The '''Chelyabinsk meteor''' was a [[superbolide]] that entered [[Earth's atmosphere]] over the southern [[Ural (region)|Ural region]] in [[Russia]] on 15 February 2013 at about 09:20 [[Yekaterinburg Time|YEKT]] (03:20 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]). It was caused by an approximately {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[Near-Earth object|near-Earth asteroid]] that entered the atmosphere at a shallow 18.3 ± 0.4 degree angle with a speed relative to Earth of 19.16 ± 0.15 kilometres per second (69,000 km/h or 42,690 mph).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf |title=''O. P. Popova,et al. "Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization." Science 342, 1069–1073 (2013).''}}</ref><ref name="Science_342" /> The light from the meteor was briefly brighter than the [[Sun]], visible up to {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} away. It was observed over a wide area of the region and in neighbouring republics. Some eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the fireball. |
The '''Chelyabinsk meteor''' was a [[superbolide]] that entered [[Earth's atmosphere]] over the southern [[Ural (region)|Ural region]] in [[Russia]] on 15 February 2013 at about 09:20 [[Yekaterinburg Time|YEKT]] (03:20 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]). It was caused by an approximately {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[Near-Earth object|near-Earth asteroid]] that entered the atmosphere at a shallow 18.3 ± 0.4 degree angle with a speed relative to Earth of 19.16 ± 0.15 kilometres per second (69,000 km/h or 42,690 mph).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf |title=''O. P. Popova,et al. "Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization." Science 342, 1069–1073 (2013).''}}</ref><ref name="Science_342" /> The light from the meteor was briefly brighter than the [[Sun]], visible up to {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} away. It was observed over a wide area of the region and in neighbouring republics. Some eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the fireball. |
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The object exploded in a [[meteor air burst]] over [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]], at a height of around {{convert|29.7|km|mi ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org">{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf |title=O. P. Popova, et al. Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization. Science 342 (2013).}}</ref> The explosion generated a bright flash, producing a hot cloud of dust and gas that penetrated to {{convert|26.2|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and many surviving small fragmentary [[meteorite]]s. The bulk of the object's energy was absorbed by the atmosphere, creating a large [[shock wave]] with a total [[kinetic energy]] before atmospheric impact estimated from [[infrasound]] and [[seismic]] measurements to be equivalent to the blast yield of 400–500 [[kiloton]]s of TNT (about 1.4–1.8 PJ) range – 26 to 33 times as much energy as that released from the [[Little Boy|atomic bomb detonated at Hiroshima]],<ref name="David_spacecom">{{Cite web |url=http://www.space.com/23423-russian-fireball-meteor-airburst-risk.html |title=Russian Fireball Explosion Shows Meteor Risk Greater Than Thought |last=David |first=Leonard |date=7 October 2013 |website=www.space.com |publisher=Wired Magazine/Conde Nast |location=New York}}best estimate of the equivalent nuclear blast yield of the Chelyabinsk explosion</ref> and the rough equivalent in energy output to the former Soviet Union's own [[Joe 4|mid-August 1953 initial attempt at a thermonuclear device.]] |
The object exploded in a fucking [[meteor air burst]] over [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]], at a height of around {{convert|29.7|km|mi ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org">{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf |title=O. P. Popova, et al. Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization. Science 342 (2013).}}</ref> The explosion generated a bright flash, producing a hot cloud of dust and gas that penetrated to {{convert|26.2|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and many surviving small fragmentary [[meteorite]]s. The bulk of the object's energy was absorbed by the atmosphere, creating a large [[shock wave]] with a total [[kinetic energy]] before atmospheric impact estimated from [[infrasound]] and [[seismic]] measurements to be equivalent to the blast yield of 400–500 [[kiloton]]s of TNT (about 1.4–1.8 PJ) range – 26 to 33 times as much energy as that released from the [[Little Boy|atomic bomb detonated at Hiroshima]],<ref name="David_spacecom">{{Cite web |url=http://www.space.com/23423-russian-fireball-meteor-airburst-risk.html |title=Russian Fireball Explosion Shows Meteor Risk Greater Than Thought |last=David |first=Leonard |date=7 October 2013 |website=www.space.com |publisher=Wired Magazine/Conde Nast |location=New York}}best estimate of the equivalent nuclear blast yield of the Chelyabinsk explosion</ref> and the rough equivalent in energy output to the former Soviet Union's own [[Joe 4|mid-August 1953 initial attempt at a thermonuclear device.]] |
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The object approached Earth undetected before its [[atmospheric entry]], in part because its [[Radiant (meteor shower)|radiant]] (source direction) was close to the Sun. Its explosion created panic among local residents, and about 1,500 people were injured seriously enough to seek medical treatment. All of the injuries were due to indirect effects rather than the meteor itself, mainly from broken glass from windows that were blown in when the shock wave arrived, minutes after the superbolide's flash. Some 7,200 buildings in six cities across the region were damaged by the explosion's shock wave, and authorities scrambled to help repair the structures in sub-freezing temperatures. |
The object approached Earth undetected before its [[atmospheric entry]], in part because its [[Radiant (meteor shower)|radiant]] (source direction) was close to the Sun. Its explosion created panic among local residents, and about 1,500 people were injured seriously enough to seek medical treatment. All of the injuries were due to indirect effects rather than the meteor itself, mainly from broken glass from windows that were blown in when the shock wave arrived, minutes after the superbolide's flash. Some 7,200 buildings in six cities across the region were damaged by the explosion's shock wave, and authorities scrambled to help repair the structures in sub-freezing temperatures. |
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'{{redirect|Russian meteor|the 1908 Tunguska explosion|Tunguska event}}
{{For|the fragmented remains of this meteor|Chelyabinsk meteorite}}
{{short description|Near-Earth asteroid that fell over Russia in 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox news event
|title=Chelyabinsk meteor
|date={{start date|2013|02|15|df=yes}}
|time=09:20:29 [[Yekaterinburg Time|YEKT]] ([[UTC+06:00]])
|image_name=Meteorite explosion over Chelyabinsk on February 15, 2013.gif
|image_size=250px
|caption=([[:File:Взрыв метеорита над Челябинском 15 02 2013 avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv|video link]])<br /> Meteor fireball seen from [[Kamensk-Uralsky]] where it was still dawn, in an oblast north of Chelyabinsk<br /> <br />
{{Location map |Russia |width=250 |float=center |caption= |mark=City locator 13.svg |marksize=10 |lat_deg=54 |lat_min=57 |lat_sec=36 |lat_dir=N |lon_deg=60 |lon_min=19 |lon_sec=48 |lon_dir=E |alt=The meteor exploded over Chelyabinsk, Russia}}{{center|Location of the meteor}}
|place=[[Chebarkul]], [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]], Russia
|coordinates={{coord|55.150|N|61.410|E|scale:5000000_region:RU_type:event|display=title,inline}}<ref name="JPL20130301" />
|cause=[[Meteor air burst]]
|also known as=[[Chelyabinsk meteorite]]<ref name="USRA-57165">{{cite web |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=57165 |title=Chelyabinsk |work=Meteoritical Bulletin Database |publisher=The Meteoritical Society | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603103339/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=57165 | archive-date=3 June 2013 | url-status=live}}</ref>
|reported injuries=1,491 indirect injuries<ref name="RBC845595">{{cite web | url=http://top.rbc.ru/incidents/18/02/2013/845595.shtml | script-title=ru:Число пострадавших при падении метеорита приблизилось к 1500 | trans-title=The number of victims of the meteorite approached 1500 | language=ru | publisher=РосБизнесКонсалтинг [RBC] | date=18 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502144652/http://top.rbc.ru/incidents/18/02/2013/845595.shtml | archive-date=2 May 2013 | url-status=dead | access-date=18 February 2013 }}</ref>
|reported property damage=Over 7,200<ref name="RBTH-23513" /> buildings damaged, collapsed factory roof, shattered windows, $33 million (2013 USD) lost<ref>[http://thoughtleadership.aon.com/Documents/20130306_if_february_global_recap.pdf Global Catastrophe Recap - February 2013], Aon, March 2013</ref>
}}
The '''Chelyabinsk meteor''' was a [[superbolide]] that entered [[Earth's atmosphere]] over the southern [[Ural (region)|Ural region]] in [[Russia]] on 15 February 2013 at about 09:20 [[Yekaterinburg Time|YEKT]] (03:20 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]). It was caused by an approximately {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[Near-Earth object|near-Earth asteroid]] that entered the atmosphere at a shallow 18.3 ± 0.4 degree angle with a speed relative to Earth of 19.16 ± 0.15 kilometres per second (69,000 km/h or 42,690 mph).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf |title=''O. P. Popova,et al. "Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization." Science 342, 1069–1073 (2013).''}}</ref><ref name="Science_342" /> The light from the meteor was briefly brighter than the [[Sun]], visible up to {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} away. It was observed over a wide area of the region and in neighbouring republics. Some eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the fireball.
