp=4&st=cse |title=Horse Meat Consumption By New Yorkers Is Rising - Newark Dealer Reports 60% of Customers Are From City-Weinstein Will Not Prohibit Sale of the Flesh Here - Front Page - NYTimes.com |publisher=Select.nytimes.com |date=1946-09-25 |access-date=2014-02-09 |archive-date=July 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723004746/https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/25/archives/horse-meat-consumption-by-new-yorkers-is-rising-newark-dealer.html?sq=horse%2520meat&scp=4&st=cse |url-status=live }}</ref> and was considered for use as [[dietetics|hospital food]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Powers |first=James E. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/29/archives/nearby-hospitals-down-to-minimum-of-meat-supplies-westchester-just.html?sq=horse%2520meat&scp=10&st=cse |title=NEAR-BY HOSPITALS DOWN TO MINIMUM OF MEAT SUPPLIES - Westchester Just Getting By, Monmouth is Using HighProtein SubstitutesHENKEL SCORES TRUMAN Says Restaurants Can't Sell 'Patience' Any More-3 Seek to Deal in Horse Flesh Here - Front Page - NYTimes.com |publisher=Select.nytimes.com |date=1946-09-29 |access-date=2014-02-09 |archive-date=July 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723004423/https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/29/archives/nearby-hospitals-down-to-minimum-of-meat-supplies-westchester-just.html?sq=horse%2520meat&scp=10&st=cse |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2007 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine article about horse meat brought to the United States from Canada described the meat as "a sweet, rich, superlean, oddly soft meat, and closer to beef than to [[venison]]."<ref name="time" />
-
-==Nutrition==
-
-Horse meat has a slightly sweet taste reminiscent of beef. Many consumers allege not being able to tell the difference between beef and horse meat.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-02-25|title=6 descriptions of what horse meat actually tastes like|url=https://theweek.com/articles/467306/6-descriptions-what-horse-meat-actually-tastes-like|access-date=2020-11-01|website=theweek.com|language=en}}</ref>
-
-Meat from younger horses tends to be lighter in color, while older horses produce richer color and flavor, as with most [[mammals]]. Horse meat can be used to replace beef, pork, mutton, venison, and any other meat in virtually any recipe. Horse meat is usually very lean. Jurisdictions that allow for the slaughter of horses for food rarely have age restrictions, so many are quite young, some even as young as 16 to 24 months old. IHDH did find that horses at the age of 6 months had lower value of moisture and protein.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=De Palo|first1=P.|last2=Maggiolino|first2=A.|last3=Centoducati|first3=P.|last4=Tateo|first4=A.|date=November 2013|title=Slaughtering Age Effect on Carcass Traits and Meat Quality of Italian Heavy Draught Horse Foals|journal=Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences|volume=26|issue=11|pages=1637–1643|doi=10.5713/ajas.2013.13174|issn=1011-2367|pmc=4093806|pmid=25049752}}</ref>
-
-{|class="wikitable sortable"
-|+Selected nutrients per 100 g (3.5 oz)<ref name="horsemeat">{{cite web|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/lamb-veal-and-game-products/4639/2|title=Nutrition Facts and Analysis for Game meat, horse, raw|access-date=8 February 2013|archive-date=December 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229130808/http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/lamb-veal-and-game-products/4639/2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="stripsteak">{{cite web|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/beef-products/10525/2|title=Nutrition Facts and Analysis for Beef, grass-fed, strip steaks, lean only, raw|access-date=8 February 2013|archive-date=October 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025153248/https://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/beef-products/10525/2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="kqed">{{cite web |url=http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/07/how-nutritious-is-horse-the-other-red-meat/ |title=How Nutritious Is Horse? The Other Red Meat |last=Pino |first=Darya |author-link=Darya Pino |date=7 January 2011 |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-date=February 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218215638/http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/07/how-nutritious-is-horse-the-other-red-meat/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-|-
-!rowspan=2| Food source
-!colspan=2| Energy
-!rowspan=2| Protein<br />(g)
-!rowspan=2| Fat<br />(g)
-!rowspan=2| Iron<br />(mg)
-!rowspan=2| Sodium<br />(mg)
-!rowspan=2| Cholesterol<br />(mg)
-|-
-!(kJ)
-!(Cal)
-|-
-|Game meat, horse, raw
-|{{convert|133|Cal|kJ|order=flip|disp=table}}
-|align=right| 21
-|align=right| 5
-|align=right| 3.8
-|align=right| 53
-|align=right| 52
-|-
-|Beef, strip steak, raw
-| {{convert|117|Cal|kJ|order=flip|disp=table}}
-|align=right| 23
-|align=right| 3
-|align=right| 1.9
-|align=right| 55
-|align=right| 55
-|}
-
-==Production==
-{{Self-contradictory|about=consumption in Mexico|discuss=Contradiction re consumption in Mexico|1=article|date=November 2021}}
-[[File:Muenchen Pferdemetzger Viktualienmarkt.jpg|thumb|Horse butcher on the [[Viktualienmarkt]] in Munich, Germany]]
-In most countries where [[Horse slaughter|horses are slaughtered]] for food, they are processed in a similar fashion to cattle, i.e., in large-scale factory [[slaughter house]]s (abattoirs) where they are [[stunning|stunned]] with a [[captive bolt gun]] and [[exsanguination|bled to death]]. In countries with a less industrialized food-production system, horses and other animals are slaughtered individually outdoors as needed, in or near the village where they will be consumed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/26/world/asia/a-sure-thing-for-kazakhs-horses-will-provide.html|title=A Sure Thing for Kazakhs: Horses Will Provide|first=C. J.|last=Chivers|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 26, 2005|access-date=September 18, 2020|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918224614/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/26/world/asia/a-sure-thing-for-kazakhs-horses-will-provide.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
-
-{| class="wikitable sortable"
-|+Ten largest producers of horse meat in 2018<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Production_LivestockPrimary_E_All_Data.zip |title=FAOSTAT - All Data (Bulk Data) |author=FAO |access-date=2020-09-11 |archive-date=November 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101190235/http://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Production_LivestockPrimary_E_All_Data.zip |url-status=live }}</ref>
-|-
-! !! Country
-!Number of animals
-! Production<br />(tonnes)
-|-
-| 1. || {{flag|China}}
-|1,589,164|| 200,452
-|-
-| 2. || {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
-|718,027|| 126,520
-|-
-| 3. || {{flag|Mexico}}
+ | pages = 169–171 | date = November 13, 2003 | doi = 10.1038/nature02098 | pmid = 14614503 | bibcode = 2003Natur.426..169D }}</ref> The now-extinct [[Hagerman horse]] of Idaho, about the size of a modCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCFEeeees
|634,845|| 83,922
|-
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[
0 => ''''[[Horse]] meat''' forms a significant part of the [[Culinary arts|culinary]] traditions of many countries, particularly in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]. The eight countries that consume the most horse meat consume about 4.3 million apples and horse meat are good for for so u should eat horses',
1 => ' | pages = 169–171 | date = November 13, 2003 | doi = 10.1038/nature02098 | pmid = 14614503 | bibcode = 2003Natur.426..169D }}</ref> The now-extinct [[Hagerman horse]] of Idaho, about the size of a modCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCFEeeees'
]
|
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[
0 => ''''[[Horse]] meat''' forms a significant part of the [[Culinary arts|culinary]] traditions of many countries, particularly in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]. The eight countries that consume the most horse meat consume about 4.3 million [[horse]]s a year. For the majority of humanity's early existence, [[wild horse]]s were hunted as a source of protein.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Documenting Domestication |author=Melinda A. Zeder |publisher=University of California Pres |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-520-24638-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaVTxjrbIFQC |pages=257, 258, 265 |access-date=May 6, 2020 |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918224612/https://books.google.com/books?id=EaVTxjrbIFQC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Horse, the Wheel and Language |author=David W. Anthony |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2008 |pages=199, 220 |isbn=978-0-691-05887-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOG5VcYxhiEC |access-date=May 6, 2020 |archive-date=March 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327013641/https://books.google.com/books?id=rOG5VcYxhiEC |url-status=live }}</ref>',
1 => '',
2 => '==History==',
3 => 'During the [[Paleolithic]], wild horses formed an important source of food for humans. In many parts of Europe, the consumption of horse meat continued throughout the Middle Ages until modern times, despite a papal ban on horse meat in 732.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Pillsbury|title=No foreign food: the American diet in time and place|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8te03bzHJkUC|year=1998|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-2739-6|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8te03bzHJkUC&pg=PA14 14]|access-date=January 8, 2016|archive-date=June 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611013400/https://books.google.com/books?id=8te03bzHJkUC|url-status=live}}</ref> Horse meat was also eaten as part of [[Germanic paganism|Germanic pagan]] religious ceremonies in [[Northern Europe]], particularly ceremonies associated with the worship of [[Odin]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Calvin W. Schwabe, ''Unmentionable Cuisine'', University',
4 => ' | pages = 169–171 | date = November 13, 2003 | doi = 10.1038/nature02098 | pmid = 14614503 | bibcode = 2003Natur.426..169D }}</ref> The now-extinct [[Hagerman horse]] of Idaho, about the size of a modern-day large pony, is one example of an indigenous New World horse species.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/hafo/crittercorner/equus.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103193555/http://www.nps.gov/archive/hafo/crittercorner/equus.htm |archive-date=January 3, 2007 | title= Hagerman "Horse" – ''Equus simplicidens'' |last= McDonald |first= G. |journal=The Fossil Record |date=March 1993|url-status= dead}}</ref> In the 15th and 16th centuries, Spaniards, followed by other European settlers, reintroduced horses to the Americas. Some horses became [[feral horse|feral]], and began to be hunted by the indigenous [[Pehuenche]] people of what is now [[Chile]] and [[Argentina]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=http://universum.utalca.cl/contenido/index-01/torrejon.html |title=Variables Geohistóricas en la Evolución del Sistema Económica Pehuenche durante el periodo colonial |trans-title=Geohistorical Variables in the Evolution of the Pehuenche Economic System During the Colonial Period |author=Fernando Terrejón G. |language=es |magazine=Universum Magazine |page=226 |number=16 |year=2001 |publisher=University of Talca |access-date=2009-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313105853/http://universum.utalca.cl/contenido/index-01/torrejon.html |archive-date=2009-03-13}}</ref> Initially, early humans hunted horses as they did other game; later, they began to raise them for meat, milk and transport. The meat was, and still is, preserved by being [[dried meat|sun-dried]] in the high [[Andes]] into a product known as ''[[charqui]]''.',
5 => '',
6 => 'France dates its taste for horse meat to [[French Revolution|the Revolution]]. With the fall of the aristocracy, its [[auxiliaries]] had to find new means of subsistence. The horses formerly maintained by the aristocracy as a sign of prestige ended up being used to alleviate the hunger of the masses.<ref name="Harris"/> During the Napoleonic campaigns, the surgeon-in-chief of [[Napoleon]]'s [[Grand Army]], [[Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey]], advised the starving troops to eat the meat of horses. At the [[Siege of Alexandria (1801)|siege of Alexandria]], the meat of young [[Arab horse]]s relieved an epidemic of [[scurvy]]. At the [[battle of Eylau]] in 1807, Larrey served horse as soup and as ''[[bœuf à la mode]]''. At [[battle of Aspern-Essling|Aspern-Essling]] (1809), cut off from the supply lines, the cavalry used the breastplates of fallen ''[[cuirassier]]s'' as cooking pans and [[gunpowder]] as seasoning, thus founding a practice that carried on until at least the Waterloo campaign.<ref name="Musee">{{cite web|url=http://leslivresoublies.free.fr/leslivresoublies/Sciences_et_techniques_muse/cheval.html|title=Études Hygiéniques de la chair de cheval comme aliment (Hygienic studies of horseflesh as food)|publisher=[[Musée des familles]] |issue=1841–42|via=leslivresoublies.free.fr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801111700/http://leslivresoublies.free.fr/leslivresoublies/Sciences_et_techniques_muse/cheval.html|archive-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Parker">Larrey mentions in his memoirs how he fed the wounded after the (1809){{clarify|date=March 2019}} with [[bouillon]] of horse meat seasoned with gunpowder. Parker, Harold T. (1983 reprint) ''Three Napoleonic Battles''. (2nd Ed). [[Duke University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-8223-0547-X}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qiyp-Mft2zEC&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&ots=W7h9mMJcvK Page 83] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427113715/https://books.google.com/books?id=qiyp-Mft2zEC&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&ots=W7h9mMJcvK |date=April 27, 2016 }} (in [[Google Books]]). Quoting [[Dominique-Jean Larrey]], ''Mémoires de chirurgie militaire et campagnes'', III 281, Paris, Smith.</ref>',
7 => '[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B15171, Sowjetunion, Ausschlachten eines Pferdes.jpg|thumb|Hunger during World War II led to horses being eaten.]]',
8 => 'Horse meat gained widespread acceptance in [[French cuisine]] during the later years of the [[Second French Empire]]. The high cost of living in Paris prevented many working-class citizens from buying meat such as [[pork]] or [[beef]]; in 1866, the French government legalized the eating of horse meat, and the first butcher's shop specializing in horse meat opened in eastern Paris, providing quality meat at lower prices.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1525/gfc.2007.7.2.44| title=They Eat Horses, Don't They? Hippophagy and Frenchness| journal=Gastronomica| volume=7| issue=2| pages=44–51| year=2007| last1=Weil| first1=Kari}}</ref> During the [[Siege of Paris (1870–1871)]], horse meat, along with the meat of donkeys and mules, was eaten by anyone who could afford it, partly because of a shortage of fresh meat in the blockaded city, and also because horses were eating grain that was needed by the human populace. Though large numbers of horses were in Paris (estimates suggested between 65,000 and 70,000 were butchered and eaten during the siege), the supply was ultimately limited. Not even champion racehorses were spared (two horses presented to [[Napoleon III]] by [[Alexander II of Russia]] were slaughtered), but the meat became [[Scarcity|scarce]]. Many Parisians gained a taste for horse meat during the siege, and after the war ended, horse meat remained popular. Likewise, in other places and times of siege or starvation, horses are viewed as a food source of last resort.',
9 => '',
10 => 'Despite the general [[Anglophone]] taboo, horse and donkey meat was eaten in Britain, especially in [[Yorkshire]], until the 1930s,<ref>''Eating Up Italy: Voyages on a Vespa'' by [[Matthew Fort]]. 2005, p253. {{ISBN|0-00-721481-2}}</ref> and, in times of postwar food shortages, surged in popularity in the United States<ref>{{cite news |last=Grutzner |first=Charles |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/25/archives/horse-meat-consumption-by-new-yorkers-is-rising-newark-dealer.html?sq=horse%2520meat&scp=4&st=cse |title=Horse Meat Consumption By New Yorkers Is Rising - Newark Dealer Reports 60% of Customers Are From City-Weinstein Will Not Prohibit Sale of the Flesh Here - Front Page - NYTimes.com |publisher=Select.nytimes.com |date=1946-09-25 |access-date=2014-02-09 |archive-date=July 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723004746/https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/25/archives/horse-meat-consumption-by-new-yorkers-is-rising-newark-dealer.html?sq=horse%2520meat&scp=4&st=cse |url-status=live }}</ref> and was considered for use as [[dietetics|hospital food]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Powers |first=James E. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/29/archives/nearby-hospitals-down-to-minimum-of-meat-supplies-westchester-just.html?sq=horse%2520meat&scp=10&st=cse |title=NEAR-BY HOSPITALS DOWN TO MINIMUM OF MEAT SUPPLIES - Westchester Just Getting By, Monmouth is Using HighProtein SubstitutesHENKEL SCORES TRUMAN Says Restaurants Can't Sell 'Patience' Any More-3 Seek to Deal in Horse Flesh Here - Front Page - NYTimes.com |publisher=Select.nytimes.com |date=1946-09-29 |access-date=2014-02-09 |archive-date=July 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723004423/https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/29/archives/nearby-hospitals-down-to-minimum-of-meat-supplies-westchester-just.html?sq=horse%2520meat&scp=10&st=cse |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2007 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine article about horse meat brought to the United States from Canada described the meat as "a sweet, rich, superlean, oddly soft meat, and closer to beef than to [[venison]]."<ref name="time" />',
11 => '',
12 => '==Nutrition==',
13 => '',
14 => 'Horse meat has a slightly sweet taste reminiscent of beef. Many consumers allege not being able to tell the difference between beef and horse meat.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-02-25|title=6 descriptions of what horse meat actually tastes like|url=https://theweek.com/articles/467306/6-descriptions-what-horse-meat-actually-tastes-like|access-date=2020-11-01|website=theweek.com|language=en}}</ref>',
15 => '',
16 => 'Meat from younger horses tends to be lighter in color, while older horses produce richer color and flavor, as with most [[mammals]]. Horse meat can be used to replace beef, pork, mutton, venison, and any other meat in virtually any recipe. Horse meat is usually very lean. Jurisdictions that allow for the slaughter of horses for food rarely have age restrictions, so many are quite young, some even as young as 16 to 24 months old. IHDH did find that horses at the age of 6 months had lower value of moisture and protein.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=De Palo|first1=P.|last2=Maggiolino|first2=A.|last3=Centoducati|first3=P.|last4=Tateo|first4=A.|date=November 2013|title=Slaughtering Age Effect on Carcass Traits and Meat Quality of Italian Heavy Draught Horse Foals|journal=Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences|volume=26|issue=11|pages=1637–1643|doi=10.5713/ajas.2013.13174|issn=1011-2367|pmc=4093806|pmid=25049752}}</ref>',
17 => '',
18 => '{|class="wikitable sortable"',
19 => '|+Selected nutrients per 100 g (3.5 oz)<ref name="horsemeat">{{cite web|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/lamb-veal-and-game-products/4639/2|title=Nutrition Facts and Analysis for Game meat, horse, raw|access-date=8 February 2013|archive-date=December 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229130808/http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/lamb-veal-and-game-products/4639/2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="stripsteak">{{cite web|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/beef-products/10525/2|title=Nutrition Facts and Analysis for Beef, grass-fed, strip steaks, lean only, raw|access-date=8 February 2013|archive-date=October 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025153248/https://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/beef-products/10525/2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="kqed">{{cite web |url=http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/07/how-nutritious-is-horse-the-other-red-meat/ |title=How Nutritious Is Horse? The Other Red Meat |last=Pino |first=Darya |author-link=Darya Pino |date=7 January 2011 |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-date=February 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218215638/http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/07/how-nutritious-is-horse-the-other-red-meat/ |url-status=live }}</ref>',
20 => '|-',
21 => '!rowspan=2| Food source',
22 => '!colspan=2| Energy',
23 => '!rowspan=2| Protein<br />(g)',
24 => '!rowspan=2| Fat<br />(g)',
25 => '!rowspan=2| Iron<br />(mg)',
26 => '!rowspan=2| Sodium<br />(mg)',
27 => '!rowspan=2| Cholesterol<br />(mg)',
28 => '|-',
29 => '!(kJ)',
30 => '!(Cal)',
31 => '|-',
32 => '|Game meat, horse, raw',
33 => '|{{convert|133|Cal|kJ|order=flip|disp=table}}',
34 => '|align=right| 21',
35 => '|align=right| 5',
36 => '|align=right| 3.8',
37 => '|align=right| 53',
38 => '|align=right| 52',
39 => '|-',
40 => '|Beef, strip steak, raw',
41 => '| {{convert|117|Cal|kJ|order=flip|disp=table}}',
42 => '|align=right| 23',
43 => '|align=right| 3',
44 => '|align=right| 1.9',
45 => '|align=right| 55',
46 => '|align=right| 55',
47 => '|}',
48 => '',
49 => '==Production==',
50 => '{{Self-contradictory|about=consumption in Mexico|discuss=Contradiction re consumption in Mexico|1=article|date=November 2021}}',
51 => '[[File:Muenchen Pferdemetzger Viktualienmarkt.jpg|thumb|Horse butcher on the [[Viktualienmarkt]] in Munich, Germany]]',
52 => 'In most countries where [[Horse slaughter|horses are slaughtered]] for food, they are processed in a similar fashion to cattle, i.e., in large-scale factory [[slaughter house]]s (abattoirs) where they are [[stunning|stunned]] with a [[captive bolt gun]] and [[exsanguination|bled to death]]. In countries with a less industrialized food-production system, horses and other animals are slaughtered individually outdoors as needed, in or near the village where they will be consumed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/26/world/asia/a-sure-thing-for-kazakhs-horses-will-provide.html|title=A Sure Thing for Kazakhs: Horses Will Provide|first=C. J.|last=Chivers|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 26, 2005|access-date=September 18, 2020|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918224614/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/26/world/asia/a-sure-thing-for-kazakhs-horses-will-provide.html|url-status=live}}</ref>',
53 => '',
54 => '{| class="wikitable sortable"',
55 => '|+Ten largest producers of horse meat in 2018<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Production_LivestockPrimary_E_All_Data.zip |title=FAOSTAT - All Data (Bulk Data) |author=FAO |access-date=2020-09-11 |archive-date=November 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101190235/http://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Production_LivestockPrimary_E_All_Data.zip |url-status=live }}</ref>',
56 => '|-',
57 => '! !! Country',
58 => '!Number of animals',
59 => '! Production<br />(tonnes)',
60 => '|-',
61 => '| 1. || {{flag|China}}',
