NARUTO SASUKE |
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{{Redirect|Bushmen|other uses|Bushman (disambiguation){{!}}Bushman}} |
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{{distinguish|Sand People}} |
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{{short description|Members of various indigenous hunter-gatherer people of Southern Africa}} |
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{{use British English|date=January 2014}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} |
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{{Infobox ethnic group |
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| group = San<br><small>Bushmen</small> |
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| image = [[File:Namibian Bushmen Girls.JPG|300px]] |
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| caption = [[Juǀ'hoan]] children in |
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[[Namibia]]. |
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| population = ~105,000 |
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| region1 = {{flag|Botswana}} |
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| pop1 = 63,500 |
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| region2 = {{flag|Namibia}} |
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| pop2 = 27,000 |
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| region3 = {{flag|South Africa}} |
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| pop3 = 10,000 |
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| region4 = {{flag|Angola}} |
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| pop4 = <5,000 |
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| region5 = {{flag|Zimbabwe}} |
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| pop5 = 1,200 |
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| rels = [[San religion]], [[Christianity in Africa|Christianity]] |
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| langs = All languages of the [[Khoe languages|Khoe]], [[Kx'a languages|Kx'a]], and [[Tuu languages|Tuu]] language families, [[English language|English]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] |
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| related = [[Khoekhoe]], [[Basters]], [[Griqua people|Griqua]] |
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}}{{Cleanup lang|date=August 2021}}[[File:KhoisanLanguagesModernDistribution.png|thumb|Map of modern distribution of "Khoisan languages" ; the languages shaded blue and green are traditionally viewed as San languages.]] |
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The '''San peoples''' (also '''Saan'''), or '''Bushmen''',<ref>"University of Utah anthropologist [[Henry Harpending]], who has lived with the famous tongue-clicking hunter-gatherers said, 'In the 1970s the name "San" spread in Europe and America because it seemed to be politically correct, while "Bushmen" sounded derogatory and sexist.' Unfortunately, the hunter-gatherers never actually had a collective name for themselves in any of their own languages. 'San' was actually the insulting word that the herding Khoi people called the Bushmen. '[...] one did not call someone a San to his face. I continued to use Bushman, and I was publicly corrected several times by the righteous. [...]'" {{cite news|last=Sailer|first=Steve|title=Feature: Name game – 'Inuit' or 'Eskimo'?|url=http://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2002/06/20/Feature-Name-game-Inuit-or-Eskimo/UPI-43191024597290/|newspaper=UPI|date=20 June 2002}}</ref> are members of various [[Khoe languages|Khoe]], [[Tuu languages|Tuu]], or [[Kxʼa languages|Kxʼa]]-speaking indigenous [[hunter-gatherer]] cultures that are the [[Indigenous peoples of Africa|first cultures]] of [[Southern Africa]], and whose territories span [[Botswana]], [[Namibia]], [[Angola]], [[Zambia]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Lesotho]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Mountain Bushmen of Basutoland |last=Walsham How |first=Marion |publisher=J. L. Van Schaik Ltd. |year=1962 |location=[[Pretoria]] }}</ref> and [[South Africa]]. In 2017, Botswana was home to approximately 63,500 San people, which is roughly 2.8% of the country's population, making it the country with the highest population of San people.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hitchcook|first1=Robert|last2=Sapignoli|first2=Maria|date=7 August 2019|title=The economic wellbeing of the san of the western, central and eastern Kalahari regions of Botswana|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335022800|pages=170–183|via=research gate}}</ref> |
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'{{Redirect|Bushmen|other uses|Bushman (disambiguation){{!}}Bushman}}
{{distinguish|Sand People}}
{{short description|Members of various indigenous hunter-gatherer people of Southern Africa}}
{{use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = San<br><small>Bushmen</small>
| image = [[File:Namibian Bushmen Girls.JPG|300px]]
| caption = [[Juǀ'hoan]] children in
[[Namibia]].
| population = ~105,000
| region1 = {{flag|Botswana}}
| pop1 = 63,500
| region2 = {{flag|Namibia}}
| pop2 = 27,000
| region3 = {{flag|South Africa}}
| pop3 = 10,000
| region4 = {{flag|Angola}}
| pop4 = <5,000
| region5 = {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
| pop5 = 1,200
| rels = [[San religion]], [[Christianity in Africa|Christianity]]
| langs = All languages of the [[Khoe languages|Khoe]], [[Kx'a languages|Kx'a]], and [[Tuu languages|Tuu]] language families, [[English language|English]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| related = [[Khoekhoe]], [[Basters]], [[Griqua people|Griqua]]
}}{{Cleanup lang|date=August 2021}}[[File:KhoisanLanguagesModernDistribution.png|thumb|Map of modern distribution of "Khoisan languages" ; the languages shaded blue and green are traditionally viewed as San languages.]]
The '''San peoples''' (also '''Saan'''), or '''Bushmen''',<ref>"University of Utah anthropologist [[Henry Harpending]], who has lived with the famous tongue-clicking hunter-gatherers said, 'In the 1970s the name "San" spread in Europe and America because it seemed to be politically correct, while "Bushmen" sounded derogatory and sexist.' Unfortunately, the hunter-gatherers never actually had a collective name for themselves in any of their own languages. 'San' was actually the insulting word that the herding Khoi people called the Bushmen. '[...] one did not call someone a San to his face. I continued to use Bushman, and I was publicly corrected several times by the righteous. [...]'" {{cite news|last=Sailer|first=Steve|title=Feature: Name game – 'Inuit' or 'Eskimo'?|url=http://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2002/06/20/Feature-Name-game-Inuit-or-Eskimo/UPI-43191024597290/|newspaper=UPI|date=20 June 2002}}</ref> are members of various [[Khoe languages|Khoe]], [[Tuu languages|Tuu]], or [[Kxʼa languages|Kxʼa]]-speaking indigenous [[hunter-gatherer]] cultures that are the [[Indigenous peoples of Africa|first cultures]] of [[Southern Africa]], and whose territories span [[Botswana]], [[Namibia]], [[Angola]], [[Zambia]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Lesotho]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Mountain Bushmen of Basutoland |last=Walsham How |first=Marion |publisher=J. L. Van Schaik Ltd. |year=1962 |location=[[Pretoria]] }}</ref> and [[South Africa]]. In 2017, Botswana was home to approximately 63,500 San people, which is roughly 2.8% of the country's population, making it the country with the highest population of San people.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hitchcook|first1=Robert|last2=Sapignoli|first2=Maria|date=7 August 2019|title=The economic wellbeing of the san of the western, central and eastern Kalahari regions of Botswana|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335022800|pages=170–183|via=research gate}}</ref>
== Definition ==
The term "Sann" has a long vowel and is spelled '''Sān''' (in [[Khoekhoegowab]] orthography). It is a [[Khoekhoe]] [[exonym]] with the meaning of "foragers" and was often used in a derogatory manner to describe nomadic, foraging people. Based on observation of lifestyle, this term has been applied to speakers of three distinct language families living between the [[Okavango River]] in Botswana and [[Etosha National Park]] in northwestern [[Namibia]], extending up into southern [[Angola]]; central peoples of most of [[Namibia]] and Botswana, extending into Zambia and Zimbabwe; and the southern people in the central [[Kalahari Desert|Kalahari]] towards the [[Molopo River]], who are the last remnant of the previously extensive indigenous "San" of South Africa.<ref name="Barnard">{{cite book|last=Barnard|first=Alan|title=Anthropology and the Bushman|year=2007|publisher=Berg|location=Oxford|isbn=9781847883308|pages=4–7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e3MihaaJ314C}}</ref>
== History ==
[[File:Bushmen Hottentots armed for an expedition.png|''Bush-Men Hottentots armed for an Expedition,'' 1804|thumb|right|upright=1]]
The hunter-gatherer San are among the oldest cultures on Earth,<ref name="Anton & Shelton">{{cite book |last1=Anton |first1=Donald K. |last2=Shelton |first2=Dinah L. |title=Environmental Protection and Human Rights |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76638-8 |page=640 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_dFYq4oFeYC&q=san+kalahari }}</ref> and are thought to be descended from the first inhabitants of what is now Botswana and South Africa. The historical presence of the San in Botswana is particularly evident in northern Botswana's [[Tsodilo Hills]] region. San were traditionally [[semi-nomadic]], moving seasonally within certain defined areas based on the availability of resources such as water, [[game animals]], and edible plants.<ref name="Anaya">{{cite report |author=Anaya, James |date=2 June 2010 |title=Addendum – The situation of indigenous peoples in Botswana |publisher=United Nations Human Rights Council. A/HRC/15/37/Add.2 |url=http://unsr.jamesanaya.org/docs/countries/2010_report_botswana_en.pdf}}</ref> Peoples related to or similar to the San occupied the southern shores throughout the eastern shrubland and may have formed a [[Sangoan]] continuum from the [[Red Sea]] to the [[Cape of Good Hope]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Malvern van Wyk|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wDZjDwAAQBAJ&q=Boskopoid|title=The First Ethiopians: The image of Africa and Africans in the early Mediterranean world|date=2009-07-01|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-1-86814-834-9|language=en}}</ref>
From the 1950s through to the 1990s, San communities switched to farming because of government-mandated modernisation programs. Despite the lifestyle changes, they have provided a wealth of information in [[anthropology]] and [[genetics]]. One broad study of African [[genetic diversity]] completed in 2009 found that San people were among the five populations with the highest measured levels of genetic diversity among the 121 distinct African populations sampled.<ref>{{cite news|last=Connor|first=Steve|title=World's most ancient race traced in DNA study|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/worlds-most-ancient-race-traced-in-dna-study-1677113.html|newspaper=The Independent|date=1 May 2009}}</ref><ref name=Gill>{{cite news |author=Gill, Victoria |date=1 May 2009 |title=Africa's genetic secrets unlocked |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8027269.stm |format=online edition |work=BBC World News |publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=2009-09-03|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090701001654/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8027269.stm|archive-date = 1 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1172257| title = The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans| journal = Science| volume = 324| issue = 5930| pages = 1035–44| year = 2009 | pmid=19407144|pmc=2947357| last1 = Tishkoff | first1 = S. A.| last2 = Reed | first2 = F. A.| last3 = Friedlaender | first3 = F. R.| last4 = Ehret | first4 = C.| last5 = Ranciaro | first5 = A.| last6 = Froment | first6 = A.| last7 = Hirbo | first7 = J. B.| last8 = Awomoyi | first8 = A. A.| last9 = Bodo | first9 = J. -M. | last10 = Doumbo | first10 = O.| last11 = Ibrahim | first11 = M.| last12 = Juma | first12 = A. T.| last13 = Kotze | first13 = M. J.| last14 = Lema | first14 = G.| last15 = Moore | first15 = J. H.| last16 = Mortensen | first16 = H.| last17 = Nyambo | first17 = T. B.| last18 = Omar | first18 = S. A.| last19 = Powell | first19 = K.| last20 = Pretorius | first20 = G. S.| last21 = Smith | first21 = M. W.| last22 = Thera | first22 = M. A.| last23 = Wambebe | first23 = C.| last24 = Weber | first24 = J. L.| last25 = Williams | first25 = S. M.| bibcode = 2009Sci...324.1035T}}</ref> Certain San groups are one of 14 known extant "ancestral population clusters"; that is, "groups of populations with common genetic ancestry, who share ethnicity and similarities in both their culture and the properties of their languages".<ref name=Gill/>
Despite some positive aspects of government development programs reported by members of San and [[Bakgalagadi]] communities in Botswana, many have spoken of a consistent sense of exclusion from government decision-making processes, and many San and Bakgalagadi have alleged experiencing [[ethnic discrimination]] on the part of the government.<ref name=Anaya/>{{rp|8–9}} The [[United States Department of State]] described ongoing discrimination against San, or ''Basarwa'', people in Botswana in 2013 as the "principal human rights concern" of that country.<ref name=StateDept>{{cite book |author=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |title=Botswana 2013 Human Rights Report |publisher=United States Department of State |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/220296.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|1}}
==Names==
[[File:Portrait of a bushman. Alfred Duggan-Cronin. South Africa, early 20th century. The Wellcome Collection, London.jpg|thumb|Portrait of a bushman. Alfred Duggan-Cronin. South Africa, early 20th century. The Wellcome Collection, London.]]
The endonyms used by San themselves refer to their individual nations, including
<!--ǃKung groups-->
the [[ǃKung people|ǃKung (ǃXuun)]] (subdivisions [[ǂKxʼaoǁʼae|ǂKxʼaoǁʼae (Auen)]], [[Juǀʼhoan language|Juǀʼhoan]], etc.)
<!--Tuu groups:-->
the [[Tuu languages|Tuu]] (subdivisions [[ǀXam language|ǀXam]], [[Nǁng language|Nusan (Nǀu), ǂKhomani]], etc.)
<!--Khoe groups:-->
and [[Khoe languages|Tshu–Khwe]] groups such as the [[Khwe language|Khwe (Khoi, Kxoe)]], [[ǂAakhoe dialect|Haiǁom]], [[Naro language|Naro]], [[Tshwa language|Tsoa]], [[Gǁana language|Gǁana (Gana)]] and [[Gǀui dialect|Gǀui (ǀGwi)]].<ref>Lee, Richard B. and Daly, Richard Heywood (1999) ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers'', Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|052157109X}}</ref><ref name=Smith>{{cite book|last= Smith|first=Andrew Brown|title=The Bushmen of Southern Africa: A Foraging Society in Transition|year= 2000 |publisher= New Africa Books|location= Cape Town|isbn= 9780864864192|page= 2|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2YnZU4NCv3IC}}</ref><ref name=Ouzman>{{cite book|editor1-last=Smith|editor1-first=Claire|editor2-last= Wobst |editor2-first=H. Martin|last=Ouzman|first=Sven|title=Indigenous Archaeologies: Decolonizing Theory and Practice |chapter=Silencing and Sharing Southern Africa Indigenous and Embedded Knowledge|publisher=Routledge Taylor & Francis Group|location=Abingdon, Oxon|year=2004|page=209|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MylyVq_dMoIC|isbn=9781134391554}}</ref><ref name=MG2007>{{cite news|title=San, Bushmen or Basarwa: What's in a name?|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2007-09-05-san-bushmen-or-basarwa-whats-in-a-name|newspaper=Mail & Guardian |date= 5 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117025938/http://mg.co.za/article/2007-09-05-san-bushmen-or-basarwa-whats-in-a-name|archive-date= 17 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Coan|first=Stephen|title=The first people|url=http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=44782|newspaper=The Witness|date=28 July 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131014184714/http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=44782|archive-date=14 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
Representatives of San peoples in 2003 stated their preference for the use of such individual group names where possible over the use of the collective term ''San''.<ref>Statement by delegates of the Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA) and the South African San Institute attending the 2003 Africa Human Genome Initiative conference held in [[Stellenbosch]]. {{cite journal|last= Schlebusch|first=Carina|title=Issues raised by use of ethnic-group names in genome study|doi= 10.1038/464487a |date= 25 March 2010|journal= Nature|volume= 464|issue= 7288|page= 487|pmid= 20336115|bibcode= 2010Natur.464..487S |doi-access=free}}</ref>
The designations "Bushmen" and "San" are both [[Exonym and endonym|exonyms]] in origin, but ''San'' had been widely adopted as an endonym by the late 1990s. "San" originates as a pejorative [[Khoekhoe]] appellation for foragers without cattle or other wealth, from a root ''saa'' "picking up from the ground" + plural ''-n'' in the [[Haiǁom dialect]].<ref>{{cite web|title= WIMSA Annual Report 2004-05|url= http://evan.oribi.cc:50080/index.php?option=com_rokdownloads&view=file&task=download&id=19%3Awimsa-annual-report-04-05&Itemid=79|publisher= WIMSA|access-date=18 March 2014|page=58|quote=the term 'San' comes from the Haiǁom language and has been abbreviated in the following way ... Saa – Picking things up (food) from the ground (i.e. 'gathering'), Saab – A male person gathering, Saas – A female person gathering, Saan – Many people gathering, San – One way to write 'all of the people gathering' |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140318092420/http://evan.oribi.cc:50080/index.php?option=com_rokdownloads&view=file&task=download&id=19%3Awimsa-annual-report-04-05&Itemid=79 |archive-date= 18 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>"The old Dutch also did not know that their so-called Hottentots formed only one branch of a wide-spread race, of which the other branch divided into ever so many tribes, differing from each other totally in language [...] While the so-called Hottentots called themselves Khoikhoi (men of men, ''i.e.'' men ''par excellence''), they called those other tribes ''Sā'', the Sonqua of the Cape Records [...] We should apply the term ''Hottentot'' to the whole race, and call the two families, each by the native name, that is the one, the ''Khoikhoi'', the so-called ''Hottentot proper''; the other the ''San'' (''Sā'') or ''Bushmen''." – Theophilus Hahn, ''Tsuni-ǁGoam: The Supreme Being to the Khoi-Khoi'' (1881), p. 3.</ref>
The term ''Bushmen'', from 17th-century Dutch ''{{lang|nl| Bosjesmans}}'', is still widely used by others and to self-identify, but in some instances the term has also been described as pejorative.<ref name=Ouzman/><ref name=Mountain/><ref name=Guenther>{{cite book|editor-last=Solway|editor-first= Jacqueline|last= Guenther|first= Mathias|title=The Politics of Egalitarianism: Theory and Practice|chapter=Contemporary Bushman Art, Identity Politics, and the Primitivism Discourse|year=2006|publisher=Berghahn Books|location=New York|isbn= 9781845451158 |pages=181–182|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ovykFTcuPLMC}}</ref><ref name=Britten>{{cite book|last= Britten|first= Sarah|title= McBride of Frankenmanto: The Return of the South African Insult|year= 2007|publisher= 30° South|location=Johannesburg|isbn=9781920143183|pages=18–19|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vARidvH3b18C}}</ref>
Adoption of the Khoekhoe term ''San'' in Western anthropology dates to the 1970s, and this remains the standard term in English-language ethnographic literature, although some authors later switched back to using the name ''Bushmen''.<ref name=Barnard/><ref>{{cite news|last=Sailer|first=Steve|title=Feature: Name game – 'Inuit' or 'Eskimo'?|url=http://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2002/06/20/Feature-Name-game-Inuit-or-Eskimo/UPI-43191024597290/|newspaper=UPI|date=20 June 2002}}
"The fashion of renaming the Bushmen of Southwestern Africa as the 'San' exemplifies many of the problems with the name game. University of Utah anthropologist [[Henry Harpending]], who has lived with the famous tongue-clicking hunter-gatherers said, 'In the 1970s the name "San" spread in Europe and America because it seemed to be politically correct, while 'Bushmen' sounded derogatory and sexist.' Unfortunately, the hunter-gatherers never actually had a collective name for themselves in any of their own languages. 'San' was actually the insulting word that the herding Khoi people called the Bushmen. [...] Harpending noted, 'The problem was that in the Kalahari, "San" has all the baggage that the "N-word" has in America. Bushmen kids are graduating from school, reading the academic literature, and are outraged that we call them "San." [...] one did not call someone a San to his face. I continued to use Bushman, and I was publicly corrected several times by the righteous. It quickly became a badge among Western academics: If you say "San" and I say "San," then we signal each other that we are on the fashionable side, politically. It had nothing to do with respect. I think most politically correct talk follows these dynamics.'"</ref>
The compound ''[[Khoisan]]'', used to refer to the pastoralist Khoi and the foraging San collectively, was coined by Leonhard Schulze in the 1920s and popularised by [[Isaac Schapera]] in 1930, and anthropological use of ''San'' was detached from the compound ''Khoisan'',<ref>"Schapera is the author of the convenient term Khoisan, compounded of the Hottentot's name for themselves (Khoi) and their name for the Bushmen (San)." [[Joseph Greenberg]], ''[[The Languages of Africa]]'' (1963), p. 66.</ref>
as it has been reported that the exonym ''San'' is perceived as a pejorative in parts of the central Kalahari.<ref name=Mountain>{{cite book|last= Mountain|first= Alan|title= First People of the Cape|year= 2003|publisher=New Africa Books|location=Claremont|isbn=9780864866233|pages=23–24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nR2d1iJo6_UC}}</ref> By the late 1990s, the term ''San'' was in general use by the people themselves.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lee|first=Richard B.|title=The Dobe Ju/'Hoansi|year=2012|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn= 9781133713531|page=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kRAKAAAAQBAJ|edition=Fourth}}</ref>
The adoption of the term was preceded by a number of meetings held in the 1990s where delegates debated on the adoption of a collective term.<ref>{{cite web|title= General Questions|url= http://www.khwattu.org/engage/general-questions/?id=43|work=ǃKhwa ttu – San Education and Culture Centre|access-date=12 January 2014}}
{{cite book|last=Dieckmann |first=Ute |title=Haiom in the Etosha region: A History of Colonial Settlement, Ethnicity and Nature Conservation |year=2007 |publisher=Basler Afrika Bibliographien |location=Basel |isbn= 9783905758009 |chapter=Shifting Identities |pages=300–302 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ePQlF_x4vYC}}</ref> These meetings included the Common Access to Development Conference organised by the [[Politics of Botswana|Government of Botswana]] held in [[Gaborone]] in 1993,<ref name=MG2007/> the 1996 inaugural Annual General Meeting of the Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA) held in Namibia,<ref>{{cite web|last= Le Raux |first= Willemien|title= Torn Apart – A Report on the Educational Situation of San Children in Southern Africa|url=http://www.wim-sa.org/resources/downloads|publisher=Kuru Development Trust and WIMSA |year=2000 |page=2|quote=Although the people are also known by the names Bushmen and Basarwa, the term ''San'' was chosen as an inclusive group name for this report, since WIMSA representatives have decided to use it until such time as one representative name for all groups will be accepted by all.}}</ref> and a 1997 conference in [[Cape Town]] on "Khoisan Identities and Cultural Heritage" organised by the [[University of the Western Cape]].<ref name=HitchcockBiesele>{{cite web|last1=Hitchcock|first1=Robert K.|last2= Biesele|first2= Megan|title= San, Khwe, Basarwa, or Bushmen? Terminology, Identity, and Empowerment in Southern Africa|url= http://www.khoisanpeoples.org/indepth/ind-identity.htm|work=Kalahari Peoples Fund|access-date=15 January 2014}}</ref>
The term ''San'' is now standard in South African, and used officially in the blazon of the [[Coat of arms of South Africa| national coat-of-arms]]. The "South African San Council" representing San communities in South Africa was established as part of WIMSA in 2001.<ref name=Marshall>{{cite news|last= Marshall|first=Leon|title=Africa's Bushmen May Get Rich From Diet-Drug Secret|url= http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0416_030416_san1.html|newspaper= National Geographic News|date= 16 April 2003}}</ref><ref name=WynbergChennells>{{cite book|last1= Wynberg|first1= Rachel|last2= Chennells|first2= Roger|title=Indigenous Peoples, Consent and Benefit Sharing Lessons from the San-Hoodia case|chapter=Green Diamonds of the South: An Overview of the San-Hoodia Case|year= 2009|publisher= Springer|location= Dordrecht|isbn= 9789048131235|page=102|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yrvafKoV2UC}}</ref>
"Bushmen" is now considered derogatory by many South Africans,<ref name=Mountain/><ref name=Britten/><ref>{{cite book|last=Adhikari|first=Mohamed|title=Not White Enough, Not Black Enough: Racial Identity in the South African Coloured Community|year=2009|publisher=Ohio University Press|page=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLw8KzRbRdQC|isbn=9780896804425}}</ref> to the point where, in 2008, use of ''boesman'' (the modern [[Afrikaans]] equivalent of "Bushman") in the ''[[Die Burger]]'' newspaper was brought before the [[Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000| Equality Court]], which however ruled that the mere use of the term cannot be taken as derogatory, after the San Council had testified that it had no objection to its use in a positive context.<ref>{{cite news|title=Use of the word 'boesman' not hate speech, court finds|url= http://mg.co.za/article/2008-04-11-use-of-the-word-boesman-not-hate-speech-court-finds|newspaper=Mail & Guardian |date=11 April 2008}}
{{cite news|last= Schroeder|first=Fatima|title=Court: Use of 'boesman' not hate speech|url= http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/court-use-of-boesman-not-hate-speech-1.396406#.UtJP9NIW2yg|newspaper= IOL |date= 14 April 2008}} "Objectively speaking and taking into account the context in which (Die Burger) published the word 'boesman' and the evidence of the San Council witness, I find that the usage of the word did not cause harm, hostility or hatred. Instead, the San Council's representative was adamant that no hurt or harm was caused to them or the San community with the manner in which (Die Burger) published the word 'boesman'."</ref>
The term ''Basarwa'' (singular ''Mosarwa'') is used for the San collectively in Botswana.<ref name=Suzman>{{cite book|last=Suzman|first=James|title=Regional Assessment of the Status of the San in Southern Africa|year= 2001|publisher= Legal Assistance Centre|location=Windhoek|isbn=99916-765-3-8|pages=3–4|url= http://www.lac.org.na/projects/lead/Pdf/sanintro.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last= Marshall|first= Leon|title= Bushmen Driven From Ancestral Lands in Botswana |url= http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0416_030416_san2.html|newspaper= National Geographic News|date= 16 April 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Basarwa Relocation – Introduction |url= http://www.gov.bw/basarwa/background.html|publisher=Government of Botswana |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060409191312/http://www.gov.bw/basarwa/background.html|archive-date=9 April 2006}}</ref>
The term is a Bantu ([[Tswana language |Tswana]]) word meaning "those who do not rear cattle".<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethnic Minorities and Indigenous Peoples|url= http://www.ditshwanelo.org.bw/ethnic.html|work= Ditshwanelo|publisher=The Botswana Centre for Human Rights|access-date=12 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140306195233/http://www.ditshwanelo.org.bw/ethnic.html|archive-date=6 March 2014}}</ref> Use of the ''mo/ba-'' [[Tswana language#Nouns|noun class]] indicates "people who are accepted", as opposed to the use of ''Masarwa'', an older variant which is now considered offensive.<ref name=HitchcockBiesele/><ref>{{cite web|last=Bennett|first=Bruce|title=Botswana historical place names and terminology|url= http://www.thuto.org/ubh/bw/plnam.htm|work= Thuto.org|publisher= University of Botswana History Department |access-date=12 January 2014}}</ref>
In Angola they are sometimes referred to as ''mucancalas'',<ref>{{Citation |year= 2013 |title= ZOONIMIA HISTÓRICO-COMPARATIVA BANTU: Os Cinco Grandes Herbívoros Africanos |language=pt |publisher=Rhino Resource Center |location= Utrecht, Netherlands |url= http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/140/1403765149.pdf |access-date= 19 February 2016}}</ref> or ''bosquímanos'' (a [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] adaptation of the Dutch term for "Bushmen").