The object exploded in a [[meteor air burst]] over [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]], at a height of around {{convert|29.7|km|mi ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org">{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf |title=O. P. Popova, et al. Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization. Science 342 (2013).}}</ref> The explosion generated a bright flash, producing a hot cloud of dust and gas that penetrated to {{convert|26.2|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and many surviving small fragmentary [[meteorite]]s. The bulk of the object's energy was absorbed by the atmosphere, creating a large [[shock wave]] with a total [[kinetic energy]] before atmospheric impact estimated from [[infrasound]] and [[seismic]] measurements to be equivalent to the blast yield of 400–500 [[kiloton]]s of TNT (about 1.4–1.8 PJ) range – 26 to 33 times as much energy as that released from the [[Little Boy|atomic bomb detonated at Hiroshima]],<ref name="David_spacecom">{{Cite web |url=http://www.space.com/23423-russian-fireball-meteor-airburst-risk.html |title=Russian Fireball Explosion Shows Meteor Risk Greater Than Thought |last=David |first=Leonard |date=7 October 2013 |website=www.space.com |publisher=Wired Magazine/Conde Nast |location=New York}}best estimate of the equivalent nuclear blast yield of the Chelyabinsk explosion</ref> and the rough equivalent in energy output to the former Soviet Union's own [[Joe 4|mid-August 1953 initial attempt at a thermonuclear device.]]
The object approached Earth undetected before its [[atmospheric entry]], in part because its [[Radiant (meteor shower)|radiant]] (source direction) was close to the Sun. Its explosion created panic among local residents, and about 1,500 people were injured seriously enough to seek medical treatment. All of the injuries were due to indirect effects rather than the meteor itself, mainly from broken glass from windows that were blown in when the shock wave arrived, minutes after the superbolide's flash. Some 7,200 buildings in six cities across the region were damaged by the explosion's shock wave, and authorities scrambled to help repair the structures in sub-freezing temperatures.
With an estimated initial mass of about 12,000–13,000 [[tonne]]s<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org"/><ref name="NatureNews20131106">{{cite journal | last=Schiermeier | first=Quirin | title=Risk of massive asteroid strike underestimated | url=http://www.nature.com/news/risk-of-massive-asteroid-strike-underestimated-1.14114 | journal=Nature News | publisher=Nature Publishing Group | date=6 November 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107141251/http://www.nature.com/news/risk-of-massive-asteroid-strike-underestimated-1.14114 | archive-date=7 November 2013 | url-status=live | doi=10.1038/nature.2013.14114 | s2cid=131384120 }}</ref> (13,000–14,000 [[short ton]]s), and measuring about {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter, it is the largest known natural object to have entered Earth's atmosphere since the 1908 [[Tunguska event]], which destroyed a wide, remote, forested, and very sparsely populated area of [[Siberia]].<!-- Please do not add the 1930 Brazil meteor event; because it only had 100 kilotons of TNT, less than this event. (http://cosmictusk.com/mini-tunguska-the-rio-curuca-brazil-1930/) --> The Chelyabinsk meteor is also the only meteor confirmed to have resulted in many injuries. No deaths were reported.
The earlier-predicted and well-publicized [[Near-Earth object|close approach]] of a larger asteroid on the same day, the roughly {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[367943 Duende]], occurred about 16 hours later; the very different orbits of the two objects showed they were unrelated to each other.
== Initial reports ==
[[File:Trajectory of Chelyabinsk meteoroid en.png|thumb|left|The meteor's path in relation to the ground.]]
[[File:Tunguska_and_Chelyabinsk_meteoroid_size.png|right|thumb|Comparison of possible sizes of the Chelyabinsk (CM mark) and [[Tunguska event|Tunguska]] meteoroids to the [[Eiffel Tower]] and the [[Empire State Building]].]]
Local residents witnessed extremely bright burning objects in the sky in [[Chelyabinsk Oblast|Chelyabinsk]], [[Kurgan Oblast|Kurgan]], [[Sverdlovsk Oblast|Sverdlovsk]], [[Tyumen Oblast|Tyumen]], and [[Orenburg Oblast]]s, the [[Republic of Bashkortostan]], and in neighbouring regions in [[Kazakhstan]],<ref name="Verge3991132">{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/2/15/3991132/russia-meteorite-explosion-reported |title=Russia rocked by meteor explosion |work=[[The Verge]] |date=15 February 2013 |first=Sam |last=Byford | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305235823/http://www.theverge.com/2013/2/15/3991132/russia-meteorite-explosion-reported | archive-date=5 March 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ReutersUSBRE91E05Z">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-meteorite-idUSBRE91E05Z20130215 |title=Meteorite explodes over Russia, more than 1,000 injured | first=Andrey | last=Kuzmin |date=15 February 2013 |work=Reuters | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222191716/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/15/us-russia-meteorite-idUSBRE91E05Z20130215 | archive-date=22 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="yahoo-052833588">{{cite news |url=http://www.news.yahoo.com/possible-meteor-shower-reported-eastern-russia-052833588.html |title=Meteorite hits central Russia, more than 500 people hurt |first1=Natalia |last1=Shurmina |first2=Andrey |last2=Kuzmin | date=15 February 2013 |work=Yahoo News | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215195937/http://news.yahoo.com/possible-meteor-shower-reported-eastern-russia-052833588.html | archive-date=15 February 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> when the asteroid entered the Earth's atmosphere over Russia.<ref name="NASA20130215">{{cite web |first=D. C. |last=Agle |title=Russia Meteor Not Linked to Asteroid Flyby |work=NASA news |publisher=NASA |date=13 February 2013 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/asteroids/news/asteroid20130215.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217133332/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/asteroids/news/asteroid20130215.html | archive-date=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="USAtoday1921991">{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/02/15/russia-meteorite/1921991/ |title=Meteor in central Russia injures at least 500 | date=15 February 2013 |first1=Anna |last1=Arutunyan |first2=Marc |last2=Bennetts |work=[[USA Today]] }}</ref><ref name="Mercury22596238">{{cite news |title=100 injured by meteorite falls in Russian Urals |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_22596238/100-injured-by-meteorite-falls-russian-urals |work=Mercury News |first1=Jim |last1=Heintz |first2=Vladimir |last2=Isachenkov |agency=Associated Press |date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502223112/http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_22596238/100-injured-by-meteorite-falls-russian-urals | archive-date=2 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Universe99982">{{cite web |first=Jason |last=Major |work=Universe Today |title=Meteor Blast Rocks Russia |url=http://www.universetoday.com/99982/meteor-blasts-rock-russia/ |date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217062852/http://www.universetoday.com/99982/meteor-blasts-rock-russia/ | archive-date=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20130325">{{cite news |first=Henry |last=Fountain |title=A Clearer View of the Space Bullet That Grazed Russia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/science/space/in-asteroids-aftermath-a-sigh-of-relief.html |date=25 March 2013 |work=[[The New York Times]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326074701/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/science/space/in-asteroids-aftermath-a-sigh-of-relief.html | archive-date=26 March 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Amateur videos showed a fireball streaking across the sky and a loud boom several minutes afterwards.<ref name="medvedev" /><ref name="CNN-20130216">{{cite AV media |date=16 February 2013 |title=Videos capture exploding meteor in sky |medium=Television production |url=http://edition.cnn.com/video/?hpt=hp_t1#/video/world/2013/02/16/ac-boulden-meteor-explodes-over-russia.cnn |publisher=CNN |location=United States }}</ref><ref name="smh-20130215">{{cite news | url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/sci-tech/meteor-shower-over-russia-sees-meteorites-hit-earth-20130215-2ei2j.html | title=Meteor shower over Russia sees meteorites hit Earth | date=16 February 2013 | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623084954/http://www.smh.com.au/technology/sci-tech/meteor-shower-over-russia-sees-meteorites-hit-earth-20130215-2ei2j.html | archive-date=23 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Some eyewitnesses claim they felt intense heat from the fireball.<ref name="YT-9Iq2h2DIqt8">{{cite web | title=Russian Meteor strike eyewitnesses speak | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Iq2h2DIqt8 | date=15 February 2013 | publisher=YouTube | quote=In Russian, with translation voiceover in English }}</ref>
The event began at 09:20:21 Yekaterinburg time,<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org"/> several minutes after sunrise in Chelyabinsk, and minutes before sunrise in Yekaterinburg. According to eyewitnesses, the [[bolide]] appeared brighter than the sun,<ref name="ReutersUSBRE91E05Z" /> as was later confirmed by NASA.<ref name="NYT-20130215">{{cite web |url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/video-captures-flaming-object-believed-to-be-meteorite/ |title=Spectacular Videos of Meteor Over Siberia |work=The New York Times |first1=Robert |last1=Mackey |first2=Gerry |last2=Mullany |date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430101207/http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/video-captures-flaming-object-believed-to-be-meteorite/ | archive-date=30 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> An image of the object was also taken shortly after it entered the atmosphere by the weather satellite [[Meteosat]] 9.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meteor over Russia seen by Meteosat – EUMETSAT|url=https://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Images/ImageLibrary/DAT_IL_13_02_15_A.html|access-date=15 February 2018|work=eumetsat.int|publisher=EUMETSAT|language=EN|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20200906190132/https://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Images/ImageLibrary/DAT_IL_13_02_15_A.html|archivedate=6 September 2020}}</ref> Witnesses in Chelyabinsk said that the air of the city smelled like "gunpowder", "[[sulfur]]" and "burning odors" starting about 1 hour after the fireball and lasting all day.<ref name="cams.seti.org"/>
== Atmospheric entry ==
[[File:Meteoroid - Meteor (Bolide) - Meteorite.gif|thumb|Illustrating all "phases", from [[Atmosphere of Earth|atmospheric]] entry to explosion.]]