62 => '|1,589,164|| 200,452',
63 => '|-',
64 => '| 2. || {{flag|Kazakhstan}}',
65 => '|718,027|| 126,520',
66 => '|-',
67 => '| 3. || {{flag|Mexico}}'
]
|
All external links added in the edit ($1) (added_links) |
[]
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All external links removed in the edit ($1) (removed_links) |
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148 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100128115440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2963554.stm',
149 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080720141827/http://www.food.gov.uk/foodlabelling/ull/',
150 => 'http://www.food.gov.uk/foodlabelling/ull/',
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156 => 'https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/food-trends/why-you-should-eat-horsemeat-its-delicious/article567009/?page=all',
157 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180525133935/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/food-trends/why-you-should-eat-horsemeat-its-delicious/article567009/?page=all',
158 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170629155935/https://www.tierschutzbund-zuerich.ch/en/investigation-reports/country/select_category/36.html',
159 => 'http://tierschutzbund-zuerich.ch/en/investigation-reports/country/select_category/36.html',
160 => 'http://www.srf.ch/konsum/themen/konsum/quaelerei-auf-pferdefarmen',
161 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150227043358/http://www.srf.ch/konsum/themen/konsum/quaelerei-auf-pferdefarmen',
162 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150114212512/http://www.migros.ch/de/medien/medienmitteilungen/aktuelle-meldungen-2014/kein-pferdefleisch-vom-produzenten-bouvry.html',
163 => 'http://www.migros.ch/de/medien/medienmitteilungen/aktuelle-meldungen-2014/kein-pferdefleisch-vom-produzenten-bouvry.html',
164 => 'http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/story/2013/03/10/toronto-horse-meat.html',
165 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130314225747/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/story/2013/03/10/toronto-horse-meat.html',
166 => 'http://www.foodreference.com/html/arthorsemeat.html',
167 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150204124210/http://www.foodreference.com/html/arthorsemeat.html',
168 => 'http://tierschutzbund-zuerich.ch/en/investigation-reports/country/select_category/37.html',
169 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112119/http://tierschutzbund-zuerich.ch/en/investigation-reports/country/select_category/37.html',
170 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120224023712/http://vote98.sos.ca.gov/VoterGuide/Propositions/6.htm',
171 => 'http://vote98.sos.ca.gov/VoterGuide/Propositions/6.htm',
172 => 'http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=1381&ChapterID=24',
173 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150402151319/http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=1381&ChapterID=24',
174 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111202170850/http://eatocracy.cnn.com/2011/11/30/horse-coming-soon-to-a-meat-case-near-you/',
175 => 'http://eatocracy.cnn.com/2011/11/30/horse-coming-soon-to-a-meat-case-near-you/',
176 => 'http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2017/05/15/usda-warns-pittsburgh-restaurant-that-served-horse-meat/',
177 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170518211537/http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2017/05/15/usda-warns-pittsburgh-restaurant-that-served-horse-meat/',
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180 => 'http://www.animalfixer.com/articles/historydogfood.html',
181 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171230225857/http://www.animalfixer.com/articles/historydogfood.html',
182 => 'https://archive.org/details/unclejohnsunstop00bath',
183 => 'https://thecatsite.com/threads/the-history-of-dog-food.89636/',
184 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171230225803/https://thecatsite.com/threads/the-history-of-dog-food.89636/',
185 => 'http://www.lrgaf.org/slaughter/savin.htm',
186 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230436/http://www.lrgaf.org/slaughter/savin.htm',
187 => 'https://rtfitchauthor.com/tag/ken-l-ration/',
188 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230608/https://rtfitchauthor.com/tag/ken-l-ration/',
189 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110707143541/http://www.animalwelfarecouncil.com/html/pdf/consequences.pdf',
190 => 'http://www.animalwelfarecouncil.com/html/pdf/consequences.pdf',
191 => 'https://www.informador.mx/Economia/Mexico-consolida-venta-de-carne-de-caballo-al-exterior-20130225-0257.html',
192 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200312043356/https://www.informador.mx/Economia/Mexico-consolida-venta-de-carne-de-caballo-al-exterior-20130225-0257.html',
193 => 'http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1370512-carne-de-caballo-el-negocio-tabu-que-florece-en-la-argentina/',
194 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130714063317/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1370512-carne-de-caballo-el-negocio-tabu-que-florece-en-la-argentina',
195 => 'https://twitter.com/MYBrittlePony',
196 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124327#identifiers',
197 => 'https://www.la-viande.fr/',
198 => 'https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119460484',
199 => 'https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119460484',
200 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/4531902-9',
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19 => 'http://blog.seattlepi.com/eatingweird/2009/07/03/heigh-ho-silver/',
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32 => 'http://tierschutzbund-zuerich.ch/en/investigation-reports/country/select_category/36.html',
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34 => 'http://universum.utalca.cl/contenido/index-01/torrejon.html',
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50 => 'http://www.igha.org/USDA.html',
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56 => 'http://www.ljubljana-life.com/eat/restaurants_details/96-Hot_Horse',
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58 => 'http://www.maff.go.jp/aqs/animal/pdf/risk_assesment_hiikuhorse_1.pdf',
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61 => 'http://www.maff.go.jp/j/chikusan/kikaku/lin/pdf/uma_siryou4.pdf',
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67 => 'http://www.nieuwsblad.be/Article/Detail.aspx?articleID=111hv83f',
68 => 'http://www.nps.gov/archive/hafo/crittercorner/equus.htm',
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70 => 'http://www.pferd-und-fleisch.de/pferdeflsh/laden1.htm',
71 => 'http://www.puntofocal.gov.ar/',
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'<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Meat cut from a horse</div>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe adr"><caption class="infobox-title fn" style="font-size:125%;"><span>Horse meat</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Paardenrookvlees.JPG" class="image"><img alt="Paardenrookvlees.JPG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Paardenrookvlees.JPG/220px-Paardenrookvlees.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Paardenrookvlees.JPG/330px-Paardenrookvlees.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Paardenrookvlees.JPG/440px-Paardenrookvlees.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><i>Paardenrookvlees</i> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch-style</a> <a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">smoked</a> and salted horse meat) on bread</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Meat</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horse</a> meat</b> forms a significant part of the <a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">culinary</a> traditions of many countries, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. The eight countries that consume the most horse meat consume about 4.3 million apples and horse meat are good for for so u should eat horses
Press of Virginia, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-1162-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-1162-1">0-8139-1162-1</a></ref>
</p><p>The earliest horses evolved on the North American continent, and by about 12,000 BC, they had migrated to other parts of the world,<sup id="cite_ref-Azzaroli1992_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azzaroli1992-1">[1]</a></sup> becoming extinct in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LeQuire_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeQuire-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guthrie_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guthrie-3">[3]</a></sup> The now-extinct <a href="/wiki/Hagerman_horse" title="Hagerman horse">Hagerman horse</a> of Idaho, about the size of a modCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCFEeeees
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| 4. ||<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>
|397,271|| 57,193
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| 5. ||<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>
|250,248|| 45,388
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| 6. ||<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>
|114,841|| 29,275
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| 7. ||<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>
|127,656|| 27,395
|-
| 8. ||<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="504" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>
|188,531|| 24,566
|-
| 9. ||<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>
|86,244|| 24,148
|-
| 10. ||<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>
|155,177|| 23,762
|-
| ||Total
|4,262,004 || 642,621
|}
</p><p>In 2005, the eight principal horse meat-producing countries produced over 700,000 tonnes of it. In 2005, the five biggest horse meat-consuming countries were China (421,000 tonnes), Mexico, Russia, Italy, and Kazakhstan (54,000 tonnes).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> In 2010, Mexico produced 140,000 tonnes, China 126,000 tonnes, and Kazakhstan 114,000 tonnes.
</p><p>As horses are relatively poor converters of grass and grain to meat compared to cattle,<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-5">[5]</a></sup> they are not usually bred or raised specifically for their meat. Instead, horses are slaughtered when their monetary value as <a href="/wiki/Equitation" title="Equitation">riding</a> or <a href="/wiki/Draft_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft animal">work animals</a> is low, but their owners can still make money selling them for horse meat, for example in the routine export of the <a href="/wiki/South_England" class="mw-redirect" title="South England">southern English</a> ponies from the <a href="/wiki/New_Forest_pony" title="New Forest pony">New Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exmoor_pony" title="Exmoor pony">Exmoor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_pony" title="Dartmoor pony">Dartmoor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-countrysideonline237_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrysideonline237-7">[7]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/British_law" class="mw-redirect" title="British law">British law</a> requires the use of "<a href="/wiki/Horse_passport" title="Horse passport">equine passports</a>" even for semiferal horses to enable <a href="/wiki/Traceability" title="Traceability">traceability</a> (also known as "provenance"), so most slaughtering is done in the UK before the meat is exported,<sup id="cite_ref-countrysideonline237_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrysideonline237-7">[7]</a></sup> meaning that the animals travel as carcasses rather than live. Ex-<a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">racehorses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">riding horses</a>, and other horses sold at auction may also enter the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a>; sometimes, these animals have been stolen or purchased under false pretenses.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> Even prestigious horses may end up in the <a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">slaughterhouse</a>; the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Derby" title="Kentucky Derby">Kentucky Derby</a> winner and 1987 <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Award_for_Horse_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year">Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year</a> winner, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_(horse)" title="Ferdinand (horse)">Ferdinand</a>, is believed to have been slaughtered in Japan, probably for <a href="/wiki/Pet_food" title="Pet food">pet food</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>A misconception exists that horses are commonly slaughtered for pet food. In many countries, such as the United States, horse meat was <a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">outlawed</a> for use in pet food in the 1970s. American horse meat is considered a <a href="/wiki/Delicacy" title="Delicacy">delicacy</a> in Europe and Japan, and its cost is in line with veal,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> so it would be prohibitively expensive in many countries for pet food.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>Meat from horses that <a href="/wiki/Veterinarian" title="Veterinarian">veterinarians</a> have <a href="/wiki/Animal_euthanasia" title="Animal euthanasia">put down</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Lethal_injection" title="Lethal injection">lethal injection</a> is not suitable for human consumption, as the <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxin</a> remains in the meat; the <a href="/wiki/Carcasses_of_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcasses of animals">carcasses</a> of such animals are sometimes <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremated</a> (most other means of disposal are problematic, due to the toxin).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Remains of euthanized animals can be <a href="/wiki/Rendering_(food_processing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rendering (food processing)">rendered</a>, which maintains the value of the skin, bones, fats, etc., for such purposes as fish food. This is commonly done for lab specimens (e.g., pigs) euthanized by injection. The amount of drug (e.g. a <a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturate</a>) is insignificant after rendering.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Carcasses_of_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcasses of animals">Carcasses</a> of horses treated with some drugs are considered edible in some <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a>. For example, according to Canadian regulation, <a href="/wiki/Hyaluronic_acid" title="Hyaluronic acid">hyaluron</a>, used in treatment of particular disorders in horses, in HY-50 preparation, should not be administered to animals to be slaughtered for horse meat.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> In Europe, however, the same preparation is not considered to have any such effect, and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/edibility" class="extiw" title="wikt:edibility">edibility</a> of the horse meat is not affected.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Attitudes_towards_horse_meat"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Attitudes towards horse meat</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Taboos"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Taboos</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Opposition_to_production"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Opposition to production</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Around_the_world"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Around the world</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Asia-Pacific"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Asia-Pacific</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Australia"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Australia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#China"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">China</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Indonesia"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Indonesia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Japan"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Japan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Kazakhstan_and_Kyrgyzstan"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Mongolia"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Mongolia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Philippines"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Philippines</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#South_Korea"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.8</span> <span class="toctext">South Korea</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Tonga"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.9</span> <span class="toctext">Tonga</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Europe"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Europe</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Austria"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Austria</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Belgium"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Belgium</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Bulgaria"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Bulgaria</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Finland"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Finland</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#France"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">France</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Germany"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Germany</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Hungary"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Hungary</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Iceland"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Iceland</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Italy"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.9</span> <span class="toctext">Italy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Malta"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.10</span> <span class="toctext">Malta</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Netherlands"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.11</span> <span class="toctext">Netherlands</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Norway"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.12</span> <span class="toctext">Norway</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Poland"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.13</span> <span class="toctext">Poland</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Serbia"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.14</span> <span class="toctext">Serbia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Slovenia"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.15</span> <span class="toctext">Slovenia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Spain"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.16</span> <span class="toctext">Spain</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Sweden"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.17</span> <span class="toctext">Sweden</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Switzerland"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.18</span> <span class="toctext">Switzerland</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Ukraine"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.19</span> <span class="toctext">Ukraine</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.20</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#North_America"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">North America</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-37"><a href="#Canada"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Canada</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-38"><a href="#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39"><a href="#Mexico"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Mexico</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#South_America"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">South America</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-41"><a href="#Argentina"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Argentina</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-42"><a href="#Chile"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Chile</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Attitudes_towards_horse_meat">Attitudes towards horse meat</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Attitudes towards horse meat">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Horse meat is commonly eaten in many countries in Europe and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> It is not a generally available food in some <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="English-speaking countries">English-speaking countries</a> such as the United Kingdom, South Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> Australia, Ireland, the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/English_Canada" title="English Canada">English Canada</a>. It is also taboo in Brazil, Poland, Israel, and among the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish people">Jewish people</a> the world over. Horse meat is not generally eaten in Spain, except in the north, but the country exports horses both as live animals and as slaughtered meat for the French and Italian markets. Horse meat is consumed in some North American and Latin American countries, but is illegal in some others. The Food Standards Code of Australia and New Zealand definition of 'meat' does not include horse.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, horse meat is eaten nationally, and Tongan emigrants living in the United States, New Zealand, and Australia have retained a taste for it, claiming Christian missionaries originally introduced it to them.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>Earlier in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islam</a> consuming horse meat is not <i><a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">haram</a></i>, but <i><a href="/wiki/Makruh" title="Makruh">makruh</a></i>, which means it should be avoided, but eating it is not a sin like the eating of <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>, due to its other important usage. But now the ruling has been lightened(Hanafi) and is halal for consumption. The consumption of horse meat has been common in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian">Central Asian</a> societies, past or present, due to the abundance of <a href="/wiki/Steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppes">steppes</a> suitable for raising horses. In North Africa, horse meat has been occasionally consumed, but almost exclusively by the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> Sunnis;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> it has never been eaten in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>Horse meat is forbidden by <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Jewish dietary laws</a> because horses do not have <a href="/wiki/Cloven_hoof" title="Cloven hoof">cloven hooves</a> and they are not ruminants.