The terms ''Amasili'' and [[Twa|''Batwa'']] are sometimes used for them in [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name=HitchcockBiesele/>
The San are also referred to as ''Batwa'' by [[Xhosa people]] and as ''Baroa'' by [[Sotho people]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Moran|first=Shane|title=Representing Bushmen: South Africa and the Origin of Language|year= 2009 |publisher= University of Rochester Press|location=Rochester, NY|isbn= 9781580462945|page= 3|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mz1sSYP4g7MC}}</ref>
The Bantu term ''Batwa'' refers to any foraging tribesmen and as such overlaps with the terminology used for the [[Pygmyism| "Pygmoid"]] [[Southern Twa]] of South-Central Africa.
==Society==
{{Further|San healing practices|San rock art|San religion}}
[[File:Botswana 063.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Drinking water from the bi bulb plant]]
[[File:BushmenSan.jpg|thumb|Starting a fire by hand]]
[[File:San wh03.jpg|thumb|Preparing poison arrows]]
[[File:San tribesman.jpg|thumb|San man]]
The San [[kinship system]] reflects their interdependence as traditionally small mobile foraging bands. San kinship is comparable to [[Eskimo kinship]], with the same set of terms as in European cultures, but also uses a name rule and an age rule. The age rule resolves any confusion arising from kinship terms, as the older of two people always decides what to call the younger. Relatively few names circulate (approximately 35 names per sex), and each child is named after a grandparent or another relative, but never their parents.
Children have no social duties besides playing, and leisure is very important to San of all ages. Large amounts of time are spent in conversation, joking, music, and sacred dances. Women have a high status in San society, are greatly respected, and may be leaders of their own family groups. They make important family and group decisions and claim ownership of water holes and foraging areas. Women are mainly involved in the gathering of food, but may also take part in hunting.
Water is important in San life. Droughts may last many months and waterholes may dry up. When this happens, they use sip wells. To get water this way, a San scrapes a deep hole where the sand is damp. Into this hole is inserted a long hollow grass stem. An empty [[ostrich egg]] is used to collect the water. Water is sucked into the straw from the sand, into the mouth, and then travels down another straw into the ostrich egg.
Traditionally, the San were an egalitarian society.<ref name=shostak>Marjorie Shostak, 1983, ''Nisa: The Life and Words of a ǃKung Woman''. New York: Vintage Books. Page 10.</ref> Although they had hereditary [[Tribal chief|chiefs]], their authority was limited. The San made decisions among themselves by [[consensus]],<ref>[http://orvillejenkins.com/profiles/kung.html The ǃKung Bushmen]. Orvillejenkins.com (22 May 2006). Retrieved 2012-01-29.</ref> with women treated as relative equals.<ref>Shostak 1983: 13</ref> San economy was a [[gift economy]], based on giving each other gifts regularly rather than on trading or purchasing goods and services.<ref>Shostak 1983: 9, 25</ref>
Most San are [[monogamy|monogamous]], but if a hunter is skilled enough to get a lot of food, he can afford to have a second wife as well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exploring-africa.com/en/botswana/san-or-bushmen/san-people|title = The San people|date = 6 September 2017}}</ref>
===Subsistence===
Villages range in sturdiness from nightly rain shelters in the warm spring (when people move constantly in search of budding greens), to formalised rings, wherein people congregate in the dry season around permanent waterholes. Early spring is the hardest season: a hot dry period following the cool, dry winter. Most plants still are dead or dormant, and supplies of autumn nuts are exhausted. Meat is particularly important in the dry months when wildlife can not range far from the receding waters.
Women gather fruit, berries, tubers, bush onions, and other plant materials for the band's consumption. [[Ostrich]] eggs are gathered, and the empty shells are used as water containers. Insects provide perhaps 10% of animal proteins consumed, most often during the dry season.<ref>{{cite book|author=Brian Morris |title=Insects and human life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ok-3NLX_8GQC&pg=PA57|year=2004|publisher=Berg |isbn=978-1-84520-075-6 |page=57}}</ref> Depending on location, the San consume 18 to 104 species, including grasshoppers, beetles, caterpillars, moths, butterflies, and termites.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ok-3NLX_8GQC&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q=&f=false Brian Morris (2005). Insects and Human Life, pp39-40.] See page 19: [https://books.google.com/books?id=ok-3NLX_8GQC&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q=san&f=false for insect use in medicine, poison for arrows etc. Also page 188 regarding Kaggen, the Praying Mantis trickster deity who created the moon] More on Kaggen, who might sabotage a hunt by transforming into a louse and biting the hunter: [https://books.google.com/books?id=NtyI0b1CiDkC&pg=PA111#v=onepage&q=&f=false Mathias Georg Guenther (1999). ''Tricksters and Trancers: Bushman Religion and Society.'' p111.]</ref>
Women's traditional gathering gear is simple and effective: a hide sling, a blanket, a cloak called a ''kaross'' to carry foodstuffs, firewood, smaller bags, a digging stick, and perhaps, a smaller version of the [[kaross]] to carry a baby.
Men hunt in long, laborious [[Tracking (hunting)|tracking]] excursions. They kill their game using [[bow and arrow]]s and [[spear]]s tipped in [[diamphotoxin]], a slow-acting [[arrow poison]] produced by beetle [[larva]]e of the genus ''[[Diamphidia]]''.<ref name=biodiversity>[http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/beetles/chrysomelidae/alticinae/arrows.htm "How San hunters use beetles to poison their arrows"] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/67myLc1ye?url=http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/beetles/chrysomelidae/alticinae/arrows.htm |date=20 May 2012 }}, Biodiversity Explorer website</ref><!--does this mean only the men who were in the hunt, or all men and those women who were hunting or something else entirely?-->
===Early history===
[[File:Wandering hunters (Masarwa bushmen), North Kalahari Desert.jpg|thumb|''Wandering hunters ([[Taa language|Masarwa]] Bushmen), North Kalahari desert'', published in 1892 (from [[Henry Anderson Bryden|H.A. Bryden]] photogr.)]]
A set of tools almost identical to that used by the modern San and dating to 42,000 BC was discovered at [[Border Cave]] in [[KwaZulu-Natal]] in 2012.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19069560 Earliest' evidence of modern human culture found], Nick Crumpton, BBC News, 31 July 2012</ref>
Historical evidence shows that certain San communities have always lived in the desert regions of the Kalahari; however, eventually nearly all other San communities in southern Africa were forced into this region. The Kalahari San remained in poverty where their richer neighbours denied them rights to the land. Before long, in both Botswana and Namibia, they found their territory drastically reduced.<ref>[http://www.theartofafrica.co.za/serv/moderntimes.jsp "The modern day Bushmen / San"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618001626/http://www.theartofafrica.co.za/serv/moderntimes.jsp |date=18 June 2011 }}. Art of Africa. Retrieved 2012-01-29.</ref>
==Genetics==
Various [[Y chromosome]] studies show that the San carry some of the most divergent (oldest) [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|human Y-chromosome haplogroup]]s. These haplogroups are specific sub-groups of haplogroups [[Haplogroup A (Y-DNA)|A]] and [[Haplogroup B (Y-DNA)|B]], the two earliest branches on the human Y-chromosome [[phylogenetic tree|tree]].<ref name=j1>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1|title=African Y Chromosome and mtDNA Divergence Provides Insight into the History of Click Languages|year=2003|last1=Knight|first1=Alec|last2=Underhill|first2=Peter A.|last3=Mortensen|first3=Holly M.|last4=Zhivotovsky|first4=Lev A.|last5=Lin|first5=Alice A.|last6=Henn|first6=Brenna M.|last7=Louis|first7=Dorothy|last8=Ruhlen|first8=Merritt|last9=Mountain|first9=Joanna L.|journal=Current Biology|volume=13|issue=6|pages=464–73|pmid=12646128|s2cid=52862939|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pmid=11420360 |url=http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Hammer_MBE_2001.pdf|year=2001 |last1=Hammer|first1=MF |last2=Karafet|first2=TM|last3=Redd|first3=AJ|last4=Jarjanazi|first4=H|last5=Santachiara-Benerecetti|first5=S |last6=Soodyall|first6=H|last7=Zegura|first7=SL|title=Hierarchical patterns of global human Y-chromosome diversity |volume=18|issue=7 |pages=1189–203|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/2041-2223-1-6 |title=Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations |year=2010|last1=Naidoo |first1=Thijessen |last2=Schlebusch |first2=Carina M |last3=Makkan|first3=Heeran |last4=Patel |first4=Pareen|last5=Mahabeer |first5=Rajeshree |last6=Erasmus|first6=Johannes C|last7=Soodyall |first7=Himla|journal=Investigative Genetics|volume=1|page=6|pmid=21092339|issue=1|pmc=2988483}}</ref>
[[Mitochondrial DNA]] studies also provide evidence that the San carry high frequencies of the earliest [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup|haplogroup]] branches in the human mitochondrial DNA tree. This DNA is inherited only from one's mother. The most divergent (oldest) mitochondrial haplogroup, [[Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA)|L0]]d, has been identified at its highest frequencies in the southern African San groups.<ref name=j1/><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1086/302848|title=MtDNA Variation in the South African Kung and Khwe—and Their Genetic Relationships to Other African Populations|year=2000|last1=Chen|first1=Yu-Sheng|last2=Olckers|first2=Antonel|last3=Schurr|first3=Theodore G.|last4=Kogelnik|first4=Andreas M.|last5=Huoponen|first5=Kirsi|last6=Wallace|first6=Douglas C.|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=66|issue=4|pages=1362–83|pmid=10739760|pmc=1288201}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/molbev/msm155|title=History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation|year=2007 |last1=Tishkoff|first1=S. A. |last2=Gonder|first2=M. K. |last3=Henn|first3=B. M. |last4=Mortensen|first4=H. |last5=Knight|first5=A. |last6=Gignoux|first6=C. |last7=Fernandopulle|first7=N. |last8=Lema|first8=G. |last9=Nyambo|first9=T. B. |first10=U. |last10=Ramakrishnan |first11=F. A. |last11=Reed |first12=J. L. |last12=Mountain |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=24|issue=10|pages=2180–95 |pmid=17656633|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/elps.200900197|title=SNaPshot minisequencing to resolve mitochondrial macro-haplogroups found in Africa|year=2009|last1=Schlebusch|first1=Carina M.|last2=Naidoo|first2=Thijessen|last3=Soodyall |first3=Himla|journal=Electrophoresis |volume=30|issue=21 |pages=3657–64 |pmid=19810027|s2cid=19515426}}</ref>
In a study published in March 2011, Brenna Henn and colleagues found that the ǂKhomani San, as well as the [[Sandawe people|Sandawe]] and [[Hadza people]]s of [[Tanzania]], were the most genetically diverse of any living humans studied. This high degree of genetic diversity hints at the origin of [[anatomically modern humans]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Henn |first1=Brenna |last2=Gignoux |first2=Christopher R. |last3=Jobin |first3=Matthew |year=2011 |title=Hunter-gatherer genomic diversity suggests a southern African origin for modern humans |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=108 |issue=13 |pages=5154–62 |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |doi=10.1073/pnas.1017511108 |pmid=21383195 |pmc=3069156|url=https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/44431/1/1017511108.full.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kaplan |first=Matt |year=2011 |title=Gene Study Challenges Human Origins in Eastern Africa |journal=[[Scientific American]]|publisher=[[Nature Publishing Group]] |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gene-study-challenges-human-origin-africa/ |access-date=22 June 2012}}</ref>
A 2008 study suggested that the San may have been isolated from other original ancestral groups for as much as 100,000 years and later rejoined, re-integrating into the rest of the human gene pool.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7358868.stm|title= Human line 'nearly split in two'|work=BBC News|date=24 April 2008 | access-date=2009-12-31 | first=Paul | last=Rincon}}</ref>
A DNA study of fully sequenced genomes, published in September 2016, showed that the ancestors of today's San hunter-gatherers began to diverge from other human populations in Africa about 200,000 years ago and were fully isolated by 100,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/22/science/ancient-dna-human-history.html?_r=0|title= A Single Migration From Africa Populated the World, Studies Find'|publisher=New York Times, by Zimmer, Karl|date=21 September 2016}}</ref>
==Ancestral land conflict in Botswana==
{{main|Ancestral land conflict in Botswana}}
Much [[aboriginal people]]'s land in Botswana, including land occupied by the San people (or ''Basarwa''), was conquered during colonisation, and the pattern of loss of land and access to natural resources continued after Botswana's independence.<ref name=Anaya/>{{rp|2}} The San have been particularly affected by encroachment by majority peoples and non-indigenous farmers onto land traditionally occupied by San people. Government policies from the 1970s transferred a significant area of traditionally San land to [[White people|white]] settlers and majority [[agro-pastoralist]] tribes.<ref name=Anaya/>{{rp|15}} Much of the government's policy regarding land tended to favor the dominant [[Tswana people|Tswana]] peoples over the minority San and [[Bakgalagadi]].<ref name=Anaya/>{{rp|2}} Loss of land is a major contributor to the problems facing Botswana's indigenous people, including especially the San's eviction from the [[Central Kalahari Game Reserve]].<ref name=Anaya/>{{rp|2}} The government of Botswana decided to relocate all of those living within the reserve to settlements outside it. Harassment of residents, dismantling of infrastructure, and bans on hunting appear to have been used to induce residents to leave.<ref name=Anaya/>{{rp|16}} The government has denied that any of the relocation was forced.<ref name="Forced Evictions-- Towards Solutions?: Second Report of the Advisory Group on Forced Evictions to the Executive Director of UN-HABITAT">{{cite book|last=Advisory Group on Forced Evictions, United Nations Human Settlements Programme|title=Forced Evictions-- Towards Solutions?: Second Report of the Advisory Group on Forced Evictions to the Executive Director of UN-HABITAT |year=2007 |publisher=UN-HABITAT|isbn=978-92-1-131909-5 |page=115 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbpwMRxCsegC&q=%22C.S+Maribe%22}}</ref> A legal battle followed.<ref name=LandsBack>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/africa/12/13/bushmen.reut/index.html |title=Botswana's bushmen get Kalahari lands back |publisher=CNN |access-date=2006-12-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061220110621/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/africa/12/13/bushmen.reut/index.html|date=13 December 2006 |archive-date = 20 December 2006}}</ref> The relocation policy may have been intended to facilitate [[diamond mining]] by [[Gem Diamonds]] within the reserve.<ref name=Anaya/>{{rp|18}}
==''Hoodia'' traditional knowledge agreement==
''[[Hoodia gordonii]]'', used by the San, was patented by the South African [[Council for Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR) in 1998, for its presumed appetite suppressing quality. A licence was granted to [[Phytopharm]], for development of the active ingredient in the ''Hoodia'' plant, [[p57 (glycoside)]], to be used as a pharmaceutical drug for dieting. Once this patent was brought to the attention of the San, a benefit-sharing agreement was reached between them and the CSIR in 2003. This would award royalties to the San for the benefits of their indigenous knowledge.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1747-1796.2004.tb00231.x| title = Rhetoric, Realism and Benefit-Sharing| journal = The Journal of World Intellectual Property| volume = 7| issue = 6| pages = 851–876| year = 2005| last1 = Wynberg | first1 = R. |url=http://www.icimod.org/resource/2248}}</ref> During the case, the San people were represented and assisted by the Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA), the South African San Council and the South African San Institute.<ref name=Marshall/><ref name=WynbergChennells/>
This benefit-sharing agreement is one of the first to give royalties to the holders of traditional knowledge used for drug sales. The terms of the agreement are contentious, because of their apparent lack of adherence to the Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing, as outlined in the [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] (CBD).<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/1467-9388.00346| title = The Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing| journal = Review of European Community and International Environmental Law| volume = 12| pages = 84–98| year = 2003| last1 = Tully | first1 = S. |url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/articles/2003/A-00457.pdf}}</ref> The San have yet to profit from this agreement, as P57 has still not yet been legally developed and marketed.
==Representation in mass media==
[[File:Southafrica468bushman.jpg|thumb|[[Rock art of the Bushmen|Rock paintings]] in the [[Cederberg]], [[Western Cape]]]]
[[File:San-Paintings Murewa ZW.jpg|thumb|San paintings near [[Murewa]], [[Zimbabwe]]]]
[[File:San-Elephant Murewa ZW.jpg|thumb|San paintings near Murewa]]
===Early representations===
The San of the [[Kalahari]] were first brought to the globalized world's attention in the 1950s by South African author [[Laurens van der Post]]. Van der Post grew up in South Africa, and had a respectful lifelong fascination with native African cultures. In 1955, he was commissioned by the [[BBC]] to go to the Kalahari desert with a film crew in search of the San. The filmed material was turned into a very popular six-part television documentary a year later. Driven by a lifelong fascination with this "vanished tribe", Van der Post published a 1958 book about this expedition, entitled ''The Lost World of the Kalahari''. It was to be his most famous book.
In 1961, he published ''The Heart of the Hunter'', a narrative which he admits in the introduction uses two previous works of stories and mythology as "a sort of Stone Age Bible", namely ''[[Specimens of Bushman Folklore]]''' (1911), [[folkloristics|collected]] by [[Wilhelm Bleek|Wilhelm H. I. Bleek]] and [[Lucy Lloyd|Lucy C. Lloyd]], and [[Dorothea Bleek]]'s ''Mantis and His Friend''. Van der Post's work brought indigenous African cultures to millions of people around the world for the first time, but some people disparaged it as part of the subjective view of a European in the 1950s and 1960s, stating that he branded the San as simple "children of Nature" or even "mystical ecologists".
In 1992 by John Perrot and team published the book [http://www.khoisanpeoples.org/sites/book-site.htm "Bush for the Bushman"] – a [http://savethesan.org "desperate plea"] on behalf of the aboriginal San addressing the international community and calling on the governments throughout Southern Africa to respect and reconstitute the ancestral land-rights of all San.
===Documentaries and non-fiction===
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[[John Marshall (filmmaker)|John Marshall]], the son of [[Harvard University|Harvard]] anthropologist [[Lorna Marshall]], documented the lives of San in the [[Nyae Nyae]] region of [[Namibia]] over a more than 50-year period. His early film ''The Hunters'', released in 1957, shows a giraffe hunt. ''A Kalahari Family'' (2002) is a five-part, six-hour series documenting 50 years in the lives of the ''Juǀʼhoansi'' of Southern Africa, from 1951 to 2000. Marshall was a vocal proponent of the San cause throughout his life.<ref name=Thomas>{{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Elizabeth Marshall|title=The Old Way: A Story of the First People|year=2007|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9781429954518|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rtHR8_gK_WwC|pages=xiii,45–47}}</ref> His sister [[Elizabeth Marshall Thomas]] wrote several books and numerous articles about the San, based in part on her experiences living with these people when their culture was still intact. ''The Harmless People'', published in 1959 (revised in 1989), and ''The Old Way: A Story of the First People'', published in 2006, are the two primary works. John Marshall and Adrienne Miesmer documented the lives of the ǃKung San people between the 1950s and 1978 in ''[[Nǃai, the Story of a ǃKung Woman]]''. This film, the account of a woman who grew up while the San lived as autonomous hunter-gatherers, but who later was forced into a dependent life in the government-created community at Tsumkwe, shows how the lives of the [[ǃKung people]], who lived for millennia as hunter gatherers, were forever changed when they were forced onto a reservation too small to support them.<ref>Kray, C. (1978) [http://people.rit.edu/cakgss/nai.html "Notes on 'Nǃai: The Story of a ǃKung Woman'"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714061158/http://people.rit.edu/cakgss/nai.html |date=14 July 2008 }}. RIT. n.d. Web. 5 October 2013.</ref>
South African film-maker Richard Wicksteed has produced a number of documentaries on San culture, history and present situation; these include ''In God's Places'' / ''Iindawo ZikaThixo'' (1995) on the San cultural legacy in the southern Drakensberg; ''Death of a Bushman'' (2002) on the murder of San tracker Optel Rooi by South African police; ''The Will To Survive'' (2009), which covers the history and situation of San communities in southern Africa today; and ''My Land is My Dignity'' (2009) on the San's epic land rights struggle in Botswana's [[Central Kalahari Game Reserve]].
A documentary on San hunting entitled, ''The Great Dance: A Hunter's Story'' (2000), directed by Damon and [[Craig Foster (filmmaker)|Craig Foster]]. This was reviewed by [[Lawrence Van Gelder]] for the ''[[New York Times]]'', who said that the film "constitutes an act of preservation and a requiem".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Van Gelder|first1=Lawrence|title=A Hunter's Story|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/29/movies/film-in-review-the-great-dance.html?pagewanted=print&src=p|work=The New York Times|date=29 September 2000}}</ref>
[[Spencer Wells]]'s 2003 book ''[[The Journey of Man]]''—in connection with [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]'s [[Genographic Project]]—discusses a [[Genetics|genetic]] analysis of the San and asserts their [[genetic markers]] were the first ones to split from those of the ancestors of the bulk of other ''Homo sapiens sapiens''. The [[PBS]] documentary based on the book follows these markers throughout the world, demonstrating that all of humankind can be traced back to the [[African continent]] (see [[Recent African origin of modern humans]], the so-called "out of Africa" hypothesis).
The BBC's ''[[The Life of Mammals#10. .22Food for Thought.22|The Life of Mammals]]'' (2003) series includes video footage of an indigenous San of the Kalahari desert undertaking a [[persistence hunt]] of a [[kudu]] through harsh desert conditions.<ref>{{cite web|last=Attenborough|first=David|title=Human Mammal, Human Hunter (video)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=826HMLoiE_o| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211104/826HMLoiE_o| archive-date=2021-11-04 | url-status=live|work=[[The Life of Mammals]]|publisher=BBC |date=5 February 2003}}{{cbignore}}</ref> It provides an illustration of how early man may have pursued and captured prey with minimal weaponry.