The visible phenomenon due to the passage of an [[asteroid]] or [[meteoroid]] through the atmosphere is called a [[meteor]].<ref name="MPS-01009">{{cite journal |first1=Alan E. |last1=Rubin |first2=Jeffrey N. |last2=Grossman |title=Meteorite and meteoroid: New comprehensive definitions |journal=Meteoritics & Planetary Science |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=114–122 |date=January 2010 |bibcode=2010M&PS...45..114R |doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.2009.01009.x |s2cid=129972426 }}</ref> If the object reaches the ground, then it is called a [[meteorite]]. During the Chelyabinsk meteoroid's traversal, there was a bright object trailing smoke, then an [[air burst]] (explosion) that caused a powerful [[blast wave]]. The latter was the only cause of the damage to thousands of buildings in Chelyabinsk and its neighbouring towns. The fragments then entered [[Dark flight (astronomy)|dark flight]] (without the emission of light) and created a [[strewn field]] of numerous meteorites on the snow-covered ground (officially named Chelyabinsk meteorites).
The last time a similar phenomenon was observed in the Chelyabinsk region was the Kunashak meteor shower of 1949, after which scientists recovered about {{nowrap|20 meteorites}} weighing over {{nowrap|200 kg}} in total.<ref name="Google-Book-mkdHJR35Q_8C">{{cite book |first=Monica M |last=Grady |location=London |title=Catalogue of Meteorites |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkdHJR35Q_8C&pg=PA285 |date=31 August 2000 |publisher=Natural History Museum, Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-66303-8 |page=285 }}</ref> The Chelyabinsk meteor is thought to be the biggest natural space object to enter Earth's atmosphere since the [[Tunguska event|1908 Tunguska event]],<ref name="nature-12438">{{cite journal |first=Geoff |last=Brumfiel |title=Russian meteor largest in a century |url=http://www.nature.com/news/russian-meteor-largest-in-a-century-1.12438 |journal=Nature | doi=10.1038/nature.2013.12438 | date=15 February 2013 |s2cid=131657241 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220184343/http://www.nature.com/news/russian-meteor-largest-in-a-century-1.12438 | archive-date=20 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Economist-Babbage">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2013/02/asteroid-impacts |title=Asteroid impacts – How to avert Armageddon |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |author=T.C. |date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219143645/https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2013/02/asteroid-impacts | archive-date=19 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20130216">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/16/science/space/size-of-blast-and-number-of-injuries-are-seen-as-rare-for-a-rock-from-space.html |title=Size of Blast and Number of Injuries Are Seen as Rare for a Rock From Space |first=Kenneth |last=Chang |work=The New York Times |date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220221446/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/16/science/space/size-of-blast-and-number-of-injuries-are-seen-as-rare-for-a-rock-from-space.html | archive-date=20 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> and the only one confirmed to have resulted in many injuries,<ref name="Forbes20130215">{{cite web |first=David M |last=Ewalt | title=Exploding Meteorite Injures A Thousand People in Russia |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2013/02/15/exploding-meteorite-injures-a-thousand-people-in-russia/ | work=Forbes | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408202030/http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2013/02/15/exploding-meteorite-injures-a-thousand-people-in-russia/ | archive-date=8 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref group="Note">Historical, normally accurate, Chinese records of the [[1490 Ch'ing-yang event]] describe over 10,000 deaths, but have never been confirmed.</ref> although a small number of panic-related injuries occurred during the Great Madrid Meteor Event of 10 February 1896.<ref name="PASP1896">{{cite journal |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |title=Explosion of an Aerolite in Madrid (10 February 1896) |department=Notices from the Lick Observatory |date=1896 |volume=8 |issue=47 |pages=86–87 |author=S.F. Chronicle |bibcode=1896PASP....8...86C |doi=10.1086/121074 |quote=Many injuries resulted from the panic which broke out... Much damage was done by the force of the concussion. |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Preliminary estimates released by the [[Russian Federal Space Agency]] indicated the object was an asteroid moving at about {{nowrap|30 km/s}} in a "low trajectory" when it entered Earth's atmosphere. According to the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]], the meteor then pushed through the atmosphere at a velocity of {{nowrap|15 km/s.}}<ref name="Universe99982" /><ref name="YahooNews">{{cite web | title=500 injured by blasts as meteor falls in Russia | url=https://news.yahoo.com/500-injured-blasts-meteor-falls-russia-105758757.html | first=Jim | last=Heintz | date=15 February 2013 | work=Yahoo News | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624001638/http://news.yahoo.com/500-injured-blasts-meteor-falls-russia-105758757.html | archive-date=24 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Radiant (meteor shower)|radiant]] (the apparent position of origin of the meteor in the sky) appears from video recordings to have been above and to the left of the rising Sun.<ref name="Kaira">{{cite web|url=http://kaira.sgo.fi/2013/02/are-2012-da14-and-chelyabinsk-meteor.html |title=Are {{mp|2012 DA|14}} and the Chelyabinsk meteor related? |work=Kilpisjärvi Atmospheric Imaging Receiver Array |publisher=Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory |date=15 February 2013 |location=Finland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623092057/http://kaira.sgo.fi/2013/02/are-2012-da14-and-chelyabinsk-meteor.html |archive-date=23 June 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Early analysis of [[CCTV]] and [[dashcam]] video posted online indicated that the meteor approached from the southeast, and exploded about 40 km south of central Chelyabinsk above [[Korkino, Chelyabinsk Oblast|Korkino]] at a height of {{convert|23.3|km|ft}}, with fragments continuing in the direction of [[Lake Chebarkul]].<ref name="JPL20130301" /><ref name="dagbladet25811137">{{cite journal | title=Kan koste flere tusen grammet |trans-title=(Meteorite) can cost several thousand dollars per gram | journal=[[Dagbladet]] | first=Geir | last=Barstein | date=18 February 2013 | url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2013/02/18/nyheter/utenriks/meteor/meteoritter/astronomi/25811137/ | language=no | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501013304/http://www.dagbladet.no/2013/02/18/nyheter/utenriks/meteor/meteoritter/astronomi/25811137/ | archive-date=1 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Maps-54d651ba">{{cite map |title=Chelyabinsk meteorite, 2013 February 15th |author=ssvilponis |publisher=Google Maps |date=16 February 2013 |url=http://maps.google.ee/maps/ms?msid=216221265233140305376.0004d5da6860954d651ba&msa=0&ll=55.013851,61.333923&spn=0.872465,2.458191 }}</ref><ref name="Ogle-Recon">{{cite web |title=Reconstructing the Chelyabinsk meteor's path, with Google Earth, YouTube and high-school math |first=Stefan |last=Geens |date=16 February 2013 |url=http://ogleearth.com/2013/02/reconstructing-the-chelyabinsk-meteors-path-with-google-earth-youtube-and-high-school-math/ |work=Ogle Earth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228024225/http://ogleearth.com/2013/02/reconstructing-the-chelyabinsk-meteors-path-with-google-earth-youtube-and-high-school-math/ |archive-date=28 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 1 March 2013, NASA published a detailed synopsis of the event, stating that at peak brightness (at 09:20:33 local time), the meteor was 23.3 km high, located at 54.8°N, 61.1°E. At that time it was travelling at about {{convert|18.6|km/s|km/h mph}} – almost 60 times the speed of sound.<ref name="JPL20130301">{{cite web | date=1 March 2013 | title=Additional Details on the Large Fireball Event over Russia on Feb. 15, 2013 |publisher=NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program Office | first1=Don | last1=Yeomans | first2=Paul | last2=Chodas | url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fireball_130301.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430164941/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fireball_130301.html | archive-date=30 April 2013 | url-status=dead | quote=Note that [the] estimates of total energy, diameter and mass are very approximate. }}<br />NASA's webpage in turn acknowledges credit for its data and visual diagrams to:
:Peter Brown ([[University of Western Ontario]]); William Cooke ([[Marshall Space Flight Center]]); Paul Chodas, Steve Chesley and Ron Baalke (JPL); Richard Binzel ([[MIT]]); and Dan Adamo.</ref><ref name="NatGeo-20130701">{{cite journal | first=Andrew | last=Fazekas | url=http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2013/07/01/russian-meteor-shockwave-circled-globe-twice/ | title=Russian Meteor Shockwave Circled Globe Twice | journal=Newswatch | publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] | date=1 July 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713221042/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2013/07/01/russian-meteor-shockwave-circled-globe-twice/ | archive-date=13 July 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2013, results were published based on a more careful calibration of dashcam videos in the field weeks after the event during a Russian Academy of Sciences field study, which put the point of peak brightness at 29.7 km altitude and the final disruption of the thermal debris cloud at 27.0 km, settling to 26.2 km, all with a possible systematic uncertainty of ± 0.7 km.<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org"/>
[[File:Chebarkul meteorite sample on lake ice.jpg|thumb|left|A sample found by [[Ural Federal University]] scientists at [[Lake Chebarkul]]. The object is part of the [[Chelyabinsk meteorite]].]]