</p><p>In the eighth century, Popes <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a> instructed <a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a>, missionary to the Germans, to forbid the eating of horse meat to those he converted, due to its association with <a href="/wiki/Germanic_pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic pagan">Germanic pagan</a> ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-22">[22]</a></sup> The people of <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> allegedly expressed reluctance to embrace <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> for some time, largely over the issue of giving up horse meat.<sup id="cite_ref-IGHA-USDA_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IGHA-USDA-23">[23]</a></sup> Horse meat is now currently consumed in Iceland, and many horses are raised for this purpose. The culturally close people of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> still have an ambivalent attitude to horse meat, said to stem from this<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> edict.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Henry_Mayhew" title="Henry Mayhew">Henry Mayhew</a> describes the difference in the acceptability and use of the horse carcass between London and Paris in <i><a href="/wiki/London_Labour_and_the_London_Poor" title="London Labour and the London Poor">London Labour and the London Poor</a></i> (1851).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> Horse meat was rejected by the British, but continued to be eaten in other European countries such as France and Germany, where <a href="/wiki/Knackers" class="mw-redirect" title="Knackers">knackers</a> often sold horse carcasses despite the papal ban. Even the hunting of wild horses for meat continued in the area of <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a>. Londoners also suspected that horse meat was finding its way into sausages and that <a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">offal</a> sold as that of oxen was, in fact, equine.
</p><p>While no taboo on eating horse meat exists <i>per se</i>, it is generally considered by ethnic Russians to be a low-quality meat with poor taste, and it is rarely found in stores.
</p><p>It is popular among such historically nomadic peoples as the <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyzs">Kyrgyzs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Taboos">Taboos</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taboos">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">horse sacrifice</a></div>
<p>In 732 AD, Pope Gregory III began a concerted effort to stop the ritual consumption of horse meat in pagan practice. In some countries, the effects of this prohibition by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholic Church</a> have lingered, and horse meat prejudices have progressed from <a href="/wiki/Taboos" class="mw-redirect" title="Taboos">taboos</a> to avoidance to abhorrence.<sup id="cite_ref-IGHA-USDA_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IGHA-USDA-23">[23]</a></sup> In a study conducted by Fred Simoons, the avoidance of horse meat in American culture is less likely due to lingering feelings from Gregory's prohibition, but instead due to an unfamiliarity with the meat compared to more mainstream offerings.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> In other parts of the world, horse meat has the <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">stigma</a> of being something poor people eat and is seen as a cheap substitute for other meats, such as pork and beef.
</p><p>According to the anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Harris" title="Marvin Harris">Marvin Harris</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-5">[5]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> some cultures class horse meat as taboo because the horse converts grass into meat less efficiently than ruminants.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totemistic</a> taboo is also a possible reason for refusal to eat horse meat as an everyday food, but did not necessarily preclude ritual slaughter and consumption. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> sources state that the goddess <a href="/wiki/Epona" title="Epona">Epona</a> was widely worshipped in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and southern Britain. Epona, a triple-aspect goddess, was the protectress of the horse and horse keepers, and horses were sacrificed to her;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> she was paralleled by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a> <a href="/wiki/Macha" title="Macha">Macha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhiannon" title="Rhiannon">Rhiannon</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Goddess" title="The White Goddess">The White Goddess</a></i>, Robert Graves argued that the taboo among Britons and their descendants was due to worship of Epona, and even earlier rites.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Uffington_White_Horse" title="Uffington White Horse">Uffington White Horse</a> is probable evidence of ancient horse worship. The ancient Indian <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriyas</a> engaged in horse sacrifice (Ashwamedh Yaghya) as recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, but in the context of the ritual sacrifice, it is not 'killed', but instead <a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">smothered</a> to death.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_1962_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_1962-29">[29]</a></sup> In 1913, the Finnic <a href="/wiki/Mari_people" title="Mari people">Mari people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> region were observed to practice a horse sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_1962_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_1962-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>In ancient Scandinavia, the horse was very important, as a living, <a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">working creature</a>, as a sign of the <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">owner's status</a>, and symbolically within the old <a href="/wiki/Norse_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse religion">Norse religion</a>. Horses were slaughtered as a <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifice</a> to the gods, and the meat was eaten by the people taking part in the religious feasts.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> When the Nordic countries were Christianized, eating horse meat was regarded as a sign of paganism and prohibited. A reluctance to eat horse meat is common in these countries even today.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Opposition_to_production">Opposition to production</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opposition to production">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Horse_slaughter" title="Horse slaughter">killing of horses for human consumption</a> is widely opposed in countries such as the U.S.,<sup id="cite_ref-nationalpoll_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalpoll-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-time_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-33">[33]</a></sup> UK<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (January 2013)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> and Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (January 2013)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> where horses are generally considered to be companion and sporting animals only.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> For horses going to slaughter, no period of withdrawal, the time between administration of the drug and the time they are butchered, is required. French former actress and <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> activist <a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot" title="Brigitte Bardot">Brigitte Bardot</a> has spent years crusading against the eating of horse meat. However, the opposition is far from unanimous; a 2007 readers' poll in the London magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Out_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Out (company)">Time Out</a></i> showed that 82% of respondents supported chef <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Ramsay" title="Gordon Ramsay">Gordon Ramsay</a>'s decision to serve horse meat in his restaurants.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Around_the_world">Around the world</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Around the world">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Asia-Pacific">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Australia">Australia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Australia">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Australians do not generally eat horse meat, although they have a horse slaughter industry that exports to EU countries.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> Horse meat exports peaked at 9,327 tons 1986, declining to 3,000 tons in 2003. They are at Peterborough in South Australia (SAMEX Peterborough Pty Ltd) and Caboolture Abattoir in Queensland (Meramist Pty Ltd).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> A British agriculture industry website reported that Australian horse meat production levels had risen to 24,000 tons by 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-farminguk2009-01-17_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farminguk2009-01-17-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 30 June 2010, Western Australian Agriculture Minister <a href="/wiki/Terry_Redman" title="Terry Redman">Terry Redman</a> granted final approval to <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> butcher Vince Garreffa to sell horse meat for human consumption. Nedlands restaurateur Pierre Ichallalene announced plans to do a taster on <a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a> and to put horse meat dishes on the menu if the reaction is good. Redman said that the government would "consider extending approvals should the public appetite for horse demand it".<sup id="cite_ref-thewest7492421_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thewest7492421-41">[41]</a></sup>
</p><p>Vince Garreffa is the owner of Mondo Di Carne, a major wholesale meat supplier, which supplies many cafes, restaurants, and hotels in Western Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> He commented that no domestic market exists for horse meat, but a successful export market exists, of which he believes Western Australia should have a share.<sup id="cite_ref-thewest7492421_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thewest7492421-41">[41]</a></sup>
</p><p>In October 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">ABC</a> revealed that thousands of retired racehorses were being slaughtered annually for the export market in human consumption. Each year, about 8,500 horses are retired from racing, many of which are slaughtered.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> Overall, as of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, about 94,000 horses were annually slaughtered, presumably including animals whose meat does not enter the human food chain.
<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="China">China</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: China">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Outside of specific areas in China, such as <a href="/wiki/Guilin" title="Guilin">Guilin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan Province</a>, horse meat is not popular due to its low availability and rumors that horse meat tastes bad or it is bad for health. The <i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_of_Materia_Medica" title="Compendium of Materia Medica">Compendium of Materia Medica</a></i> written during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> by <a href="/wiki/Li_Shizhen" title="Li Shizhen">Li Shizhen</a> says that horse meat is poisonous and may cause <a href="/wiki/Folliculitis" title="Folliculitis">folliculitis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bencao_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bencao-46">[46]</a></sup> The compendium also asserts, "to relieve toxin caused by eating horse meat, one can drink <a href="/wiki/Phragmites" title="Phragmites">Phragmites</a> root juice and eat <a href="/wiki/Apricot_kernel" title="Apricot kernel">apricot kernel</a>." Today, in southern China, locally famous dishes include horse meat <a href="/wiki/Rice_noodles" title="Rice noodles">rice noodles</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">马肉米粉</span></span>; Pinyin: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">mǎròu mǐfěn</i></span>) in Guilin and horse meat <a href="/wiki/Hot_pot" title="Hot pot">hot pot</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">马肉火锅</span></span>; Pinyin: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">mǎròu huǒguō</i></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Huishui_County" title="Huishui County">Huishui County</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a> Province.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Indonesia">Indonesia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Indonesia">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, one type of <a href="/wiki/Satay" title="Satay">satay</a> (chunks of skewered grilled meat served with spicy sauce) known as horse satay (<a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>: <span title="Javanese-language text"><i lang="jv">sate jaran</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">sate kuda</i></span>) is made from horse meat. This dish from <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> is served with sliced fresh <a href="/wiki/Shallot" title="Shallot">shallot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pepper_corn" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepper corn">pepper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweet_soy_sauce" title="Sweet soy sauce">sweet soy sauce</a>. Horse is believed to be a source of strength and eating it is thought to increase a man's vitality.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Japan">Japan</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Japan">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse-meat.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Horse-meat.jpg/220px-Horse-meat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Horse-meat.jpg/330px-Horse-meat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Horse-meat.jpg/440px-Horse-meat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse-meat.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i><a href="/wiki/Basashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Basashi">Basashi</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Kumamoto,_Kumamoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumamoto, Kumamoto">Kumamoto</a></div></div></div>
<p>In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese cuisine</a>, raw horse meat is called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">sakura</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">桜</span></span>)</span> or <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">sakuraniku</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">桜肉</span></span>, <i>sakura</i> means "<a href="/wiki/Cherry_blossom" title="Cherry blossom">cherry blossom</a>", <i>niku</i> means "meat")</span> because of its pink color. It can be served raw as <i><a href="/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi">sashimi</a></i> in thin slices dipped in soy sauce, often with ginger and onions added.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> In this case, it is called <i><b>basashi</b></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">馬刺し</span></span>)</span>. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Basashi</i></span> is popular in some regions of Japan and is often served at <i><a href="/wiki/Izakaya" title="Izakaya">izakaya</a></i> bars. Fat, typically from the neck, is also found as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">basashi</i></span>, though it is white, not pink. Horse meat is also sometimes found on menus for <i><a href="/wiki/Yakiniku" title="Yakiniku">yakiniku</a></i> (a type of barbecue), where it is called <i>baniku</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">馬肉</span></span>, literally "horse meat")</span> or <i>bagushi</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">馬串</span></span>, "skewered horse")</span>; thin slices of raw horse meat are sometimes served wrapped in a <a href="/wiki/Perilla" title="Perilla">shiso leaf</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kumamoto_prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumamoto prefecture">Kumamoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture" title="Nagano Prefecture">Nagano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cita_Prefecture" title="Ōita Prefecture">Ōita</a> are famous for <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">basashi</i></span>, and it is common in the <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_region" title="Tōhoku region">Tōhoku region</a>, as well. Some types of canned corned meat in Japan include horse as one of the ingredients.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup>
</p><p>Aside from raising local draft horses for meat,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> Japan imports living horses (from Canada and France) and meat from several countries — the five largest horse meat exporters to Japan are Canada, Mexico, Italy, Argentina, and Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maff.go.jp_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maff.go.jp-55">[55]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Kazakhstan_and_Kyrgyzstan">Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyz cuisine</a></div>
<p>In <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, horse meat is a large part of the diet, due mainly to the nomadic roots of the population. Some of the dishes include sausages called <i><a href="/wiki/Kazy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazy">kazy</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sujuk" title="Sujuk">chuchuk</a></i> or <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk">shuzhyk</i></span> made from the meat using the guts as the sausage skin, <span title="Kyrgyz-language romanization"><i lang="ky-Latn">zhaya</i></span> made from hip meat, which is smoked and boiled, <i><a href="/wiki/Zhal" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhal">jal (or zhal)</a></i> made from neck fat which is smoked and boiled, <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk">karta</i></span> made from a section of the rectum that is smoked and boiled, and <span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk">sur-et</i></span> which is kept as dried meat.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Mongolia">Mongolia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mongolia">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian cuisine</a> includes salted horse meat sausages called <span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn">kazy</i></span> that are produced as a regional delicacy by the Kazakhs. Generally, Mongols prefer beef and mutton (though during the extremely cold Mongolian winter, some people prefer horse meat due to its low cholesterol). It is kept unfrozen, and traditionally people believe horse meat helps warm them up.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup>
</p><p>Other Asian nations import processed horse meat from Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-maff.go.jp_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maff.go.jp-55">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Philippines">Philippines</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Philippines">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, horse meat (<span title="Filipino-language romanization"><i lang="fil-Latn">lukba</i></span>, <span title="Filipino-language romanization"><i lang="fil-Latn">tapang kabayo</i></span>, or <span title="Filipino-language romanization"><i lang="fil-Latn">kabayo</i></span>) is a delicacy commonly sold in <a href="/wiki/Wet_market" title="Wet market">wet markets</a>. It is prepared by marinating the meat in lemon juice, soy sauce or fish sauce, then fried and served with vinegar for dipping.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawshe_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawshe-61">[61]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="South_Korea">South Korea</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: South Korea">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Malgogi-yukhoe.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Malgogi-yukhoe.jpg/220px-Malgogi-yukhoe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Malgogi-yukhoe.jpg/330px-Malgogi-yukhoe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Malgogi-yukhoe.jpg/440px-Malgogi-yukhoe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="503" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Malgogi-yukhoe.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Korean <i>Malgogi-<a href="/wiki/Yukhoe" title="Yukhoe">yukhoe</a></i> (horse meat tartare)</div></div></div>
<p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, horse meat is generally not eaten, but raw horse meat, usually taken from the neck, is consumed as a delicacy on <a href="/wiki/Jeju_Island" title="Jeju Island">Jeju Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Tonga">Tonga</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tonga">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>In <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, horse meat or <span title="Tongan-language text"><i lang="to">lo'i ho'osi</i></span> is much more than just a delicacy; its consumption is generally reserved for special occasions, which may include the death of an important family member or community member or as a form of celebration during the birthday of an important family member or perhaps the visitation of someone important, such as the king of Tonga. A horse is one of the most valuable animals a family can own in Tonga because of its use as a beast of burden. Tonga has long lacked land area compared with its population, so the missionaries introduced horse meat in lieu of cattle. Therefore, the slaughter of one's horse for consumption becomes a moment of immense homage to the person or event for which the horse was slain. In the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> into Western countries such as Australia and New Zealand, where consumption of horse meat is generally taboo, Tongans still eat horse meat, perhaps even more so, because it is more readily available and more affordable.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Europe">Europe</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Europe">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Austria">Austria</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Austria">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pferdeleberk%C3%A4se_Ad.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pferdeleberk%C3%A4se_Ad.jpg/220px-Pferdeleberk%C3%A4se_Ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pferdeleberk%C3%A4se_Ad.jpg/330px-Pferdeleberk%C3%A4se_Ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pferdeleberk%C3%A4se_Ad.jpg/440px-Pferdeleberk%C3%A4se_Ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="626" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pferdeleberk%C3%A4se_Ad.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Fast-food shop selling horse <i><a href="/wiki/Leberk%C3%A4se" title="Leberkäse">Leberkäse</a></i> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Pferdeleberkäse</i></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></div></div></div>
<p>Horse <i><a href="/wiki/Leberk%C3%A4se" title="Leberkäse">Leberkäse</a></i> is available in special horse <a href="/wiki/Butchery" class="mw-redirect" title="Butchery">butcheries</a> and occasionally at various stands, sold in a bread roll. Dumplings can also be prepared with horse meat, spinach, or Tyrolean <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Graukäse</i></span> (a sour milk cheese). Such dumplings are occasionally eaten on their own, in a soup, or as a side dish.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Belgium">Belgium</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Belgium">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>In Belgium, horse meat (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">paardenvlees</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">viande chevaline</i></span> in French) is popular in a number of preparations. Lean, smoked, and sliced horse meat fillet (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">paardenrookvlees</i></span> or <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">paardengerookt</i></span>; <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">filet chevalin</i></span> in French) is served as a <a href="/wiki/Cold_cut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold cut">cold cut</a> with sandwiches or as part of a cold salad. Horse steaks can be found in most butchers and are used in a variety of preparations. The city of <a href="/wiki/Vilvoorde" title="Vilvoorde">Vilvoorde</a> has a few restaurants specialising in dishes prepared with horse meat. Horse sausage is a well-known local specialty in <a href="/wiki/Lokeren" title="Lokeren">Lokeren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lokerse_paardenworst" title="Lokerse paardenworst">Lokerse paardenworst</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Dendermonde" title="Dendermonde">Dendermonde</a> with European recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-64">[64]</a></sup> Smoked or dried horse/pork meat sausage, similar to salami, is sold in a square shape to be distinguished from pork and/or beef sausages.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup> A Flemish region around the <a href="/wiki/Rupel" title="Rupel">Rupel</a> River is also famous for a horse <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stew</a> named <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">schep</i></span>, made out of shoulder chuck (or similar cuts), brown ale, onions, and mustard. <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Schep</i></span> is typically served with fries, mayonnaise, and a salad of raw <a href="/wiki/Belgian_endive" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian endive">Belgian endive</a>.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bulgaria">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Horse meat is served in some restaurants in Bulgaria, as the preferred way of consuming it is in the form of steaks and burgers. Still being far from a meat for mass consumption, horse meat is regaining its popularity, which it had in the '60s and '70s of the past century, when it was also consumed in sausages and <i><a href="/wiki/Tartare" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartare">tartare</a></i>.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Finland">Finland</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Finland">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Hero_steak.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Big_Hero_steak.jpg/220px-Big_Hero_steak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Big_Hero_steak.jpg/330px-Big_Hero_steak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Big_Hero_steak.jpg/440px-Big_Hero_steak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Hero_steak.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A horse meat steak served at restaurant Oklahoma, <a href="/wiki/Vantaa" title="Vantaa">Vantaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></div></div></div>
<p>Horse meat is available in butcher shops and shops specializing in meats but it can sometimes be found in supermarkets, especially in ground form. The most common way to eat horse meat is in sausage form, especially <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">meetwursti</i></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mettwurst" title="Mettwurst">Mettwurst</a></i>), a cured and smoked sausage which often contains pork, beef and horse meat. Finns consume around 400g of horse meat per person per year and the country produces around 300–400 thousand tons of meat per year, while importing around 1.5 million kilograms per year from countries like Canada, Mexico or Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup> No horses are bred for meat production and there are stringent laws against using meat from a horse that has been medicated or injected with antibiotics. Using meat from a horse that has been treated with non-equine medicine or has not been inspected by a veterinarian is banned outright.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="France">France</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: France">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jielbeaumadier_contrefilet_de_cheval_2010.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jielbeaumadier_contrefilet_de_cheval_2010.jpg/220px-Jielbeaumadier_contrefilet_de_cheval_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jielbeaumadier_contrefilet_de_cheval_2010.jpg/330px-Jielbeaumadier_contrefilet_de_cheval_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jielbeaumadier_contrefilet_de_cheval_2010.jpg/440px-Jielbeaumadier_contrefilet_de_cheval_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jielbeaumadier_contrefilet_de_cheval_2010.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i><a href="/wiki/Entrec%C3%B4te" title="Entrecôte">Entrecôte</a></i> of horse meat, in France</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:282px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chevaline_Pezenas.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Chevaline_Pezenas.jpg/280px-Chevaline_Pezenas.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="373" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Chevaline_Pezenas.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Chevaline_Pezenas.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A butcher shop specializing in horse meat in Pezenas, Languedoc, France</div></div></div>
<p>In France, specialized butcher shops (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">boucheries chevalines</i></span>) sell horse meat, as ordinary butcher shops were for a long time forbidden to deal in it. However, since the 1990s, it can be found in supermarket butcher shops and others.