The BBC series ''[[How Art Made the World]]'' (2005) compares [[Rock art of the Bushmen|San cave paintings]] from 200 years ago to [[Ice Age art|Paleolithic European paintings]] that are 14,000 years old.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/howartmadetheworld/episodes/pictures/san/|title=How Art Made the World. Episodes . The Day Pictures Were Born. The San People of South Africa {{!}} PBS|website=www.pbs.org|access-date=2016-05-20}}</ref> Because of their similarities, the San works may illustrate the reasons for ancient cave paintings. The presenter [[Nigel Spivey]] draws largely on the work of Professor [[David Lewis-Williams]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Download How Art Made the World (Hardback) - Common ePub eBook @6B3B522E7DEEE17DDA23E86C6926E2F6.NMCOBERTURAS.COM.BR|url=http://6b3b522e7deee17dda23e86c6926e2f6.nmcoberturas.com.br/|website=6b3b522e7deee17dda23e86c6926e2f6.nmcoberturas.com.br|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> whose PhD was entitled "Believing and Seeing: Symbolic meanings in southern San rock paintings". Lewis-Williams draws parallels with prehistoric art around the world, linking in shamanic ritual and trance states.
Les Stroud devoted an episode of Beyond Survival (2011) to the San Bushman of the Kalahari.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/TEkbzvbQ5_8 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210102082237/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEkbzvbQ5_8 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEkbzvbQ5_8| title = Survivorman {{!}} Beyond Survival {{!}} Season 1 {{!}} Episode 3 {{!}} The San Bushman of the Kalahari {{!}} Les Stroud | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
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===Films and music===
[[File:Rock painting in Twyfelfontein3.jpg|thumb|Rock painting of a man in Twyfelfontein valley]]
A 1969 film, ''[[Lost in the Desert]]'', features a small boy, stranded in the desert, who encounters a group of wandering San. They help him and then abandon him as a result of a misunderstanding created by the lack of a common language and culture. The film was directed by [[Jamie Uys]], who returned to the San a decade later with ''[[The Gods Must Be Crazy]]'', which proved to be an international hit. This comedy portrays a Kalahari San group's first encounter with an [[Cultural artifact|artifact]] from the outside world (a [[Coca-Cola]] bottle). By the time this movie was made, the ǃKung had recently been forced into sedentary villages, and the San hired as actors were confused by the instructions to act out inaccurate exaggerations of their almost abandoned hunting and gathering life.<ref>''[[Nǃai, the Story of a ǃKung Woman]]''. Documentary Educational Resources and Public Broadcasting Associates, 1980.</ref>
"[[Eh Hee]]" by [[Dave Matthews Band]] was written as an evocation of the music and culture of the San. In a story told to the [[Radio City Music Hall|Radio City]] audience (an edited version of which appears on the DVD version of ''[[Live at Radio City]]''), Matthews recalls hearing the music of the San and, upon asking his guide what the words to their songs were, being told that "there are no words to these songs, because these songs, we've been singing since before people had words". He goes on to describe the song as his "homage to meeting... the most advanced people on the planet".
[[File:Giraffe, Twyfelfontein.jpg|thumb|Rock engraving of a giraffe in Twyfelfontein valley]]
===Memoirs===
In [[Peter Godwin (writer)|Peter Godwin]]'s biography ''When A Crocodile Eats the Sun'', he mentions his time spent with the San for an assignment. His title comes from the San's belief that a solar eclipse occurs when a crocodile eats the sun.
===Novels===
[[Laurens van der Post]]'s two novels, ''A Story Like The Wind'' (1972) and its sequel, ''A Far Off Place'' (1974), made into a [[A Far-Off Place|1993 film]], are about a white boy encountering a wandering San and his wife, and how the San's life and survival skills save the white teenagers' lives in a journey across the desert.
[[James A. Michener]]'s ''[[The Covenant (novel)|The Covenant]]'' (1980), is a work of [[historical fiction]] centered on South Africa. The first section of the book concerns a San community's journey set roughly in 13,000 BC.
In [[Wilbur Smith]]'s novel ''[[The Burning Shore]]'' (an instalment in the [[Courtneys of Africa book series]]), the San people are portrayed through two major characters, O'wa and H'ani; Smith describes the San's struggles, history, and beliefs in great detail.
[[Norman Rush]]'s 1991 novel [[Mating (novel)|Mating]] features an encampment of Basarwa near the (imaginary) Botswana town where the main action is set.
[[Tad Williams]]'s epic ''[[Otherland]]'' series of novels features a South African San named ǃXabbu, whom Williams confesses to be highly fictionalised, and not necessarily an accurate representation. In the novel, Williams invokes aspects of San mythology and culture.
In 2007, [[David Gilman (writer)|David Gilman]] published ''The Devil's Breath''. One of the main characters, a small San boy named ǃKoga, uses traditional methods to help the character Max Gordon travel across Namibia.
[[Alexander McCall Smith]] has written a series of [[episodic fiction|episodic novels]] set in [[Gaborone]], the capital of Botswana. The fiancé of the protagonist of ''[[The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency]]'' series, Mr. J. L. B. Matekoni, adopts two orphaned San children, sister and brother Motholeli and Puso.
The San feature in several of the novels by Michael Stanley (the ''nom de plume'' of Michael Sears and Stanley Trollip), particularly in ''Death of the Mantis''.
==Notable individuals==
*[[Nǃxau ǂToma]]
*[[Roy Sesana]]
*[[Royal ǀUiǀoǀoo]]
*[[Dawid Kruiper]]
=== |Xam Notable individuals===
* [[kabbo]]
* [[!Kweiten-ta-ǀǀKen]]
==See also==
*[[First People of the Kalahari]]
*[[Kalahari Debate]]
*[[Khoisan]]
*[[Negro of Banyoles]]
*[[San religion]]
*[[San rock art]]
* [[Botswanan art#San art]]
*[[Strandloper (people)|Strandloper]]
*[[Vaalpens]]
*[[Boskop Man]]
==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}
<!--Please add new notes in-line (in the text), not here. See other notes for example. -->
==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book |author=Shostak, Marjorie |author-link=Marjorie Shostak |year=1983 |title=Nisa: The Life and Words of a ǃKung Woman |location=New York |publisher=[[Vintage Books]] |isbn=0-7139-1486-6}}
==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |author=Gordon, Robert J. |year=1999 |title=The Bushman Myth: The Making of a Namibian Underclass |isbn=0-8133-3581-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bushmanmythmakin00gord }}
*{{Cite book |author=Howell, Nancy |year=1979 |title=Demography of the Dobe ǃKung |location=New York |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=0-12-357350-5}}
*{{Cite book |author=Lee, Richard |author2=Irven DeVore |year=1999 |title=Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers: Studies of the ǃKung San & Their Neighbors |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=0-674-49980-8}}
*{{cite web|last=Solomon|first=Anne|title=The myth of ritual origins? Ethnography, mythology and interpretation of San rock art|url=http://www.antiquityofman.com/Solomon_myth_ritual.html|year=1997|work=The Antiquity of Man|publisher=South African Archaeological Bulletin}}
*{{cite web|last=Minkel|first=J. R.|title=Offerings to a Stone Snake Provide the Earliest Evidence of Religion|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=offerings-to-a-stone-snak|date=1 December 2006|work=Scientific American|access-date=12 January 2014}}
*{{cite news|last=Choi|first=Charles|title=African Hunter-Gatherers Are Offshoots of Earliest Human Split|url=http://www.livescience.com/23378-african-hunter-gatherers-human-origins.html|newspaper=LiveScience|date=21 September 2012}}
* San Spirituality: Roots, Expression,(2004) and Social Consequences, J. David Lewis-Williams, David G. Pearce, {{ISBN|978-0759104327}}
* Barnard, Alan. (1992): ''Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa.'' Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0521411882}}.
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikisource1911Enc|Bushmen}}
<!-- local organisations -->
* [http://www.khoisanpeoples.org/ The site of the Khoisan Speakers]
* [http://www.khwattu.org/ ǃKhwa ttu – San Education and Culture Centre]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070911175447/http://www.kuru.co.bw/ Kuru Family of Organisations]
* [http://www.san.org.za/ South African San Institute]
<!-- international organisations -->
* [http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/bushman/ Bradshaw Foundation – The San Bushmen of South Africa]
* [http://www.culturalsurvival.org/country/botswana Cultural Survival – Botswana]
* [http://www.culturalsurvival.org/country/namibia Cultural Survival – Namibia]
* [http://www.iwgia.org/regions/africa International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs – Africa]
* [http://www.kalaharipeoples.org/ Kalahari Peoples Fund]
* [http://www.survival-international.org/tribes/bushmen Survival International – Bushmen]
{{Ethnic groups in Angola}}
{{Ethnic groups in Botswana}}
{{Ethnic groups in Namibia}}
{{Ethnic groups in South Africa}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:San people| ]]
[[Category:African nomads]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Angola]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Botswana]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Namibia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Africa]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Hunter-gatherers of Africa]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Southern Africa]]'
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New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) |
'NARUTO SASUKE
== Definition ==
The term "Sann" has a long vowel and is spelled '''Sān''' (in [[Khoekhoegowab]] orthography). It is a [[Khoekhoe]] [[exonym]] with the meaning of "foragers" and was often used in a derogatory manner to describe nomadic, foraging people. Based on observation of lifestyle, this term has been applied to speakers of three distinct language families living between the [[Okavango River]] in Botswana and [[Etosha National Park]] in northwestern [[Namibia]], extending up into southern [[Angola]]; central peoples of most of [[Namibia]] and Botswana, extending into Zambia and Zimbabwe; and the southern people in the central [[Kalahari Desert|Kalahari]] towards the [[Molopo River]], who are the last remnant of the previously extensive indigenous "San" of South Africa.<ref name="Barnard">{{cite book|last=Barnard|first=Alan|title=Anthropology and the Bushman|year=2007|publisher=Berg|location=Oxford|isbn=9781847883308|pages=4–7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e3MihaaJ314C}}</ref>
== History ==
[[File:Bushmen Hottentots armed for an expedition.png|''Bush-Men Hottentots armed for an Expedition,'' 1804|thumb|right|upright=1]]
The hunter-gatherer San are among the oldest cultures on Earth,<ref name="Anton & Shelton">{{cite book |last1=Anton |first1=Donald K. |last2=Shelton |first2=Dinah L. |title=Environmental Protection and Human Rights |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76638-8 |page=640 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_dFYq4oFeYC&q=san+kalahari }}</ref> and are thought to be descended from the first inhabitants of what is now Botswana and South Africa. The historical presence of the San in Botswana is particularly evident in northern Botswana's [[Tsodilo Hills]] region. San were traditionally [[semi-nomadic]], moving seasonally within certain defined areas based on the availability of resources such as water, [[game animals]], and edible plants.<ref name="Anaya">{{cite report |author=Anaya, James |date=2 June 2010 |title=Addendum – The situation of indigenous peoples in Botswana |publisher=United Nations Human Rights Council. A/HRC/15/37/Add.2 |url=http://unsr.jamesanaya.org/docs/countries/2010_report_botswana_en.pdf}}</ref> Peoples related to or similar to the San occupied the southern shores throughout the eastern shrubland and may have formed a [[Sangoan]] continuum from the [[Red Sea]] to the [[Cape of Good Hope]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Malvern van Wyk|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wDZjDwAAQBAJ&q=Boskopoid|title=The First Ethiopians: The image of Africa and Africans in the early Mediterranean world|date=2009-07-01|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-1-86814-834-9|language=en}}</ref>
From the 1950s through to the 1990s, San communities switched to farming because of government-mandated modernisation programs. Despite the lifestyle changes, they have provided a wealth of information in [[anthropology]] and [[genetics]]. One broad study of African [[genetic diversity]] completed in 2009 found that San people were among the five populations with the highest measured levels of genetic diversity among the 121 distinct African populations sampled.<ref>{{cite news|last=Connor|first=Steve|title=World's most ancient race traced in DNA study|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/worlds-most-ancient-race-traced-in-dna-study-1677113.html|newspaper=The Independent|date=1 May 2009}}</ref><ref name=Gill>{{cite news |author=Gill, Victoria |date=1 May 2009 |title=Africa's genetic secrets unlocked |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8027269.stm |format=online edition |work=BBC World News |publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=2009-09-03|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090701001654/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8027269.stm|archive-date = 1 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1172257| title = The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans| journal = Science| volume = 324| issue = 5930| pages = 1035–44| year = 2009 | pmid=19407144|pmc=2947357| last1 = Tishkoff | first1 = S. A.| last2 = Reed | first2 = F. A.| last3 = Friedlaender | first3 = F. R.| last4 = Ehret | first4 = C.| last5 = Ranciaro | first5 = A.| last6 = Froment | first6 = A.| last7 = Hirbo | first7 = J. B.| last8 = Awomoyi | first8 = A. A.| last9 = Bodo | first9 = J. -M. | last10 = Doumbo | first10 = O.| last11 = Ibrahim | first11 = M.| last12 = Juma | first12 = A. T.| last13 = Kotze | first13 = M. J.| last14 = Lema | first14 = G.| last15 = Moore | first15 = J. H.| last16 = Mortensen | first16 = H.| last17 = Nyambo | first17 = T. B.| last18 = Omar | first18 = S. A.| last19 = Powell | first19 = K.| last20 = Pretorius | first20 = G. S.| last21 = Smith | first21 = M. W.| last22 = Thera | first22 = M. A.| last23 = Wambebe | first23 = C.| last24 = Weber | first24 = J. L.| last25 = Williams | first25 = S. M.| bibcode = 2009Sci...324.1035T}}</ref> Certain San groups are one of 14 known extant "ancestral population clusters"; that is, "groups of populations with common genetic ancestry, who share ethnicity and similarities in both their culture and the properties of their languages".<ref name=Gill/>
Despite some positive aspects of government development programs reported by members of San and [[Bakgalagadi]] communities in Botswana, many have spoken of a consistent sense of exclusion from government decision-making processes, and many San and Bakgalagadi have alleged experiencing [[ethnic discrimination]] on the part of the government.<ref name=Anaya/>{{rp|8–9}} The [[United States Department of State]] described ongoing discrimination against San, or ''Basarwa'', people in Botswana in 2013 as the "principal human rights concern" of that country.<ref name=StateDept>{{cite book |author=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |title=Botswana 2013 Human Rights Report |publisher=United States Department of State |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/220296.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|1}}
==Names==
[[File:Portrait of a bushman. Alfred Duggan-Cronin. South Africa, early 20th century. The Wellcome Collection, London.jpg|thumb|Portrait of a bushman. Alfred Duggan-Cronin. South Africa, early 20th century. The Wellcome Collection, London.]]
The endonyms used by San themselves refer to their individual nations, including
<!--ǃKung groups-->
the [[ǃKung people|ǃKung (ǃXuun)]] (subdivisions [[ǂKxʼaoǁʼae|ǂKxʼaoǁʼae (Auen)]], [[Juǀʼhoan language|Juǀʼhoan]], etc.)
<!--Tuu groups:-->
the [[Tuu languages|Tuu]] (subdivisions [[ǀXam language|ǀXam]], [[Nǁng language|Nusan (Nǀu), ǂKhomani]], etc.)
<!--Khoe groups:-->
and [[Khoe languages|Tshu–Khwe]] groups such as the [[Khwe language|Khwe (Khoi, Kxoe)]], [[ǂAakhoe dialect|Haiǁom]], [[Naro language|Naro]], [[Tshwa language|Tsoa]], [[Gǁana language|Gǁana (Gana)]] and [[Gǀui dialect|Gǀui (ǀGwi)]].<ref>Lee, Richard B. and Daly, Richard Heywood (1999) ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers'', Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|052157109X}}</ref><ref name=Smith>{{cite book|last= Smith|first=Andrew Brown|title=The Bushmen of Southern Africa: A Foraging Society in Transition|year= 2000 |publisher= New Africa Books|location= Cape Town|isbn= 9780864864192|page= 2|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2YnZU4NCv3IC}}</ref><ref name=Ouzman>{{cite book|editor1-last=Smith|editor1-first=Claire|editor2-last= Wobst |editor2-first=H. Martin|last=Ouzman|first=Sven|title=Indigenous Archaeologies: Decolonizing Theory and Practice |chapter=Silencing and Sharing Southern Africa Indigenous and Embedded Knowledge|publisher=Routledge Taylor & Francis Group|location=Abingdon, Oxon|year=2004|page=209|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MylyVq_dMoIC|isbn=9781134391554}}</ref><ref name=MG2007>{{cite news|title=San, Bushmen or Basarwa: What's in a name?|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2007-09-05-san-bushmen-or-basarwa-whats-in-a-name|newspaper=Mail & Guardian |date= 5 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117025938/http://mg.co.za/article/2007-09-05-san-bushmen-or-basarwa-whats-in-a-name|archive-date= 17 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Coan|first=Stephen|title=The first people|url=http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=44782|newspaper=The Witness|date=28 July 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131014184714/http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=44782|archive-date=14 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
Representatives of San peoples in 2003 stated their preference for the use of such individual group names where possible over the use of the collective term ''San''.<ref>Statement by delegates of the Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA) and the South African San Institute attending the 2003 Africa Human Genome Initiative conference held in [[Stellenbosch]]. {{cite journal|last= Schlebusch|first=Carina|title=Issues raised by use of ethnic-group names in genome study|doi= 10.1038/464487a |date= 25 March 2010|journal= Nature|volume= 464|issue= 7288|page= 487|pmid= 20336115|bibcode= 2010Natur.464..487S |doi-access=free}}</ref>
The designations "Bushmen" and "San" are both [[Exonym and endonym|exonyms]] in origin, but ''San'' had been widely adopted as an endonym by the late 1990s. "San" originates as a pejorative [[Khoekhoe]] appellation for foragers without cattle or other wealth, from a root ''saa'' "picking up from the ground" + plural ''-n'' in the [[Haiǁom dialect]].<ref>{{cite web|title= WIMSA Annual Report 2004-05|url= http://evan.oribi.cc:50080/index.php?option=com_rokdownloads&view=file&task=download&id=19%3Awimsa-annual-report-04-05&Itemid=79|publisher= WIMSA|access-date=18 March 2014|page=58|quote=the term 'San' comes from the Haiǁom language and has been abbreviated in the following way ... Saa – Picking things up (food) from the ground (i.e. 'gathering'), Saab – A male person gathering, Saas – A female person gathering, Saan – Many people gathering, San – One way to write 'all of the people gathering' |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140318092420/http://evan.oribi.cc:50080/index.php?option=com_rokdownloads&view=file&task=download&id=19%3Awimsa-annual-report-04-05&Itemid=79 |archive-date= 18 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>"The old Dutch also did not know that their so-called Hottentots formed only one branch of a wide-spread race, of which the other branch divided into ever so many tribes, differing from each other totally in language [...] While the so-called Hottentots called themselves Khoikhoi (men of men, ''i.e.'' men ''par excellence''), they called those other tribes ''Sā'', the Sonqua of the Cape Records [...] We should apply the term ''Hottentot'' to the whole race, and call the two families, each by the native name, that is the one, the ''Khoikhoi'', the so-called ''Hottentot proper''; the other the ''San'' (''Sā'') or ''Bushmen''." – Theophilus Hahn, ''Tsuni-ǁGoam: The Supreme Being to the Khoi-Khoi'' (1881), p. 3.</ref>
The term ''Bushmen'', from 17th-century Dutch ''{{lang|nl| Bosjesmans}}'', is still widely used by others and to self-identify, but in some instances the term has also been described as pejorative.<ref name=Ouzman/><ref name=Mountain/><ref name=Guenther>{{cite book|editor-last=Solway|editor-first= Jacqueline|last= Guenther|first= Mathias|title=The Politics of Egalitarianism: Theory and Practice|chapter=Contemporary Bushman Art, Identity Politics, and the Primitivism Discourse|year=2006|publisher=Berghahn Books|location=New York|isbn= 9781845451158 |pages=181–182|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ovykFTcuPLMC}}</ref><ref name=Britten>{{cite book|last= Britten|first= Sarah|title= McBride of Frankenmanto: The Return of the South African Insult|year= 2007|publisher= 30° South|location=Johannesburg|isbn=9781920143183|pages=18–19|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vARidvH3b18C}}</ref>
Adoption of the Khoekhoe term ''San'' in Western anthropology dates to the 1970s, and this remains the standard term in English-language ethnographic literature, although some authors later switched back to using the name ''Bushmen''.<ref name=Barnard/><ref>{{cite news|last=Sailer|first=Steve|title=Feature: Name game – 'Inuit' or 'Eskimo'?|url=http://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2002/06/20/Feature-Name-game-Inuit-or-Eskimo/UPI-43191024597290/|newspaper=UPI|date=20 June 2002}}
"The fashion of renaming the Bushmen of Southwestern Africa as the 'San' exemplifies many of the problems with the name game. University of Utah anthropologist [[Henry Harpending]], who has lived with the famous tongue-clicking hunter-gatherers said, 'In the 1970s the name "San" spread in Europe and America because it seemed to be politically correct, while 'Bushmen' sounded derogatory and sexist.' Unfortunately, the hunter-gatherers never actually had a collective name for themselves in any of their own languages. 'San' was actually the insulting word that the herding Khoi people called the Bushmen. [...] Harpending noted, 'The problem was that in the Kalahari, "San" has all the baggage that the "N-word" has in America. Bushmen kids are graduating from school, reading the academic literature, and are outraged that we call them "San." [...] one did not call someone a San to his face. I continued to use Bushman, and I was publicly corrected several times by the righteous. It quickly became a badge among Western academics: If you say "San" and I say "San," then we signal each other that we are on the fashionable side, politically. It had nothing to do with respect. I think most politically correct talk follows these dynamics.'"</ref>
The compound ''[[Khoisan]]'', used to refer to the pastoralist Khoi and the foraging San collectively, was coined by Leonhard Schulze in the 1920s and popularised by [[Isaac Schapera]] in 1930, and anthropological use of ''San'' was detached from the compound ''Khoisan'',<ref>"Schapera is the author of the convenient term Khoisan, compounded of the Hottentot's name for themselves (Khoi) and their name for the Bushmen (San)." [[Joseph Greenberg]], ''[[The Languages of Africa]]'' (1963), p. 66.</ref>
as it has been reported that the exonym ''San'' is perceived as a pejorative in parts of the central Kalahari.<ref name=Mountain>{{cite book|last= Mountain|first= Alan|title= First People of the Cape|year= 2003|publisher=New Africa Books|location=Claremont|isbn=9780864866233|pages=23–24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nR2d1iJo6_UC}}</ref> By the late 1990s, the term ''San'' was in general use by the people themselves.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lee|first=Richard B.|title=The Dobe Ju/'Hoansi|year=2012|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn= 9781133713531|page=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kRAKAAAAQBAJ|edition=Fourth}}</ref>
The adoption of the term was preceded by a number of meetings held in the 1990s where delegates debated on the adoption of a collective term.<ref>{{cite web|title= General Questions|url= http://www.khwattu.org/engage/general-questions/?id=43|work=ǃKhwa ttu – San Education and Culture Centre|access-date=12 January 2014}}
{{cite book|last=Dieckmann |first=Ute |title=Haiom in the Etosha region: A History of Colonial Settlement, Ethnicity and Nature Conservation |year=2007 |publisher=Basler Afrika Bibliographien |location=Basel |isbn= 9783905758009 |chapter=Shifting Identities |pages=300–302 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ePQlF_x4vYC}}</ref> These meetings included the Common Access to Development Conference organised by the [[Politics of Botswana|Government of Botswana]] held in [[Gaborone]] in 1993,<ref name=MG2007/> the 1996 inaugural Annual General Meeting of the Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA) held in Namibia,<ref>{{cite web|last= Le Raux |first= Willemien|title= Torn Apart – A Report on the Educational Situation of San Children in Southern Africa|url=http://www.wim-sa.org/resources/downloads|publisher=Kuru Development Trust and WIMSA |year=2000 |page=2|quote=Although the people are also known by the names Bushmen and Basarwa, the term ''San'' was chosen as an inclusive group name for this report, since WIMSA representatives have decided to use it until such time as one representative name for all groups will be accepted by all.}}</ref> and a 1997 conference in [[Cape Town]] on "Khoisan Identities and Cultural Heritage" organised by the [[University of the Western Cape]].<ref name=HitchcockBiesele>{{cite web|last1=Hitchcock|first1=Robert K.|last2= Biesele|first2= Megan|title= San, Khwe, Basarwa, or Bushmen? Terminology, Identity, and Empowerment in Southern Africa|url= http://www.khoisanpeoples.org/indepth/ind-identity.htm|work=Kalahari Peoples Fund|access-date=15 January 2014}}</ref>
The term ''San'' is now standard in South African, and used officially in the blazon of the [[Coat of arms of South Africa| national coat-of-arms]]. The "South African San Council" representing San communities in South Africa was established as part of WIMSA in 2001.<ref name=Marshall>{{cite news|last= Marshall|first=Leon|title=Africa's Bushmen May Get Rich From Diet-Drug Secret|url= http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0416_030416_san1.html|newspaper= National Geographic News|date= 16 April 2003}}</ref><ref name=WynbergChennells>{{cite book|last1= Wynberg|first1= Rachel|last2= Chennells|first2= Roger|title=Indigenous Peoples, Consent and Benefit Sharing Lessons from the San-Hoodia case|chapter=Green Diamonds of the South: An Overview of the San-Hoodia Case|year= 2009|publisher= Springer|location= Dordrecht|isbn= 9789048131235|page=102|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yrvafKoV2UC}}</ref>
"Bushmen" is now considered derogatory by many South Africans,<ref name=Mountain/><ref name=Britten/><ref>{{cite book|last=Adhikari|first=Mohamed|title=Not White Enough, Not Black Enough: Racial Identity in the South African Coloured Community|year=2009|publisher=Ohio University Press|page=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLw8KzRbRdQC|isbn=9780896804425}}</ref> to the point where, in 2008, use of ''boesman'' (the modern [[Afrikaans]] equivalent of "Bushman") in the ''[[Die Burger]]'' newspaper was brought before the [[Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000| Equality Court]], which however ruled that the mere use of the term cannot be taken as derogatory, after the San Council had testified that it had no objection to its use in a positive context.<ref>{{cite news|title=Use of the word 'boesman' not hate speech, court finds|url= http://mg.co.za/article/2008-04-11-use-of-the-word-boesman-not-hate-speech-court-finds|newspaper=Mail & Guardian |date=11 April 2008}}
{{cite news|last= Schroeder|first=Fatima|title=Court: Use of 'boesman' not hate speech|url= http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/court-use-of-boesman-not-hate-speech-1.396406#.UtJP9NIW2yg|newspaper= IOL |date= 14 April 2008}} "Objectively speaking and taking into account the context in which (Die Burger) published the word 'boesman' and the evidence of the San Council witness, I find that the usage of the word did not cause harm, hostility or hatred. Instead, the San Council's representative was adamant that no hurt or harm was caused to them or the San community with the manner in which (Die Burger) published the word 'boesman'."</ref>
The term ''Basarwa'' (singular ''Mosarwa'') is used for the San collectively in Botswana.<ref name=Suzman>{{cite book|last=Suzman|first=James|title=Regional Assessment of the Status of the San in Southern Africa|year= 2001|publisher= Legal Assistance Centre|location=Windhoek|isbn=99916-765-3-8|pages=3–4|url= http://www.lac.org.na/projects/lead/Pdf/sanintro.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last= Marshall|first= Leon|title= Bushmen Driven From Ancestral Lands in Botswana |url= http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0416_030416_san2.html|newspaper= National Geographic News|date= 16 April 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Basarwa Relocation – Introduction |url= http://www.gov.bw/basarwa/background.html|publisher=Government of Botswana |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060409191312/http://www.gov.bw/basarwa/background.html|archive-date=9 April 2006}}</ref>
The term is a Bantu ([[Tswana language |Tswana]]) word meaning "those who do not rear cattle".<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethnic Minorities and Indigenous Peoples|url= http://www.ditshwanelo.org.bw/ethnic.html|work= Ditshwanelo|publisher=The Botswana Centre for Human Rights|access-date=12 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140306195233/http://www.ditshwanelo.org.bw/ethnic.html|archive-date=6 March 2014}}</ref> Use of the ''mo/ba-'' [[Tswana language#Nouns|noun class]] indicates "people who are accepted", as opposed to the use of ''Masarwa'', an older variant which is now considered offensive.<ref name=HitchcockBiesele/><ref>{{cite web|last=Bennett|first=Bruce|title=Botswana historical place names and terminology|url= http://www.thuto.org/ubh/bw/plnam.htm|work= Thuto.org|publisher= University of Botswana History Department |access-date=12 January 2014}}</ref>
In Angola they are sometimes referred to as ''mucancalas'',<ref>{{Citation |year= 2013 |title= ZOONIMIA HISTÓRICO-COMPARATIVA BANTU: Os Cinco Grandes Herbívoros Africanos |language=pt |publisher=Rhino Resource Center |location= Utrecht, Netherlands |url= http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/140/1403765149.pdf |access-date= 19 February 2016}}</ref> or ''bosquímanos'' (a [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] adaptation of the Dutch term for "Bushmen").