The United States space agency [[NASA]] estimated the diameter of the bolide at about 17–20 m and has revised the mass several times from an initial {{convert|7700|tonnes}},<ref name="NASA20130215" /> until reaching a final estimate of 10,000 tonnes.<ref name="NASA20130215" /><ref name="NASA1360985685055">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.nasa.gov/cm/blog/Watch%20the%20Skies/posts/post_1360985685055.html | title=Orbit of the Russian Meteor | work=NASA blogs | date=15 February 2013 | first=William | last=Cooke | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307133108/http://blogs.nasa.gov/cm/blog/Watch%20the%20Skies/posts/post_1360985685055.html | archive-date=7 March 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="huffpost2704164">{{cite news |title=Russian Meteor Blast Bigger Than Thought, NASA Says |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/17/russian-meteor-size-blast-bigger-nasa_n_2704164.html |first=Tariq |last=Malik |date=17 February 2013 |work=Huffington Post | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218113911/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/17/russian-meteor-size-blast-bigger-nasa_n_2704164.html | archive-date=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CNN20130216">{{cite news |title=Russia starts cleanup after meteor strike |date=18 February 2013 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/16/world/europe/russia-meteor-shower/ |work=CNN |first1=Phil |last1=Black |first2=Laura |last2=Smith-Spark | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217025049/http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/16/world/europe/russia-meteor-shower | archive-date=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IBT-1109921">{{cite web | first=VN | last=Sreeja | url=http://www.ibtimes.com/new-asteroid-2013-ec-similar-russian-meteor-pass-earth-distance-less-moons-orbit-1109921 | title=New Asteroid '2013 EC' Similar To Russian Meteor To Pass Earth At A Distance Less Than Moon's Orbit | work=[[International Business Times]] | date=4 March 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430174913/http://www.ibtimes.com/new-asteroid-2013-ec-similar-russian-meteor-pass-earth-distance-less-moons-orbit-1109921 | archive-date=30 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[air burst]]'s blast wave, when it hit the ground, produced a [[seismic wave]] which registered on seismographs at magnitude 2.7.<ref name="USGS Chelyabinsk">{{cite news |title=Meteor Explosion near Chelyabinsk, Russia |date=15 February 2013 |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000f7rz#summary |work=US Geological Survey | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219164510/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000f7rz#summary | archive-date=19 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="USGS">{{cite web |title=Magnitude ? (Uncertain Or Not Yet Determined) – URAL MOUNTAINS REGION, RUSSIA |publisher=[[U.S. Geological Survey]] |work=National Earthquake Information Center |date=15 February 2013 |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc000f7rz.php#details |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218084242/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc000f7rz.php#details |archive-date=18 February 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Oskin-1">{{cite news |issn=0882-7729 |first=Becky |last=Oskin |title=Russia meteor blast produced 2.7 magnitude earthquake equivalent |work=The Christian Science Monitor |date=15 February 2013 |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/0215/Russia-meteor-blast-produced-2.7-magnitude-earthquake-equivalent | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216182201/http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/0215/Russia-meteor-blast-produced-2.7-magnitude-earthquake-equivalent | archive-date=16 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Russian Geographical Society]] said the passing of the meteor over Chelyabinsk caused three blasts of different energy. The first explosion was the most powerful, and was preceded by a bright flash, which lasted about five seconds. Initial newspaper altitude estimates ranged from {{nowrap|30–70 km,}} with an explosive equivalent, according to NASA, of roughly {{convert|500|ktTNT}}, although there is some debate on this yield<ref name="Guardian-2013-11-07">{{cite news | last=Sample | first=Ian | url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/06/chelyabinsk-meteor-russia | title=Scientists reveal the full power of the Chelyabinsk meteor explosion | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=7 November 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109204718/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/06/chelyabinsk-meteor-russia | archive-date=9 November 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> (500 kt is exactly the same energy released by the [[Ivy King]] nuclear explosion in 1952). According to a paper in 2013, all these ~500 kiloton yield estimates for the meteor airburst are "uncertain by a factor of two because of a lack of calibration data at those high energies and altitudes".<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org"/>
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NOTE: The following text is being sidelined/removed as it is possibly OR, or at least highly inaccurate, Google translate converts the title of the attached Russian headline to: "Meteorite flying over Chelyabinsk accompanied by three explosions ranging from 1 to 10 kilotons", which contradicts the text, and is again very low to the real radiated energy:
<ref group="Note">According to the measurements from the other side of the city, if the height of the blast is measured at about {{nowrap|30 km,}} the power of the explosion would range from {{nowrap|0.1 to 1 kiloton.}}</ref><ref name="Gazeta">{{cite web | script-title=ru:Ученый: полету метеорита над Челябинском сопутствовали три взрыва мощностью от 1 до 10 килотонн | trans-title=Scientist: The flight of the meteorite over Chelyabinsk accompanied by three explosions ranging from 1 to 10 kilotons | language=ru | url=http://www.gazeta.ru/social/news/2013/02/15/n_2756693.shtml | publisher=Gazeta | location=Russia | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618030509/http://www.gazeta.ru/social/news/2013/02/15/n_2756693.shtml | archive-date=18 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
-->
The [[hypocenter|hypocentre]] of the explosion was to the south of Chelyabinsk, in [[Yemanzhelinsk]] and [[Yuzhnouralsk]]. Due to the height of the air burst, the atmosphere absorbed most of the explosion's energy.<ref name="Telegraph9874662">{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/9874662/Russian-meteor-hit-atmosphere-with-force-of-30-Hiroshima-bombs.html |title=Russian meteor hit atmosphere with force of 30 Hiroshima bombs |work=The Telegraph |date=16 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218170229/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/9874662/Russian-meteor-exploded-with-force-of-30-Hiroshima-bombs.html | archive-date=18 February 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The explosion's [[blast wave]] first reached Chelyabinsk and environs between less than 2 minutes 23 seconds{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} and 2 minutes 57 seconds later.<ref name="YT-kSrUSmJPHOE">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kSrUSmJPHOE | script-title=ru:Метеорит в Челябинске |trans-title=Meteorite in Chelyabinsk | language=ru | date=15 February 2013 | publisher=YouTube }}</ref> The object did not release all of its [[kinetic energy]] in the form of a blast wave, as some 90 [[TNT equivalent|kilotons of TNT]] {{nowrap|(about 3.75 × 10<sup>14</sup> joules, or 0.375 [[Joule|PJ]])}} of the total energy of the main airburst's [[meteoroid#Fireball|fireball]] was emitted as visible light according to [[NASA]]'s [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]],<ref name="JPL20130301" /><ref name="Brown2002">{{cite journal | volume=420 | issue=6913 | pages=294–296 | first1=P. | last1=Brown | first2=R. E. | last2=Spalding | first3=D. O. | last3=ReVelle | first4=E. | last4=Tagliaferri | first5=S. P. | last5=Worden | title=The flux of small near-Earth objects colliding with the Earth | journal=Nature | date=2002 | url=http://www.stoprocks.com/gaps/new/news/bibliotheque/Bolide/pdf/na/flux-final.pdf | bibcode=2002Natur.420..294B | doi=10.1038/nature01238 | pmid=12447433 | s2cid=4380864 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430110029/http://www.stoprocks.com/gaps/new/news/bibliotheque/Bolide/pdf/na/flux-final.pdf | archive-date=30 April 2013 | url-status=dead | access-date=20 March 2013 }}</ref> and two main fragments survived the primary airburst disruption at {{convert|29.7|km|mi}}; they flared around {{convert|24|km|mi}}, with
one falling apart at {{convert|18.5|km|mi}} and the other remaining luminous down to
{{convert|13.6|km|mi}},<ref name="cams.seti.org"/> with part of the meteoroid continuing on its general trajectory to punch a hole in the frozen [[Lake Chebarkul]], an impact that was fortuitously captured on camera and released in November 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.universetoday.com/106226/newly-released-security-cam-video-shows-chelyabinsk-meteorite-impact-in-lake-chebarkul/ |title=Newly Released Security Cam Video Shows Chelyabinsk Meteorite Impact in Lake Chebarkul by Bob King on November 7, 2013|date=7 November 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Chelyabinsk Bolide Plume as seen by NPP and NASA Models.ogg|thumb|This visualization shows the aftermath observations by NASA satellites and computer models projections of the plume and meteor debris trajectory around the atmosphere. The plume rose to an altitude of 35 km and once there, it was rapidly blown around the globe by the [[polar night jet]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/0819/Fallout-from-the-Russian-fireball-encircled-Earth-research-shows |title=Fallout from the Russian fireball encircled Earth, research shows|journal=The Christian Science Monitor|date=19 August 2013}}</ref>]]
The [[infrasound]] waves given off by the explosions were detected by 20 monitoring stations designed to detect [[nuclear weapons testing]] run by the [[Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission|Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) Preparatory Commission]], including the distant Antarctic station, some {{convert|15000|km|mi}} away. The blast of the explosion was large enough to generate infrasound returns, after circling the globe, at distances up to about {{convert|85000|km|mi}}. Multiple arrivals involving waves that travelled twice around the globe have been identified. The meteor explosion produced the largest [[infrasound]]s ever to be recorded by the CTBTO infrasound monitoring system, which began recording in 2001,<ref name="CTBTO20130218">{{cite news |title=Russian Fireball Largest Ever Detected by CTBTO's Sensors |publisher=[[CTBTO]] |date=18 February 2013 |url=http://newsroom.ctbto.org/2013/02/18/russian-fireball-largest-ever-detected-by-ctbtos-infrasound-sensors/ |access-date=19 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027024647/https://newsroom.ctbto.org/2013/02/18/russian-fireball-largest-ever-detected-by-ctbtos-infrasound-sensors/ |archive-date=27 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="mel">{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10866592 |title=Meteor explosion largest infrasound recorded |first=Paul |last=Harper |date=20 February 2013 |newspaper=The New Zealand Herald |publisher=APN Holdings NZ }}</ref><ref name="mel2">{{cite news |url=http://blogs.nature.com/news/2013/06/russian-meteor-blast-was-the-largest-ever-recorded.html |title=Russian meteor blast was the largest ever recorded by CTBTO |first=Quirin |last=Schiermeier |date=10 June 2013 |newspaper=Nature News Blog |publisher=Macmillan Publishers Limited }}</ref> so great that they reverberated around the world several times, taking over a day to dissipate.<ref name="NOVA-2013.03.27" /> Additional scientific analysis of US military infrasound data was aided by an agreement reached with US authorities to allow its use by civilian scientists, implemented only about a month before the Chelyabinsk meteor event.<ref name="NYT-20130325" /><ref name="NOVA-2013.03.27" />
[[File:2013 Chelyabinsk meteor trace.jpg|thumb|left|A full view of the smoke trail with the bulbous section corresponding to a [[mushroom cloud]]'s cap.]]