</p><p>Horse meat was eaten in large amounts during the 1870 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1870%E2%80%931871)" title="Siege of Paris (1870–1871)">Siege of Paris</a>, when it was included in <i><a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">haute cuisine</a></i> menus.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Germany">Germany</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Germany">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Although no taboo comparable to that in the English-speaking world exists, German law used to proscribe that horse meat be sold only by specialized butchers (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Pferdemetzgereien</i></span>). This proscription was abolished in 1993, but only a small minority of ordinary butchers have since begun to sell horse meat. As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, most horse meat was still sold by the specialists, some of whom also delivered by mail order.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup>
</p><p>Many regions of Germany have traditional recipes that include horse meat. In the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> around Cologne and Düsseldorf, restaurants often offer the traditional <i><a href="/wiki/Sauerbraten" title="Sauerbraten">Sauerbraten</a></i> in horse meat, typically with a beef variant to choose from. Other traditional horse meat dishes include the <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabian</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Pferderostbraten</i></span> (a joint of roast meat prepared similarly to roast beef), <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavarian</a> sausage varieties such as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rosswurst</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ross-Kochsalami</i></span> as well as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ross-Leberkäse</i></span>, a meatloaf dish.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2013_meat_adulteration_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 meat adulteration scandal">2013 meat adulteration scandal</a> started when German authorities detected horse meat in prepared food products including frozen lasagna, where it was declared fraudulently as beef. The mislabeling prompted EU authorities to speed up publication of European Commission recommendations for labeling the origin of all processed meat.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Hungary">Hungary</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hungary">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>In <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, horse meat is primarily used in salami and sausages, usually mixed with pork, but also in goulashes and other stews. These products are sold in most supermarkets and many butcher shops.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Iceland">Iceland</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Iceland">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>In <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Iceland">Iceland</a>, horse meat is both eaten minced and as steak, also used in <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fondue" title="Fondue">fondue</a>, prized for its strong flavor. It has a particular role in the culture and history of the island. The people of Iceland supposedly were reluctant to embrace Christianity for some time largely over the issue of giving up horse meat after <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Pope Gregory III</a> banned horse meat consumption in 732 AD, as it was a major part of many pagan rites and sacrifice in Northern Europe. Horse meat consumption was banned when the pagan Norse <a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelanders</a> eventually <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Iceland#Adoption_by_arbitration" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Iceland">adopted Christianity</a> in 1000 AD/<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>. The ban became so ingrained that most people would not handle horse meat, let alone consume it. Even during harsh famines in the 18th century, most people would not eat horse meat, and those who did were castigated. In 1757, the ban was decriminalised, but general distaste for horse meat lasted well into the 19th century, possibly longer, and its consumption often regarded as an indication of poverty. Even today horse meat is not popular (3.2% of Iceland’s meat production in 2015), although this has more to do with culinary tradition and the popularity of equestrianism than any religious vestiges.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Italy">Italy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Italy">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Macelleria_equina_venezia.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Macelleria_equina_venezia.jpg/220px-Macelleria_equina_venezia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Macelleria_equina_venezia.jpg/330px-Macelleria_equina_venezia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Macelleria_equina_venezia.jpg/440px-Macelleria_equina_venezia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Macelleria_equina_venezia.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> horse meat <a href="/wiki/Butcher" title="Butcher">butcher</a></div></div></div>
<p>Horse meat is especially popular in <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>, and the islands of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.
</p><p>Horse meat is used in a variety of recipes: as a stew called <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">pastissada</i></span> (typical of <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>), served as steaks, as <i><a href="/wiki/Carpaccio" title="Carpaccio">carpaccio</a></i>, or made into <i><a href="/wiki/Bresaola" title="Bresaola">bresaola</a></i>. Thin strips of horse meat called <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">sfilacci</i></span> are popular. Horse fat is used in recipes such as <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Pezzetti_di_Cavallo" class="extiw" title="b:Cookbook:Pezzetti di Cavallo">pezzetti di cavallo</a></i>. Horse meat sausages and salamis are traditional in various places. In Sardinia, <span title="Sardinian-language text"><i lang="sc">sa petza 'e cuaddu</i></span> or <span title="Sardinian-language text"><i lang="sc">sa petha (d)e caddu</i></span> <span title="Sardinian-language text"><i lang="sc"><a href="/wiki/Campidanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Campidanese">campidanese</a></i></span> and <span title="Sardinian-language text"><i lang="sc"><a href="/wiki/Logudorese" class="mw-redirect" title="Logudorese">logudorese</a></i></span> for horse meat) is one of the most renowned meats and sometimes is sold from kiosks with bread - also in the town of <a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a> is a long tradition of eating horse steaks (<span title="Sardinian-language text"><i lang="sc">carri di cabaddu</i></span> in the local dialect). Chefs and consumers tend to prize its uniqueness by serving it as rare as possible. <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Donkey</a> is also cooked, for example as a stew called <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">stracotto d'asino</i></span> and as meat for sausages e.g. <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">mortadella d'asino</i></span>. The <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Parma#Cuisine" title="Province of Parma">cuisine of Parma</a> features a horse meat <i><a href="/wiki/Tartare" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartare">tartare</a></i> called <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">pesto di cavallo</i></span>, as well as various cooked dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup>
</p><p>In Veneto, the consumption of horse meat dates back to at least 1000 BC/<a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Adriatic Veneti</a>, renowned for their horse-breeding skills. They were used to sacrifice horses to their goddess <a href="/wiki/Reitia" title="Reitia">Reitia</a> or to the mythical hero <a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup> Throughout the classical period, Veneto established itself as a centre for horse breeding in Italy; Venetian horses were provided for the cavalry and carriage of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legions</a>, with the white Venetic horses becoming famous among Greeks and Romans as one of the best breeds for <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circus</a> racing.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup> As well as breeding horses for military and farming applications, the Venetics also used them for consumption throughout the Roman period, a practice that established the consumption of horse meat as a tradition in <a href="/wiki/Venetian_cuisine" title="Venetian cuisine">Venetian cuisine</a>. In the modern age, horse meat is considered a luxury item and is widely available through supermarkets and butcheries, with some specialised butcheries offering only selected cuts of equine meat. Prices are usually higher than beef, pork, or any other kind of meat, except game.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sfilacci_di_cavallo.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sfilacci_di_cavallo.jpg/220px-Sfilacci_di_cavallo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sfilacci_di_cavallo.jpg/330px-Sfilacci_di_cavallo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sfilacci_di_cavallo.jpg/440px-Sfilacci_di_cavallo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sfilacci_di_cavallo.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Typical <a href="/wiki/Paduan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paduan">Paduan</a> specialty: horse <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">sfilacci</i></span>, smoked and salt-cured "frayed threads" of meat</div></div></div>
<p>In the Province of <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, horse meat is a key element of the local cuisine, particularly in the area that extends southeast from the city, historically called <a href="/wiki/Saccisica" title="Saccisica">Saccisica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup> Specialties based on horse meat constitute the main courses and best attractions of several typical restaurants in the zone. They are also served among other regional delicacies at the food stands of many local festivals, related to civil and religious anniversaries. Most notable is the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Festa del Cavallo</i></span>, held annually in the small town of <a href="/wiki/Legnaro" title="Legnaro">Legnaro</a> and totally dedicated to horses, included their consumption for food.
</p><p>Some traditional dishes are:
</p>
<ul><li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Sfilacci di cavallo</i></span>: tiny frayings of horse meat, dried and seasoned; to be consumed raw, can be a light and quick snack, more popular as a topping on other dishes: ex. pasta, risotto, pizza, salads, etc. <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:6232675-Horse_meat_stew_Padova.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/6232675-Horse_meat_stew_Padova.jpg/220px-6232675-Horse_meat_stew_Padova.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/6232675-Horse_meat_stew_Padova.jpg/330px-6232675-Horse_meat_stew_Padova.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/6232675-Horse_meat_stew_Padova.jpg/440px-6232675-Horse_meat_stew_Padova.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="483" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:6232675-Horse_meat_stew_Padova.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Cavàeo in Umido</i></span> (traditional horse meat stew from <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>) with grilled polenta</div></div></div></li>
<li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Straéca</i></span>: a thin soft horse steak, cut from the diaphragm, variously cooked and dressed on the grill, pan or hot-plate</li>
<li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Bistecca di puledro</i></span>: colt steak, whose preparation is similar to <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">straéca</i></span></li>
<li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Spezzatino di cavallo</i></span>: also said <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">cavàeo in umido</i></span>, small chunks of horse meat, stewed with onion, parsley and/or other herbs and flavours, potatoes, broth, wine, etc., usually consumed with <a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">polenta</a>, much appreciated also is a similar stew made of donkey meat, served in traditional <a href="/wiki/Trattoria" title="Trattoria">trattorie</a>, with many variations for different villages: <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">spessadin de musso</i></span>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">musso in umido</i></span>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">musso in tocio</i></span>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">musso in pocio</i></span></li>
<li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Prosciutto di cavallo</i></span>: horse <a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">ham</a>, served in very thin slices</li>
<li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Salame di cavallo</i></span> or <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">salsiccia di cavallo</i></span>: various kinds of <a href="/wiki/Salami" title="Salami">salami</a>, variously produced or seasoned, sometimes made of pure equine meat, sometimes mixed with others (beef or pork)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bigoli" title="Bigoli">Bigoli</a></i> <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">al sugo di cavallo</i></span>: a typical form of fresh pasta, similar to thick rough spaghetti, dressed with sauce like <a href="/wiki/Bolognese_sauce" title="Bolognese sauce">Bolognese sauce</a>, but made with minced horse meat</li>
<li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Pezzetti di cavallo al sugo</i></span>: horse stew, seasoned with sauce, vegetables and various peperoncino, widely used in the <a href="/wiki/Salento" title="Salento">Salento</a> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Spezzatino_di_cavallo.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Spezzatino_di_cavallo.jpg/220px-Spezzatino_di_cavallo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Spezzatino_di_cavallo.jpg/330px-Spezzatino_di_cavallo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Spezzatino_di_cavallo.jpg/440px-Spezzatino_di_cavallo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Spezzatino_di_cavallo.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Chunks (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">pezzetti</i></span>) of horse stew (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">spezzatino di cavallo</i></span>)</div></div></div></li></ul>
<p>In southern Italy, horse meat is commonly eaten everywhere - especially in the region of <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, where it is considered a delicacy.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> It is a vital part of the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">ragù barese</i></span> (<small></small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[raˈɡu bbaˈreːze]</a></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a> and of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pezzetti_di_cavallo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pezzetti di cavallo (page does not exist)">Pezzetti di cavallo</a>, a stew with tomato sauce, vegetables and chili, popular in <a href="/wiki/Salento" title="Salento">Salento</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to British food writer <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fort" title="Matthew Fort">Matthew Fort</a>, "The taste for donkey and horse goes back to the days when these animals were part of everyday agricultural life. In the frugal, unsentimental manner of agricultural communities, all the animals were looked on as a source of protein. Waste was not an option."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Malta">Malta</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Malta">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>In <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, horse meat (<a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>: <i lang="mt">laħam taż-żiemel</i>) is seared and slowly cooked for hours in either tomato or red wine sauce. A few horse meat shops still exist and it is still served in some restaurants.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Netherlands">Netherlands</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Netherlands">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse_meat_in_package.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Horse_meat_in_package.JPG/220px-Horse_meat_in_package.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Horse_meat_in_package.JPG/330px-Horse_meat_in_package.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Horse_meat_in_package.JPG/440px-Horse_meat_in_package.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2478" data-file-height="2073" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse_meat_in_package.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Sliced and packaged horse meat from the Netherlands</div></div></div><p>In the Netherlands, smoked horse meat (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">paardenrookvlees</i></span>) is sold as sliced meat and eaten on bread. <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Zuurvlees</i></span>, a southern Dutch stew, is made with horse meat as main ingredient. There are also beef-based variants. Horse meat is also used in sausages (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">paardenworst</i></span> and <i><a href="/wiki/Frikandel" title="Frikandel">frikandel</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup> fried fast food snacks and ready-to-eat soups.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-64">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup>
</p><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Norway">Norway</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Norway">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>In Norway, horse meat is commonly used in cured meats, such as <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">vossakorv</i></span> and <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">svartpølse</i></span>, and less commonly as steak, <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">hestebiff</i></span>.
</p><p>In pre-Christian Norway, horse was seen as an expensive animal. To eat a horse was to show one had great wealth, and to sacrifice a horse to the gods was seen as the greatest gift one could give. When Norwegians adopted Christianity, horse-eating became taboo as it was a religious act for pagans, thus it was considered a sign of heresy.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Poland">Poland</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Poland">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Older horses are often exported <a href="/wiki/Livestock_transportation" title="Livestock transportation">on the hoof</a> to Italy to be slaughtered. This practice is considered controversial. Horses in Poland are treated mostly as companions, and the majority of Poles are against live export for slaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-ratujkonie.pl_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratujkonie.pl-84">[84]</a></sup> Poland has a tradition of eating horse meat (e.g., sausage or steak <i>tartare</i>). The consumption of horse meat was highest at times when other meat was scarce, such as during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">communist period</a> that followed it).<sup id="cite_ref-ratujkonie.pl_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratujkonie.pl-84">[84]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Serbia">Serbia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Serbia">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Horse meat is generally available in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, though mostly shunned in traditional cuisine. It is, however, often recommended by general practitioners to persons who suffer from <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>. It is available to buy at three green markets in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, a market in <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>, and in several cities in ethnically mixed <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarian</a> and previously <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> traditions brought the usage.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Slovenia">Slovenia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Slovenia">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse_meat_hamburger_at_restaurant_Hot%27_Horse,_Ljubljana,_Slovenia.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Horse_meat_hamburger_at_restaurant_Hot%27_Horse%2C_Ljubljana%2C_Slovenia.jpg/220px-Horse_meat_hamburger_at_restaurant_Hot%27_Horse%2C_Ljubljana%2C_Slovenia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Horse_meat_hamburger_at_restaurant_Hot%27_Horse%2C_Ljubljana%2C_Slovenia.jpg/330px-Horse_meat_hamburger_at_restaurant_Hot%27_Horse%2C_Ljubljana%2C_Slovenia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Horse_meat_hamburger_at_restaurant_Hot%27_Horse%2C_Ljubljana%2C_Slovenia.jpg/440px-Horse_meat_hamburger_at_restaurant_Hot%27_Horse%2C_Ljubljana%2C_Slovenia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse_meat_hamburger_at_restaurant_Hot%27_Horse,_Ljubljana,_Slovenia.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A horse meat hamburger in restaurant Hot' Horse, <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana,_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ljubljana, Slovenia">Ljubljana, Slovenia</a>: Horse meat is a national delicacy in Slovenia.</div></div></div>
<p>Horse meat is generally available in <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, and is highly popular in the traditional cuisine, especially in the central region of <a href="/wiki/Carniola" title="Carniola">Carniola</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Karst_Plateau" title="Karst Plateau">Karst</a> region. Colt steak (<span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">žrebičkov zrezek</i></span>) is also highly popular, especially in Slovenia's capital <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, where it is part of the city's traditional regional cuisine. In Ljubljana, many restaurants sell burgers and meat that contain large amounts of horse meat, including a fast-food chain called Hot' Horse.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Spain">Spain</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Spain">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p><a href="/wiki/Cecina_(meat)" title="Cecina (meat)"><i>Cecina</i></a> is a cured meat made from beef or horse, and is considered a delicacy. <a href="/wiki/Foal" title="Foal">Foal</a> meat (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">carne de potro</i></span>) is preferred over horse meat for this purpose. Horse meat is easily found in supermarkets, and usually prepared as a stew or as steak. A common practice is to serve horse meat to <a href="/wiki/Iron-deficiency_anemia" title="Iron-deficiency anemia">anemic</a> children. Although no generalized taboo exists in Spain, consumption of horse meat is minor, compared to that of pork, beef, or lamb.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Sweden">Sweden</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sweden">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Smoked, cured horse meat is widely available as a <a href="/wiki/Cold_cut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold cut">cold cut</a> under the name <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">hamburgerkött</i></span> (literally hamburger meat). It tends to be very thinly sliced and fairly salty, slightly reminiscent of deli-style ham, and as a packaged meat, may list horse meat (as <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">hästkött</i></span>) as its primary ingredient.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Several varieties of smoked sausage made from horse meat, including <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Gustafskorv</i></span>, are also quite popular, especially in the province of <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a>, where they are produced.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup> <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Gustafskorv</i></span>, similar to salami or <i><a href="/wiki/Metworst" title="Metworst">metworst</a></i>, may substitute for those meats in sandwiches.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Switzerland">Switzerland</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Switzerland">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Horse meat is widely available and consumed in Switzerland, where no taboo exists regarding it. The laws on foodstuffs of animal origin in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> explicitly list <a href="/wiki/Equine" class="mw-redirect" title="Equine">equines</a> as an animal type allowed for the production of food.