The terms ''Amasili'' and [[Twa|''Batwa'']] are sometimes used for them in [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name=HitchcockBiesele/>
The San are also referred to as ''Batwa'' by [[Xhosa people]] and as ''Baroa'' by [[Sotho people]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Moran|first=Shane|title=Representing Bushmen: South Africa and the Origin of Language|year= 2009 |publisher= University of Rochester Press|location=Rochester, NY|isbn= 9781580462945|page= 3|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mz1sSYP4g7MC}}</ref>
The Bantu term ''Batwa'' refers to any foraging tribesmen and as such overlaps with the terminology used for the [[Pygmyism| "Pygmoid"]] [[Southern Twa]] of South-Central Africa.
==Society==
{{Further|San healing practices|San rock art|San religion}}
[[File:Botswana 063.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Drinking water from the bi bulb plant]]
[[File:BushmenSan.jpg|thumb|Starting a fire by hand]]
[[File:San wh03.jpg|thumb|Preparing poison arrows]]
[[File:San tribesman.jpg|thumb|San man]]
The San [[kinship system]] reflects their interdependence as traditionally small mobile foraging bands. San kinship is comparable to [[Eskimo kinship]], with the same set of terms as in European cultures, but also uses a name rule and an age rule. The age rule resolves any confusion arising from kinship terms, as the older of two people always decides what to call the younger. Relatively few names circulate (approximately 35 names per sex), and each child is named after a grandparent or another relative, but never their parents.
Children have no social duties besides playing, and leisure is very important to San of all ages. Large amounts of time are spent in conversation, joking, music, and sacred dances. Women have a high status in San society, are greatly respected, and may be leaders of their own family groups. They make important family and group decisions and claim ownership of water holes and foraging areas. Women are mainly involved in the gathering of food, but may also take part in hunting.
Water is important in San life. Droughts may last many months and waterholes may dry up. When this happens, they use sip wells. To get water this way, a San scrapes a deep hole where the sand is damp. Into this hole is inserted a long hollow grass stem. An empty [[ostrich egg]] is used to collect the water. Water is sucked into the straw from the sand, into the mouth, and then travels down another straw into the ostrich egg.
Traditionally, the San were an egalitarian society.<ref name=shostak>Marjorie Shostak, 1983, ''Nisa: The Life and Words of a ǃKung Woman''. New York: Vintage Books. Page 10.</ref> Although they had hereditary [[Tribal chief|chiefs]], their authority was limited. The San made decisions among themselves by [[consensus]],<ref>[http://orvillejenkins.com/profiles/kung.html The ǃKung Bushmen]. Orvillejenkins.com (22 May 2006). Retrieved 2012-01-29.</ref> with women treated as relative equals.<ref>Shostak 1983: 13</ref> San economy was a [[gift economy]], based on giving each other gifts regularly rather than on trading or purchasing goods and services.<ref>Shostak 1983: 9, 25</ref>
Most San are [[monogamy|monogamous]], but if a hunter is skilled enough to get a lot of food, he can afford to have a second wife as well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exploring-africa.com/en/botswana/san-or-bushmen/san-people|title = The San people|date = 6 September 2017}}</ref>
===Subsistence===
Villages range in sturdiness from nightly rain shelters in the warm spring (when people move constantly in search of budding greens), to formalised rings, wherein people congregate in the dry season around permanent waterholes. Early spring is the hardest season: a hot dry period following the cool, dry winter. Most plants still are dead or dormant, and supplies of autumn nuts are exhausted. Meat is particularly important in the dry months when wildlife can not range far from the receding waters.
Women gather fruit, berries, tubers, bush onions, and other plant materials for the band's consumption. [[Ostrich]] eggs are gathered, and the empty shells are used as water containers. Insects provide perhaps 10% of animal proteins consumed, most often during the dry season.<ref>{{cite book|author=Brian Morris |title=Insects and human life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ok-3NLX_8GQC&pg=PA57|year=2004|publisher=Berg |isbn=978-1-84520-075-6 |page=57}}</ref> Depending on location, the San consume 18 to 104 species, including grasshoppers, beetles, caterpillars, moths, butterflies, and termites.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ok-3NLX_8GQC&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q=&f=false Brian Morris (2005). Insects and Human Life, pp39-40.] See page 19: [https://books.google.com/books?id=ok-3NLX_8GQC&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q=san&f=false for insect use in medicine, poison for arrows etc. Also page 188 regarding Kaggen, the Praying Mantis trickster deity who created the moon] More on Kaggen, who might sabotage a hunt by transforming into a louse and biting the hunter: [https://books.google.com/books?id=NtyI0b1CiDkC&pg=PA111#v=onepage&q=&f=false Mathias Georg Guenther (1999). ''Tricksters and Trancers: Bushman Religion and Society.'' p111.]</ref>
Women's traditional gathering gear is simple and effective: a hide sling, a blanket, a cloak called a ''kaross'' to carry foodstuffs, firewood, smaller bags, a digging stick, and perhaps, a smaller version of the [[kaross]] to carry a baby.
Men hunt in long, laborious [[Tracking (hunting)|tracking]] excursions. They kill their game using [[bow and arrow]]s and [[spear]]s tipped in [[diamphotoxin]], a slow-acting [[arrow poison]] produced by beetle [[larva]]e of the genus ''[[Diamphidia]]''.<ref name=biodiversity>[http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/beetles/chrysomelidae/alticinae/arrows.htm "How San hunters use beetles to poison their arrows"] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/67myLc1ye?url=http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/beetles/chrysomelidae/alticinae/arrows.htm |date=20 May 2012 }}, Biodiversity Explorer website</ref><!--does this mean only the men who were in the hunt, or all men and those women who were hunting or something else entirely?-->
===Early history===
[[File:Wandering hunters (Masarwa bushmen), North Kalahari Desert.jpg|thumb|''Wandering hunters ([[Taa language|Masarwa]] Bushmen), North Kalahari desert'', published in 1892 (from [[Henry Anderson Bryden|H.A. Bryden]] photogr.)]]
A set of tools almost identical to that used by the modern San and dating to 42,000 BC was discovered at [[Border Cave]] in [[KwaZulu-Natal]] in 2012.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19069560 Earliest' evidence of modern human culture found], Nick Crumpton, BBC News, 31 July 2012</ref>
Historical evidence shows that certain San communities have always lived in the desert regions of the Kalahari; however, eventually nearly all other San communities in southern Africa were forced into this region. The Kalahari San remained in poverty where their richer neighbours denied them rights to the land. Before long, in both Botswana and Namibia, they found their territory drastically reduced.<ref>[http://www.theartofafrica.co.za/serv/moderntimes.jsp "The modern day Bushmen / San"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618001626/http://www.theartofafrica.co.za/serv/moderntimes.jsp |date=18 June 2011 }}. Art of Africa. Retrieved 2012-01-29.</ref>
==Genetics==
Various [[Y chromosome]] studies show that the San carry some of the most divergent (oldest) [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|human Y-chromosome haplogroup]]s. These haplogroups are specific sub-groups of haplogroups [[Haplogroup A (Y-DNA)|A]] and [[Haplogroup B (Y-DNA)|B]], the two earliest branches on the human Y-chromosome [[phylogenetic tree|tree]].<ref name=j1>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1|title=African Y Chromosome and mtDNA Divergence Provides Insight into the History of Click Languages|year=2003|last1=Knight|first1=Alec|last2=Underhill|first2=Peter A.|last3=Mortensen|first3=Holly M.|last4=Zhivotovsky|first4=Lev A.|last5=Lin|first5=Alice A.|last6=Henn|first6=Brenna M.|last7=Louis|first7=Dorothy|last8=Ruhlen|first8=Merritt|last9=Mountain|first9=Joanna L.|journal=Current Biology|volume=13|issue=6|pages=464–73|pmid=12646128|s2cid=52862939|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pmid=11420360 |url=http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Hammer_MBE_2001.pdf|year=2001 |last1=Hammer|first1=MF |last2=Karafet|first2=TM|last3=Redd|first3=AJ|last4=Jarjanazi|first4=H|last5=Santachiara-Benerecetti|first5=S |last6=Soodyall|first6=H|last7=Zegura|first7=SL|title=Hierarchical patterns of global human Y-chromosome diversity |volume=18|issue=7 |pages=1189–203|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/2041-2223-1-6 |title=Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations |year=2010|last1=Naidoo |first1=Thijessen |last2=Schlebusch |first2=Carina M |last3=Makkan|first3=Heeran |last4=Patel |first4=Pareen|last5=Mahabeer |first5=Rajeshree |last6=Erasmus|first6=Johannes C|last7=Soodyall |first7=Himla|journal=Investigative Genetics|volume=1|page=6|pmid=21092339|issue=1|pmc=2988483}}</ref>
[[Mitochondrial DNA]] studies also provide evidence that the San carry high frequencies of the earliest [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup|haplogroup]] branches in the human mitochondrial DNA tree. This DNA is inherited only from one's mother. The most divergent (oldest) mitochondrial haplogroup, [[Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA)|L0]]d, has been identified at its highest frequencies in the southern African San groups.<ref name=j1/><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1086/302848|title=MtDNA Variation in the South African Kung and Khwe—and Their Genetic Relationships to Other African Populations|year=2000|last1=Chen|first1=Yu-Sheng|last2=Olckers|first2=Antonel|last3=Schurr|first3=Theodore G.|last4=Kogelnik|first4=Andreas M.|last5=Huoponen|first5=Kirsi|last6=Wallace|first6=Douglas C.|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=66|issue=4|pages=1362–83|pmid=10739760|pmc=1288201}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/molbev/msm155|title=History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation|year=2007 |last1=Tishkoff|first1=S. A. |last2=Gonder|first2=M. K. |last3=Henn|first3=B. M. |last4=Mortensen|first4=H. |last5=Knight|first5=A. |last6=Gignoux|first6=C. |last7=Fernandopulle|first7=N. |last8=Lema|first8=G. |last9=Nyambo|first9=T. B. |first10=U. |last10=Ramakrishnan |first11=F. A. |last11=Reed |first12=J. L. |last12=Mountain |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=24|issue=10|pages=2180–95 |pmid=17656633|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/elps.200900197|title=SNaPshot minisequencing to resolve mitochondrial macro-haplogroups found in Africa|year=2009|last1=Schlebusch|first1=Carina M.|last2=Naidoo|first2=Thijessen|last3=Soodyall |first3=Himla|journal=Electrophoresis |volume=30|issue=21 |pages=3657–64 |pmid=19810027|s2cid=19515426}}</ref>
In a study published in March 2011, Brenna Henn and colleagues found that the ǂKhomani San, as well as the [[Sandawe people|Sandawe]] and [[Hadza people]]s of [[Tanzania]], were the most genetically diverse of any living humans studied. This high degree of genetic diversity hints at the origin of [[anatomically modern humans]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Henn |first1=Brenna |last2=Gignoux |first2=Christopher R. |last3=Jobin |first3=Matthew |year=2011 |title=Hunter-gatherer genomic diversity suggests a southern African origin for modern humans |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=108 |issue=13 |pages=5154–62 |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |doi=10.1073/pnas.1017511108 |pmid=21383195 |pmc=3069156|url=https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/44431/1/1017511108.full.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kaplan |first=Matt |year=2011 |title=Gene Study Challenges Human Origins in Eastern Africa |journal=[[Scientific American]]|publisher=[[Nature Publishing Group]] |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gene-study-challenges-human-origin-africa/ |access-date=22 June 2012}}</ref>
A 2008 study suggested that the San may have been isolated from other original ancestral groups for as much as 100,000 years and later rejoined, re-integrating into the rest of the human gene pool.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7358868.stm|title= Human line 'nearly split in two'|work=BBC News|date=24 April 2008 | access-date=2009-12-31 | first=Paul | last=Rincon}}</ref>
A DNA study of fully sequenced genomes, published in September 2016, showed that the ancestors of today's San hunter-gatherers began to diverge from other human populations in Africa about 200,000 years ago and were fully isolated by 100,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/22/science/ancient-dna-human-history.html?_r=0|title= A Single Migration From Africa Populated the World, Studies Find'|publisher=New York Times, by Zimmer, Karl|date=21 September 2016}}</ref>
==Ancestral land conflict in Botswana==
{{main|Ancestral land conflict in Botswana}}
Much [[aboriginal people]]'s land in Botswana, including land occupied by the San people (or ''Basarwa''), was conquered during colonisation, and the pattern of loss of land and access to natural resources continued after Botswana's independence.<ref name=Anaya/>{{rp|2}} The San have been particularly affected by encroachment by majority peoples and non-indigenous farmers onto land traditionally occupied by San people. Government policies from the 1970s transferred a significant area of traditionally San land to [[White people|white]] settlers and majority [[agro-pastoralist]] tribes.<ref name=Anaya/>{{rp|15}} Much of the government's policy regarding land tended to favor the dominant [[Tswana people|Tswana]] peoples over the minority San and [[Bakgalagadi]].<ref name=Anaya/>{{rp|2}} Loss of land is a major contributor to the problems facing Botswana's indigenous people, including especially the San's eviction from the [[Central Kalahari Game Reserve]].<ref name=Anaya/>{{rp|2}} The government of Botswana decided to relocate all of those living within the reserve to settlements outside it. Harassment of residents, dismantling of infrastructure, and bans on hunting appear to have been used to induce residents to leave.<ref name=Anaya/>{{rp|16}} The government has denied that any of the relocation was forced.<ref name="Forced Evictions-- Towards Solutions?: Second Report of the Advisory Group on Forced Evictions to the Executive Director of UN-HABITAT">{{cite book|last=Advisory Group on Forced Evictions, United Nations Human Settlements Programme|title=Forced Evictions-- Towards Solutions?: Second Report of the Advisory Group on Forced Evictions to the Executive Director of UN-HABITAT |year=2007 |publisher=UN-HABITAT|isbn=978-92-1-131909-5 |page=115 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbpwMRxCsegC&q=%22C.S+Maribe%22}}</ref> A legal battle followed.<ref name=LandsBack>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/africa/12/13/bushmen.reut/index.html |title=Botswana's bushmen get Kalahari lands back |publisher=CNN |access-date=2006-12-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061220110621/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/africa/12/13/bushmen.reut/index.html|date=13 December 2006 |archive-date = 20 December 2006}}</ref> The relocation policy may have been intended to facilitate [[diamond mining]] by [[Gem Diamonds]] within the reserve.<ref name=Anaya/>{{rp|18}}
==''Hoodia'' traditional knowledge agreement==
''[[Hoodia gordonii]]'', used by the San, was patented by the South African [[Council for Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR) in 1998, for its presumed appetite suppressing quality. A licence was granted to [[Phytopharm]], for development of the active ingredient in the ''Hoodia'' plant, [[p57 (glycoside)]], to be used as a pharmaceutical drug for dieting. Once this patent was brought to the attention of the San, a benefit-sharing agreement was reached between them and the CSIR in 2003. This would award royalties to the San for the benefits of their indigenous knowledge.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1747-1796.2004.tb00231.x| title = Rhetoric, Realism and Benefit-Sharing| journal = The Journal of World Intellectual Property| volume = 7| issue = 6| pages = 851–876| year = 2005| last1 = Wynberg | first1 = R. |url=http://www.icimod.org/resource/2248}}</ref> During the case, the San people were represented and assisted by the Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA), the South African San Council and the South African San Institute.<ref name=Marshall/><ref name=WynbergChennells/>
This benefit-sharing agreement is one of the first to give royalties to the holders of traditional knowledge used for drug sales. The terms of the agreement are contentious, because of their apparent lack of adherence to the Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing, as outlined in the [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] (CBD).<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/1467-9388.00346| title = The Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing| journal = Review of European Community and International Environmental Law| volume = 12| pages = 84–98| year = 2003| last1 = Tully | first1 = S. |url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/articles/2003/A-00457.pdf}}</ref> The San have yet to profit from this agreement, as P57 has still not yet been legally developed and marketed.
==Representation in mass media==
[[File:Southafrica468bushman.jpg|thumb|[[Rock art of the Bushmen|Rock paintings]] in the [[Cederberg]], [[Western Cape]]]]
[[File:San-Paintings Murewa ZW.jpg|thumb|San paintings near [[Murewa]], [[Zimbabwe]]]]
[[File:San-Elephant Murewa ZW.jpg|thumb|San paintings near Murewa]]
===Early representations===
The San of the [[Kalahari]] were first brought to the globalized world's attention in the 1950s by South African author [[Laurens van der Post]]. Van der Post grew up in South Africa, and had a respectful lifelong fascination with native African cultures. In 1955, he was commissioned by the [[BBC]] to go to the Kalahari desert with a film crew in search of the San. The filmed material was turned into a very popular six-part television documentary a year later. Driven by a lifelong fascination with this "vanished tribe", Van der Post published a 1958 book about this expedition, entitled ''The Lost World of the Kalahari''. It was to be his most famous book.
In 1961, he published ''The Heart of the Hunter'', a narrative which he admits in the introduction uses two previous works of stories and mythology as "a sort of Stone Age Bible", namely ''[[Specimens of Bushman Folklore]]''' (1911), [[folkloristics|collected]] by [[Wilhelm Bleek|Wilhelm H. I. Bleek]] and [[Lucy Lloyd|Lucy C. Lloyd]], and [[Dorothea Bleek]]'s ''Mantis and His Friend''. Van der Post's work brought indigenous African cultures to millions of people around the world for the first time, but some people disparaged it as part of the subjective view of a European in the 1950s and 1960s, stating that he branded the San as simple "children of Nature" or even "mystical ecologists".
In 1992 by John Perrot and team published the book [http://www.khoisanpeoples.org/sites/book-site.htm "Bush for the Bushman"] – a [http://savethesan.org "desperate plea"] on behalf of the aboriginal San addressing the international community and calling on the governments throughout Southern Africa to respect and reconstitute the ancestral land-rights of all San.