A preliminary estimate of the explosive energy by astronomer Boris Shustov, director of the [[Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences|Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Astronomy]], was {{convert|200|ktTNT}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://atominfo.ru/newsd/k0520.htm|title=Оценка мощности взрыва Челябинского болида в 500 килотонн завышена в 3-4 раза|date=19 February 2013|lang=ru|access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref> another using empirical period-yield scaling relations and the infrasound records, by Peter Brown of the [[University of Western Ontario]] gave a value of {{convert|460-470|ktTNT}} and represents a best estimate for the yield of this airburst; there remains a potential "uncertainty [in the order of] a factor of two in this yield value".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteor.uwo.ca/research/fireball/events/Chel/overview.html |title=Fireball Events Chelyabinsk Meteor of 15 Feb. 2013 – Preliminary results as of Feb 16, 2013. Dr. Peter Brown}}</ref><ref name="GRL_50619">{{cite journal |last1=Le Pichon |first1=Alexis |first2=L. |last2=Ceranna |first3=C. |last3=Pilger |first4=P. |last4=Mialle |first5=D. |last5=Brown |first6=P. |last6=Herry |first7=N. |last7=Brachet |title=2013 Russian Fireball largest ever detected by CTBTO infrasound sensors |date=2013 |doi=10.1002/grl.50619 |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=40 |issue=14 |page=3732 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.3732L |s2cid=129384715 }}</ref> Brown and his colleagues also went on to publish a paper in November 2013 which stated that the "widely referenced technique of estimating airburst damage does not reproduce the [Chelyabinsk] observations, and that the mathematical relations found in the book ''[[Philip J. Dolan|The Effects of Nuclear Weapons]]'' which are based on the [[effects of nuclear weapons]] – [which is] almost always used with this technique – overestimate blast damage [when applied to meteor airbursts]".<ref>{{cite journal |title=A 500-kiloton airburst over Chelyabinsk and an enhanced hazard from small impactors | volume=503|issue=7475 |doi=10.1038/nature12741 |pmid=24196713 |journal=Nature |pages=238–41 | last1 = Brown | first1 = PG | last2 = Assink | first2 = JD | last3 = Astiz | first3 = L | last4 = Blaauw | first4 = R | last5 = Boslough | first5 = MB | last6 = Borovička | first6 = J | last7 = Brachet | first7 = N | last8 = Brown | first8 = D | last9 = Campbell-Brown | first9 = M | last10 = Ceranna | first10 = L | last11 = Cooke | first11 = W | last12 = de Groot-Hedlin | first12 = C | last13 = Drob | first13 = DP | last14 = Edwards | first14 = W | last15 = Evers | first15 = LG | last16 = Garces | first16 = M | last17 = Gill | first17 = J | last18 = Hedlin | first18 = M | last19 = Kingery | first19 = A | last20 = Laske | first20 = G | last21 = Le Pichon | first21 = A | last22 = Mialle | first22 = P | last23 = Moser | first23 = DE | last24 = Saffer | first24 = A | last25 = Silber | first25 = E | last26 = Smets | first26 = P | last27 = Spalding | first27 = RE | last28 = Spurný | first28 = P | last29 = Tagliaferri | first29 = E | last30 = Uren | first30 = D | last31 = Weryk | first31 = RJ | last32 = Whitaker | first32 = R | last33 = Krzeminski | first33 = Z |display-authors=5|bibcode = 2013Natur.503..238B |year=2013 |hdl=10125/33201 | s2cid=4450349| hdl-access = free }}</ref> A similar overestimate of the explosive yield of the [[Tunguska event|Tunguska]] airburst also exists; as incoming celestial objects have rapid directional motion, the object causes stronger blast wave and thermal radiation pulses at the ground surface than would be predicted by a stationary object exploding, limited to the height at which the blast was initiated-where the object's "momentum is ignored".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://share.sandia.gov/news/resources/releases/2007/asteroid.html| title = Sandia supercomputers offer new explanation of Tunguska disaster| date = 17 December 2007| publisher = [[Sandia National Laboratories]] | access-date = 22 December 2007}}</ref> Thus, a meteor airburst of a given energy is "much more damaging than an equivalent [energy] nuclear explosion at the same altitude".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aaas.org/news/research-address-near-earth-objects-remains-critical-experts-say |title=Research to Address Near-Earth Objects Remains Critical, Experts Say}}</ref><ref name="Kelly Beatty">{{cite web|url=https://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/new-chelyabinsk-results-yield-surprises/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140806114350/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/new-chelyabinsk-results-yield-surprises/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 August 2014 |title=New Chelyabinsk Results Yield Surprises |author=Kelly Beatty |date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>
The seismic wave produced when the primary airburst's blast struck the ground yields a rather uncertain "best estimate" of 430 kilotons (momentum ignored),<ref name="Kelly Beatty"/> corresponding to the [[seismic wave]] which registered on seismographs at magnitude 2.7.<ref name="USGS Chelyabinsk"/><ref name="USGS"/><ref name="Oskin-1"/>
[[File:Chelyabinsk meteor trace 15-02-2013.jpg|thumb|right|A picture taken of the smoke trail with the double plumes visible either side of the bulbous "[[mushroom cloud]]" cap.]]
Brown also states that the double smoke plume formation, as seen in photographs, is believed to have coincided near the primary airburst section of the dust trail (as also pictured following the [[Tagish Lake (meteorite)|Tagish Lake fireball]]), and it likely indicates where rising air quickly flowed into the center of the trail, essentially in the same manner as a moving 3D version of a [[mushroom cloud]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteor.uwo.ca/publications/wgn-chel.pdf.pdf |title=WGN, the Journal of the IMO 41:1 (2013) A Preliminary Report on the Chelyabinsk Fireball/Airburst Peter Brown}}</ref> Photographs of this smoke trail portion, before it split into two plumes, show this cigar-shaped region glowing [[incandescent]]ly for a few seconds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf |title=O. P. Popova, et al. Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization.Science 342 (2013). FIGURE 1}}</ref> This region is the area in which the maximum of material [[ablation]] occurred, with the double plume persisting for a time and then appearing to rejoin or close up.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aG-yy8ILItI |title=Postcards from Chelyabinsk – SETI Institute Colloquium Series (Peter Jenniskens) 15:10 on|website=YouTube}}</ref>
== Injuries and damage ==
[[File:Chelyabinsk meteor event consequences in Drama Theatre.jpg|thumb|left|Shattered windows in the foyer of the Chelyabinsk Drama Theatre]]
The blast created by the meteor's [[air burst]] produced extensive ground damage over an irregular [[Ellipse|elliptical]] area around a hundred kilometres wide, and a few tens of kilometres long,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/index-chelyabinsk.html |title=Map of glass damage in Chelyabinsk Oblast. From: Popova et al. Science Science Vol. 42 (2013).}}</ref> with the secondary effects of the blast being the main cause of the considerable number of injuries. Russian authorities stated that 1,491 people sought medical attention in Chelyabinsk Oblast within the first few days.<ref name="RBC845595" /> Health officials reported 112 hospitalisations, including two in serious condition. A {{nowrap|52-year-old}} woman with a broken spine was flown to Moscow for treatment.{{cn|date=December 2020}} Most of the injuries were caused by the secondary blast effects of shattered, falling or blown-in glass.<ref name="Canada7968297">{{cite news | url=http://www.canada.com/news/Meteor+explodes+over+Russia+Ural+Mountains+injured+shock+wave+blasts+windows/7968297/story.html | title=Meteor explodes over Russia's Ural Mountains; 1,100 injured as shock wave blasts out windows | date=15 February 2013 | first1=Jim | last1=Heintz | first2=Vladimir | last2=Isachenkov | agency=The Associated Press | publisher=Postmedia Network Inc | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513022402/http://www.canada.com/news/Meteor%2Bexplodes%2Bover%2BRussia%2BUral%2BMountains%2Binjured%2Bshock%2Bwave%2Bblasts%2Bwindows/7968297/story.html | archive-date=13 May 2013 | url-status=dead | quote=[[Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)|Emergency Situations Ministry]] spokesman Vladimir Purgin said many of the injured were cut as they flocked to windows to see what caused the intense flash of light, which was momentarily brighter than the sun. | df=dmy-all | access-date=5 March 2013 }}</ref> The intense light from the meteor, momentarily brighter than the Sun, also produced injuries, leading to over 180 cases of eye pain, and 70 people subsequently reported temporary [[flash blindness]].<ref name="NS-20131107">{{cite news | url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24542-csi-chelyabinsk-10-insights-from-russias-meteorite.html | title=CSI Chelyabinsk: 10 insights from Russia's meteorite | first=Lisa | last=Grossman | work=[[New Scientist]] | date=6 November 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109031906/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24542-csi-chelyabinsk-10-insights-from-russias-meteorite.html | archive-date=9 November 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Twenty people reported [[ultraviolet]] burns similar to [[sunburn]], possibly intensified by the presence of snow on the ground.<ref name="NS-20131107" /> Vladimir Petrov, when meeting with scientists to assess the damage, reported that he sustained so much sunburn from the meteor that the skin flaked only days later.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://cams.seti.org/index-chelyabinsk.html |title = Cameras for Allsky Meteor Surveillance (CAMS)}}</ref>