<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup> Horse steak is widely offered in restaurants. A marinated, smoked <a href="/wiki/Cold_cuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold cuts">deli meat</a> specialty known as <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostbr%C3%B6ckli" class="extiw" title="de:Mostbröckli">Mostbröckli</a></i> is made here with beef or horse meat. Horse meat is also used for a range of sausages in the German-speaking north of Switzerland. As in northern Italy, in Switzerland's Italian-speaking south, local <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">salametti</i></span> (sausages) may be made with horse meat. Horse may also be used in <a href="/wiki/Fondue#Fondue_Bourguignonne" title="Fondue"><i>fondue Bourguignonne</i></a>.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Ukraine">Ukraine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Ukraine">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>In Ukraine, especially in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and other southern steppe regions, horse meat is consumed in the form of sausages called <span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">mahan</i></span> and <span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">sudzhuk</i></span>. These particular sausages are traditional food of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatar</a> population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>In the United Kingdom, the slaughter, preparation, and consumption of horses for food is not against the law, although it has been rare since the 1930s, and horse meat is not generally available. A cultural taboo against consuming horse meat exists in the UK, although it was eaten when other meats were scarce, such as during times of war,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup> as was <a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">whale meat</a>, which similarly failed to achieve popularity. The sale of meat labelled as horse meat in UK supermarkets and butchers is minimal, and most actual horse meat consumed in the UK is imported from continental Europe, predominantly from the <a href="/wiki/South_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="South of France">south of France</a>, where it is more widely eaten.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup>
</p><p>Horse meat may be eaten without the knowledge of the consumer, due to accidental or <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraudulent</a> introduction of horse meat into human food. A 2003 <a href="/wiki/Food_Standards_Agency" title="Food Standards Agency">Food Standards Agency</a> investigation revealed that certain sausages, salami, and similar products such as <a href="/wiki/Chorizo" title="Chorizo">chorizo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pastrami" title="Pastrami">pastrami</a> sometimes contained horse meat without it being listed,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup> although listing is legally required.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2013_horse_meat_scandal" title="2013 horse meat scandal">2013 horse meat scandal</a> involved multiple products being recalled from shelves due to unlabelled horse meat in amounts up to 100% of the meat content.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcconf_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcconf-94">[94]</a></sup>
</p><p>Horse meat was featured in a segment of a 2007 episode of the <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Ramsay" title="Gordon Ramsay">Gordon Ramsay</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/The_F_Word_(British_TV_series)" title="The F Word (British TV series)">The F Word</a></i>. In the segment, <a href="/wiki/Janet_Street-Porter" title="Janet Street-Porter">Janet Street-Porter</a> convinced locals to try horse meat, though not before facing controversy and being forced to move her stand to a privately owned location. The meat was presented as having a similar taste to beef, but with less fat, a high concentration of <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acids</a>, and as a safer alternative in times of worry regarding <a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">bird flu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy" title="Bovine spongiform encephalopathy">mad cow disease</a>. The segment was met with skepticism from many viewers after broadcast for various reasons, either because some felt the practice was cruel and against social norms, or simply a belief that if the taste was really on par with other meats, then people would already be eating it.<sup id="cite_ref-thefword_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thefword-95">[95]</a></sup> A company called Cowley's Fine Foods has also launched a horse jerky range called My Brittle Pony.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup> Their Twitter account @MY Brittle Pony, states that they are "Determined to make horse a stable part of the British diet.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="North_America">North America</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: North America">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Canada">Canada</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Canada">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>A thriving horse meat business exists in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>; the meat is available in most supermarket chains there.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup> Horse meat is also for sale at the other end of the country, in <a href="/wiki/Granville_Island" title="Granville Island">Granville Island</a> Market in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Vancouver" title="Downtown Vancouver">downtown Vancouver</a>, where according to a <a href="/wiki/Time_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time magazine"><i>Time</i></a> reviewer who smuggled it into the United States, it turned out to be a "sweet, rich, superlean, oddly soft meat, closer to beef than venison".<sup id="cite_ref-time_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-33">[33]</a></sup> Horse meat is also available in high-end <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> butchers and supermarkets. Aside from the heritage of French cuisine at one end of the country, most of Canada shares the horse meat taboo with the rest of the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a>. This mentality is especially evident in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, where strong <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a> and breeding industries and cultures have existed since the province's founding, although large numbers of horses are slaughtered for meat in Fort MacLeod,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup> and certain butchers in Calgary do sell it.
</p><p>In 2013, the consumer protection show <i>Kassensturz</i> of Swiss television <a href="/wiki/Schweizer_Radio_und_Fernsehen" title="Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen">SRF</a> reported the poor animal conditions at Bouvry Exports, a Canadian horse meat farm in Fort MacLeod, Alberta.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Migros" title="Migros">Migros</a>, the primary importer of horse meat into Switzerland, started working with Bouvry to improve their animal welfare, but in 2015 Migros cut ties with Bouvry because though improvements had been made, they had not improved sufficiently. Migros had "set itself the ambitious goal of bringing all suppliers abroad up to the strict Swiss standards by 2020."<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a> reported on March 10, 2013, that horse meat was also popular among some segments of Toronto's population. <sup id="cite_ref-CBC2013-03-10_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC2013-03-10-102">[102]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="United_States">United States</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: United States">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Horse_slaughter#United_States" title="Horse slaughter">Horse slaughter § United States</a></div>
<p>Horse meat is generally not eaten in the United States, and is banned in many states across the country. It holds a taboo in American culture very similar to the one found in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup> All horse meat produced in the United States since the 1960s (until the last quarter of 2007) was intended solely for export abroad, primarily to the European Union. However, a thriving horse exportation business is going on in several states, including Texas, primarily exporting horses to slaughterhouses in either Canada or Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup>
</p><p>Restriction of human consumption of horse meat in the U.S. has generally involved legislation at local, state, and federal levels. Several states have enacted legislation either prohibiting the sale of horse meat or banning altogether the slaughter of horses.
<a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_6_(1998)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 6 (1998)">California Proposition 6 (1998)</a> was passed by state voters, outlawing the possession, transfer, reception, or holding any horse, pony, burro, or mule by a person who is aware that it will be used for human consumption, and making the slaughter of horses or the sale of horse meat for human consumption a <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanor</a> offense.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2007, the Illinois General Assembly enacted Public Act 95-02, amending Chapter 225, Section 635 of the state's compiled statutes<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup> to prohibit both the act of slaughtering equines for human consumption and the trade of any horse meat similarly to Texas Agriculture Code's Chapter 149.
</p><p>Other states banning horse slaughter or the sale of horse meat include New Jersey, Oklahoma, and Mississippi. In addition, several other states introduced legislation to outlaw the practice over the years, such as Florida, Massachusetts, New Mexico, and New York.
</p><p>At the federal level, since 2001, several bills have been regularly introduced in both the House and Senate to ban horse slaughter throughout the country without success. However, a budgetary provision banning the use of federal funds to carry out mandatory inspections at horse slaughter plants (necessary to allow interstate sale and exports of horse meat) has also been in place since 2007. This restriction was temporarily removed in 2011 as part of the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2012<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup> but was again included in the FY2014 Agriculture Appropriations Act and subsequent federal budgets, hence preventing the operation of any domestic horse slaughter operation.
</p><p>Until 2007, only three horse meat slaughterhouses still existed in the United States for export to foreign markets, but they were closed by court orders resulting from the upholding of aforementioned Illinois and Texas statutes banning horse slaughter and the sale of horse meat.
</p><p>The taboo surrounding horse meat in the United States received national attention again in May 2017 when a restaurant in the <a href="/wiki/Lawrenceville_(Pittsburgh)" title="Lawrenceville (Pittsburgh)">Lawrenceville</a> section of <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> served a dish containing <a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">horse tartare</a> as part of a special event the restaurant was hosting with <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadian</a> chefs as guests. The restaurant, which otherwise does not serve horse meat (which is legal to serve and consume in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>), received an inspection and a warning from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">USDA</a> not to serve horse meat again. A <a href="/wiki/Change.org" title="Change.org">Change.org</a> petition subsequently went up to advocate making serving horse meat illegal in Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup>
</p><p>From the 1920s and through the 1950s or 1960s, and with a brief rationing hiccup during WWII, horse meat was canned and sold as dog food by many different companies under many different brands, most notably by <a href="/wiki/Ken-L_Ration" title="Ken-L Ration">Ken-L Ration</a>. The popularity of horse meat as dog food became so popular that by the 1930s, over 50,000 horses were bred and slaughtered each year to keep up with this specific demand.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Mexico">Mexico</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Mexico">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>As of 2005, Mexico was the second-largest producer of horse meat in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-production2005_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-production2005-115">[115]</a></sup> By 2009, it became the largest producer of horse meat in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-farminguk2009-01-17_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farminguk2009-01-17-40">[40]</a></sup> It is only exported as it is not used or consumed in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-mexventa_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mexventa-116">[116]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="South_America">South America</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: South America">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Argentina">Argentina</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Argentina">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> is a producer and exporter of horse meat, but it is not used in local consumption and is considered taboo.<sup id="cite_ref-lanacion1_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanacion1-117">[117]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Chile">Chile</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Chile">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>In <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, it is used in <i><a href="/wiki/Charqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Charqui">charqui</a></i>. Also in Chile, horse meat became the main source of nutrition for the nomadic indigenous tribes, which promptly switched from a <a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">guanaco</a>-based economy to a horse-based one after the horses brought by the Spaniards bred naturally and became feral.
</p><p>Although not nearly as common as beef meat, horse meat can be readily available in some butcheries throughout the country. It is generally less expensive than beef and somewhat associated with lower social strata.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-Guthrie-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guthrie_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGuthrie2003" class="citation journal cs1">Guthrie, R. D. (November 13, 2003). "Rapid body size decline in Alaskan Pleistocene horses before extinction". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>426</b> (6963): 169–171. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.426..169D">2003Natur.426..169D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02098">10.1038/nature02098</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14614503">14614503</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186242574">186242574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Rapid+body+size+decline+in+Alaskan+Pleistocene+horses+before+extinction&rft.volume=426&rft.issue=6963&rft.pages=169-171&rft.date=2003-11-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature02098&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A186242574%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14614503&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Natur.426..169D&rft.aulast=Guthrie&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319202824/http://www.afac.ab.ca/reports/08horsereport.pdf">"The Alberta Horse Welfare Report, 2008"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afac.ab.ca/reports/08horsereport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Alberta+Horse+Welfare+Report%2C+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afac.ab.ca%2Freports%2F08horsereport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Harris-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHarris1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Harris" title="Marvin Harris">Harris, Marvin</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B1oGAAAACAAJ"><i>Good to Eat: Riddles of Food and Culture</i></a>. Waveland Pr Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57766-015-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57766-015-6"><bdi>978-1-57766-015-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200918224613/https://books.google.com/books?id=B1oGAAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+to+Eat%3A+Riddles+of+Food+and+Culture&rft.pub=Waveland+Pr+Inc&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57766-015-6&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB1oGAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/south/series2/new_forest_ponies_commoners_breed_improvements.shtml">"BBC Inside Out - New Forest Ponies"</a>. Bbc.co.uk. February 24, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130119074805/http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/south/series2/new_forest_ponies_commoners_breed_improvements.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Inside+Out+-+New+Forest+Ponies&rft.pub=Bbc.co.uk&rft.date=2003-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Finsideout%2Fsouth%2Fseries2%2Fnew_forest_ponies_commoners_breed_improvements.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-countrysideonline237-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-countrysideonline237_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrysideonline237_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061007150933/http://www.countrysideonline.co.uk/plugins/content/content.php?content.237">"NFU Countryside Online: Passports for Ponies"</a>. BBC Inside Out. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.countrysideonline.co.uk/plugins/content/content.php?content.237">the original</a> on October 7, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NFU+Countryside+Online%3A+Passports+for+Ponies&rft.pub=BBC+Inside+Out&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.countrysideonline.co.uk%2Fplugins%2Fcontent%2Fcontent.php%3Fcontent.237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netposse.com/stolenmissing/storyladyslaughter.htm">"Slaughter of Lady"</a>. Netposse.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120620105331/http://www.netposse.com/stolenmissing/storyladyslaughter.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 20, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slaughter+of+Lady&rft.pub=Netposse.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netposse.com%2Fstolenmissing%2Fstoryladyslaughter.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://horsesdaily.com/news/racing/2003/07-21-derbywinner-ferdinand.html">"Death of a Derby Winner"</a>. Horsesdaily.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216061402/http://www.horsesdaily.com/news/racing/2003/07-21-derbywinner-ferdinand.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Death+of+a+Derby+Winner&rft.pub=Horsesdaily.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhorsesdaily.com%2Fnews%2Fracing%2F2003%2F07-21-derbywinner-ferdinand.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071101044559/http://www.haras-nationaux.fr/portail/uploads/tx_vm19docsbase/DIP_ECO_03_HORSEMEAT_01.pdf">"Horsemeat in France - (June 2006), Librairie des Haras nationaux"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haras-nationaux.fr/portail/uploads/tx_vm19docsbase/DIP_ECO_03_HORSEMEAT_01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 1, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horsemeat+in+France+-+%28June+2006%29%2C+Librairie+des+Haras+nationaux&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haras-nationaux.fr%2Fportail%2Fuploads%2Ftx_vm19docsbase%2FDIP_ECO_03_HORSEMEAT_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.maff.go.jp/aqs/animal/pdf/risk_assesment_hiikuhorse_1.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916113809/http://www.maff.go.jp/aqs/animal/pdf/risk_assesment_hiikuhorse_1.pdf">Archived</a> September 16, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 70% of products derived from living horses that are destined to slaughter after being imported to Japan (at 2014) is meat, while pet food is 0,1%</span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607112840/http://www.drugs.com/vet/hy-50-can.html">HY-50 for veterinary use</a> (archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/vet/hy-50-can.html">the original</a> on 2011-10-06).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080601040624/http://www.genitrix.co.uk/2008ProductsHorses-HY502.php">"Genitrix HY-50 Vet brochure"</a>. Genitrix.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genitrix.co.uk/2008ProductsHorses-HY502.php">the original</a> on June 1, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genitrix+HY-50+Vet+brochure&rft.pub=Genitrix.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genitrix.co.uk%2F2008ProductsHorses-HY502.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFCecilia_Rodriguez2012" class="citation news cs1">Cecilia Rodriguez (April 18, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2012/12/18/no-american-horse-steak-for-you-europeans/">"No American Horse Steak for You, Europeans"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200124184633/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2012/12/18/no-american-horse-steak-for-you-europeans/">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=No+American+Horse+Steak+for+You%2C+Europeans&rft.date=2012-04-18&rft.au=Cecilia+Rodriguez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fceciliarodriguez%2F2012%2F12%2F18%2Fno-american-horse-steak-for-you-europeans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDrape2012" class="citation news cs1">Drape, Joe (December 8, 2012). <span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/sports/drugs-injected-at-the-racetrack-put-europe-off-us-horse-meat.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">"Racetrack Drugs Put Europe Off U.S. Horse Meat"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140216182054/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/sports/drugs-injected-at-the-racetrack-put-europe-off-us-horse-meat.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Racetrack+Drugs+Put+Europe+Off+U.S.+Horse+Meat&rft.date=2012-12-08&rft.aulast=Drape&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F12%2F09%2Fsports%2Fdrugs-injected-at-the-racetrack-put-europe-off-us-horse-meat.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.co.za/south-africa-imported-80-000-kilograms-of-horse-meat-last-year-2018-3">"Horse meat imports into SA have suddenly jumped – and we don't know where most of it went"</a>. <i>BusinessInsider</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200124184631/https://www.businessinsider.co.za/south-africa-imported-80-000-kilograms-of-horse-meat-last-year-2018-3">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BusinessInsider&rft.atitle=Horse+meat+imports+into+SA+have+suddenly+jumped+%E2%80%93+and+we+don%27t+know+where+most+of+it+went&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.co.za%2Fsouth-africa-imported-80-000-kilograms-of-horse-meat-last-year-2018-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBordonaro" class="citation web cs1">Bordonaro, Lori. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Horse-Meat-M-Wells-PS-1-MoMA-Long-Island-City-Queens-171445821.html">"Horse Meat on Menu Raises Eyebrows"</a>. NBC New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121213202959/http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Horse-Meat-M-Wells-PS-1-MoMA-Long-Island-City-Queens-171445821.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horse+Meat+on+Menu+Raises+Eyebrows&rft.pub=NBC+New+York&rft.aulast=Bordonaro&rft.aufirst=Lori&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnewyork.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2FHorse-Meat-M-Wells-PS-1-MoMA-Long-Island-City-Queens-171445821.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/code/Documents/2.2.1%20Meat%20products%20v157.pdf">"Standard 2.2.1 Meat and meat products"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PDF). Australian Government, Federal Register of Legislation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919070743/https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/code/Documents/2.2.1%20Meat%20products%20v157.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+2.2.1+Meat+and+meat+products&rft.pub=Australian+Government%2C+Federal+Register+of+Legislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodstandards.gov.au%2Fcode%2FDocuments%2F2.2.1%2520Meat%2520products%2520v157.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simoons, F.J., 1994, Eat not this Flesh, Food Avoidances from Pre-history to Present, University of Wisconsin Press.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Françoise Aubaile-Sallenave, "Meat among Mediterranean Muslims: Beliefs and Praxis", <i>Estudios del Hombre</i> <b>19</b>:129 (2004)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Ian Miller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1289363">"Of Outlaws, Christians, Horsemeat, and Writing: Uniform Laws and Saga Iceland"</a>, <i>Michigan Law Review</i>, Vol. 89, No. 8 (August 1991), pp. 2081-2095 <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:90%; color:#555">(subscription required)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401182807/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1289363">Archived</a> April 1, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>ReferenceA</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).