===Documentaries and non-fiction===
{{Advert section|date=July 2019}}
[[John Marshall (filmmaker)|John Marshall]], the son of [[Harvard University|Harvard]] anthropologist [[Lorna Marshall]], documented the lives of San in the [[Nyae Nyae]] region of [[Namibia]] over a more than 50-year period. His early film ''The Hunters'', released in 1957, shows a giraffe hunt. ''A Kalahari Family'' (2002) is a five-part, six-hour series documenting 50 years in the lives of the ''Juǀʼhoansi'' of Southern Africa, from 1951 to 2000. Marshall was a vocal proponent of the San cause throughout his life.<ref name=Thomas>{{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Elizabeth Marshall|title=The Old Way: A Story of the First People|year=2007|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9781429954518|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rtHR8_gK_WwC|pages=xiii,45–47}}</ref> His sister [[Elizabeth Marshall Thomas]] wrote several books and numerous articles about the San, based in part on her experiences living with these people when their culture was still intact. ''The Harmless People'', published in 1959 (revised in 1989), and ''The Old Way: A Story of the First People'', published in 2006, are the two primary works. John Marshall and Adrienne Miesmer documented the lives of the ǃKung San people between the 1950s and 1978 in ''[[Nǃai, the Story of a ǃKung Woman]]''. This film, the account of a woman who grew up while the San lived as autonomous hunter-gatherers, but who later was forced into a dependent life in the government-created community at Tsumkwe, shows how the lives of the [[ǃKung people]], who lived for millennia as hunter gatherers, were forever changed when they were forced onto a reservation too small to support them.<ref>Kray, C. (1978) [http://people.rit.edu/cakgss/nai.html "Notes on 'Nǃai: The Story of a ǃKung Woman'"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714061158/http://people.rit.edu/cakgss/nai.html |date=14 July 2008 }}. RIT. n.d. Web. 5 October 2013.</ref>
South African film-maker Richard Wicksteed has produced a number of documentaries on San culture, history and present situation; these include ''In God's Places'' / ''Iindawo ZikaThixo'' (1995) on the San cultural legacy in the southern Drakensberg; ''Death of a Bushman'' (2002) on the murder of San tracker Optel Rooi by South African police; ''The Will To Survive'' (2009), which covers the history and situation of San communities in southern Africa today; and ''My Land is My Dignity'' (2009) on the San's epic land rights struggle in Botswana's [[Central Kalahari Game Reserve]].
A documentary on San hunting entitled, ''The Great Dance: A Hunter's Story'' (2000), directed by Damon and [[Craig Foster (filmmaker)|Craig Foster]]. This was reviewed by [[Lawrence Van Gelder]] for the ''[[New York Times]]'', who said that the film "constitutes an act of preservation and a requiem".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Van Gelder|first1=Lawrence|title=A Hunter's Story|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/29/movies/film-in-review-the-great-dance.html?pagewanted=print&src=p|work=The New York Times|date=29 September 2000}}</ref>
[[Spencer Wells]]'s 2003 book ''[[The Journey of Man]]''—in connection with [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]'s [[Genographic Project]]—discusses a [[Genetics|genetic]] analysis of the San and asserts their [[genetic markers]] were the first ones to split from those of the ancestors of the bulk of other ''Homo sapiens sapiens''. The [[PBS]] documentary based on the book follows these markers throughout the world, demonstrating that all of humankind can be traced back to the [[African continent]] (see [[Recent African origin of modern humans]], the so-called "out of Africa" hypothesis).
The BBC's ''[[The Life of Mammals#10. .22Food for Thought.22|The Life of Mammals]]'' (2003) series includes video footage of an indigenous San of the Kalahari desert undertaking a [[persistence hunt]] of a [[kudu]] through harsh desert conditions.<ref>{{cite web|last=Attenborough|first=David|title=Human Mammal, Human Hunter (video)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=826HMLoiE_o| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211104/826HMLoiE_o| archive-date=2021-11-04 | url-status=live|work=[[The Life of Mammals]]|publisher=BBC |date=5 February 2003}}{{cbignore}}</ref> It provides an illustration of how early man may have pursued and captured prey with minimal weaponry.
The BBC series ''[[How Art Made the World]]'' (2005) compares [[Rock art of the Bushmen|San cave paintings]] from 200 years ago to [[Ice Age art|Paleolithic European paintings]] that are 14,000 years old.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/howartmadetheworld/episodes/pictures/san/|title=How Art Made the World. Episodes . The Day Pictures Were Born. The San People of South Africa {{!}} PBS|website=www.pbs.org|access-date=2016-05-20}}</ref> Because of their similarities, the San works may illustrate the reasons for ancient cave paintings. The presenter [[Nigel Spivey]] draws largely on the work of Professor [[David Lewis-Williams]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Download How Art Made the World (Hardback) - Common ePub eBook @6B3B522E7DEEE17DDA23E86C6926E2F6.NMCOBERTURAS.COM.BR|url=http://6b3b522e7deee17dda23e86c6926e2f6.nmcoberturas.com.br/|website=6b3b522e7deee17dda23e86c6926e2f6.nmcoberturas.com.br|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> whose PhD was entitled "Believing and Seeing: Symbolic meanings in southern San rock paintings". Lewis-Williams draws parallels with prehistoric art around the world, linking in shamanic ritual and trance states.
Les Stroud devoted an episode of Beyond Survival (2011) to the San Bushman of the Kalahari.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/TEkbzvbQ5_8 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210102082237/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEkbzvbQ5_8 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEkbzvbQ5_8| title = Survivorman {{!}} Beyond Survival {{!}} Season 1 {{!}} Episode 3 {{!}} The San Bushman of the Kalahari {{!}} Les Stroud | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<!-- This reads like an ad and contains a link directly to the publisher's website, which would seem to violate the policy on external links -->
===Films and music===
[[File:Rock painting in Twyfelfontein3.jpg|thumb|Rock painting of a man in Twyfelfontein valley]]
A 1969 film, ''[[Lost in the Desert]]'', features a small boy, stranded in the desert, who encounters a group of wandering San. They help him and then abandon him as a result of a misunderstanding created by the lack of a common language and culture. The film was directed by [[Jamie Uys]], who returned to the San a decade later with ''[[The Gods Must Be Crazy]]'', which proved to be an international hit. This comedy portrays a Kalahari San group's first encounter with an [[Cultural artifact|artifact]] from the outside world (a [[Coca-Cola]] bottle). By the time this movie was made, the ǃKung had recently been forced into sedentary villages, and the San hired as actors were confused by the instructions to act out inaccurate exaggerations of their almost abandoned hunting and gathering life.<ref>''[[Nǃai, the Story of a ǃKung Woman]]''. Documentary Educational Resources and Public Broadcasting Associates, 1980.</ref>
"[[Eh Hee]]" by [[Dave Matthews Band]] was written as an evocation of the music and culture of the San. In a story told to the [[Radio City Music Hall|Radio City]] audience (an edited version of which appears on the DVD version of ''[[Live at Radio City]]''), Matthews recalls hearing the music of the San and, upon asking his guide what the words to their songs were, being told that "there are no words to these songs, because these songs, we've been singing since before people had words". He goes on to describe the song as his "homage to meeting... the most advanced people on the planet".
[[File:Giraffe, Twyfelfontein.jpg|thumb|Rock engraving of a giraffe in Twyfelfontein valley]]
===Memoirs===
In [[Peter Godwin (writer)|Peter Godwin]]'s biography ''When A Crocodile Eats the Sun'', he mentions his time spent with the San for an assignment. His title comes from the San's belief that a solar eclipse occurs when a crocodile eats the sun.
===Novels===
[[Laurens van der Post]]'s two novels, ''A Story Like The Wind'' (1972) and its sequel, ''A Far Off Place'' (1974), made into a [[A Far-Off Place|1993 film]], are about a white boy encountering a wandering San and his wife, and how the San's life and survival skills save the white teenagers' lives in a journey across the desert.
[[James A. Michener]]'s ''[[The Covenant (novel)|The Covenant]]'' (1980), is a work of [[historical fiction]] centered on South Africa. The first section of the book concerns a San community's journey set roughly in 13,000 BC.
In [[Wilbur Smith]]'s novel ''[[The Burning Shore]]'' (an instalment in the [[Courtneys of Africa book series]]), the San people are portrayed through two major characters, O'wa and H'ani; Smith describes the San's struggles, history, and beliefs in great detail.
[[Norman Rush]]'s 1991 novel [[Mating (novel)|Mating]] features an encampment of Basarwa near the (imaginary) Botswana town where the main action is set.
[[Tad Williams]]'s epic ''[[Otherland]]'' series of novels features a South African San named ǃXabbu, whom Williams confesses to be highly fictionalised, and not necessarily an accurate representation. In the novel, Williams invokes aspects of San mythology and culture.
In 2007, [[David Gilman (writer)|David Gilman]] published ''The Devil's Breath''. One of the main characters, a small San boy named ǃKoga, uses traditional methods to help the character Max Gordon travel across Namibia.
[[Alexander McCall Smith]] has written a series of [[episodic fiction|episodic novels]] set in [[Gaborone]], the capital of Botswana. The fiancé of the protagonist of ''[[The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency]]'' series, Mr. J. L. B. Matekoni, adopts two orphaned San children, sister and brother Motholeli and Puso.
The San feature in several of the novels by Michael Stanley (the ''nom de plume'' of Michael Sears and Stanley Trollip), particularly in ''Death of the Mantis''.
==Notable individuals==
*[[Nǃxau ǂToma]]
*[[Roy Sesana]]
*[[Royal ǀUiǀoǀoo]]
*[[Dawid Kruiper]]
=== |Xam Notable individuals===
* [[kabbo]]
* [[!Kweiten-ta-ǀǀKen]]
==See also==
*[[First People of the Kalahari]]
*[[Kalahari Debate]]
*[[Khoisan]]
*[[Negro of Banyoles]]
*[[San religion]]
*[[San rock art]]
* [[Botswanan art#San art]]
*[[Strandloper (people)|Strandloper]]
*[[Vaalpens]]
*[[Boskop Man]]
==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}
<!--Please add new notes in-line (in the text), not here. See other notes for example. -->
==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book |author=Shostak, Marjorie |author-link=Marjorie Shostak |year=1983 |title=Nisa: The Life and Words of a ǃKung Woman |location=New York |publisher=[[Vintage Books]] |isbn=0-7139-1486-6}}
==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |author=Gordon, Robert J. |year=1999 |title=The Bushman Myth: The Making of a Namibian Underclass |isbn=0-8133-3581-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bushmanmythmakin00gord }}
*{{Cite book |author=Howell, Nancy |year=1979 |title=Demography of the Dobe ǃKung |location=New York |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=0-12-357350-5}}
*{{Cite book |author=Lee, Richard |author2=Irven DeVore |year=1999 |title=Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers: Studies of the ǃKung San & Their Neighbors |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=0-674-49980-8}}
*{{cite web|last=Solomon|first=Anne|title=The myth of ritual origins? Ethnography, mythology and interpretation of San rock art|url=http://www.antiquityofman.com/Solomon_myth_ritual.html|year=1997|work=The Antiquity of Man|publisher=South African Archaeological Bulletin}}
*{{cite web|last=Minkel|first=J. R.|title=Offerings to a Stone Snake Provide the Earliest Evidence of Religion|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=offerings-to-a-stone-snak|date=1 December 2006|work=Scientific American|access-date=12 January 2014}}
*{{cite news|last=Choi|first=Charles|title=African Hunter-Gatherers Are Offshoots of Earliest Human Split|url=http://www.livescience.com/23378-african-hunter-gatherers-human-origins.html|newspaper=LiveScience|date=21 September 2012}}
* San Spirituality: Roots, Expression,(2004) and Social Consequences, J. David Lewis-Williams, David G. Pearce, {{ISBN|978-0759104327}}
* Barnard, Alan. (1992): ''Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa.'' Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0521411882}}.
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikisource1911Enc|Bushmen}}
<!-- local organisations -->
* [http://www.khoisanpeoples.org/ The site of the Khoisan Speakers]
* [http://www.khwattu.org/ ǃKhwa ttu – San Education and Culture Centre]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070911175447/http://www.kuru.co.bw/ Kuru Family of Organisations]
* [http://www.san.org.za/ South African San Institute]
<!-- international organisations -->
* [http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/bushman/ Bradshaw Foundation – The San Bushmen of South Africa]
* [http://www.culturalsurvival.org/country/botswana Cultural Survival – Botswana]
* [http://www.culturalsurvival.org/country/namibia Cultural Survival – Namibia]
* [http://www.iwgia.org/regions/africa International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs – Africa]
* [http://www.kalaharipeoples.org/ Kalahari Peoples Fund]
* [http://www.survival-international.org/tribes/bushmen Survival International – Bushmen]
{{Ethnic groups in Angola}}
{{Ethnic groups in Botswana}}
{{Ethnic groups in Namibia}}
{{Ethnic groups in South Africa}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:San people| ]]
[[Category:African nomads]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Angola]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Botswana]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Namibia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Africa]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Hunter-gatherers of Africa]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Southern Africa]]'
|
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'@@ -1,28 +1,3 @@
-{{Redirect|Bushmen|other uses|Bushman (disambiguation){{!}}Bushman}}
-{{distinguish|Sand People}}
-{{short description|Members of various indigenous hunter-gatherer people of Southern Africa}}
-{{use British English|date=January 2014}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
-{{Infobox ethnic group
-| group = San<br><small>Bushmen</small>
-| image = [[File:Namibian Bushmen Girls.JPG|300px]]
-| caption = [[Juǀ'hoan]] children in
- [[Namibia]].
-| population = ~105,000
-| region1 = {{flag|Botswana}}
-| pop1 = 63,500
-| region2 = {{flag|Namibia}}
-| pop2 = 27,000
-| region3 = {{flag|South Africa}}
-| pop3 = 10,000
-| region4 = {{flag|Angola}}
-| pop4 = <5,000
-| region5 = {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
-| pop5 = 1,200
-| rels = [[San religion]], [[Christianity in Africa|Christianity]]
-| langs = All languages of the [[Khoe languages|Khoe]], [[Kx'a languages|Kx'a]], and [[Tuu languages|Tuu]] language families, [[English language|English]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
-| related = [[Khoekhoe]], [[Basters]], [[Griqua people|Griqua]]
-}}{{Cleanup lang|date=August 2021}}[[File:KhoisanLanguagesModernDistribution.png|thumb|Map of modern distribution of "Khoisan languages" ; the languages shaded blue and green are traditionally viewed as San languages.]]
-The '''San peoples''' (also '''Saan'''), or '''Bushmen''',<ref>"University of Utah anthropologist [[Henry Harpending]], who has lived with the famous tongue-clicking hunter-gatherers said, 'In the 1970s the name "San" spread in Europe and America because it seemed to be politically correct, while "Bushmen" sounded derogatory and sexist.' Unfortunately, the hunter-gatherers never actually had a collective name for themselves in any of their own languages. 'San' was actually the insulting word that the herding Khoi people called the Bushmen. '[...] one did not call someone a San to his face. I continued to use Bushman, and I was publicly corrected several times by the righteous. [...]'" {{cite news|last=Sailer|first=Steve|title=Feature: Name game – 'Inuit' or 'Eskimo'?|url=http://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2002/06/20/Feature-Name-game-Inuit-or-Eskimo/UPI-43191024597290/|newspaper=UPI|date=20 June 2002}}</ref> are members of various [[Khoe languages|Khoe]], [[Tuu languages|Tuu]], or [[Kxʼa languages|Kxʼa]]-speaking indigenous [[hunter-gatherer]] cultures that are the [[Indigenous peoples of Africa|first cultures]] of [[Southern Africa]], and whose territories span [[Botswana]], [[Namibia]], [[Angola]], [[Zambia]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Lesotho]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Mountain Bushmen of Basutoland |last=Walsham How |first=Marion |publisher=J. L. Van Schaik Ltd. |year=1962 |location=[[Pretoria]] }}</ref> and [[South Africa]]. In 2017, Botswana was home to approximately 63,500 San people, which is roughly 2.8% of the country's population, making it the country with the highest population of San people.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hitchcook|first1=Robert|last2=Sapignoli|first2=Maria|date=7 August 2019|title=The economic wellbeing of the san of the western, central and eastern Kalahari regions of Botswana|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335022800|pages=170–183|via=research gate}}</ref>
+NARUTO SASUKE
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[
0 => '{{Redirect|Bushmen|other uses|Bushman (disambiguation){{!}}Bushman}}',
1 => '{{distinguish|Sand People}}',
2 => '{{short description|Members of various indigenous hunter-gatherer people of Southern Africa}}',
3 => '{{use British English|date=January 2014}}',
4 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}',
5 => '{{Infobox ethnic group',
6 => '| group = San<br><small>Bushmen</small>',
7 => '| image = [[File:Namibian Bushmen Girls.JPG|300px]]',
8 => '| caption = [[Juǀ'hoan]] children in ',
9 => ' [[Namibia]].',
10 => '| population = ~105,000',
11 => '| region1 = {{flag|Botswana}}',
12 => '| pop1 = 63,500',
13 => '| region2 = {{flag|Namibia}}',
14 => '| pop2 = 27,000',
15 => '| region3 = {{flag|South Africa}}',
16 => '| pop3 = 10,000',
17 => '| region4 = {{flag|Angola}}',
18 => '| pop4 = <5,000',
19 => '| region5 = {{flag|Zimbabwe}}',
20 => '| pop5 = 1,200',
21 => '| rels = [[San religion]], [[Christianity in Africa|Christianity]]',
22 => '| langs = All languages of the [[Khoe languages|Khoe]], [[Kx'a languages|Kx'a]], and [[Tuu languages|Tuu]] language families, [[English language|English]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]',
23 => '| related = [[Khoekhoe]], [[Basters]], [[Griqua people|Griqua]]',
24 => '}}{{Cleanup lang|date=August 2021}}[[File:KhoisanLanguagesModernDistribution.png|thumb|Map of modern distribution of "Khoisan languages" ; the languages shaded blue and green are traditionally viewed as San languages.]]',
25 => 'The '''San peoples''' (also '''Saan'''), or '''Bushmen''',<ref>"University of Utah anthropologist [[Henry Harpending]], who has lived with the famous tongue-clicking hunter-gatherers said, 'In the 1970s the name "San" spread in Europe and America because it seemed to be politically correct, while "Bushmen" sounded derogatory and sexist.' Unfortunately, the hunter-gatherers never actually had a collective name for themselves in any of their own languages. 'San' was actually the insulting word that the herding Khoi people called the Bushmen. '[...] one did not call someone a San to his face. I continued to use Bushman, and I was publicly corrected several times by the righteous. [...]'" {{cite news|last=Sailer|first=Steve|title=Feature: Name game – 'Inuit' or 'Eskimo'?|url=http://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2002/06/20/Feature-Name-game-Inuit-or-Eskimo/UPI-43191024597290/|newspaper=UPI|date=20 June 2002}}</ref> are members of various [[Khoe languages|Khoe]], [[Tuu languages|Tuu]], or [[Kxʼa languages|Kxʼa]]-speaking indigenous [[hunter-gatherer]] cultures that are the [[Indigenous peoples of Africa|first cultures]] of [[Southern Africa]], and whose territories span [[Botswana]], [[Namibia]], [[Angola]], [[Zambia]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Lesotho]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Mountain Bushmen of Basutoland |last=Walsham How |first=Marion |publisher=J. L. Van Schaik Ltd. |year=1962 |location=[[Pretoria]] }}</ref> and [[South Africa]]. In 2017, Botswana was home to approximately 63,500 San people, which is roughly 2.8% of the country's population, making it the country with the highest population of San people.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hitchcook|first1=Robert|last2=Sapignoli|first2=Maria|date=7 August 2019|title=The economic wellbeing of the san of the western, central and eastern Kalahari regions of Botswana|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335022800|pages=170–183|via=research gate}}</ref>'
]
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[]
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[
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2 => 'http://unsr.jamesanaya.org/docs/countries/2010_report_botswana_en.pdf',
3 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=wDZjDwAAQBAJ&q=Boskopoid',
4 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/worlds-most-ancient-race-traced-in-dna-study-1677113.html',
5 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8027269.stm',
6 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090701001654/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8027269.stm',
7 => '//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2947357',
8 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324.1035T',
9 => '//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1172257',
10 => '//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19407144',
11 => 'https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/220296.pdf',
12 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=2YnZU4NCv3IC',
13 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=MylyVq_dMoIC',
14 => 'http://mg.co.za/article/2007-09-05-san-bushmen-or-basarwa-whats-in-a-name',
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) |
'<div class="mw-parser-output"><p>NARUTO SASUKE
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Definition"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Definition</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Names"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Names</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Society"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Society</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Subsistence"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Subsistence</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Early_history"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Early history</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Genetics"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Genetics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Ancestral_land_conflict_in_Botswana"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Ancestral land conflict in Botswana</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Hoodia_traditional_knowledge_agreement"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Hoodia</i> traditional knowledge agreement</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Representation_in_mass_media"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Representation in mass media</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Early_representations"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early representations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Documentaries_and_non-fiction"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Documentaries and non-fiction</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Films_and_music"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Films and music</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Memoirs"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Memoirs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Novels"><span class="tocnumber">8.5</span> <span class="toctext">Novels</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Notable_individuals"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Notable individuals</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#|Xam_Notable_individuals"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">|Xam Notable individuals</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Definition">Definition</span></h2>
<p>The term "Sann" has a long vowel and is spelled <b>Sān</b> (in <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoegowab" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoekhoegowab">Khoekhoegowab</a> orthography). It is a <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoekhoe</a> <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> with the meaning of "foragers" and was often used in a derogatory manner to describe nomadic, foraging people. Based on observation of lifestyle, this term has been applied to speakers of three distinct language families living between the <a href="/wiki/Okavango_River" title="Okavango River">Okavango River</a> in Botswana and <a href="/wiki/Etosha_National_Park" title="Etosha National Park">Etosha National Park</a> in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, extending up into southern <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>; central peoples of most of <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> and Botswana, extending into Zambia and Zimbabwe; and the southern people in the central <a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari</a> towards the <a href="/wiki/Molopo_River" title="Molopo River">Molopo River</a>, who are the last remnant of the previously extensive indigenous "San" of South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnard_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnard-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bushmen_Hottentots_armed_for_an_expedition.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bushmen_Hottentots_armed_for_an_expedition.png/220px-Bushmen_Hottentots_armed_for_an_expedition.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="934" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bushmen_Hottentots_armed_for_an_expedition.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Bush-Men Hottentots armed for an Expedition,</i> 1804</div></div></div>
<p>The hunter-gatherer San are among the oldest cultures on Earth,<sup id="cite_ref-Anton_&_Shelton_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anton_&_Shelton-2">[2]</a></sup> and are thought to be descended from the first inhabitants of what is now Botswana and South Africa. The historical presence of the San in Botswana is particularly evident in northern Botswana's <a href="/wiki/Tsodilo_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsodilo Hills">Tsodilo Hills</a> region. San were traditionally <a href="/wiki/Semi-nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-nomadic">semi-nomadic</a>, moving seasonally within certain defined areas based on the availability of resources such as water, <a href="/wiki/Game_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Game animals">game animals</a>, and edible plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Anaya_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anaya-3">[3]</a></sup> Peoples related to or similar to the San occupied the southern shores throughout the eastern shrubland and may have formed a <a href="/wiki/Sangoan" title="Sangoan">Sangoan</a> continuum from the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>From the 1950s through to the 1990s, San communities switched to farming because of government-mandated modernisation programs. Despite the lifestyle changes, they have provided a wealth of information in <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>. One broad study of African <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a> completed in 2009 found that San people were among the five populations with the highest measured levels of genetic diversity among the 121 distinct African populations sampled.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gill_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> Certain San groups are one of 14 known extant "ancestral population clusters"; that is, "groups of populations with common genetic ancestry, who share ethnicity and similarities in both their culture and the properties of their languages".<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Despite some positive aspects of government development programs reported by members of San and <a href="/wiki/Bakgalagadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakgalagadi">Bakgalagadi</a> communities in Botswana, many have spoken of a consistent sense of exclusion from government decision-making processes, and many San and Bakgalagadi have alleged experiencing <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic discrimination">ethnic discrimination</a> on the part of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Anaya_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anaya-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8–9">: 8–9 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> described ongoing discrimination against San, or <i>Basarwa</i>, people in Botswana in 2013 as the "principal human rights concern" of that country.<sup id="cite_ref-StateDept_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateDept-8">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Names">Names</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_bushman._Alfred_Duggan-Cronin._South_Africa,_early_20th_century._The_Wellcome_Collection,_London.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Portrait_of_a_bushman._Alfred_Duggan-Cronin._South_Africa%2C_early_20th_century._The_Wellcome_Collection%2C_London.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_a_bushman._Alfred_Duggan-Cronin._South_Africa%2C_early_20th_century._The_Wellcome_Collection%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2339" data-file-height="3085" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_bushman._Alfred_Duggan-Cronin._South_Africa,_early_20th_century._The_Wellcome_Collection,_London.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Portrait of a bushman. Alfred Duggan-Cronin. South Africa, early 20th century. The Wellcome Collection, London.</div></div></div>
<p>The endonyms used by San themselves refer to their individual nations, including
the <a href="/wiki/%C7%83Kung_people" title="ǃKung people">ǃKung (ǃXuun)</a> (subdivisions <a href="/wiki/%C7%82Kx%CA%BCao%C7%81%CA%BCae" title="ǂKxʼaoǁʼae">ǂKxʼaoǁʼae (Auen)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan_language" title="Juǀʼhoan language">Juǀʼhoan</a>, etc.)