A fourth-grade teacher in Chelyabinsk, Yulia Karbysheva, was hailed as a hero after saving 44 children from imploding window glass cuts. Despite not knowing the origin of the intense flash of light, Karbysheva thought it prudent to take precautionary measures by ordering her students to stay away from the room's windows and to perform a [[duck and cover]] maneuver and then to leave a building. Karbysheva, who remained standing, was seriously lacerated when the blast arrived and window glass severed a [[tendon]] in one of her arms and left [[thigh]]; none of her students, whom she ordered to hide under their desks, suffered cuts.<ref name="NYT-20130217">{{cite news | last=Kramer | first=Andrew E. | title=After Assault From the Heavens, Russians Search for Clues and Count Blessings | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/17/world/europe/russians-seek-clues-and-count-blessings-after-meteor-blast.html | date=17 February 2013 | work=The New York Times | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217150820/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/17/world/europe/russians-seek-clues-and-count-blessings-after-meteor-blast.html | archive-date=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://interfax.com.ua/news/general/140940.html|title=Челябинская учительница спасла при падении метеорита более 40 детей|work=Интерфакс-Украина|access-date=28 September 2018|language=ru}}</ref> The teacher was taken to a hospital which received 112 people that day. The majority of the patients were suffering from cuts.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Цинковый завод Челябинска.jpg|thumb|right|The collapsed roof over the warehouse section of a zinc factory in Chelyabinsk]]
After the air blast, car alarms went off and mobile phone networks were overloaded with calls.<ref name="Guardian20130215">{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/feb/15/meteorite-explosion-shakes-russian | title=Meteorite explosion over Russia injures hundreds | work=The Guardian | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218200551/http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2013/feb/15/meteorite-explosion-shakes-russian | archive-date=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Office buildings in Chelyabinsk were evacuated. Classes for all Chelyabinsk schools were cancelled, mainly due to broken windows.{{cn|date=December 2020}} At least 20 children were injured when the windows of a school and kindergarten were blown in at 09:22.<ref name="spiegel883565">{{cite news | first=Benjamin | last=Bidder | language=de |title=Meteoriten-Hagel in Russland: "Ein Knall, Splittern von Glas" |trans-title=Meteorite hail in Russia: "A blast, splinters of glass" | work=Der Spiegel | date=15 February 2013 | url=http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/weltall/meteoriten-hagel-in-russland-a-883565.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218003330/http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/weltall/meteoriten-hagel-in-russland-a-883565.html | archive-date=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Following the event, government officials in Chelyabinsk asked parents to take their children home from schools.<ref name="BBC-21468116">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21468116 | title=Central Russia hit by meteor shower in Ural region | work=BBC News | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218150722/http://m.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21468116 | archive-date=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
Approximately {{convert|600|m2|ft2|abbr=on}} of a roof at a [[zinc]] factory collapsed during the incident.<ref name="Time20130215feed">{{cite magazine | first=Charlie | last=Campbell | url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/02/15/watch-meteorite-injures-hundreds-in-russia/ | title=Meteorite injures hundreds in Russia | magazine=Time | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215110648/http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/02/15/watch-meteorite-injures-hundreds-in-russia/ | archive-date=15 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Residents in Chelyabinsk whose windows were smashed quickly sought to cover the openings with anything available, to protect themselves against temperatures of {{convert|-15|°C|°F}}.<ref name="WUnderground">{{cite web | url=http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/USCC/2013/2/15/DailyHistory.html | publisher=Weather Underground | title=Chelyabinsk Station history | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430052423/http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/USCC/2013/2/15/DailyHistory.html | archive-date=30 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Approximately 100,000 home-owners were affected, according to Chelyabinsk Oblast Governor Mikhail Yurevich.<ref name="IBTimes-2013.02.16.a">{{cite web | first=Moran | last=Zhang | url=http://www.ibtimes.com/russia-meteor-2013-damage-top-33-million-rescue-cleanup-team-heads-meteorite-hit-urals-1090104 | title=Russia Meteor 2013: Damage To Top $33 Million; Rescue, Cleanup Team Heads To Meteorite-Hit Urals | work=[[International Business Times]] | date=16 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430193336/http://www.ibtimes.com/russia-meteor-2013-damage-top-33-million-rescue-cleanup-team-heads-meteorite-hit-urals-1090104 | archive-date=30 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> He also said that preserving the water pipes of the city's [[district heating]] was the primary goal of the authorities as they scrambled to contain further post-explosion damage.{{cn|date=December 2020}}
By 5 March 2013, the number of damaged buildings was tallied at over 7,200, which included some 6,040 apartment blocks, 293 medical facilities, 718 schools and universities, 100 cultural organizations, and 43 sport facilities, of which only about 1.5% had not yet been repaired.<ref name="RBTH-23513">{{cite news | url=http://rbth.ru/news/2013/03/05/meteorite-caused_emergency_situation_regime_over_in_chelyabinsk_region_23513.html | title=Meteorite-caused emergency situation regime over in Chelyabinsk region | work=Russia Beyond The Headlines | publisher=Rossiyskaya Gazeta | date=5 March 2013 | agency=[[Interfax]] }}</ref> The oblast governor estimated the damage to buildings at more than 1 billion [[Russian ruble|rubles]]<ref name="Lenta20130215">{{cite web | script-title=ru:Ущерб от челябинского метеорита превысит миллиард рублей |trans-title=Damage from Chelyabinsk meteorite exceeds one billion rubles | url=http://lenta.ru/news/2013/02/15/damage/ | date=15 February 2013 | publisher=[[Lenta.ru]] | language=ru | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513000942/http://lenta.ru/news/2013/02/15/damage/ | archive-date=13 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> (approximately {{nowrap|[[United States dollar|US$]]33 million <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/russian-meteor-damage-estimated-at-over-30-million-513681|title = Russian meteor damage estimated at over $30 million}}</ref>}}). Chelyabinsk authorities said that broken windows of apartment homes, but not the glazing of enclosed balconies, would be replaced at the state's expense.<ref name="Cheladmin">{{cite news | script-title=ru:Сергей Давыдов: жертв и серьезных разрушений нет |trans-title=Sergei Davydov: casualties and no serious damage | date=15 February 2013 | url=http://cheladmin.ru/news/sergey-davydov-zhertv-i-sereznyh-razrusheniy-net | language=ru | newspaper=Chelad | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217000544/http://cheladmin.ru/news/sergey-davydov-zhertv-i-sereznyh-razrusheniy-net | archive-date=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> One of the buildings damaged in the blast was the [[Traktor Sport Palace]], home arena of [[Traktor Chelyabinsk]] of the [[Kontinental Hockey League]] (KHL). The arena was closed for inspection, affecting various scheduled events, and possibly the postseason of the KHL.<ref name="CBS21709455">{{cite web | title=KHL arena among buildings damaged in Russian meteorite strike | url=http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/blog/eye-on-hockey/21709455/meteorite-in-russia-damages-khl-arena | first=Adam | last=Gretz | work=[[CBS Sports]] | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501025254/http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/blog/eye-on-hockey/21709455/meteorite-in-russia-damages-khl-arena | archive-date=1 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
The irregular elliptical disk shape/"spread-eagled butterfly"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/nasa-and-international-researchers-collect-clues-to-meteoroid-science/#.U_vfLlfvmlA |title=NASA and International Researchers Collect Clues to Meteoroid Science November 6, 2013|date=6 November 2013}}</ref> ground blast damage area, produced by the airburst,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/index-chelyabinsk.html |title=Map of glass damage in Chelyabinsk Oblast. From: Popova et al. Science Science Vol. 42 (2013).}}</ref> is a phenomenon first noticed upon studying the other larger airburst event: [[Tunguska event|Tunguska]].<ref>Boyarkina, A. P., Demin, D. V., Zotkin, I. T., Fast, W. G. Estimation of the blast wave of the Tunguska meteorite from the forest destruction. – ''Meteoritika'', Vol. 24, 1964, pp. 112–128 (in Russian).</ref>
{{clear}}
== Reactions ==
{{Further|Asteroid impact avoidance}}
The Chelyabinsk meteor struck without warning. [[Dmitry Medvedev]], the [[Prime Minister of Russia]], confirmed a meteor had struck Russia and said it proved that the "entire planet" is vulnerable to meteors and a [[spaceguard]] system is needed to protect the planet from similar objects in the future.<ref name="medvedev">{{cite web | title=PM Medvedev Says Russian Meteorite KEF-2013 Shows "Entire Planet" Vulnerable | url=http://www.newsroomamerica.com/story/347222/pm_medvedev_says_russian_meteorite_kef-2013_shows_entire_planet_vulnerable_.html | publisher=Newsroom America | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623084923/http://www.newsroomamerica.com/story/347222/pm_medvedev_says_russian_meteorite_kef-2013_shows_entire_planet_vulnerable_.html | archive-date=23 June 2013 | url-status=dead | access-date=15 February 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Ynet4345317">{{cite journal | url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4345317,00.html | title=400 injured by meteorite falls in Russian Urals | newspaper=Ynetnews | publisher=Y net news | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218065232/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-4345317%2C00.html | archive-date=18 February 2013 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all | last1=Agencies | first1=News }}</ref> [[Dmitry Rogozin]], the deputy prime minister, proposed that there should be an international program that would alert countries to "objects of an extraterrestrial origin",<ref name="Guardian20130215Amos">{{cite news | first=Howard | last=Amos | title=Meteorite explosion over Chelyabinsk injures hundreds | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/15/hundreds-injured-meteorite-russian-city-chelyabinsk | newspaper=The Guardian | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218200603/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/feb/15/hundreds-injured-meteorite-russian-city-chelyabinsk | archive-date=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> also called [[potentially hazardous object]]s.