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<li id="cite_note-IGHA-USDA-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IGHA-USDA_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IGHA-USDA_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://www.igha.org/USDA.html">"U.S.D.A. Promotes Horse & Goat Meat"</a>. International Generic Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igha.org/USDA.html">the original</a> on October 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.D.A.+Promotes+Horse+%26+Goat+Meat&rft.pub=International+Generic+Horse+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.igha.org%2FUSDA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span> (quoting a 1997 USDA report said to be no longer available online)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vol 2 pp 7-9</span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130228084323/http://ofoods.ru/konina-vred-i-polza/">"Archived copy" <bdi lang="ru">Конина: вред и польза</bdi></a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ofoods.ru/konina-vred-i-polza/">the original</a> on February 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%3A+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fofoods.ru%2Fkonina-vred-i-polza%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFPillsbury1998" class="citation book cs1">Pillsbury, Michael (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noforeignfoodame00pill_1/page/14"><i>No Foreign Food: The American Diet in Time and Place</i></a>. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noforeignfoodame00pill_1/page/14">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2738-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2738-9"><bdi>978-0-8133-2738-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Foreign+Food%3A+The+American+Diet+in+Time+and+Place&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-2738-9&rft.aulast=Pillsbury&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnoforeignfoodame00pill_1%2Fpage%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/T._G._E._Powell" title="T. G. E. Powell">Powell, T. G. E.</a>, 1958, The Celts, Thames and Hudson, London</span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graves, Robert, <i>The White Goddess</i>, Faber and Faber, London, 1961, p 384</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Campbell_1962-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_1962_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_1962_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, Joseph, <i>Oriental Mythology: The Masks of God</i>, Arkana, 1962, pp190-197 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-019442-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-019442-8">0-14-019442-8</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFPhillip_PulsianoKirsten_Wolf1993" class="citation book cs1">Phillip Pulsiano; Kirsten Wolf (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d-XiZO8V4qUC"><i>Medieval Scandinavia: an encyclopedia</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 523. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4787-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4787-0"><bdi>978-0-8240-4787-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160801012516/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-XiZO8V4qUC">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Scandinavia%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.pages=523&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-4787-0&rft.au=Phillip+Pulsiano&rft.au=Kirsten+Wolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd-XiZO8V4qUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAnders_AndrénKristina_JennbertCatharina_Raudvere2006" class="citation book cs1">Anders Andrén; Kristina Jennbert; Catharina Raudvere (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gjq6rvoIRpAC"><i>Old Norse Religion in Long Term Perspectives: Origins, Changes and Interactions, an International Conference in Lund, Sweden, June 3–7, 2004</i></a>. Nordic Academic Press. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-89116-81-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-89116-81-8"><bdi>978-91-89116-81-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Norse+Religion+in+Long+Term+Perspectives%3A+Origins%2C+Changes+and+Interactions%2C+an+International+Conference+in+Lund%2C+Sweden%2C+June+3%E2%80%937%2C+2004&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Nordic+Academic+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-91-89116-81-8&rft.au=Anders+Andr%C3%A9n&rft.au=Kristina+Jennbert&rft.au=Catharina+Raudvere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgjq6rvoIRpAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-nationalpoll-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nationalpoll_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDuckworth2006" class="citation web cs1">Duckworth, Amanda (September 4, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/35173/poll-finds-most-americans-against-horse-slaughter/">"Poll Finds Most Americans Against Horse Slaughter"</a>. Bloodhorse.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102173436/http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/35173/poll-finds-most-americans-against-horse-slaughter">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poll+Finds+Most+Americans+Against+Horse+Slaughter&rft.pub=Bloodhorse.com&rft.date=2006-09-04&rft.aulast=Duckworth&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloodhorse.com%2Fhorse-racing%2Farticles%2F35173%2Fpoll-finds-most-americans-against-horse-slaughter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-time-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-time_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-time_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFStein2007" class="citation news cs1">Stein, Joel (February 8, 2007). <span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1587279,00.html">"<i>Time:</i> Horse—It's What's for Dinner"</a></span>. Time.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131229083444/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1587279,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Time%3A+Horse%E2%80%94It%27s+What%27s+for+Dinner&rft.date=2007-02-08&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1587279%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/1xtra/tx/weekinpictures/180507.shtml?select=03">"Week in pictures - Who wants to eat horsemeat?"</a>. Bbc.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614234506/http://www.bbc.co.uk/1xtra/tx/weekinpictures/180507.shtml?select=03">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Week+in+pictures+-+Who+wants+to+eat+horsemeat%3F&rft.pub=Bbc.co.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2F1xtra%2Ftx%2Fweekinpictures%2F180507.shtml%3Fselect%3D03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victorian Advocates for Animals & Coalition for the Protection of Racehorses protests</span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sptimes.com/2002/09/04/Columns/Americans_squeamish_o.shtml">"Americans squeamish over horse meat"</a>. <i>St. Petersburg Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051100/http://www.sptimes.com/2002/09/04/Columns/Americans_squeamish_o.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.atitle=Americans+squeamish+over+horse+meat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sptimes.com%2F2002%2F09%2F04%2FColumns%2FAmericans_squeamish_o.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Time_Out_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Out (company)">Time Out</a></i> 30 May–5 June 2007</span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-21/horsemeat-exports-in-doubt-after-standards-complaint/5524158">"Horse meat exports in doubt after standards complaint"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. June 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Horse+meat+exports+in+doubt+after+standards+complaint&rft.date=2014-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2014-06-21%2Fhorsemeat-exports-in-doubt-after-standards-complaint%2F5524158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110416155220/http://optimail.com.au/berrime/slaughter.htm">"Horse slaughter and horsemeat: the facts"</a>. Optimail.com.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.optimail.com.au/berrime/slaughter.htm">the original</a> on April 16, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horse+slaughter+and+horsemeat%3A+the+facts&rft.pub=Optimail.com.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.optimail.com.au%2Fberrime%2Fslaughter.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-farminguk2009-01-17-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-farminguk2009-01-17_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farminguk2009-01-17_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farminguk.com/news/Argentina-Horse-Meat-world-production-figures._10249.html">"Argentina-Horse Meat world production figures, Farming UK, January 17, 2009. Retrieved March 4, 2011"</a>. Farminguk.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215063621/http://www.farminguk.com/news/Argentina-Horse-Meat-world-production-figures._10249.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Argentina-Horse+Meat+world+production+figures%2C+Farming+UK%2C+January+17%2C+2009.+Retrieved+March+4%2C+2011&rft.pub=Farminguk.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.farminguk.com%2Fnews%2FArgentina-Horse-Meat-world-production-figures._10249.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-thewest7492421-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thewest7492421_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thewest7492421_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/latest/7492421/butcher-gives-horse-meat-a-run/">"Butcher gives horse meat a run"</a>. Au.news.yahoo.com. July 1, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111210195715/http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/latest/7492421/butcher-gives-horse-meat-a-run/">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Butcher+gives+horse+meat+a+run&rft.pub=Au.news.yahoo.com&rft.date=2010-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fau.news.yahoo.com%2Fthewest%2Fa%2F-%2Flatest%2F7492421%2Fbutcher-gives-horse-meat-a-run%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026030031/http://www.mondo.net.au/data/retail.html">"Mondo Retail – Retail & Catering – Mondo Butchers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mondo.net.au/retail/">the original</a> on October 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mondo+Retail+%E2%80%93+Retail+%26+Catering+%E2%80%93+Mondo+Butchers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmondo.net.au%2Fretail%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100130151420/http://www.mondo.net.au/data/wholesale.html">"Mondo Retail – Retail & Catering – Mondo Butchers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mondo.net.au/retail/">the original</a> on January 30, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mondo+Retail+%E2%80%93+Retail+%26+Catering+%E2%80%93+Mondo+Butchers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmondo.net.au%2Fretail%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMeldrum-Hanna2019" class="citation news cs1">Meldrum-Hanna, Caro (October 17, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/7.30/the-dark-side-of-the-horse-racing-industry/11614022">"The dark side of the horse racing industry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/7.30" title="7.30">7.30</a></i>. ABC News (Australia). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200618170546/https://www.abc.net.au/7.30/the-dark-side-of-the-horse-racing-industry/11614022">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=7.30&rft.atitle=The+dark+side+of+the+horse+racing+industry&rft.date=2019-10-17&rft.aulast=Meldrum-Hanna&rft.aufirst=Caro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2F7.30%2Fthe-dark-side-of-the-horse-racing-industry%2F11614022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hsi.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/pdfs/Horses_meatproduction_Australia_NewZealand.pdf">Horsemeat production in Australia and New Zealand</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229004347/https://www.hsi.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/pdfs/Horses_meatproduction_Australia_NewZealand.pdf">Archived</a> February 29, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_International" title="Humane Society International">Humane Society International</a>, 2014, p.2. Retrieved 12 February 2020</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bencao-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bencao_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Li_Shizhen" title="Li Shizhen">Li Shizhen</a>, <i>the <a href="/wiki/Compendium_of_Materia_Medica" title="Compendium of Materia Medica">Compendium of Materia Medica</a></i>(《<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">本草綱目</span></span>》) Chapter <i>Shou</i> Wild mammal one(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">獸之一</span></span>), Ming dynasty <a class="external autonumber" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E7%B6%B1%E7%9B%AE/%E7%8D%B8%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80#.E9.A6.AC">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191208171942/https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E7%B6%B1%E7%9B%AE/%E7%8D%B8%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80#.E9.A6.AC">Archived</a> December 8, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMifta2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mifta, Rizka (January 13, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brilicious.brilio.net/kuliner-kesehatan/sate-kuda-penambah-vitalitas-pria-mitos-atau-fakta-200112a.html">"Sate kuda penambah vitalitas pria, mitos atau fakta?"</a> [Vitality booster horse satay, myth or fact?]. <i>brilio.net</i> (in Indonesian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=brilio.net&rft.atitle=Sate+kuda+penambah+vitalitas+pria%2C+mitos+atau+fakta%3F&rft.date=2020-01-13&rft.aulast=Mifta&rft.aufirst=Rizka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrilicious.brilio.net%2Fkuliner-kesehatan%2Fsate-kuda-penambah-vitalitas-pria-mitos-atau-fakta-200112a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKuncorojati2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kuncorojati, Wirawan (February 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gudeg.net/read/10472/sate-jaran-pak-kuntjoro-nikmat-nan-berkhasiat.html">"Sate Jaran Pak Kuntjoro, Nikmat nan Berkhasiat"</a> [Pak Kuntjoro's Jaran satay, delicious yet efficacious]. <i>gudeg.net</i> (in Indonesian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gudeg.net&rft.atitle=Sate+Jaran+Pak+Kuntjoro%2C+Nikmat+nan+Berkhasiat&rft.date=2018-02-06&rft.aulast=Kuncorojati&rft.aufirst=Wirawan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgudeg.net%2Fread%2F10472%2Fsate-jaran-pak-kuntjoro-nikmat-nan-berkhasiat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(free_magazine)" title="Metropolis (free magazine)">Metropolis</a></i>, "Straight From the Horse's Mouth", #903, 15 July 2011, pp. 12-13.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.puntofocal.gov.ar/notific_otros_miembros/jpn163_t.pdf">Brief Overview of the Draft Revision of Quality Labeling Standard for Canned and Bottled Livestock Products</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084019/http://www.puntofocal.gov.ar/notific_otros_miembros/jpn163_t.pdf">Archived</a> July 6, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.puntofocal.gov.ar/">PuntoFocal Argentina</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100224073903/http://www.puntofocal.gov.ar/">Archived</a> February 24, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406083757/http://www.moit.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/AFFC01EB-9F99-4C1D-AA7F-6F52C1DD6155/0/Not0116JPN163.doc">"NOTIFICATION, World Trade Organization, 16 January 2006"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moit.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/AFFC01EB-9F99-4C1D-AA7F-6F52C1DD6155/0/Not0116JPN163.doc">the original</a> on April 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOTIFICATION%2C+World+Trade+Organization%2C+16+January+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moit.gov.il%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2FAFFC01EB-9F99-4C1D-AA7F-6F52C1DD6155%2F0%2FNot0116JPN163.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.maff.go.jp/j/chikusan/kikaku/lin/pdf/27_zentai.pdf">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909095020/http://www.maff.go.jp/j/chikusan/kikaku/lin/pdf/27_zentai.pdf">Archived</a> September 9, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 88% percent of this industry is concentrated to Hokkaido and trend is decreasing.(pg. 2, classification "農用馬")(Japan's Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maff.go.jp/j/chikusan/kikaku/lin/pdf/uma_siryou4.pdf">馬の改良増殖等をめぐる情勢 平成26年6月</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916113840/http://www.maff.go.jp/j/chikusan/kikaku/lin/pdf/uma_siryou4.pdf">Archived</a> September 16, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>(pg. 2, 8.)(Japan's Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/mar/27/protests-at-inhumane-export-of-live-horses-to-japan-for-food">"Protests at 'inhumane' export of live horses to Japan for food"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. March 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Protests+at+%27inhumane%27+export+of+live+horses+to+Japan+for+food&rft.date=2021-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Fmar%2F27%2Fprotests-at-inhumane-export-of-live-horses-to-japan-for-food&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-maff.go.jp-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maff.go.jp_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maff.go.jp_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.maff.go.jp/j/chikusan/kikaku/lin/pdf/27_6_baniku.pdf">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817044822/http://www.maff.go.jp/j/chikusan/kikaku/lin/pdf/27_6_baniku.pdf">Archived</a> August 17, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 馬肉関係- Japan's Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries(pg. 77, 78)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610023546/http://www.zheruik.kz/rus/traditions/meet1.php">Horse meat dishes in Kazakhstan</a>. Retrieved 13 January 2009. (archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zheruik.kz/rus/traditions/meet1.php">the original</a> on 2008-06-10)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.khaliuntravel.com/what-to-eat-in-mongolia">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100322222557/http://www.khaliuntravel.com/what-to-eat-in-mongolia">Archived</a> March 22, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Kohn2008" class="citation book cs1">Michael Kohn (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7JVGCF&pg=PA43"><i>Mongolia</i></a>. Lonely Planet. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-578-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-578-9"><bdi>978-1-74104-578-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mongolia&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-578-9&rft.au=Michael+Kohn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7JVGCF%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.eng.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/eng/news/default.aspx?cat_id=619&news_id=3032">[6]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214040505/http://www.eng.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/eng/news/default.aspx?cat_id=619&news_id=3032">Archived</a> February 14, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603092722/http://www.canada-mongolia-connection.com/meat-production-in-mongolia.html">"福島銀行で普通に使えるカードローンってあるのですか？ | ※のびのび教育！※審査が簡単！？教育ローンも豊富な金融サイト"</a>. <i>www.canada-mongolia-connection.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada-mongolia-connection.com/meat-production-in-mongolia.html">the original</a> on June 3, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.canada-mongolia-connection.com&rft.atitle=%E7%A6%8F%E5%B3%B6%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C%E3%81%A7%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E3%81%AB%E4%BD%BF%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%82%E3%82%8B%E3%81%AE%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99%E3%81%8B%EF%BC%9F+%26%23124%3B+%E2%80%BB%E3%81%AE%E3%81%B3%E3%81%AE%E3%81%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%EF%BC%81%E2%80%BB%E5%AF%A9%E6%9F%BB%E3%81%8C%E7%B0%A1%E5%8D%98%EF%BC%81%EF%BC%9F%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%82%E8%B1%8A%E5%AF%8C%E3%81%AA%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada-mongolia-connection.com%2Fmeat-production-in-mongolia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Pawshe-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pawshe_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFPawsheKhedkarPundkar2016" class="citation book cs1">Pawshe, Mayur; Khedkar, Chandraprakash D; Pundkar, Anjali (January 2016). "Horse Meat". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295778165"><i>Reference Module in Food and Health</i></a>. Elsevier.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Horse+Meat&rft.btitle=Reference+Module+in+Food+and+Health&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2016-01&rft.aulast=Pawshe&rft.aufirst=Mayur&rft.au=Khedkar%2C+Chandraprakash+D&rft.au=Pundkar%2C+Anjali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F295778165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jejuweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=1058">"Full horse course an unforgettable experience"</a>. Jejuweekly.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623022337/http://www.jejuweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=1058">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Full+horse+course+an+unforgettable+experience&rft.pub=Jejuweekly.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jejuweekly.com%2Fnews%2FarticleView.html%3Fidxno%3D1058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreana.or.kr/months/news_view.asp?b_idx=1373&lang=en&page_type=list">Exploring Jeju’s Savory Delicacies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623111238/http://www.koreana.or.kr/months/news_view.asp?b_idx=1373&lang=en&page_type=list">Archived</a> June 23, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, koreana.or.kr</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-auto-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.streekproduct.be/producten/detail.phtml?id=18&start=54&">"Lokerse paardenworsten"</a>. Streekproduct.be. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425062459/http://www.streekproduct.be/producten/detail.phtml?id=18&start=54&">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lokerse+paardenworsten&rft.pub=Streekproduct.be&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.streekproduct.be%2Fproducten%2Fdetail.phtml%3Fid%3D18%26start%3D54%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJanssensMyterDe_VuystLeroy2012" class="citation journal cs1">Janssens, M.; Myter, N.; De Vuyst, L.; Leroy, F. (2012). "Species diversity and metabolic impact of the microbiota are low in spontaneously acidified Belgian sausages with an added starter culture of <i>Staphylococcus carnosus</i>". <i>Food Microbiology</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 167–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fm.2011.07.005">10.1016/j.fm.2011.07.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22202870">22202870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Species+diversity+and+metabolic+impact+of+the+microbiota+are+low+in+spontaneously+acidified+Belgian+sausages+with+an+added+starter+culture+of+Staphylococcus+carnosus&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-177&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fm.2011.07.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22202870&rft.aulast=Janssens&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Myter%2C+N.&rft.au=De+Vuyst%2C+L.&rft.au=Leroy%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJanssensMyterDe_VuystLeroy2012" class="citation journal cs1">Janssens, M.; Myter, N.; De Vuyst, L.; Leroy, F. (2012). "Species diversity and metabolic impact of the microbiota are low in spontaneously acidified Belgian sausages with an added starter culture of Staphylococcus carnosus". <i>Food Microbiology</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 167–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fm.2011.07.005">10.1016/j.fm.2011.07.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22202870">22202870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Species+diversity+and+metabolic+impact+of+the+microbiota+are+low+in+spontaneously+acidified+Belgian+sausages+with+an+added+starter+culture+of+Staphylococcus+carnosus&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-177&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fm.2011.07.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22202870&rft.aulast=Janssens&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Myter%2C+N.&rft.au=De+Vuyst%2C+L.&rft.au=Leroy%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-10332390">"Suomalaiset arastelevat ekologista hevosenlihaa – suurin osa hevosista päätyy hautaan, ongelmajätteeseen tai tuhkattaviksi (Finns avoid ecological horse meat - most horses end up buried, as problem waste or cremated)"</a>. <i>yle.fi</i> (in Finnish). August 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yle.fi&rft.atitle=Suomalaiset+arastelevat+ekologista+hevosenlihaa+%E2%80%93+suurin+osa+hevosista+p%C3%A4%C3%A4tyy+hautaan%2C+ongelmaj%C3%A4tteeseen+tai+tuhkattaviksi+%28Finns+avoid+ecological+horse+meat+-+most+horses+end+up+buried%2C+as+problem+waste+or+cremated%29&rft.date=2018-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyle.fi%2Fuutiset%2F3-10332390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hippos.fi/hippos/muut/uutisarkisto/ajankohtaista_-_arkisto/hevosen_elaman_vastuullinen_paattaminen.5677.news?870_o=4725">"Hevosen elämän vastuullinen päättäminen (The ethical ending of a horse's life)"</a>. <i>www.hippos.fi</i> (in Finnish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hippos.fi&rft.atitle=Hevosen+el%C3%A4m%C3%A4n+vastuullinen+p%C3%A4%C3%A4tt%C3%A4minen+%28The+ethical+ending+of+a+horse%27s+life%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hippos.fi%2Fhippos%2Fmuut%2Fuutisarkisto%2Fajankohtaista_-_arkisto%2Fhevosen_elaman_vastuullinen_paattaminen.5677.news%3F870_o%3D4725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pferd-und-fleisch.de/pferdeflsh/laden1.htm">"Wo gibt es Pferdefleisch (Where can you get horse meat and horse sausage)"</a>. <i>www.pferd-und-fleisch.