the <a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a> (subdivisions <a href="/wiki/%C7%80Xam_language" title="ǀXam language">ǀXam</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C7%81ng_language" title="Nǁng language">Nusan (Nǀu), ǂKhomani</a>, etc.)
and <a href="/wiki/Khoe_languages" title="Khoe languages">Tshu–Khwe</a> groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Khwe_language" title="Khwe language">Khwe (Khoi, Kxoe)</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C7%82Aakhoe_dialect" title="ǂAakhoe dialect">Haiǁom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naro_language" title="Naro language">Naro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tshwa_language" title="Tshwa language">Tsoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C7%81ana_language" title="Gǁana language">Gǁana (Gana)</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%C7%80ui_dialect" title="Gǀui dialect">Gǀui (ǀGwi)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ouzman_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ouzman-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MG2007_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG2007-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
Representatives of San peoples in 2003 stated their preference for the use of such individual group names where possible over the use of the collective term <i>San</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>The designations "Bushmen" and "San" are both <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">exonyms</a> in origin, but <i>San</i> had been widely adopted as an endonym by the late 1990s. "San" originates as a pejorative <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoekhoe</a> appellation for foragers without cattle or other wealth, from a root <i>saa</i> "picking up from the ground" + plural <i>-n</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Hai%C7%81om_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiǁom dialect">Haiǁom dialect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
The term <i>Bushmen</i>, from 17th-century Dutch <i><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Bosjesmans</i></span></i>, is still widely used by others and to self-identify, but in some instances the term has also been described as pejorative.<sup id="cite_ref-Ouzman_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ouzman-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mountain_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mountain-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guenther_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guenther-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britten_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britten-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>Adoption of the Khoekhoe term <i>San</i> in Western anthropology dates to the 1970s, and this remains the standard term in English-language ethnographic literature, although some authors later switched back to using the name <i>Bushmen</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnard_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnard-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
The compound <i><a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a></i>, used to refer to the pastoralist Khoi and the foraging San collectively, was coined by Leonhard Schulze in the 1920s and popularised by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schapera" title="Isaac Schapera">Isaac Schapera</a> in 1930, and anthropological use of <i>San</i> was detached from the compound <i>Khoisan</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
as it has been reported that the exonym <i>San</i> is perceived as a pejorative in parts of the central Kalahari.<sup id="cite_ref-Mountain_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mountain-17">[17]</a></sup> By the late 1990s, the term <i>San</i> was in general use by the people themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
The adoption of the term was preceded by a number of meetings held in the 1990s where delegates debated on the adoption of a collective term.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> These meetings included the Common Access to Development Conference organised by the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Botswana" title="Politics of Botswana">Government of Botswana</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a> in 1993,<sup id="cite_ref-MG2007_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG2007-12">[12]</a></sup> the 1996 inaugural Annual General Meeting of the Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA) held in Namibia,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> and a 1997 conference in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> on "Khoisan Identities and Cultural Heritage" organised by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Western_Cape" title="University of the Western Cape">University of the Western Cape</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HitchcockBiesele_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HitchcockBiesele-25">[25]</a></sup>
The term <i>San</i> is now standard in South African, and used officially in the blazon of the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa" title="Coat of arms of South Africa"> national coat-of-arms</a>. The "South African San Council" representing San communities in South Africa was established as part of WIMSA in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WynbergChennells_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WynbergChennells-27">[27]</a></sup>
"Bushmen" is now considered derogatory by many South Africans,<sup id="cite_ref-Mountain_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mountain-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britten_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britten-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> to the point where, in 2008, use of <i>boesman</i> (the modern <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> equivalent of "Bushman") in the <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Burger" title="Die Burger">Die Burger</a></i> newspaper was brought before the <a href="/wiki/Promotion_of_Equality_and_Prevention_of_Unfair_Discrimination_Act,_2000" title="Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000"> Equality Court</a>, which however ruled that the mere use of the term cannot be taken as derogatory, after the San Council had testified that it had no objection to its use in a positive context.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>The term <i>Basarwa</i> (singular <i>Mosarwa</i>) is used for the San collectively in Botswana.<sup id="cite_ref-Suzman_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suzman-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>
The term is a Bantu (<a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a>) word meaning "those who do not rear cattle".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> Use of the <i>mo/ba-</i> <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language#Nouns" title="Tswana language">noun class</a> indicates "people who are accepted", as opposed to the use of <i>Masarwa</i>, an older variant which is now considered offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-HitchcockBiesele_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HitchcockBiesele-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p><p>In Angola they are sometimes referred to as <i>mucancalas</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> or <i>bosquímanos</i> (a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> adaptation of the Dutch term for "Bushmen").
The terms <i>Amasili</i> and <a href="/wiki/Twa" title="Twa"><i>Batwa</i></a> are sometimes used for them in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HitchcockBiesele_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HitchcockBiesele-25">[25]</a></sup>
The San are also referred to as <i>Batwa</i> by <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa people</a> and as <i>Baroa</i> by <a href="/wiki/Sotho_people" title="Sotho people">Sotho people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup>
The Bantu term <i>Batwa</i> refers to any foraging tribesmen and as such overlaps with the terminology used for the <a href="/wiki/Pygmyism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pygmyism"> "Pygmoid"</a> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Twa" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Twa">Southern Twa</a> of South-Central Africa.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Society">Society</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/San_healing_practices" title="San healing practices">San healing practices</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_rock_art" title="San rock art">San rock art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San religion</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Botswana_063.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Botswana_063.jpg/170px-Botswana_063.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Botswana_063.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Drinking water from the bi bulb plant</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:BushmenSan.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BushmenSan.jpg/220px-BushmenSan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="634" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:BushmenSan.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Starting a fire by hand</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:San_wh03.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/San_wh03.jpg/220px-San_wh03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="400" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:San_wh03.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Preparing poison arrows</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:San_tribesman.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/San_tribesman.jpg/220px-San_tribesman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2153" data-file-height="3222" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:San_tribesman.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>San man</div></div></div>
<p>The San <a href="/wiki/Kinship_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinship system">kinship system</a> reflects their interdependence as traditionally small mobile foraging bands. San kinship is comparable to <a href="/wiki/Eskimo_kinship" title="Eskimo kinship">Eskimo kinship</a>, with the same set of terms as in European cultures, but also uses a name rule and an age rule. The age rule resolves any confusion arising from kinship terms, as the older of two people always decides what to call the younger. Relatively few names circulate (approximately 35 names per sex), and each child is named after a grandparent or another relative, but never their parents.
</p><p>Children have no social duties besides playing, and leisure is very important to San of all ages. Large amounts of time are spent in conversation, joking, music, and sacred dances. Women have a high status in San society, are greatly respected, and may be leaders of their own family groups. They make important family and group decisions and claim ownership of water holes and foraging areas. Women are mainly involved in the gathering of food, but may also take part in hunting.
</p><p>Water is important in San life. Droughts may last many months and waterholes may dry up. When this happens, they use sip wells. To get water this way, a San scrapes a deep hole where the sand is damp. Into this hole is inserted a long hollow grass stem. An empty <a href="/wiki/Ostrich_egg" title="Ostrich egg">ostrich egg</a> is used to collect the water. Water is sucked into the straw from the sand, into the mouth, and then travels down another straw into the ostrich egg.
</p><p>Traditionally, the San were an egalitarian society.<sup id="cite_ref-shostak_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shostak-37">[37]</a></sup> Although they had hereditary <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">chiefs</a>, their authority was limited. The San made decisions among themselves by <a href="/wiki/Consensus" class="mw-redirect" title="Consensus">consensus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> with women treated as relative equals.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> San economy was a <a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">gift economy</a>, based on giving each other gifts regularly rather than on trading or purchasing goods and services.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p><p>Most San are <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a>, but if a hunter is skilled enough to get a lot of food, he can afford to have a second wife as well.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Subsistence">Subsistence</span></h3>
<p>Villages range in sturdiness from nightly rain shelters in the warm spring (when people move constantly in search of budding greens), to formalised rings, wherein people congregate in the dry season around permanent waterholes. Early spring is the hardest season: a hot dry period following the cool, dry winter. Most plants still are dead or dormant, and supplies of autumn nuts are exhausted. Meat is particularly important in the dry months when wildlife can not range far from the receding waters.
</p><p>Women gather fruit, berries, tubers, bush onions, and other plant materials for the band's consumption. <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">Ostrich</a> eggs are gathered, and the empty shells are used as water containers. Insects provide perhaps 10% of animal proteins consumed, most often during the dry season.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> Depending on location, the San consume 18 to 104 species, including grasshoppers, beetles, caterpillars, moths, butterflies, and termites.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup>
</p><p>Women's traditional gathering gear is simple and effective: a hide sling, a blanket, a cloak called a <i>kaross</i> to carry foodstuffs, firewood, smaller bags, a digging stick, and perhaps, a smaller version of the <a href="/wiki/Kaross" title="Kaross">kaross</a> to carry a baby.
</p><p>Men hunt in long, laborious <a href="/wiki/Tracking_(hunting)" title="Tracking (hunting)">tracking</a> excursions. They kill their game using <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">bow and arrows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spears</a> tipped in <a href="/wiki/Diamphotoxin" title="Diamphotoxin">diamphotoxin</a>, a slow-acting <a href="/wiki/Arrow_poison" title="Arrow poison">arrow poison</a> produced by beetle <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Diamphidia" title="Diamphidia">Diamphidia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-biodiversity_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biodiversity-44">[44]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_history">Early history</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wandering_hunters_(Masarwa_bushmen),_North_Kalahari_Desert.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wandering_hunters_%28Masarwa_bushmen%29%2C_North_Kalahari_Desert.jpg/220px-Wandering_hunters_%28Masarwa_bushmen%29%2C_North_Kalahari_Desert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2504" data-file-height="1736" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Wandering_hunters_(Masarwa_bushmen),_North_Kalahari_Desert.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Wandering hunters (<a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Masarwa</a> Bushmen), North Kalahari desert</i>, published in 1892 (from <a href="/wiki/Henry_Anderson_Bryden" title="Henry Anderson Bryden">H.A. Bryden</a> photogr.)</div></div></div>
<p>A set of tools almost identical to that used by the modern San and dating to 42,000 BC was discovered at <a href="/wiki/Border_Cave" title="Border Cave">Border Cave</a> in <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup>
</p><p>Historical evidence shows that certain San communities have always lived in the desert regions of the Kalahari; however, eventually nearly all other San communities in southern Africa were forced into this region. The Kalahari San remained in poverty where their richer neighbours denied them rights to the land. Before long, in both Botswana and Namibia, they found their territory drastically reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Genetics">Genetics</span></h2>
<p>Various <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a> studies show that the San carry some of the most divergent (oldest) <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">human Y-chromosome haplogroups</a>. These haplogroups are specific sub-groups of haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_A_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup A (Y-DNA)">A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_B_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup B (Y-DNA)">B</a>, the two earliest branches on the human Y-chromosome <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">tree</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-j1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j1-47">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">Mitochondrial DNA</a> studies also provide evidence that the San carry high frequencies of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup">haplogroup</a> branches in the human mitochondrial DNA tree. This DNA is inherited only from one's mother. The most divergent (oldest) mitochondrial haplogroup, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_L0_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA)">L0d</a>, has been identified at its highest frequencies in the southern African San groups.<sup id="cite_ref-j1_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j1-47">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup>
</p><p>In a study published in March 2011, Brenna Henn and colleagues found that the ǂKhomani San, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Sandawe_people" title="Sandawe people">Sandawe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadza_people" title="Hadza people">Hadza peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, were the most genetically diverse of any living humans studied. This high degree of genetic diversity hints at the origin of <a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern humans">anatomically modern humans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup>
</p><p>A 2008 study suggested that the San may have been isolated from other original ancestral groups for as much as 100,000 years and later rejoined, re-integrating into the rest of the human gene pool.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup>
</p><p>A DNA study of fully sequenced genomes, published in September 2016, showed that the ancestors of today's San hunter-gatherers began to diverge from other human populations in Africa about 200,000 years ago and were fully isolated by 100,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ancestral_land_conflict_in_Botswana">Ancestral land conflict in Botswana</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_land_conflict_in_Botswana" title="Ancestral land conflict in Botswana">Ancestral land conflict in Botswana</a></div>
<p>Much <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal people">aboriginal people</a>'s land in Botswana, including land occupied by the San people (or <i>Basarwa</i>), was conquered during colonisation, and the pattern of loss of land and access to natural resources continued after Botswana's independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Anaya_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anaya-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> The San have been particularly affected by encroachment by majority peoples and non-indigenous farmers onto land traditionally occupied by San people. Government policies from the 1970s transferred a significant area of traditionally San land to <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a> settlers and majority <a href="/wiki/Agro-pastoralist" class="mw-redirect" title="Agro-pastoralist">agro-pastoralist</a> tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Anaya_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anaya-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> Much of the government's policy regarding land tended to favor the dominant <a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a> peoples over the minority San and <a href="/wiki/Bakgalagadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakgalagadi">Bakgalagadi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anaya_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anaya-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> Loss of land is a major contributor to the problems facing Botswana's indigenous people, including especially the San's eviction from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve" title="Central Kalahari Game Reserve">Central Kalahari Game Reserve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anaya_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anaya-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> The government of Botswana decided to relocate all of those living within the reserve to settlements outside it. Harassment of residents, dismantling of infrastructure, and bans on hunting appear to have been used to induce residents to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-Anaya_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anaya-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup> The government has denied that any of the relocation was forced.<sup id="cite_ref-Forced_Evictions--_Towards_Solutions?:_Second_Report_of_the_Advisory_Group_on_Forced_Evictions_to_the_Executive_Director_of_UN-HABITAT_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forced_Evictions--_Towards_Solutions?:_Second_Report_of_the_Advisory_Group_on_Forced_Evictions_to_the_Executive_Director_of_UN-HABITAT-57">[57]</a></sup> A legal battle followed.<sup id="cite_ref-LandsBack_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LandsBack-58">[58]</a></sup> The relocation policy may have been intended to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Diamond_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond mining">diamond mining</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gem_Diamonds" title="Gem Diamonds">Gem Diamonds</a> within the reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-Anaya_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anaya-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Hoodia_traditional_knowledge_agreement"><i>Hoodia</i> traditional knowledge agreement</span></h2>
<p><i><a href="/wiki/Hoodia_gordonii" title="Hoodia gordonii">Hoodia gordonii</a></i>, used by the San, was patented by the South African <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research" title="Council for Scientific and Industrial Research">Council for Scientific and Industrial Research</a> (CSIR) in 1998, for its presumed appetite suppressing quality. A licence was granted to <a href="/wiki/Phytopharm" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytopharm">Phytopharm</a>, for development of the active ingredient in the <i>Hoodia</i> plant, <a href="/wiki/P57_(glycoside)" title="P57 (glycoside)">p57 (glycoside)</a>, to be used as a pharmaceutical drug for dieting. Once this patent was brought to the attention of the San, a benefit-sharing agreement was reached between them and the CSIR in 2003. This would award royalties to the San for the benefits of their indigenous knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup> During the case, the San people were represented and assisted by the Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA), the South African San Council and the South African San Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WynbergChennells_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WynbergChennells-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>This benefit-sharing agreement is one of the first to give royalties to the holders of traditional knowledge used for drug sales. The terms of the agreement are contentious, because of their apparent lack of adherence to the Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing, as outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> (CBD).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> The San have yet to profit from this agreement, as P57 has still not yet been legally developed and marketed.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Representation_in_mass_media">Representation in mass media</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Southafrica468bushman.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Southafrica468bushman.jpg/220px-Southafrica468bushman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2925" data-file-height="1935" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Southafrica468bushman.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Rock_art_of_the_Bushmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock art of the Bushmen">Rock paintings</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cederberg" title="Cederberg">Cederberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:San-Paintings_Murewa_ZW.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/San-Paintings_Murewa_ZW.jpg/220px-San-Paintings_Murewa_ZW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="889" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:San-Paintings_Murewa_ZW.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>San paintings near <a href="/wiki/Murewa" title="Murewa">Murewa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:San-Elephant_Murewa_ZW.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/San-Elephant_Murewa_ZW.jpg/220px-San-Elephant_Murewa_ZW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="1350" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:San-Elephant_Murewa_ZW.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>San paintings near Murewa</div></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_representations">Early representations</span></h3>
<p>The San of the <a href="/wiki/Kalahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalahari">Kalahari</a> were first brought to the globalized world's attention in the 1950s by South African author <a href="/wiki/Laurens_van_der_Post" title="Laurens van der Post">Laurens van der Post</a>. Van der Post grew up in South Africa, and had a respectful lifelong fascination with native African cultures. In 1955, he was commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> to go to the Kalahari desert with a film crew in search of the San. The filmed material was turned into a very popular six-part television documentary a year later. Driven by a lifelong fascination with this "vanished tribe", Van der Post published a 1958 book about this expedition, entitled <i>The Lost World of the Kalahari</i>. It was to be his most famous book.
</p><p>In 1961, he published <i>The Heart of the Hunter</i>, a narrative which he admits in the introduction uses two previous works of stories and mythology as "a sort of Stone Age Bible", namely <i><a href="/wiki/Specimens_of_Bushman_Folklore" title="Specimens of Bushman Folklore">Specimens of Bushman Folklore</a>'</i> (1911), <a href="/wiki/Folkloristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkloristics">collected</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bleek" title="Wilhelm Bleek">Wilhelm H. I. Bleek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Lloyd" title="Lucy Lloyd">Lucy C. Lloyd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Bleek" title="Dorothea Bleek">Dorothea Bleek</a>'s <i>Mantis and His Friend</i>. Van der Post's work brought indigenous African cultures to millions of people around the world for the first time, but some people disparaged it as part of the subjective view of a European in the 1950s and 1960s, stating that he branded the San as simple "children of Nature" or even "mystical ecologists".
In 1992 by John Perrot and team published the book <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khoisanpeoples.org/sites/book-site.htm">"Bush for the Bushman"</a> – a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://savethesan.org">"desperate plea"</a> on behalf of the aboriginal San addressing the international community and calling on the governments throughout Southern Africa to respect and reconstitute the ancestral land-rights of all San.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Documentaries_and_non-fiction">Documentaries and non-fiction</span></h3>
<table class="box-Advert plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Advert" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>contains content that is written like <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">an advertisement</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_people&action=edit">improve it</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam" title="Wikipedia:Spam">promotional content</a> and inappropriate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_(filmmaker)" title="John Marshall (filmmaker)">John Marshall</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Lorna_Marshall" title="Lorna Marshall">Lorna Marshall</a>, documented the lives of San in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyae_Nyae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyae Nyae (page does not exist)">Nyae Nyae</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> over a more than 50-year period. His early film <i>The Hunters</i>, released in 1957, shows a giraffe hunt. <i>A Kalahari Family</i> (2002) is a five-part, six-hour series documenting 50 years in the lives of the <i>Juǀʼhoansi</i> of Southern Africa, from 1951 to 2000. Marshall was a vocal proponent of the San cause throughout his life.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-61">[61]</a></sup> His sister <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Marshall_Thomas" title="Elizabeth Marshall Thomas">Elizabeth Marshall Thomas</a> wrote several books and numerous articles about the San, based in part on her experiences living with these people when their culture was still intact. <i>The Harmless People</i>, published in 1959 (revised in 1989), and <i>The Old Way: A Story of the First People</i>, published in 2006, are the two primary works. John Marshall and Adrienne Miesmer documented the lives of the ǃKung San people between the 1950s and 1978 in <i><a href="/wiki/N%C7%83ai,_the_Story_of_a_%C7%83Kung_Woman" title="Nǃai, the Story of a ǃKung Woman">Nǃai, the Story of a ǃKung Woman</a></i>. This film, the account of a woman who grew up while the San lived as autonomous hunter-gatherers, but who later was forced into a dependent life in the government-created community at Tsumkwe, shows how the lives of the <a href="/wiki/%C7%83Kung_people" title="ǃKung people">ǃKung people</a>, who lived for millennia as hunter gatherers, were forever changed when they were forced onto a reservation too small to support them.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup>
</p><p>South African film-maker Richard Wicksteed has produced a number of documentaries on San culture, history and present situation; these include <i>In God's Places</i> / <i>Iindawo ZikaThixo</i> (1995) on the San cultural legacy in the southern Drakensberg; <i>Death of a Bushman</i> (2002) on the murder of San tracker Optel Rooi by South African police; <i>The Will To Survive</i> (2009), which covers the history and situation of San communities in southern Africa today; and <i>My Land is My Dignity</i> (2009) on the San's epic land rights struggle in Botswana's <a href="/wiki/Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve" title="Central Kalahari Game Reserve">Central Kalahari Game Reserve</a>.
</p><p>A documentary on San hunting entitled, <i>The Great Dance: A Hunter's Story</i> (2000), directed by Damon and <a href="/wiki/Craig_Foster_(filmmaker)" title="Craig Foster (filmmaker)">Craig Foster</a>. This was reviewed by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Van_Gelder" title="Lawrence Van Gelder">Lawrence Van Gelder</a> for the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, who said that the film "constitutes an act of preservation and a requiem".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Wells" title="Spencer Wells">Spencer Wells</a>'s 2003 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journey_of_Man" title="The Journey of Man">The Journey of Man</a></i>—in connection with <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Genographic_Project" title="Genographic Project">Genographic Project</a>—discusses a <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> analysis of the San and asserts their <a href="/wiki/Genetic_markers" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic markers">genetic markers</a> were the first ones to split from those of the ancestors of the bulk of other <i>Homo sapiens sapiens</i>. The <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> documentary based on the book follows these markers throughout the world, demonstrating that all of humankind can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/African_continent" class="mw-redirect" title="African continent">African continent</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Recent African origin of modern humans</a>, the so-called "out of Africa" hypothesis).
</p><p>The BBC's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Mammals#10._.22Food_for_Thought.22" title="The Life of Mammals">The Life of Mammals</a></i> (2003) series includes video footage of an indigenous San of the Kalahari desert undertaking a <a href="/wiki/Persistence_hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Persistence hunt">persistence hunt</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Kudu" title="Kudu">kudu</a> through harsh desert conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup> It provides an illustration of how early man may have pursued and captured prey with minimal weaponry.
</p><p>The BBC series <i><a href="/wiki/How_Art_Made_the_World" title="How Art Made the World">How Art Made the World</a></i> (2005) compares <a href="/wiki/Rock_art_of_the_Bushmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock art of the Bushmen">San cave paintings</a> from 200 years ago to <a href="/wiki/Ice_Age_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice Age art">Paleolithic European paintings</a> that are 14,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> Because of their similarities, the San works may illustrate the reasons for ancient cave paintings. The presenter <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Spivey" title="Nigel Spivey">Nigel Spivey</a> draws largely on the work of Professor <a href="/wiki/David_Lewis-Williams" title="David Lewis-Williams">David Lewis-Williams</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup> whose PhD was entitled "Believing and Seeing: Symbolic meanings in southern San rock paintings". Lewis-Williams draws parallels with prehistoric art around the world, linking in shamanic ritual and trance states.