[[Colonel General#Russia|Colonel General]] Nikolay Bogdanov, commander of the [[Central Military District]], created task forces that were directed to the probable impact areas to search for fragments of the asteroid and to monitor the situation. [[Meteorites]] (fragments) measuring {{convert|1|to|5|cm|in|abbr=on}} were found {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Chebarkul]] in the Chelyabinsk region.<ref name="Interfax381682">{{cite web | script-title=ru:В полынье в Чебаркульском районе Челябинской области, возможно, найдены обломки метеорита – МЧС |trans-title=In the ice-hole in Chebarkulsky district of Chelyabinsk region, possibly found fragments of the meteorite – MOE | url=http://www.interfax-russia.ru/Ural/main.asp?id=381682 | date=15 February 2013 | publisher=Interfax | language=ru | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623230536/http://www.interfax-russia.ru/Ural/main.asp?id=381682 | archive-date=23 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
On the day of the impact, Bloomberg News reported that the [[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] had suggested the investigation of creating an "Action Team on [[Near-Earth Objects]]", a proposed global [[asteroid]] warning network system, in face of {{mpl|2012 DA|14}}'s approach.<ref name="bloomberg UNOOSA">{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-15/armageddon-not-in-the-stars-as-un-effort-takes-aim-at-asteroids.html | title=Asteroid Passes Earth as UN Mulls Monitoring Network | first1=Mark | last1=Drajem | first2=Alexander | last2=Weber | publisher=Bloomberg | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218004927/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-15/armageddon-not-in-the-stars-as-un-effort-takes-aim-at-asteroids.html | archive-date=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CBS57569864">{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57569864/united-nations-reviewing-asteroid-impact-threat/ | title=United Nations reviewing asteroid impact threat | work=CBS News | first=Leonard | last=David | date=18 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218211409/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57569864/united-nations-reviewing-asteroid-impact-threat/ | archive-date=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> As a result of the impact, two scientists in California proposed [[directed-energy weapon]] technology development as a possible means to protect Earth from asteroids.<ref name="IBT438042">{{cite news | url=http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/438042/20130222/end-world-2013-de-star-project-proposed.htm | title=End of the World 2013: DE-STAR Project Proposed after Asteroid 2012 DA14 Flyby, Russian Meteor Blast | first=Jenalyn | last=Villamarin | work=International Business Times | date=22 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430154442/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/438042/20130222/end-world-2013-de-star-project-proposed.htm | archive-date=30 April 2013 | url-status=dead | access-date=26 February 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Barrie">{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2013/02/19/massive-orbital-laser-blaster-could-defend-against-asteroid-threats/ | title=Massive, orbital laser blaster could defend against asteroid threats | work=Fox News | first=Allison | last=Barrie | date=19 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221154508/http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2013/02/19/massive-orbital-laser-blaster-could-defend-against-asteroid-threats/ | archive-date=21 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Furthermore, the [[NEOWISE]] satellite was brought out of hibernation for its second mission extension to scan for near-earth objects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hackaday.com/2020/07/22/the-wise-in-neowise-how-a-hibernating-satellite-awoke-to-discover-the-comet/|title=The WISE in NEOWISE: How a Hibernating Satellite Awoke to Discover the Comet|date=22 July 2020}}</ref> Later in 2013, [[NASA]] began annual asteroid impact simulation testing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/nasa-asteroid-impact-simulations-difficult-to-stop-2021-5|title=NASA has led 7 asteroid-impact simulations. Only once did experts figure out how to stop the space rock from hitting Earth|date=20 May 2021|access-date=21 May 2021|work=Business Insider}}</ref>
== Frequency ==
{{meteoroid_size_comparison.svg}}
It is estimated that the [[Impact event#Frequency and risk|frequency of airbursts]] from objects 20 metres across is about once in every 60 years.<ref name="Earth-impact">{{cite web
|date=2010
|title=Earth Impact Effects Program
|publisher=Imperial College London / Purdue University
|author1=Robert Marcus |author2=H. Jay Melosh |author3=Gareth Collins |url=http://impact.ese.ic.ac.uk/ImpactEffects/
|access-date=4 February 2013}} (solution using 2600kg/m^3, 17 km/s, 45 degrees)</ref> There have been [[List of meteor air bursts|incidents]] in the previous century involving a comparable energy yield or higher: the [[Tunguska event|1908 Tunguska event]], and, in 1963 off the coast of the [[Prince Edward Islands]] in the Indian Ocean.<ref name="Edwards1">{{cite journal | url=http://meteor.uwo.ca/infra_pub/Estimates_of_metereoid_kin_e_from_ovserv_of_infrasonicwaves.pdf | title=Estimates of meteoroid kinetic energies from observations of infrasonic airwaves |author1=Wayne Edwards |author2=Peter G. Brown |author3=Douglas O. ReVelle |journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics|volume=68| issue=10 |pages=1136–1160|doi=10.1016/j.jastp.2006.02.010|date=2006 | df=dmy-all |bibcode=2006JASTP..68.1136E}}</ref> Two of those were over unpopulated areas; however, the 1963 event may not have been a meteor.<ref name=silber>{{cite journal |doi=10.1029/2009JE003334 |title=An estimate of the terrestrial influx of large meteoroids from infrasonic measurements|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=114 |issue=E8|year=2009 |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2009JE003334|last1=Silber|first1=Elizabeth A.|last2=Revelle|first2=Douglas O.|last3=Brown|first3=Peter G.|last4=Edwards|first4=Wayne N.|bibcode=2009JGRE..114.8006S}}</ref>
Centuries before, the [[1490 Ch'ing-yang event]], of an unknown magnitude, apparently caused 10,000 deaths.<ref name=Yau1>Yau, K., Weissman, P., & Yeomans, D. [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1994Metic..29..864Y Meteorite Falls In China And Some Related Human Casualty Events], ''[[Meteoritics]]'', Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 864–871, {{ISSN|0026-1114}}, bibliographic code: 1994Metic..29..864Y.</ref> While modern researchers are skeptical about the 10,000 deaths figure, the 1908 Tunguska event would have been devastating over a highly populous district.<ref name=Yau1/>
== Origin ==
Based on its entry direction and speed of 19 kilometres per second, the Chelyabinsk meteor apparently originated in the [[asteroid belt]] between [[Mars]] and [[Jupiter]]. It was probably an asteroid [[Breccia|fragment]]. The meteorite has veins of black material which had experienced high-pressure shock, and were once partly melted due to a previous collision. The [[metamorphism]] in the [[chondrule]]s in the meteorite samples indicates the rock making up the meteor had a history of collisions and was once several kilometres below the surface of a much larger [[LL chondrite|LL chondrite]] asteroid. The Chelyabinsk asteroid probably entered an [[orbital resonance]] with Jupiter (a common way for material to be ejected from the asteroid belt) which increased its orbital [[Eccentricity (astronomy)|eccentricity]] until its [[perihelion]] was reduced enough for it to be able to collide with the Earth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kring |first1=David A. |last2=Boslough |first2=Mark |date=1 September 2014 |title=Chelyabinsk: Portrait of an asteroid airburst |journal=Physics Today |language=en |volume=67 |issue=9 |pages=32–37 |doi=10.1063/PT.3.2515 |issn=0031-9228 |bibcode=2014PhT....67i..32K}}</ref>
== Meteorites ==
{{Further|Chelyabinsk meteorite}}
[[File:Strewnfield map of Chelyabinsk meteorites.jpg|thumb|left|Strewnfield map of recovered meteorites (253 documented find locations, status of 18 July 2013).]]
In the aftermath of the air burst of the body, many small meteorites fell on areas west of Chelyabinsk, generally at [[terminal velocity]], about the speed of a piece of gravel dropped from a skyscraper.<ref name="NYT-20130219" /> Analysis of the meteor showed that all resulted from the main breakup at 27–34 km altitude.<ref name="Science_342" /> Local residents and schoolchildren located and picked up some of the meteorites, many located in snowdrifts, by following a visible hole that had been left in the outer surface of the snow. [[Intermediary|Speculators]] were active in the informal [[Market (economics)|market]] that emerged for meteorite fragments.<ref name="NYT-20130219">{{cite news | first=Andrew E. | last=Kramer | title=Russians Wade into the Snow to Seek Treasure From the Sky | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/19/world/europe/russian-scientists-say-they-found-meteorite-fragments.html | date=18 February 2013 | work=The New York Times }}</ref>
[[File:Cheljabinsk meteorite fragment.jpg|thumb|A 112.2 gram (3.96 oz) [[Chelyabinsk meteorite]] specimen, one of many found within days of the airburst, this one between the villages of Deputatsky and Emanzhelinsk. The broken fragment displays a thick primary [[fusion crust]] with flow lines and a heavily [[Meteorite shock stage|shocked matrix]] with melt veins and planar fractures. Scale cube is 1 cm (0.39 in).]]