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181105202612/http://www.pferd-und-fleisch.de/pferdeflsh/laden1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pferd-und-fleisch.de&rft.atitle=Wo+gibt+es+Pferdefleisch+%28Where+can+you+get+horse+meat+and+horse+sausage%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pferd-und-fleisch.de%2Fpferdeflsh%2Fladen1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSPIEGEL2013" class="citation news cs1">SPIEGEL, DER (February 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/german-press-review-on-the-horsemeat-scandal-in-frozen-foods-a-883637.html">"German Press Review on the Horsemeat Scandal in Frozen Foods - DER SPIEGEL - International"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323202913/http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/german-press-review-on-the-horsemeat-scandal-in-frozen-foods-a-883637.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=German+Press+Review+on+the+Horsemeat+Scandal+in+Frozen+Foods+-+DER+SPIEGEL+-+International&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=SPIEGEL&rft.aufirst=DER&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Feurope%2Fgerman-press-review-on-the-horsemeat-scandal-in-frozen-foods-a-883637.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJason_McBride2009" class="citation news cs1">Jason McBride (July 3, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.seattlepi.com/eatingweird/2009/07/03/heigh-ho-silver/">"Heigh ho, Silver - Eating Weird: Exploring Strange and Unusual Food in Seattle"</a>. Blog.seattlepi.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091844/http://blog.seattlepi.com/eatingweird/2009/07/03/heigh-ho-silver/">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Heigh+ho%2C+Silver+-+Eating+Weird%3A+Exploring+Strange+and+Unusual+Food+in+Seattle&rft.date=2009-07-03&rft.au=Jason+McBride&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.seattlepi.com%2Featingweird%2F2009%2F07%2F03%2Fheigh-ho-silver%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1988" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Leonard Robert (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O7z4Sl-SgFEC"><i>The Latin Language - Leonard Robert Palmer - Google Libri</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806121369" title="Special:BookSources/9780806121369"><bdi>9780806121369</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200918224626/https://books.google.com/books?id=O7z4Sl-SgFEC">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latin+Language+-+Leonard+Robert+Palmer+-+Google+Libri&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780806121369&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Leonard+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO7z4Sl-SgFEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMacLeodMees2006" class="citation book cs1">MacLeod, Mindy; Mees, Bernard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hx7UigqsTKoC&q=runic+amulets+and+magic+objects&pg=PA1"><i>Runic Amulets and Magic Objects - Mindy MacLeod, Bernard Mees - Google Books</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843832058" title="Special:BookSources/9781843832058"><bdi>9781843832058</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200918224629/https://books.google.com/books?id=hx7UigqsTKoC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=runic+amulets+and+magic+objects">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runic+Amulets+and+Magic+Objects+-+Mindy+MacLeod%2C+Bernard+Mees+-+Google+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781843832058&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=Mindy&rft.au=Mees%2C+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhx7UigqsTKoC%26q%3Drunic%2Bamulets%2Band%2Bmagic%2Bobjects%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An early History of Horsemanship by Augusto Azzaroli. Brill 1985. p 135-138</span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130413113212/http://www.turismopadova.it/menu-en/scoprire-padova/padova-da-gustare-1/itinerari-del-gusto/Enogastronomia%20cintura%20orientale%20e%20Saccisica?set_language=en&cl=en">Saccisica and Conselvano</a> Official site of the Padua Province. Tourist Section.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFFabio_Parasecoli2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fabio_Parasecoli" title="Fabio Parasecoli">Fabio Parasecoli</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uWlCT5Hs8YwC"><i>Food culture in Italy</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uWlCT5Hs8YwC&pg=PA86">86</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32726-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32726-1"><bdi>978-0-313-32726-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729083257/https://books.google.com/books?id=uWlCT5Hs8YwC">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+culture+in+Italy&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32726-1&rft.au=Fabio+Parasecoli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuWlCT5Hs8YwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFPaula_HardyAbigail_HoleOlivia_Pozzan2008" class="citation book cs1">Paula Hardy; Abigail Hole; Olivia Pozzan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e8OEt_xn0nkC"><i>Puglia & Basilicata</i></a>. Lonely Planet. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e8OEt_xn0nkC&pg=PA42">42</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-089-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-089-4"><bdi>978-1-74179-089-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522110302/https://books.google.com/books?id=e8OEt_xn0nkC">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puglia+%26+Basilicata&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74179-089-4&rft.au=Paula+Hardy&rft.au=Abigail+Hole&rft.au=Olivia+Pozzan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De8OEt_xn0nkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theitaliantaste.com/italian-cooking/carne/cavallo/ricette-recipe/cav001_apulia_brasciole.php">"Brasciole or meat rolls filled with pecorino and fat: Authentic Italian recipe of Apulia"</a>. theitaliantaste.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321145524/http://theitaliantaste.com/italian-cooking/carne/cavallo/ricette-recipe/cav001_apulia_brasciole.php">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brasciole+or+meat+rolls+filled+with+pecorino+and+fat%3A+Authentic+Italian+recipe+of+Apulia&rft.pub=theitaliantaste.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheitaliantaste.com%2Fitalian-cooking%2Fcarne%2Fcavallo%2Fricette-recipe%2Fcav001_apulia_brasciole.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eating Up Italy: Voyages on a Vespa by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fort" title="Matthew Fort">Matthew Fort</a>. 2005, p253-254. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-721481-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-721481-2">0-00-721481-2</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFCarolyn_Bain2004" class="citation book cs1">Carolyn Bain (2004). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetmalt00caro/page/56"><i>Malta & Gozo</i></a></span>. Lonely Planet. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1740591782" title="Special:BookSources/978-1740591782"><bdi>978-1740591782</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2007</span>. <q>Did you know? Many of the village restaurants specialising in rabbit also feature horse meat on their menu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malta+%26+Gozo&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1740591782&rft.au=Carolyn+Bain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flonelyplanetmalt00caro%2Fpage%2F56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310113957/http://www.brabantsdagblad.nl/regios/brabant/4534973/Deurnese-vinding-de-frikandel.ece">"Deurnese vinding: de frikandel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brabants_Dagblad" title="Brabants Dagblad">Brabants Dagblad</a></i> (in Dutch). February 19, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bd.nl/regios/brabant/4534973/Deurnese-vinding-de-frikandel.ece">the original</a> on March 10, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brabants+Dagblad&rft.atitle=Deurnese+vinding%3A+de+frikandel&rft.date=2009-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bd.nl%2Fregios%2Fbrabant%2F4534973%2FDeurnese-vinding-de-frikandel.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nieuwsblad.be/Article/Detail.aspx?articleID=111hv83f">"Erkende Lokerse paardenworst wil Europees"</a>. Nieuwsblad.be. September 28, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513140904/http://www.nieuwsblad.be/Article/Detail.aspx?articleID=111hv83f">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erkende+Lokerse+paardenworst+wil+Europees&rft.pub=Nieuwsblad.be&rft.date=2007-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nieuwsblad.be%2FArticle%2FDetail.aspx%3FarticleID%3D111hv83f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJochens1998" class="citation book cs1">Jochens, Jenny (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3h-lkgBWercC&pg=PA87"><i>Women in Old Norse Society</i></a>. Cornell University Press. pp. 87–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8520-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8520-6"><bdi>978-0-8014-8520-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170306013134/https://books.google.com/books?id=3h-lkgBWercC">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Old+Norse+Society&rft.pages=87-88&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8520-6&rft.aulast=Jochens&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3h-lkgBWercC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ratujkonie.pl-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ratujkonie.pl_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ratujkonie.pl_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ratujkonie.pl/filmy-i-artykuly/chcemy-zakazu-zabijania-koni-na-mieso/">"Chcemy zakazu zabijania koni na mięso!"</a>. <i>Ratuj konie</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ratuj+konie&rft.atitle=Chcemy+zakazu+zabijania+koni+na+mi%C4%99so%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ratujkonie.pl%2Ffilmy-i-artykuly%2Fchcemy-zakazu-zabijania-koni-na-mieso%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ljubljana-life.com/eat/restaurants_details/96-Hot_Horse">"Hot Horse"</a>. ljubljana-life.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706132701/http://www.ljubljana-life.com/eat/restaurants_details/96-Hot_Horse">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hot+Horse&rft.pub=ljubljana-life.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ljubljana-life.com%2Feat%2Frestaurants_details%2F96-Hot_Horse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDan_Ryan2006" class="citation web cs1">Dan Ryan (December 14, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080210033450/http://www.sloveniatimes.com/en/inside.cp2?uid=9233471E-2FB7-2359-C795-B29EDCF6A4A2&linkid=news&cid=762059D5-F84D-020A-FBA5-2AD66B5F38CB">"Taste Ljubljana—Capital Ideas"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sloveniatimes.com/en/inside.cp2?uid=9233471E-2FB7-2359-C795-B29EDCF6A4A2&linkid=news&cid=762059D5-F84D-020A-FBA5-2AD66B5F38CB">the original</a> on February 10, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taste+Ljubljana%E2%80%94Capital+Ideas&rft.date=2006-12-14&rft.au=Dan+Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sloveniatimes.com%2Fen%2Finside.cp2%3Fuid%3D9233471E-2FB7-2359-C795-B29EDCF6A4A2%26linkid%3Dnews%26cid%3D762059D5-F84D-020A-FBA5-2AD66B5F38CB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/foodprogramme_20040425.shtml">"BBC Radio 4 - Factual - Food Programme - 11 April 2004"</a>. Bbc.co.uk. April 11, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616180712/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/foodprogramme_20040425.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Radio+4+-+Factual+-+Food+Programme+-+11+April+2004&rft.pub=Bbc.co.uk&rft.date=2004-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fradio4%2Ffactual%2Ffoodprogramme_20040425.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecatsite.com/threads/the-history-of-dog-food.89636/">"The History of Dog Food"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171230225803/https://thecatsite.com/threads/the-history-of-dog-food.89636/">Archived</a> from the original on December 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Dog+Food&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecatsite.com%2Fthreads%2Fthe-history-of-dog-food.89636%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrgaf.org/slaughter/savin.htm">"Savin' All My Love for You"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230436/http://www.lrgaf.org/slaughter/savin.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Savin%27+All+My+Love+for+You&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrgaf.org%2Fslaughter%2Fsavin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rtfitchauthor.com/tag/ken-l-ration/">"Ken-L-Ration – Straight from the Horse's Heart"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230608/https://rtfitchauthor.com/tag/ken-l-ration/">Archived</a> from the original on December 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ken-L-Ration+%E2%80%93+Straight+from+the+Horse%27s+Heart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frtfitchauthor.com%2Ftag%2Fken-l-ration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-production2005-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-production2005_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707143541/http://www.animalwelfarecouncil.com/html/pdf/consequences.pdf">"THE UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF A BAN ON THE HUMANE SLAUGHTER (PROCESSING) OF HORSES IN THE UNITED STATES"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Animal Welfare Council, Inc., citing FAO-UN Horticultural Database. May 15, 2006. p. 10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animalwelfarecouncil.com/html/pdf/consequences.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 7, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+UNINTENDED+CONSEQUENCES+OF+A+BAN+ON+THE+HUMANE+SLAUGHTER+%28PROCESSING%29+OF+HORSES+IN+THE+UNITED+STATES&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=The+Animal+Welfare+Council%2C+Inc.%2C+citing+FAO-UN+Horticultural+Database&rft.date=2006-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animalwelfarecouncil.com%2Fhtml%2Fpdf%2Fconsequences.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-mexventa-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mexventa_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.informador.mx/Economia/Mexico-consolida-venta-de-carne-de-caballo-al-exterior-20130225-0257.html">"México consolida venta de carne de caballo al exterior (Mexico consolidates horse meat exportations)"</a>. <i>El Informador :: Noticias de Jalisco, México, Deportes & Entretenimiento</i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200312043356/https://www.informador.mx/Economia/Mexico-consolida-venta-de-carne-de-caballo-al-exterior-20130225-0257.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Informador+%3A%3A+Noticias+de+Jalisco%2C+M%C3%A9xico%2C+Deportes+%26+Entretenimiento&rft.atitle=M%C3%A9xico+consolida+venta+de+carne+de+caballo+al+exterior+%28Mexico+consolidates+horse+meat+exportations%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.informador.mx%2FEconomia%2FMexico-consolida-venta-de-carne-de-caballo-al-exterior-20130225-0257.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-lanacion1-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lanacion1_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1370512-carne-de-caballo-el-negocio-tabu-que-florece-en-la-argentina/">"Carne de caballo, el negocio tabú que florece en la Argentina"</a>. <i>La Nación</i> (in Spanish). May 4, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130714063317/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1370512-carne-de-caballo-el-negocio-tabu-que-florece-en-la-argentina">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Naci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Carne+de+caballo%2C+el+negocio+tab%C3%BA+que+florece+en+la+Argentina&rft.date=2011-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lanacion.com.ar%2F1370512-carne-de-caballo-el-negocio-tabu-que-florece-en-la-argentina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_meat&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Horse_meat" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Horse meat">Horse meat</a></span>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://www.igha.org/USDA.html">"U.S.D.A. Promotes Horse & Goat Meat"</a>. International Generic Horse Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igha.org/USDA.html">the original</a> on October 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.D.A.+Promotes+Horse+%26+Goat+Meat&rft.pub=International+Generic+Horse+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.igha.org%2FUSDA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+meat" class="Z3988"></span> (quoting a 1997 USDA report said to be no longer available online)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.la-viande.fr/">La Viande Chevaline</a>, a web site made by the French Horse Meat Industry structure, called <i>Interbev Equins</i> (French)</li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meat" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meat" title="Template:Meat"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meat" title="Template talk:Meat"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Meat&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meat" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">Meat</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="*_Main_articles:_Fish_*_Game_*_Insects_*_Livestock_*_Meat_*_Poultry_*_Seafood">
<ul><li>Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Fish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Insects_as_food" title="Insects as food">Insects</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">Meat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poultry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassowary#Relationship_with_humans" title="Cassowary">Cassowary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Duck_as_food" title="Duck as food">Duck</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emu#Relationship_with_humans" title="Emu">Emu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roast_goose" title="Roast goose">Goose</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grouse" title="Grouse">Grouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Common_ostrich#Ostriches_and_humans" title="Common ostrich">Ostrich</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Partridge" title="Partridge">Partridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">Pheasant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Squab" title="Squab">Pigeon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quails_as_food" title="Quails as food">Quail</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(bird)#Human_interaction" title="Rhea (bird)">Rhea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_as_food" title="Turkey as food">Turkey</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:FoodMeat.jpg" class="image" title="Food meat"><img alt="Food meat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/100px-FoodMeat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/150px-FoodMeat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/200px-FoodMeat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="1916" /></a><br /><a href="/wiki/File:Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" class="image" title="Platter of seafood"><img alt="Platter of seafood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/100px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/150px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/200px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="2029" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Livestock</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">Beefalo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_bison#As_livestock" title="American bison">Bison</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_meat" title="Buffalo meat">Buffalo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Camel#Meat" title="Camel">Camel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cat_meat" title="Cat meat">Cat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Goat_meat" title="Goat meat">Chevon (goat meat)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_meat" title="Elephant meat">Elephant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Escargot" title="Escargot">Escargot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frog_legs" title="Frog legs">Frog</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig#As_food" title="Guinea pig">Guinea pig</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig#As_food" title="Guinea pig">Cuy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Horse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb and mutton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">Veal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubro%C5%84" title="Żubroń">Żubroń</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Game</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_meat" title="Alligator meat">Alligator</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bat_as_food" title="Bat as food">Bat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting#Meat" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar#As_a_game_animal_and_food_source" title="Wild boar">Boar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodile meat">Crocodile</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_meat" title="Kangaroo meat">Kangaroo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_meat" title="Monkey meat">Monkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pangolin_trade#Meat" title="Pangolin trade">Pangolin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rat_meat" title="Rat meat">Rat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hare#As_food" title="Hare">Hare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabbit#As_food_and_clothing" title="Rabbit">rabbit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Snake#Consumption" title="Snake">Snake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turtle#As_food_and_other_uses" title="Turtle">Turtle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">Venison</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting#Meat" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">Anchovy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basa_(fish)" title="Basa (fish)">Basa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">Bass</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crappie" title="Crappie">Crappie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">Eel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">Grouper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">Halibut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">Herring</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">Kingfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahi-mahi" title="Mahi-mahi">Mahi Mahi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">Marlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Milkfish" title="Milkfish">Milkfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Pacific saury</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">Perch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Esox" title="Esox">Pike</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Pollock</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">Sardine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">Shark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">Sole</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iridescent_shark" title="Iridescent shark">Swai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">Tuna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">Walleye</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shellfish and<br />other seafood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">Calamari</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">Crab</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crayfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">Lobster</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">Octopus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oyster</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seal_meat" title="Seal meat">Seal meat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">Shrimp/prawn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermetia_illucens#As_food" title="Hermetia illucens">Black soldier fly maggots</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cicada#As_food_and_folk_medicine" title="Cicada">Cicada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)#As_food" title="Cricket (insect)">Crickets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper#As_food" title="Grasshopper">Grasshoppers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Locust#As_food" title="Locust">locust</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mealworm#As_food" title="Mealworm">Mealworm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori#Cuisine" title="Bombyx mori">Silkworm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gonimbrasia_belina#As_food" title="Gonimbrasia