</p><p>Les Stroud devoted an episode of Beyond Survival (2011) to the San Bushman of the Kalahari.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup>
</p><p><br />
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Films_and_music">Films and music</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_painting_in_Twyfelfontein3.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Rock_painting_in_Twyfelfontein3.jpg/220px-Rock_painting_in_Twyfelfontein3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2554" data-file-height="2554" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_painting_in_Twyfelfontein3.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Rock painting of a man in Twyfelfontein valley</div></div></div>
<p>A 1969 film, <i><a href="/wiki/Lost_in_the_Desert" title="Lost in the Desert">Lost in the Desert</a></i>, features a small boy, stranded in the desert, who encounters a group of wandering San. They help him and then abandon him as a result of a misunderstanding created by the lack of a common language and culture. The film was directed by <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Uys" title="Jamie Uys">Jamie Uys</a>, who returned to the San a decade later with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gods_Must_Be_Crazy" title="The Gods Must Be Crazy">The Gods Must Be Crazy</a></i>, which proved to be an international hit. This comedy portrays a Kalahari San group's first encounter with an <a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">artifact</a> from the outside world (a <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> bottle). By the time this movie was made, the ǃKung had recently been forced into sedentary villages, and the San hired as actors were confused by the instructions to act out inaccurate exaggerations of their almost abandoned hunting and gathering life.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup>
</p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Eh_Hee" title="Eh Hee">Eh Hee</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Dave_Matthews_Band" title="Dave Matthews Band">Dave Matthews Band</a> was written as an evocation of the music and culture of the San. In a story told to the <a href="/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall" title="Radio City Music Hall">Radio City</a> audience (an edited version of which appears on the DVD version of <i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_Radio_City" title="Live at Radio City">Live at Radio City</a></i>), Matthews recalls hearing the music of the San and, upon asking his guide what the words to their songs were, being told that "there are no words to these songs, because these songs, we've been singing since before people had words". He goes on to describe the song as his "homage to meeting... the most advanced people on the planet".
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Giraffe,_Twyfelfontein.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Giraffe%2C_Twyfelfontein.jpg/220px-Giraffe%2C_Twyfelfontein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2571" data-file-height="2571" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Giraffe,_Twyfelfontein.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Rock engraving of a giraffe in Twyfelfontein valley</div></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Memoirs">Memoirs</span></h3>
<p>In <a href="/wiki/Peter_Godwin_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Godwin (writer)">Peter Godwin</a>'s biography <i>When A Crocodile Eats the Sun</i>, he mentions his time spent with the San for an assignment. His title comes from the San's belief that a solar eclipse occurs when a crocodile eats the sun.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Novels">Novels</span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Laurens_van_der_Post" title="Laurens van der Post">Laurens van der Post</a>'s two novels, <i>A Story Like The Wind</i> (1972) and its sequel, <i>A Far Off Place</i> (1974), made into a <a href="/wiki/A_Far-Off_Place" class="mw-redirect" title="A Far-Off Place">1993 film</a>, are about a white boy encountering a wandering San and his wife, and how the San's life and survival skills save the white teenagers' lives in a journey across the desert.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/James_A._Michener" title="James A. Michener">James A. Michener</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Covenant_(novel)" title="The Covenant (novel)">The Covenant</a></i> (1980), is a work of <a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">historical fiction</a> centered on South Africa. The first section of the book concerns a San community's journey set roughly in 13,000 BC.
</p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Smith" title="Wilbur Smith">Wilbur Smith</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Burning_Shore" title="The Burning Shore">The Burning Shore</a></i> (an instalment in the <a href="/wiki/Courtneys_of_Africa_book_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtneys of Africa book series">Courtneys of Africa book series</a>), the San people are portrayed through two major characters, O'wa and H'ani; Smith describes the San's struggles, history, and beliefs in great detail.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Norman_Rush" title="Norman Rush">Norman Rush</a>'s 1991 novel <a href="/wiki/Mating_(novel)" title="Mating (novel)">Mating</a> features an encampment of Basarwa near the (imaginary) Botswana town where the main action is set.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Tad_Williams" title="Tad Williams">Tad Williams</a>'s epic <i><a href="/wiki/Otherland" title="Otherland">Otherland</a></i> series of novels features a South African San named ǃXabbu, whom Williams confesses to be highly fictionalised, and not necessarily an accurate representation. In the novel, Williams invokes aspects of San mythology and culture.
</p><p>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/David_Gilman_(writer)" title="David Gilman (writer)">David Gilman</a> published <i>The Devil's Breath</i>. One of the main characters, a small San boy named ǃKoga, uses traditional methods to help the character Max Gordon travel across Namibia.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_McCall_Smith" title="Alexander McCall Smith">Alexander McCall Smith</a> has written a series of <a href="/wiki/Episodic_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Episodic fiction">episodic novels</a> set in <a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a>, the capital of Botswana. The fiancé of the protagonist of <i><a href="/wiki/The_No._1_Ladies%27_Detective_Agency" title="The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency">The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency</a></i> series, Mr. J. L. B. Matekoni, adopts two orphaned San children, sister and brother Motholeli and Puso.
</p><p>The San feature in several of the novels by Michael Stanley (the <i>nom de plume</i> of Michael Sears and Stanley Trollip), particularly in <i>Death of the Mantis</i>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_individuals">Notable individuals</span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C7%83xau_%C7%82Toma" title="Nǃxau ǂToma">Nǃxau ǂToma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Sesana" title="Roy Sesana">Roy Sesana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Royal_%C7%80Ui%C7%80o%C7%80oo" title="Royal ǀUiǀoǀoo">Royal ǀUiǀoǀoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dawid_Kruiper" title="Dawid Kruiper">Dawid Kruiper</a></li></ul>
<h3><span id=".7CXam_Notable_individuals"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="|Xam_Notable_individuals">|Xam Notable individuals</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabbo" title="Kabbo">kabbo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/!Kweiten-ta-%C7%80%C7%80Ken" class="mw-redirect" title="!Kweiten-ta-ǀǀKen">!Kweiten-ta-ǀǀKen</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_People_of_the_Kalahari" title="First People of the Kalahari">First People of the Kalahari</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Debate" title="Kalahari Debate">Kalahari Debate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Negro_of_Banyoles" title="Negro of Banyoles">Negro of Banyoles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/San_rock_art" title="San rock art">San rock art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Botswanan_art#San_art" title="Botswanan art">Botswanan art#San art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Strandloper_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandloper (people)">Strandloper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vaalpens" title="Vaalpens">Vaalpens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boskop_Man" title="Boskop Man">Boskop Man</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Barnard-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnard_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnard_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarnard2007" class="citation book cs1">Barnard, Alan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e3MihaaJ314C"><i>Anthropology and the Bushman</i></a>. Oxford: Berg. pp. 4–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847883308" title="Special:BookSources/9781847883308"><bdi>9781847883308</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropology+and+the+Bushman&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=4-7&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781847883308&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De3MihaaJ314C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Anton_&_Shelton-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anton_&_Shelton_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAntonShelton2011" class="citation book cs1">Anton, Donald K.; Shelton, Dinah L. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F_dFYq4oFeYC&q=san+kalahari"><i>Environmental Protection and Human Rights</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 640. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76638-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76638-8"><bdi>978-0-521-76638-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Protection+and+Human+Rights&rft.pages=640&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76638-8&rft.aulast=Anton&rft.aufirst=Donald+K.&rft.au=Shelton%2C+Dinah+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF_dFYq4oFeYC%26q%3Dsan%2Bkalahari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Malvern van Wyk (2009-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wDZjDwAAQBAJ&q=Boskopoid"><i>The First Ethiopians: The image of Africa and Africans in the early Mediterranean world</i></a>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86814-834-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86814-834-9"><bdi>978-1-86814-834-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Ethiopians%3A+The+image+of+Africa+and+Africans+in+the+early+Mediterranean+world&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft.isbn=978-1-86814-834-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Malvern+van+Wyk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwDZjDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DBoskopoid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFConnor2009" class="citation news cs1">Connor, Steve (1 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/worlds-most-ancient-race-traced-in-dna-study-1677113.html">"World's most ancient race traced in DNA study"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=World%27s+most+ancient+race+traced+in+DNA+study&rft.date=2009-05-01&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fworlds-most-ancient-race-traced-in-dna-study-1677113.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Gill-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGill,_Victoria2009" class="citation news cs1">Gill, Victoria (1 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8027269.stm">"Africa's genetic secrets unlocked"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(online edition)</span>. <i>BBC World News</i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">British Broadcasting Corporation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090701001654/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8027269.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+World+News&rft.atitle=Africa%27s+genetic+secrets+unlocked&rft.date=2009-05-01&rft.au=Gill%2C+Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F8027269.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTishkoffReedFriedlaenderEhret2009" class="citation journal cs1">Tishkoff, S. A.; Reed, F. A.; Friedlaender, F. R.; Ehret, C.; Ranciaro, A.; Froment, A.; Hirbo, J. B.; Awomoyi, A. A.; Bodo, J. -M.; Doumbo, O.; Ibrahim, M.; Juma, A. T.; Kotze, M. J.; Lema, G.; Moore, J. H.; Mortensen, H.; Nyambo, T. B.; Omar, S. A.; Powell, K.; Pretorius, G. S.; Smith, M. W.; Thera, M. A.; Wambebe, C.; Weber, J. L.; Williams, S. M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2947357">"The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>324</b> (5930): 1035–44. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324.1035T">2009Sci...324.1035T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1172257">10.1126/science.1172257</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2947357">2947357</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19407144">19407144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Genetic+Structure+and+History+of+Africans+and+African+Americans&rft.volume=324&rft.issue=5930&rft.pages=1035-44&rft.date=2009&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2947357%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19407144&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1172257&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...324.1035T&rft.aulast=Tishkoff&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft.au=Reed%2C+F.+A.&rft.au=Friedlaender%2C+F.+R.&rft.au=Ehret%2C+C.&rft.au=Ranciaro%2C+A.&rft.au=Froment%2C+A.&rft.au=Hirbo%2C+J.+B.&rft.au=Awomoyi%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Bodo%2C+J.+-M.&rft.au=Doumbo%2C+O.&rft.au=Ibrahim%2C+M.&rft.au=Juma%2C+A.+T.&rft.au=Kotze%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Lema%2C+G.&rft.au=Moore%2C+J.+H.&rft.au=Mortensen%2C+H.&rft.au=Nyambo%2C+T.+B.&rft.au=Omar%2C+S.+A.&rft.au=Powell%2C+K.&rft.au=Pretorius%2C+G.+S.&rft.au=Smith%2C+M.+W.&rft.au=Thera%2C+M.+A.&rft.au=Wambebe%2C+C.&rft.au=Weber%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=Williams%2C+S.+M.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2947357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-StateDept-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StateDept_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor" class="citation book cs1">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/220296.pdf"><i>Botswana 2013 Human Rights Report</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Department of State.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botswana+2013+Human+Rights+Report&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.au=Bureau+of+Democracy%2C+Human+Rights+and+Labor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F220296.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, Richard B. and Daly, Richard Heywood (1999) <i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers</i>, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/052157109X" title="Special:BookSources/052157109X">052157109X</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Smith-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Andrew Brown (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2YnZU4NCv3IC"><i>The Bushmen of Southern Africa: A Foraging Society in Transition</i></a>. Cape Town: New Africa Books. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780864864192" title="Special:BookSources/9780864864192"><bdi>9780864864192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bushmen+of+Southern+Africa%3A+A+Foraging+Society+in+Transition&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=New+Africa+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780864864192&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2YnZU4NCv3IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ouzman-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ouzman_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ouzman_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFOuzman2004" class="citation book cs1">Ouzman, Sven (2004). "Silencing and Sharing Southern Africa Indigenous and Embedded Knowledge". In Smith, Claire; Wobst, H. Martin (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MylyVq_dMoIC"><i>Indigenous Archaeologies: Decolonizing Theory and Practice</i></a>. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134391554" title="Special:BookSources/9781134391554"><bdi>9781134391554</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Silencing+and+Sharing+Southern+Africa+Indigenous+and+Embedded+Knowledge&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Archaeologies%3A+Decolonizing+Theory+and+Practice&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Routledge+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781134391554&rft.aulast=Ouzman&rft.aufirst=Sven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMylyVq_dMoIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-MG2007-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MG2007_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MG2007_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mg.co.za/article/2007-09-05-san-bushmen-or-basarwa-whats-in-a-name">"San, Bushmen or Basarwa: What's in a name?"</a>. <i>Mail & Guardian</i>. 5 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117025938/http://mg.co.za/article/2007-09-05-san-bushmen-or-basarwa-whats-in-a-name">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mail+%26+Guardian&rft.atitle=San%2C+Bushmen+or+Basarwa%3A+What%27s+in+a+name%3F&rft.date=2007-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmg.co.za%2Farticle%2F2007-09-05-san-bushmen-or-basarwa-whats-in-a-name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFCoan2010" class="citation news cs1">Coan, Stephen (28 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=44782">"The first people"</a>. <i>The Witness</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014184714/http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=44782">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Witness&rft.atitle=The+first+people&rft.date=2010-07-28&rft.aulast=Coan&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.witness.co.za%2Findex.php%3Fshowcontent%26global%255B_id%255D%3D44782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statement by delegates of the Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA) and the South African San Institute attending the 2003 Africa Human Genome Initiative conference held in <a href="/wiki/Stellenbosch" title="Stellenbosch">Stellenbosch</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSchlebusch2010" class="citation journal cs1">Schlebusch, Carina (25 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F464487a">"Issues raised by use of ethnic-group names in genome study"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>464</b> (7288): 487. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Natur.464..487S">2010Natur.464..487S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F464487a">10.1038/464487a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20336115">20336115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Issues+raised+by+use+of+ethnic-group+names+in+genome+study&rft.volume=464&rft.issue=7288&rft.pages=487&rft.date=2010-03-25&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20336115&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F464487a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Natur.464..487S&rft.aulast=Schlebusch&rft.aufirst=Carina&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F464487a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140318092420/http://evan.oribi.cc:50080/index.php?option=com_rokdownloads&view=file&task=download&id=19%3Awimsa-annual-report-04-05&Itemid=79">"WIMSA Annual Report 2004-05"</a>. WIMSA. p. 58. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evan.oribi.cc:50080/index.php?option=com_rokdownloads&view=file&task=download&id=19%3Awimsa-annual-report-04-05&Itemid=79">the original</a> on 18 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2014</span>. <q>the term 'San' comes from the Haiǁom language and has been abbreviated in the following way ... Saa – Picking things up (food) from the ground (i.e. 'gathering'), Saab – A male person gathering, Saas – A female person gathering, Saan – Many people gathering, San – One way to write 'all of the people gathering'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WIMSA+Annual+Report+2004-05&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=WIMSA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevan.oribi.cc%3A50080%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_rokdownloads%26view%3Dfile%26task%3Ddownload%26id%3D19%253Awimsa-annual-report-04-05%26Itemid%3D79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The old Dutch also did not know that their so-called Hottentots formed only one branch of a wide-spread race, of which the other branch divided into ever so many tribes, differing from each other totally in language [...] While the so-called Hottentots called themselves Khoikhoi (men of men, <i>i.e.</i> men <i>par excellence</i>), they called those other tribes <i>Sā</i>, the Sonqua of the Cape Records [...] We should apply the term <i>Hottentot</i> to the whole race, and call the two families, each by the native name, that is the one, the <i>Khoikhoi</i>, the so-called <i>Hottentot proper</i>; the other the <i>San</i> (<i>Sā</i>) or <i>Bushmen</i>." – Theophilus Hahn, <i>Tsuni-ǁGoam: The Supreme Being to the Khoi-Khoi</i> (1881), p. 3.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Mountain-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mountain_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mountain_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mountain_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMountain2003" class="citation book cs1">Mountain, Alan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nR2d1iJo6_UC"><i>First People of the Cape</i></a>. Claremont: New Africa Books. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780864866233" title="Special:BookSources/9780864866233"><bdi>9780864866233</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+People+of+the+Cape&rft.place=Claremont&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=New+Africa+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780864866233&rft.aulast=Mountain&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnR2d1iJo6_UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Guenther-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guenther_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGuenther2006" class="citation book cs1">Guenther, Mathias (2006). "Contemporary Bushman Art, Identity Politics, and the Primitivism Discourse". In Solway, Jacqueline (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ovykFTcuPLMC"><i>The Politics of Egalitarianism: Theory and Practice</i></a>. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 181–182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845451158" title="Special:BookSources/9781845451158"><bdi>9781845451158</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Bushman+Art%2C+Identity+Politics%2C+and+the+Primitivism+Discourse&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Egalitarianism%3A+Theory+and+Practice&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=181-182&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781845451158&rft.aulast=Guenther&rft.aufirst=Mathias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DovykFTcuPLMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Britten-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britten_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britten_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBritten2007" class="citation book cs1">Britten, Sarah (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vARidvH3b18C"><i>McBride of Frankenmanto: The Return of the South African Insult</i></a>. Johannesburg: 30° South. pp. 18–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781920143183" title="Special:BookSources/9781920143183"><bdi>9781920143183</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McBride+of+Frankenmanto%3A+The+Return+of+the+South+African+Insult&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=30%C2%B0+South&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781920143183&rft.aulast=Britten&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvARidvH3b18C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSailer2002" class="citation news cs1">Sailer, Steve (20 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2002/06/20/Feature-Name-game-Inuit-or-Eskimo/UPI-43191024597290/">"Feature: Name game – 'Inuit' or 'Eskimo'?"</a>. <i>UPI</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=Feature%3A+Name+game+%E2%80%93+%27Inuit%27+or+%27Eskimo%27%3F&rft.date=2002-06-20&rft.aulast=Sailer&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FOdd_News%2F2002%2F06%2F20%2FFeature-Name-game-Inuit-or-Eskimo%2FUPI-43191024597290%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span>
"The fashion of renaming the Bushmen of Southwestern Africa as the 'San' exemplifies many of the problems with the name game. University of Utah anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Harpending" title="Henry Harpending">Henry Harpending</a>, who has lived with the famous tongue-clicking hunter-gatherers said, 'In the 1970s the name "San" spread in Europe and America because it seemed to be politically correct, while 'Bushmen' sounded derogatory and sexist.' Unfortunately, the hunter-gatherers never actually had a collective name for themselves in any of their own languages. 'San' was actually the insulting word that the herding Khoi people called the Bushmen. [...] Harpending noted, 'The problem was that in the Kalahari, "San" has all the baggage that the "N-word" has in America. Bushmen kids are graduating from school, reading the academic literature, and are outraged that we call them "San." [...] one did not call someone a San to his face. I continued to use Bushman, and I was publicly corrected several times by the righteous. It quickly became a badge among Western academics: If you say "San" and I say "San," then we signal each other that we are on the fashionable side, politically. It had nothing to do with respect. I think most politically correct talk follows these dynamics.'"</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Schapera is the author of the convenient term Khoisan, compounded of the Hottentot's name for themselves (Khoi) and their name for the Bushmen (San)." <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Joseph Greenberg</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Languages_of_Africa" title="The Languages of Africa">The Languages of Africa</a></i> (1963), p. 66.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLee2012" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Richard B. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kRAKAAAAQBAJ"><i>The Dobe Ju/'Hoansi</i></a> (Fourth ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781133713531" title="Special:BookSources/9781133713531"><bdi>9781133713531</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dobe+Ju%2F%27Hoansi&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781133713531&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkRAKAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khwattu.org/engage/general-questions/?id=43">"General Questions"</a>. <i>ǃKhwa ttu – San Education and Culture Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C7%83Khwa+ttu+%E2%80%93+San+Education+and+Culture+Centre&rft.atitle=General+Questions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khwattu.org%2Fengage%2Fgeneral-questions%2F%3Fid%3D43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDieckmann2007" class="citation book cs1">Dieckmann, Ute (2007). "Shifting Identities". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ePQlF_x4vYC"><i>Haiom in the Etosha region: A History of Colonial Settlement, Ethnicity and Nature Conservation</i></a>. Basel: Basler Afrika Bibliographien. pp. 300–302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783905758009" title="Special:BookSources/9783905758009"><bdi>9783905758009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shifting+Identities&rft.btitle=Haiom+in+the+Etosha+region%3A+A+History+of+Colonial+Settlement%2C+Ethnicity+and+Nature+Conservation&rft.place=Basel&rft.pages=300-302&rft.pub=Basler+Afrika+Bibliographien&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9783905758009&rft.aulast=Dieckmann&rft.aufirst=Ute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ePQlF_x4vYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLe_Raux2000" class="citation web cs1">Le Raux, Willemien (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wim-sa.org/resources/downloads">"Torn Apart – A Report on the Educational Situation of San Children in Southern Africa"</a>. Kuru Development Trust and WIMSA. p. 2. <q>Although the people are also known by the names Bushmen and Basarwa, the term <i>San</i> was chosen as an inclusive group name for this report, since WIMSA representatives have decided to use it until such time as one representative name for all groups will be accepted by all.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Torn+Apart+%E2%80%93+A+Report+on+the+Educational+Situation+of+San+Children+in+Southern+Africa&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Kuru+Development+Trust+and+WIMSA&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Le+Raux&rft.aufirst=Willemien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wim-sa.org%2Fresources%2Fdownloads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-HitchcockBiesele-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HitchcockBiesele_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HitchcockBiesele_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HitchcockBiesele_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHitchcockBiesele" class="citation web cs1">Hitchcock, Robert K.; Biesele, Megan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khoisanpeoples.org/indepth/ind-identity.htm">"San, Khwe, Basarwa, or Bushmen? Terminology, Identity, and Empowerment in Southern Africa"</a>. <i>Kalahari Peoples Fund</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kalahari+Peoples+Fund&rft.atitle=San%2C+Khwe%2C+Basarwa%2C+or+Bushmen%3F+Terminology%2C+Identity%2C+and+Empowerment+in+Southern+Africa&rft.aulast=Hitchcock&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rft.au=Biesele%2C+Megan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khoisanpeoples.org%2Findepth%2Find-identity.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Marshall-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2003" class="citation news cs1">Marshall, Leon (16 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0416_030416_san1.html">"Africa's Bushmen May Get Rich From Diet-Drug Secret"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=Africa%27s+Bushmen+May+Get+Rich+From+Diet-Drug+Secret&rft.date=2003-04-16&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2F04%2F0416_030416_san1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WynbergChennells-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WynbergChennells_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WynbergChennells_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWynbergChennells2009" class="citation book cs1">Wynberg, Rachel; Chennells, Roger (2009). "Green Diamonds of the South: An Overview of the San-Hoodia Case". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1yrvafKoV2UC"><i>Indigenous Peoples, Consent and Benefit Sharing Lessons from the San-Hoodia case</i></a>. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789048131235" title="Special:BookSources/9789048131235"><bdi>9789048131235</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Green+Diamonds+of+the+South%3A+An+Overview+of+the+San-Hoodia+Case&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Peoples%2C+Consent+and+Benefit+Sharing+Lessons+from+the+San-Hoodia+case&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789048131235&rft.aulast=Wynberg&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Chennells%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1yrvafKoV2UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAdhikari2009" class="citation book cs1">Adhikari, Mohamed (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLw8KzRbRdQC"><i>Not White Enough, Not Black Enough: Racial Identity in the South African Coloured Community</i></a>. Ohio University Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780896804425" title="Special:BookSources/9780896804425"><bdi>9780896804425</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+White+Enough%2C+Not+Black+Enough%3A+Racial+Identity+in+the+South+African+Coloured+Community&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780896804425&rft.aulast=Adhikari&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqLw8KzRbRdQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mg.co.za/article/2008-04-11-use-of-the-word-boesman-not-hate-speech-court-finds">"Use of the word 'boesman' not hate speech, court finds"</a>. <i>Mail & Guardian</i>. 11 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mail+%26+Guardian&rft.atitle=Use+of+the+word+%27boesman%27+not+hate+speech%2C+court+finds&rft.date=2008-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmg.co.za%2Farticle%2F2008-04-11-use-of-the-word-boesman-not-hate-speech-court-finds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder2008" class="citation news cs1">Schroeder, Fatima (14 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/court-use-of-boesman-not-hate-speech-1.396406#.UtJP9NIW2yg">"Court: Use of 'boesman' not hate speech"</a>. <i>IOL</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IOL&rft.atitle=Court%3A+Use+of+%27boesman%27+not+hate+speech&rft.date=2008-04-14&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Fatima&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Fnews%2Fsouth-africa%2Fcourt-use-of-boesman-not-hate-speech-1.396406%23.UtJP9NIW2yg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span> "Objectively speaking and taking into account the context in which (Die Burger) published the word 'boesman' and the evidence of the San Council witness, I find that the usage of the word did not cause harm, hostility or hatred. Instead, the San Council's representative was adamant that no hurt or harm was caused to them or the San community with the manner in which (Die Burger) published the word 'boesman'."</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Suzman-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suzman_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSuzman2001" class="citation book cs1">Suzman, James (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lac.org.na/projects/lead/Pdf/sanintro.pdf"><i>Regional Assessment of the Status of the San in Southern Africa</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Windhoek: Legal Assistance Centre. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99916-765-3-8" title="Special:BookSources/99916-765-3-8"><bdi>99916-765-3-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regional+Assessment+of+the+Status+of+the+San+in+Southern+Africa&rft.place=Windhoek&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Legal+Assistance+Centre&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=99916-765-3-8&rft.aulast=Suzman&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lac.org.na%2Fprojects%2Flead%2FPdf%2Fsanintro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2003" class="citation news cs1">Marshall, Leon (16 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0416_030416_san2.html">"Bushmen Driven From Ancestral Lands in Botswana"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=Bushmen+Driven+From+Ancestral+Lands+in+Botswana&rft.date=2003-04-16&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2F04%2F0416_030416_san2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060409191312/http://www.gov.bw/basarwa/background.html">"Basarwa Relocation – Introduction"</a>. Government of Botswana. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.bw/basarwa/background.html">the original</a> on 9 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basarwa+Relocation+%E2%80%93+Introduction&rft.pub=Government+of+Botswana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.bw%2Fbasarwa%2Fbackground.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306195233/http://www.ditshwanelo.org.bw/ethnic.html">"Ethnic Minorities and Indigenous Peoples"</a>. <i>Ditshwanelo</i>. The Botswana Centre for Human Rights. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditshwanelo.org.bw/ethnic.html">the original</a> on 6 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ditshwanelo&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Minorities+and+Indigenous+Peoples&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ditshwanelo.org.bw%2Fethnic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBennett" class="citation web cs1">Bennett, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thuto.org/ubh/bw/plnam.htm">"Botswana historical place names and terminology"</a>. <i>Thuto.org</i>. University of Botswana History Department<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thuto.org&rft.atitle=Botswana+historical+place+names+and+terminology&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thuto.org%2Fubh%2Fbw%2Fplnam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/140/1403765149.pdf"><i>ZOONIMIA HISTÓRICO-COMPARATIVA BANTU: Os Cinco Grandes Herbívoros Africanos</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese), Utrecht, Netherlands: Rhino Resource Center, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ZOONIMIA+HIST%C3%93RICO-COMPARATIVA+BANTU%3A+Os+Cinco+Grandes+Herb%C3%ADvoros+Africanos&rft.place=Utrecht%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Rhino+Resource+Center&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhinoresourcecenter.com%2Fpdf_files%2F140%2F1403765149.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMoran2009" class="citation book cs1">Moran, Shane (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mz1sSYP4g7MC"><i>Representing Bushmen: South Africa and the Origin of Language</i></a>. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580462945" title="Special:BookSources/9781580462945"><bdi>9781580462945</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Representing+Bushmen%3A+South+Africa+and+the+Origin+of+Language&rft.place=Rochester%2C+NY&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781580462945&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmz1sSYP4g7MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-shostak-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shostak_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marjorie Shostak, 1983, <i>Nisa: The Life and Words of a ǃKung Woman</i>. New York: Vintage Books. Page 10.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orvillejenkins.com/profiles/kung.html">The ǃKung Bushmen</a>. Orvillejenkins.com (22 May 2006). Retrieved 2012-01-29.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shostak 1983: 13</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shostak 1983: 9, 25</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.exploring-africa.com/en/botswana/san-or-bushmen/san-people">"The San people"</a>. 6 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+San+people&rft.date=2017-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.exploring-africa.com%2Fen%2Fbotswana%2Fsan-or-bushmen%2Fsan-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Morris2004" class="citation book cs1">Brian Morris (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ok-3NLX_8GQC&pg=PA57"><i>Insects and human life</i></a>. Berg. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-075-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-075-6"><bdi>978-1-84520-075-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insects+and+human+life&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84520-075-6&rft.au=Brian+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dok-3NLX_8GQC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ok-3NLX_8GQC&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q=&f=false">Brian Morris (2005). Insects and Human Life, pp39-40.</a> See page 19: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ok-3NLX_8GQC&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q=san&f=false">for insect use in medicine, poison for arrows etc. Also page 188 regarding Kaggen, the Praying Mantis trickster deity who created the moon</a> More on Kaggen, who might sabotage a hunt by transforming into a louse and biting the hunter: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NtyI0b1CiDkC&pg=PA111#v=onepage&q=&f=false">Mathias Georg Guenther (1999). <i>Tricksters and Trancers: Bushman Religion and Society.</i> p111.</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-biodiversity-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-biodiversity_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/beetles/chrysomelidae/alticinae/arrows.htm">"How San hunters use beetles to poison their arrows"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/67myLc1ye?url=http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/beetles/chrysomelidae/alticinae/arrows.htm">Archived</a> 20 May 2012 at <a href="/wiki/WebCite" title="WebCite">WebCite</a>, Biodiversity Explorer website</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19069560">Earliest' evidence of modern human culture found</a>, Nick Crumpton, BBC News, 31 July 2012</span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theartofafrica.co.za/serv/moderntimes.jsp">"The modern day Bushmen / San"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110618001626/http://www.theartofafrica.co.za/serv/moderntimes.jsp">Archived</a> 18 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Art of Africa. Retrieved 2012-01-29.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-j1-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j1_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j1_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKnightUnderhillMortensenZhivotovsky2003" class="citation journal cs1">Knight, Alec; Underhill, Peter A.; Mortensen, Holly M.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Lin, Alice A.; Henn, Brenna M.; Louis, Dorothy; Ruhlen, Merritt; Mountain, Joanna L. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2803%2900130-1">"African Y Chromosome and mtDNA Divergence Provides Insight into the History of Click Languages"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>13</b> (6): 464–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2803%2900130-1">10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12646128">12646128</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52862939">52862939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=African+Y+Chromosome+and+mtDNA+Divergence+Provides+Insight+into+the+History+of+Click+Languages&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=464-73&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52862939%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12646128&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2803%2900130-1&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft.au=Underhill%2C+Peter+A.&rft.au=Mortensen%2C+Holly+M.&rft.au=Zhivotovsky%2C+Lev+A.&rft.au=Lin%2C+Alice+A.&rft.au=Henn%2C+Brenna+M.&rft.au=Louis%2C+Dorothy&rft.au=Ruhlen%2C+Merritt&rft.au=Mountain%2C+Joanna+L.&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0960-9822%252803%252900130-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHammerKarafetReddJarjanazi2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hammer, MF; Karafet, TM; Redd, AJ; Jarjanazi, H; Santachiara-Benerecetti, S; Soodyall, H; Zegura, SL (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Hammer_MBE_2001.pdf">"Hierarchical patterns of global human Y-chromosome diversity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i>. <b>18</b> (7): 1189–203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a003906">10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11420360">11420360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Hierarchical+patterns+of+global+human+Y-chromosome+diversity&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1189-203&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a003906&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11420360&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=MF&rft.au=Karafet%2C+TM&rft.au=Redd%2C+AJ&rft.au=Jarjanazi%2C+H&rft.au=Santachiara-Benerecetti%2C+S&rft.au=Soodyall%2C+H&rft.au=Zegura%2C+SL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.familytreedna.com%2Fpdf%2FHammer_MBE_2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFNaidooSchlebuschMakkanPatel2010" class="citation journal cs1">Naidoo, Thijessen; Schlebusch, Carina M; Makkan, Heeran; Patel, Pareen; Mahabeer, Rajeshree; Erasmus, Johannes C; Soodyall, Himla (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2988483">"Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations"</a>. <i>Investigative Genetics</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F2041-2223-1-6">10.1186/2041-2223-1-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2988483">2988483</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21092339">21092339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Investigative+Genetics&rft.atitle=Development+of+a+single+base+extension+method+to+resolve+Y+chromosome+haplogroups+in+sub-Saharan+African+populations&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2010&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2988483%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21092339&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F2041-2223-1-6&rft.aulast=Naidoo&rft.aufirst=Thijessen&rft.au=Schlebusch%2C+Carina+M&rft.au=Makkan%2C+Heeran&rft.au=Patel%2C+Pareen&rft.au=Mahabeer%2C+Rajeshree&rft.au=Erasmus%2C+Johannes+C&rft.au=Soodyall%2C+Himla&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2988483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHennGignouxJobin2011" class="citation journal cs1">Henn, Brenna; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Jobin, Matthew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/44431/1/1017511108.full.pdf">"Hunter-gatherer genomic diversity suggests a southern African origin for modern humans"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>. <b>108</b> (13): 5154–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1017511108">10.1073/pnas.1017511108</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3069156">3069156</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21383195">21383195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Hunter-gatherer+genomic+diversity+suggests+a+southern+African+origin+for+modern+humans&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=5154-62&rft.date=2011&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3069156%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21383195&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1017511108&rft.aulast=Henn&rft.aufirst=Brenna&rft.au=Gignoux%2C+Christopher+R.&rft.au=Jobin%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.csic.es%2Fbitstream%2F10261%2F44431%2F1%2F1017511108.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFVan_Gelder2000" class="citation news cs1">Van Gelder, Lawrence (29 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/29/movies/film-in-review-the-great-dance.html?pagewanted=print&src=p">"A Hunter's Story"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Hunter%27s+Story&rft.date=2000-09-29&rft.aulast=Van+Gelder&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F09%2F29%2Fmovies%2Ffilm-in-review-the-great-dance.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dprint%26src%3Dp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAttenborough2003" class="citation web cs1">Attenborough, David (5 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=826HMLoiE_o">"Human Mammal, Human Hunter (video)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Mammals" title="The Life of Mammals">The Life of Mammals</a></i>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211104/826HMLoiE_o">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Life+of+Mammals&rft.atitle=Human+Mammal%2C+Human+Hunter+%28video%29&rft.date=2003-02-05&rft.aulast=Attenborough&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D826HMLoiE_o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/howartmadetheworld/episodes/pictures/san/">"How Art Made the World. Episodes . The Day Pictures Were Born. The San People of South Africa | PBS"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=How+Art+Made+the+World.+Episodes+.+The+Day+Pictures+Were+Born.+The+San+People+of+South+Africa+%7C+PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fhowartmadetheworld%2Fepisodes%2Fpictures%2Fsan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://6b3b522e7deee17dda23e86c6926e2f6.nmcoberturas.com.br/">"Download How Art Made the World (Hardback) - Common ePub eBook @6B3B522E7DEEE17DDA23E86C6926E2F6.NMCOBERTURAS.COM.BR"</a>. <i>6b3b522e7deee17dda23e86c6926e2f6.nmcoberturas.com.br</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=6b3b522e7deee17dda23e86c6926e2f6.nmcoberturas.com.br&rft.atitle=Download+How+Art+Made+the+World+%28Hardback%29+-+Common+ePub+eBook+%406B3B522E7DEEE17DDA23E86C6926E2F6.NMCOBERTURAS.COM.BR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F6b3b522e7deee17dda23e86c6926e2f6.nmcoberturas.com.br%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/TEkbzvbQ5_8">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210102082237/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEkbzvbQ5_8">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEkbzvbQ5_8">"Survivorman | Beyond Survival | Season 1 | Episode 3 | The San Bushman of the Kalahari | Les Stroud"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Survivorman+%7C+Beyond+Survival+%7C+Season+1+%7C+Episode+3+%7C+The+San+Bushman+of+the+Kalahari+%7C+Les+Stroud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DTEkbzvbQ5_8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/N%C7%83ai,_the_Story_of_a_%C7%83Kung_Woman" title="Nǃai, the Story of a ǃKung Woman">Nǃai, the Story of a ǃKung Woman</a></i>. Documentary Educational Resources and Public Broadcasting Associates, 1980.</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFShostak,_Marjorie1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Shostak" title="Marjorie Shostak">Shostak, Marjorie</a> (1983). <i>Nisa: The Life and Words of a ǃKung Woman</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-1486-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-1486-6"><bdi>0-7139-1486-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nisa%3A+The+Life+and+Words+of+a+%C7%83Kung+Woman&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-7139-1486-6&rft.au=Shostak%2C+Marjorie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGordon,_Robert_J.1999" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Robert J. (1999). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bushmanmythmakin00gord"><i>The Bushman Myth: The Making of a Namibian Underclass</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3581-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3581-7"><bdi>0-8133-3581-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bushman+Myth%3A+The+Making+of+a+Namibian+Underclass&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8133-3581-7&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbushmanmythmakin00gord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHowell,_Nancy1979" class="citation book cs1">Howell, Nancy (1979). <i>Demography of the Dobe ǃKung</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-357350-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-357350-5"><bdi>0-12-357350-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demography+of+the+Dobe+%C7%83Kung&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-12-357350-5&rft.au=Howell%2C+Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLee,_RichardIrven_DeVore1999" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Richard; Irven DeVore (1999). <i>Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers: Studies of the ǃKung San & Their Neighbors</i>. iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-49980-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-49980-8"><bdi>0-674-49980-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kalahari+Hunter-Gatherers%3A+Studies+of+the+%C7%83Kung+San+%26+Their+Neighbors&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-674-49980-8&rft.au=Lee%2C+Richard&rft.au=Irven+DeVore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSolomon1997" class="citation web cs1">Solomon, Anne (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquityofman.com/Solomon_myth_ritual.html">"The myth of ritual origins? Ethnography, mythology and interpretation of San rock art"</a>. <i>The Antiquity of Man</i>. South African Archaeological Bulletin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Antiquity+of+Man&rft.atitle=The+myth+of+ritual+origins%3F+Ethnography%2C+mythology+and+interpretation+of+San+rock+art&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquityofman.com%2FSolomon_myth_ritual.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMinkel2006" class="citation web cs1">Minkel, J. R. (1 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=offerings-to-a-stone-snak">"Offerings to a Stone Snake Provide the Earliest Evidence of Religion"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Offerings+to+a+Stone+Snake+Provide+the+Earliest+Evidence+of+Religion&rft.date=2006-12-01&rft.aulast=Minkel&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dofferings-to-a-stone-snak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFChoi2012" class="citation news cs1">Choi, Charles (21 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/23378-african-hunter-gatherers-human-origins.html">"African Hunter-Gatherers Are Offshoots of Earliest Human Split"</a>. <i>LiveScience</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LiveScience&rft.atitle=African+Hunter-Gatherers+Are+Offshoots+of+Earliest+Human+Split&rft.date=2012-09-21&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F23378-african-hunter-gatherers-human-origins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>San Spirituality: Roots, Expression,(2004) and Social Consequences, J. David Lewis-Williams, David G. Pearce, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0759104327" title="Special:BookSources/978-0759104327">978-0759104327</a></li>
<li>Barnard, Alan. (1992): <i>Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa.</i> Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521411882" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521411882">978-0521411882</a>.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:San_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:San people">San people</a></span>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bushmen" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bushmen">Bushmen</a></span>".</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khoisanpeoples.org/">The site of the Khoisan Speakers</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khwattu.org/">ǃKhwa ttu – San Education and Culture Centre</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070911175447/http://www.kuru.co.bw/">Kuru Family of Organisations</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.san.org.za/">South African San Institute</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/bushman/">Bradshaw Foundation – The San Bushmen of South Africa</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturalsurvival.org/country/botswana">Cultural Survival – Botswana</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturalsurvival.org/country/namibia">Cultural Survival – Namibia</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwgia.org/regions/africa">International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs – Africa</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kalaharipeoples.org/">Kalahari Peoples Fund</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.survival-international.org/tribes/bushmen">Survival International – Bushmen</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Ethnic_groups_in_Angola" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Angola" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Angola"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Angola" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Angola"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Angola&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Ethnic_groups_in_Angola" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span> <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Angola" title="Demographics of Angola">Ethnic groups</a> in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambundu" title="Ambundu">Ambundu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_Angola" title="Brazilians in Angola">Brazilian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chokwe_people" title="Chokwe people">Chokwe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herero_people" title="Herero people">Herero</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Himba_people" title="Himba people">Himba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C7%83Kung_people" title="ǃKung people">ǃKung</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lovale_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lovale people">Lovale</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_people" title="Lozi people">Lozi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunda_people" title="Lunda people">Lunda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mbunda_people" title="Mbunda people">Mbunda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mucubal_people" title="Mucubal people">Mucubal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_people" title="Ovambo people">Ovambo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ovimbundu" title="Ovimbundu">Ovimbundu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twa" title="Twa">Twa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/White_Angolans" title="White Angolans">White Angolans</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angolans" title="Portuguese Angolans">Portuguese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/German_Angolans" title="German Angolans">German</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_South_Africans" title="Norwegian South Africans">Norwegian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dorsland_Trek" title="Dorsland Trek">Afrikaner</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xindonga" title="Xindonga">Xindonga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yaka_people" title="Yaka people">Yaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yombe_people" title="Yombe people">Yombe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zemba" title="Zemba">Zemba</a></li></ul>
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<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Ethnic_groups_in_Botswana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Botswana" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Botswana"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Botswana" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Botswana"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Botswana&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Ethnic_groups_in_Botswana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Botswana" title="Ethnic groups in Botswana">Ethnic groups</a> in <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baka-Nswazwi" title="Baka-Nswazwi">Baka-Nswazwi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Barokologadi_Ba_Ga_Maotwa" title="Barokologadi Ba Ga Maotwa">Barokologadi Ba Ga Maotwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Batalaunda" title="Batalaunda">Batalaunda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gana_and_Gwi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gana and Gwi people">Gana and Gwi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herero_people" title="Herero people">Herero</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kalanga_people" title="Kalanga people">Kalanga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C7%83Kung_people" title="ǃKung people">ǃKung</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_people" title="Lozi people">Lozi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mangwato_tribe" title="Mangwato tribe">Mangwato</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mbanderu_people" title="Mbanderu people">Mbanderu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nama_people" title="Nama people">Nama</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">San</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_people" title="Sotho people">Sotho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Subiya_people" title="Subiya people">Subiya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Talaote_tribe" title="Talaote tribe">Talaote</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tl%C3%B4kwa_tribe" title="Tlôkwa tribe">Tlôkwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twa" title="Twa">Twa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Botswana" title="White people in Botswana">White Botswanans</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Botswana" title="Serbs in Botswana">Serbs</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yeyi_people" title="Yeyi people">Yeyi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Namibia&#124;link=Namibia_Ethnic_groups_in_Namibia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Namibia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Namibia"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Namibia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Namibia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Namibia&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Namibia&#124;link=Namibia_Ethnic_groups_in_Namibia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia"><img alt="Namibia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Namibia" title="Demographics of Namibia">Ethnic groups in</a> <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herero_people" title="Herero people">Herero</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himba_people" title="Himba people">Himba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herero_people" title="Herero people">Herero</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tjimba_people" title="Tjimba people">Tjimba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ovambanderu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovambanderu">Ovambanderu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zemba" title="Zemba">Zemba</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_people" title="Ovambo people">Ovambo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndonga">Ndonga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uukwambi" title="Uukwambi">Uukwambi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ongandjera" title="Ongandjera">Ongandjera</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uukwaluudhi" title="Uukwaluudhi">Uukwaluudhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ombalantu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ombalantu">Ombalantu</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uukolonkadhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uukolonkadhi (page does not exist)">Uukolonkadhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oukwanyama" title="Oukwanyama">Oukwanyama</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mbadja" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbadja">Mbadja</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damara_people" title="Damara people">Damara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_people" title="Lozi people">Caprivians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kavango_people" title="Kavango people">Kavangos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_Namibians" title="White Namibians">Whites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">British</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/German_Namibians" title="German Namibians">German</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Jewish</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Namibian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portuguese Namibian (page does not exist)">Portuguese</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coloured_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured people">Coloureds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baster" title="Baster">Baster</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oorlam_people" title="Oorlam people">Oorlam</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capoid_race" title="Capoid race">Capoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">San</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoekhoe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C7%83Kung_people" title="ǃKung people">!Kung</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nama_people" title="Nama people">Nama</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=South_Africa&#124;link=South_Africa_Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa" title="Template:Ethnic groups in South Africa"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=South_Africa&#124;link=South_Africa_Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="267" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa" title="Ethnic groups in South Africa">Ethnic groups in South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu peoples in South Africa">Bantu-speaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nguni_people" title="Nguni people">Nguni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaca_people" title="Bhaca people">Bhaca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mpondomise_people" title="Mpondomise people">Mpondomise</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fengu_people" title="Fengu people">Fengu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hlubi_people" title="Hlubi people">Hlubi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Ndebele_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ndebele people">Ndebele</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pondo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondo people">Pondo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_people" title="Swazi people">Swazi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thembu_people" title="Thembu people">Thembu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gcaleka" title="Gcaleka">Gcaleka</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gqunukhwebe" title="Gqunukhwebe">Gqunukhwebe</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gaika_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaika people">Gaika</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Xesibe" title="Xesibe">Xesibe</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fingo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingo people">Fingo</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Khumalo_clan" title="Khumalo clan">Khumalo</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sotho-Tswana_peoples" title="Sotho-Tswana peoples">Sotho-Tswana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_people" title="Sotho people">Basotho/S. Sotho</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Koena_tribe" title="Koena tribe">Bakoena</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Taung_tribe" title="Taung tribe">Bataung</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tlokwa_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlokwa tribe">Batlokwa</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pedi_people" title="Pedi people">Pedi/N. Sotho</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lobedu_people" title="Lobedu people">Balobedu</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mabelane_tribe" title="Mabelane tribe">Mabelane</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Balete_people" title="Balete people">Balete</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_people" title="Tsonga people">Tsonga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Hlengwe</li>
<li>Xika</li>
<li>N'walungu</li>
<li>Gwamba</li>
<li>Tswha</li>
<li>Rhonga</li>
<li>Hlanganu</li>
<li>Nhlave</li>
<li>Bila</li>
<li>Dzonga</li>
<li>Copi</li>
<li>Ndzawu</li>
<li>Thonga</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venda_people" title="Venda people">Venda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Ngona</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoikhoi">Khoi</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">San</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">San</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C7%83Kung_people" title="ǃKung people">ǃKung</a></li>
<li>ǀXam</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoekhoe</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nama_people" title="Nama people">Nama</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Strandloper_peoples" title="Strandloper peoples">Strandloper</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">Whites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa#South_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">British</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Dutch" title="Cape Dutch">Cape Dutch</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">Huguenots</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans#Migrations" title="White South Africans">Angolans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in South Africa">Armenians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarians in South Africa">Bulgarians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_South_Africa" title="Germans in South Africa">Germans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_South_Africa" title="Greeks in South Africa">Greeks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora#South_Africa" title="Irish diaspora">Irish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Italian_South_Africans" title="Italian South Africans">Italians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa">Jews</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jews</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_South_Africa" title="Lebanese people in South Africa">Lebanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans#Migrations" title="White South Africans">Mozambicans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_South_Africans" title="Norwegian South Africans">Norwegians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles in South Africa">Poles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_South_African" title="Portuguese South African">Portuguese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_South_Africa" title="Serbs in South Africa">Serbs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans#Migrations" title="White South Africans">Zimbabweans</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Malays" title="Cape Malays">Cape Malays</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griquas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oorlam_people" title="Oorlam people">Oorlams</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_South_Africans" title="Tamil South Africans">Tamils</a></li>
<li>Telegu/Andhras</li>
<li>Hindi</li>
<li>Urdu</li>
<li>Gujaratis
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Memons_in_South_Africa" title="Memons in South Africa">Memons</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;">Surtis</span></li></ul></li>
<li>Koknis</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabweans_in_South_Africa" title="Zimbabweans in South Africa">Zimbabweans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_South_Africans" title="Chinese South Africans">Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_South_Africa" title="Somalis in South Africa">Somalis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_South_Africa" title="Nigerians in South Africa">Nigerians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_South_Africa" title="Japanese people in South Africa">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_South_Africa" title="Koreans in South Africa">Koreans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_South_Africa" title="Pakistanis in South Africa">Pakistanis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172365#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172365#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172365#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" class="noprint" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National libraries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11974551j">France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11974551j">(data)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4009193-4">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553412505171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85117072">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561102">Japan</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a href="/wiki/MBA_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MBA (identifier)">MusicBrainz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/a9363a0f-438a-4179-a269-99bce8739107">artist</a></span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SUDOC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifier)">SUDOC (France)</a>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027775240">1</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>'
|
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) |
false
|
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) |
1652374102
|