belina">Mopane worm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophorus" title="Rhynchophorus">Palm grub</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuts and<br />preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_hanging" title="Meat hanging">Aged</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">Bacon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecued</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biltong" title="Biltong">Biltong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">Braised</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Patty" title="Patty">Burger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charcuterie" title="Charcuterie">Charcuterie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meat_chop" title="Meat chop">Chop</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Corned_beef" title="Corned beef">Corned</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Cured</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cutlet" title="Cutlet">Cutlet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dried_meat" title="Dried meat">Dried</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dum_pukht" title="Dum pukht">Dum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fillet_(cut)" title="Fillet (cut)">Fillet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Supreme_(cookery)" title="Supreme (cookery)">supreme</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Fried</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ground_meat" title="Ground meat">Ground</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">Ham</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">Liver</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunch_meat" title="Lunch meat">Luncheon meat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marinated</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meatball" title="Meatball">Meatball</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meatloaf" title="Meatloaf">Meatloaf</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickled</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">Poached</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasted</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salt-cured_meat" title="Salt-cured meat">Salt-cured</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salumi" title="Salumi">Salumi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">Sausage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_meat" title="Smoked meat">Smoked</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Steak" title="Steak">Steak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stew#Types_of_stew" title="Stew">Stewed</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">Tandoor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">Tartare</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beef_dishes" title="List of beef dishes">Beef dishes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_dishes" title="List of chicken dishes">Chicken dishes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_consumption" title="List of countries by meat consumption">Countries by meat consumption</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">Fish dishes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goat_dishes" title="List of goat dishes">Goat dishes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lamb_dishes" title="List of lamb dishes">Lamb dishes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">Meat substitutes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meatball_dishes" title="List of meatball dishes">Meatball dishes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pork_dishes" title="List of pork dishes">Pork dishes</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ham_dishes" title="List of ham dishes">Ham dishes</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sausage_dishes" title="List of sausage dishes">Sausage dishes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sausages" title="List of sausages">Sausages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_dishes" title="List of seafood dishes">Seafood dishes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoked_foods" title="List of smoked foods">Smoked foods</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steak_dishes" title="List of steak dishes">Steaks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_veal_dishes" title="List of veal dishes">Veal dishes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arachnophagy" title="Arachnophagy">Arachnophagy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Butcher" title="Butcher">Butcher</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Cannibalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Case-ready_meat" title="Case-ready meat">Case-ready meat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Factory farming</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">Feed conversion ratio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" title="Environmental impact of meat production">Environmental impact of meat production</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_dishes" title="List of meat dishes">List of meat dishes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_meat" title="Marbled meat">Marbled</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meat_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat analogue">Meat analogue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meat_cutter" title="Meat cutter">Meat cutter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meat_science" title="Meat science">Meat science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meat_tenderness" title="Meat tenderness">Meat tenderness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Non-vegetarian" title="Non-vegetarian">Non-vegetarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pink_slime" title="Pink slime">Pink slime</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Preservation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat" title="Psychology of eating meat">Psychology of eating meat</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat#Meat_paradox" title="Psychology of eating meat">Meat paradox</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">Red meat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semi-vegetarianism" title="Semi-vegetarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarianism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Slaughter</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/White_meat" title="White meat">White meat</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="image"><img alt="Foodlogo2.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Meat" title="Category:Meat">Category: Meat</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cuisines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuisines" title="Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuisines" title="Template talk:Cuisines"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cuisines&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuisines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">North</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/West_African_cuisine" title="West African cuisine">West</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_cuisines" title="List of African cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Cuisine of the Americas">Americas</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_American_cuisine" title="North American cuisine">North</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_American_cuisine" title="South American cuisine">South</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines_of_the_Americas" title="List of cuisines of the Americas">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Cuisine of the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_cuisines" title="List of Asian cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_cuisine" title="Eastern European cuisine">Eastern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cuisines" title="List of European cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_cuisine" title="Oceanic cuisine">Oceanic</a></li>
<li>Intercontinental
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_cuisine" title="Global cuisine">Global</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Latin American</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">National</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Regional_cuisine" title="Regional cuisine">regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">Californian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine" title="Lowcountry cuisine">Lowcountry (South Carolina)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">New England</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwest</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern US</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwest US</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texas</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_cuisine" title="Angolan cuisine">Angolan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cuisine" title="Argentine cuisine">Argentine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Barbadian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_cuisine" title="Belizean cuisine">Belizean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benin_cuisine" title="Benin cuisine">Beninese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_cuisine" title="Bolivian cuisine">Bolivian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian-Herzegovinian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_cuisine" title="Botswana cuisine">Botswana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Saint_Helena" title="Cuisine of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Bruneian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_cuisine" title="Burkinabe cuisine">Burkinabé</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_cuisine" title="Burundian cuisine">Burundian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_cuisine" title="Cameroonian cuisine">Cameroonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Québécois</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cuisine of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Chadian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cuisine" title="Chilean cuisine">Chilean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Colombian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Congolese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Danish_cuisine" title="Danish cuisine">Danish</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_cuisine" title="Faroese cuisine">Faroese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Djiboutian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dominica_cuisine" title="Dominica cuisine">Dominican</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Dominican Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_East_Timor" title="Cuisine of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Ecuadorian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Emirati</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_cuisine" title="Eritrean cuisine">Eritrean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_cuisine" title="Fijian cuisine">Fijian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finnish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianan_cuisine" title="French Guianan cuisine">French Guianan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_cuisine" title="Gabonese cuisine">Gabonese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_cuisine" title="Gambian cuisine">Gambian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Ghanaian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirotic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonian_cuisine" title="Greek Macedonian cuisine">Greek Macedonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Ionian Islands">Heptanesean</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Guatemalan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissauan_cuisine" title="Guinea-Bissauan cuisine">Guinea-Bissauan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Guinea">Guinean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haitian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Honduran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Icelandic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arunachalese_cuisine" title="Arunachalese cuisine">Arunachalese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Bihari</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">Goan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Gujarati</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Himachal_Pradesh#Cuisine" title="Culture of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhandi_cuisine" title="Jharkhandi cuisine">Jharkhandi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Karnataka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_cuisine" title="Manipuri cuisine">Manipuri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan_cuisine" title="Meghalayan cuisine">Meghalayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_cuisine" title="Mizo cuisine">Mizo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naga_cuisine" title="Naga cuisine">Naga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Odisha" title="Cuisine of Odisha">Odia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_cuisine" title="Rajasthani cuisine">Rajasthani</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_cuisine" title="Sikkimese cuisine">Sikkimese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Telangana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_cuisine" title="Telugu cuisine">Telugu</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_cuisine" title="Acehnese cuisine">Acehnese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_cuisine" title="Banjar cuisine">Banjar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Batak_cuisine" title="Batak cuisine">Batak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_cuisine" title="Betawi cuisine">Betawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indo_cuisine" title="Indo cuisine">Indo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_cuisine" title="Madurese cuisine">Madurese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_cuisine" title="Makassar cuisine">Makassar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_cuisine" title="Minahasan cuisine">Minahasan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Minangkabau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_cuisine" title="Palembang cuisine">Palembangese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_cuisine" title="Venetian cuisine">Venetian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_cuisine" title="Ivorian cuisine">Ivorian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan cuisine">Kenyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korean</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Lao</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Lesotho" title="Cuisine of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_cuisine" title="Liberian cuisine">Liberian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_cuisine" title="Liechtenstein cuisine">Liechtensteiner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_cuisine" title="Malagasy cuisine">Malagasy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_cuisine" title="Malawian cuisine">Malawian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_cuisine" title="Sabahan cuisine">Sabahan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_cuisine" title="Sarawakian cuisine">Sarawakian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldivian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Malian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Maltese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_cuisine" title="Mauritanian cuisine">Mauritanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_cuisine" title="Mauritian cuisine">Mauritian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Moldovan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monégasque</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_cuisine" title="Mozambican cuisine">Mozambican</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_cuisine" title="Namibian cuisine">Namibian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_cuisine" title="Nauruan cuisine">Nauruan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepalese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaraguan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Niger" title="Cuisine of Niger">Niger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Nigerian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_cuisine" title="Niuean cuisine">Niuean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Norwegian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Panamanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_cuisine" title="Bashkir cuisine">Bashkir</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_cuisine" title="Chechen cuisine">Chechen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_cuisine" title="Circassian cuisine">Circassian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Komi_cuisine" title="Komi cuisine">Komi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mordovian_cuisine" title="Mordovian cuisine">Mordovian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_cuisine" title="Sakha cuisine">Sakha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_cuisine" title="Tatar cuisine">Tatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_cuisine" title="Udmurt cuisine">Udmurt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yamal_cuisine" title="Yamal cuisine">Yamal</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Rwandan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_cuisine" title="Saint Lucian cuisine">Saint Lucian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Salvadoran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_cuisine" title="Sammarinese cuisine">Sammarinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_cuisine" title="Senegalese cuisine">Senegalese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_cuisine" title="Seychellois cuisine">Seychellois</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_cuisine" title="Sierra Leonean cuisine">Sierra Leonean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Slovak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">South African</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_cuisine" title="Asturian cuisine">Asturian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Basque</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_cuisine" title="Canarian cuisine">Canarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_cuisine" title="Cantabrian cuisine">Cantabrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_cuisine" title="Extremaduran cuisine">Extremaduran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Galician_cuisine" title="Galician cuisine">Galician</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manchego_cuisine" title="Manchego cuisine">Manchegan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lankan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Eswatini" title="Cuisine of Eswatini">Swazi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Swedish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Swiss</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajik</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian cuisine">Tanzanian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibari_cuisine" title="Zanzibari cuisine">Zanzibari</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_cuisine" title="Togolese cuisine">Togolese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_cuisine" title="Ugandan cuisine">Ugandan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_cuisine" title="Uruguayan cuisine">Uruguayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Venezuelan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Western Saharan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_cuisine" title="Zambian cuisine">Zambian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cuisine">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_cuisine" title="Ainu cuisine">Ainu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Arab Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Canadian Chinese cuisine">Canadian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Chifa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Chinese Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Malaysian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_cuisine" title="Crimean Tatar cuisine">Crimean Tatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek American</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_cuisine" title="Hazaragi cuisine">Hazaragi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">Anglo-Indian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indian Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine" title="Malaysian Indian cuisine">Malaysian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous American</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian American</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_cuisine" title="Livonian cuisine">Livonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_cuisine" title="Parsi cuisine">Parsi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_cuisine" title="Sámi cuisine">Sámi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_cuisine" title="Sylheti cuisine">Sylheti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_cuisine" title="Yup'ik cuisine">Yup'ik</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic_cuisine" title="Goan Catholic cuisine">Goan Catholic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_cuisine" title="Mangalorean Catholic cuisine">Mangalorean Catholic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_cuisine" title="Mennonite cuisine">Mennonite</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Syrian Jewish cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Ancient Egyptian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Ancient Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Ancient Roman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Aztec</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_European_cuisine" title="Early modern European cuisine">Early modern European</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine" title="History of Chinese cuisine">Historical Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_cuisine" title="History of Indian cuisine">Historical Indian subcontinent</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History of vegetarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maya_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya cuisine">Mayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Medieval</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_foods" title="Peasant foods">Peasant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_classique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine classique">Classique</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_American_cuisine" title="New American cuisine">New American</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_cuisine_of_Singapore_and_Malaysia" title="Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia">Eurasian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">Haute</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_gastronomy" title="Molecular gastronomy">Molecular gastronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Note_by_Note_cuisine" title="Note by Note cuisine">Note by Note</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_cuisine" title="Nouvelle cuisine">Nouvelle</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">List of cuisines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prepared_foods" title="Lists of prepared foods">Lists of prepared foods</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="image"><img alt="Foodlogo2.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/File:Goblet_Glass_(Banquet).svg" class="image"><img alt="Goblet Glass (Banquet).svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/9px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/14px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/19px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink portal</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cuisine" title="Category:Cuisine">Category</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cuisine" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cuisine">Commons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="image" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="WikiProject" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Food_and_drink" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Food and drink">WikiProject</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Outline" width="10" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cuisines" title="Outline of cuisines">Outline</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control:_National_libraries_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124327#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control:_National_libraries_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124327#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control: National libraries</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124327#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119460484">France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119460484">(data)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4531902-9">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85062101">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575936">Japan</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</div>'
|
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node ($1) (tor_exit_node) |
false
|
Unix timestamp of change ($1) (timestamp) |
1646808162
|