In the hours following the visual meteor sighting, a {{convert|6|m|adj=on}} wide hole was discovered on [[Lake Chebarkul]]'s frozen surface. It was not immediately clear whether this was the result of an [[Impact event|impact]]; scientists from the [[Ural Federal University]] collected 53 samples from around the hole the same day it was discovered. The early specimens recovered were all under {{convert|1|cm}} in size and initial laboratory analysis confirmed their meteoric origin. They are [[ordinary chondrite]] meteorites and contain 10 per cent [[Meteoric iron|iron]]. The fall is officially designated as the [[Chelyabinsk meteorite]].<ref name="USRA-57165" /> The Chelyabinsk meteor was later determined to come from the [[LL chondrite]] group.<ref name="YT_BNkS1uHUbq8">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNkS1uHUbq8 | title=NASA (YouTube) – Dr. David Kring – Asteroid Initiative Workshop Cosmic Explorations Speakers Session | publisher=YouTube | date=21 November 2013 }}</ref> The meteorites were LL5 chondrites having a [[Meteorite shock stage|shock stage of S4]], and had a variable appearance between light and dark types. [[Petrographic]] changes during the fall allowed estimates that the body was heated between 65 and 135 degrees during its atmospheric entry.<ref name=Badyukov2015>{{cite journal|last1=Badyukov|first1=D.D.|last2=Raitala|first2=J.|last3=Kostama|first3=P.|last4=Ignatiev|first4=A.V.|title=Chelyabinsk meteorite: Shock metamorphism, black veins and impact melt dikes, and the Hugoniot|journal=Petrology|date=March 2015|volume=23|issue=2|pages=103–115|doi=10.1134/S0869591115020022|s2cid=140628758}}<!--|access-date=23 December 2015--></ref>
In June 2013, Russian scientists reported that further investigation by magnetic imaging below the location of the ice hole in Lake Chebarkul had identified a {{convert|60|cm|ft|abbr=off|adj=on}}-size meteorite buried in the mud at the bottom of the lake. Before recovery began, the chunk was estimated to weigh roughly {{convert|300|kg}}.<ref name="rian20130622">{{cite news |title=Huge Chunk of Meteorite Located in Urals Lake – Scientist |url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20130622/181805477/Huge-Chunk-of-Meteorite-Located-in-Urals-Lake---Scientist.html |newspaper=RIA Novosti |date=22 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623225109/http://en.rian.ru/russia/20130622/181805477/Huge-Chunk-of-Meteorite-Located-in-Urals-Lake---Scientist.html |archive-date=23 June 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Following an operation lasting a number of weeks, it was raised from the bottom of the [[Chebarkul lake]] on 16 October 2013. With a total mass of {{Convert|654|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, this is the largest found fragment of the Chelyabinsk meteorite. Initially, it tipped and broke the scales used to weigh it, splitting into three pieces.<ref name="ntv-677303">{{cite web |url=http://www.ntv.ru/novosti/677303/ |script-title=ru:Весы не выдержали тяжести челябинского метеорита |trans-title=Weighing scales couldn't withstand the heft of the Chelyabinsk meteorite |publisher=NTV |date=16 October 2013 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017030618/http://www.ntv.ru/novosti/677303 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20131016">{{cite news |last=Herszenhorn |first=David M. |title=Lifted From a Russian Lake, a Big, if Fragile, Space Rock |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/17/world/europe/meteorite-pulled-from-russian-lake-breaks-into-3-pieces.html |date=16 October 2013 |work=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017192003/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/17/world/europe/meteorite-pulled-from-russian-lake-breaks-into-3-pieces.html |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In November 2013, a video from a security camera was released showing the impact of the fragment at the Chebarkul lake.<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="Universe_106226">{{cite web | first=Bob | last=King | title=Newly Released Security Cam Video Shows Chelyabinsk Meteorite Impact in Lake Chebarkul | work=[[Universe Today]] | date=7 November 2013 | url=http://www.universetoday.com/106226/newly-released-security-cam-video-shows-chelyabinsk-meteorite-impact-in-lake-chebarkul/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109034108/http://www.universetoday.com/106226/newly-released-security-cam-video-shows-chelyabinsk-meteorite-impact-in-lake-chebarkul/ | archive-date=9 November 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> This is the first recorded impact of a meteorite on video. From the measured time difference between the shadow generating meteor to the moment of impact, scientists calculated that this meteorite hit the ice at about {{cvt|225|m}} per second, 64 per cent of the speed of sound.<ref name="Science_342" />
== Media coverage ==
{{External media
|position = right
|float = right
|topic = Meteor air burst
|subtopic = Explosions, Shock
|video1 = {{YouTube|m9WooFdPGMA|Two videos, first from a car and from street}}
|video2 = {{YouTube|4ZxXYscmgRg|Extensive dashcam footage from the atmospheric entry onwards}}
|video3 = {{YouTube|w6uOzFo2MQg|Explosion eyewitness}}
|video4 = {{YouTube|efvP-RRuJuA|Bright light and sound recorded by a stationary surveillance camera}}
|video5 = {{YouTube|90Omh7_I8vI|Video of meteor explosion that stirred panic in Urals region}}
}}
The Russian government put out a brief statement within an hour of the event. Serendipitously the news in English was first reported by the [[ice hockey|hockey]] site [[Russian Machine Never Breaks]] before heavy coverage by the international media and the [[Associated Press]] ensued, with the Russian government's confirmation less than two hours afterwards.<ref name="RMNB">{{cite news | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/02/how-a-dc-hockey-fan-site-got-the-russian-meteorite-story-before-the-ap/273225/ | title=How a D.C. Hockey Fan Site Got the Russian Meteorite Story Before the AP | date=15 February 2013 | work=[[The Atlantic]] | first=Garance | last=Franke-Ruta | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217075735/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/02/how-a-dc-hockey-fan-site-got-the-russian-meteorite-story-before-the-ap/273225/ | archive-date=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="FedPress1360914956">{{cite web | work=Federal Press World News | script-title=ru:Челябинский метеорит стал одной из самых популярных тем в мире |trans-title=Chelyabinsk meteorite has become one of the hottest topics in the world | url=http://world.fedpress.ru/news/russia_and_cis/1360914956-chelyabinskii-meteorit-stal-odnoi-iz-samykh-populyarnykh-tem-v-mire | date=15 February 2013 | publisher=Federal Press | language=ru | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623094957/http://world.fedpress.ru/news/russia_and_cis/1360914956-chelyabinskii-meteorit-stal-odnoi-iz-samykh-populyarnykh-tem-v-mire | archive-date=23 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2013/02/17/172235263/how-a-hockey-blog-got-the-scoop-on-the-russias-meteor|title=How A Hockey Blog Got The Scoop on Russia's Meteorite|website=NPR.org|access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref> Less than 15 hours after the meteor impact, videos of the meteor and its aftermath had been viewed millions of times.<ref name="Visible95381">{{cite web | work=Visible Measures | title=Meteor Over Russia Hits Internet with 7.7 Million Video Views | url=http://corp.visiblemeasures.com/news-and-events/blog/bid/95381/Meteor-Over-Russia-Hits-Internet-with-7-7-Million-Video-Views | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412033315/http://corp.visiblemeasures.com/news-and-events/blog/bid/95381/Meteor-Over-Russia-Hits-Internet-with-7-7-Million-Video-Views | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 April 2013 | publisher=Visible Measures }}</ref>
The number of injuries caused by the asteroid led the Internet-search giant Google to remove a [[Google logo|Google Doodle]] from their website, created for the predicted pending arrival of another asteroid, {{mpl|2012 DA|14}}.<ref name="ABC-Google">{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/technology/2013/02/asteroid-2012-da14-google-doodle-removed-after-russian-meteor-shower-injuries/ |title=Asteroid {{mp|2012 DA|14}} Google Doodle Removed After Russian Meteor Shower Injuries |first=Joanna |last=Stern |work=ABC News |date=15 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216092640/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/technology/2013/02/asteroid-2012-da14-google-doodle-removed-after-russian-meteor-shower-injuries/ |archive-date=16 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> New York City planetarium director [[Neil deGrasse Tyson]] stated the Chelyabinsk meteor was unpredicted because no attempt had been made to find and catalogue every {{nowrap|15-metre}} [[near-Earth object]].<ref name="Today50820935">{{cite web | url=http://www.today.com/video/today/50820935 | title=Neil deGrasse Tyson: Radar could not detect meteor | date=15 February 2013 | work=[[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509133134/http://www.today.com/video/today/50820935 | archive-date=9 May 2013 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Doing so would be very difficult, and current efforts only aim at a complete inventory of {{nowrap|150-metre}} near-Earth objects. The [[Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System]], on the other hand, could now predict some Chelyabinsk-like events a day or so in advance, if and only if their radiant is not close to the Sun.
On 27 March 2013, a broadcast episode of the science television series ''[[Nova (American TV series)|Nova]]'' titled "Meteor Strike" documented the Chelyabinsk meteor, including the significant contribution to meteoritic science made by the numerous videos of the airburst posted online by ordinary citizens. The ''Nova'' program called the video documentation and the related scientific discoveries of the airburst "unprecedented". The documentary also discussed the much greater tragedy "that could have been" had the asteroid entered the Earth's atmosphere more steeply.<ref name="NOVA-2013.03.27">{{cite web | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/meteor-strike.html | title=Meteor Strike | publisher=PBS | work=NOVA | date=27 March 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421121813/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/meteor-strike.html | archive-date=21 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LATimes-2013.03.27">{{cite news | first=Karen | last=Kaplan | url=https://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-russian-meteor-chelyabinsk-nova-20130327,0,853927.story | title=Russian meteor, a 'death rock from space,' stars on 'Nova' | work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=27 March 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328151932/http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-russian-meteor-chelyabinsk-nova-20130327%2C0%2C853927.story | archive-date=28 March 2013 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
== Impactor orbital parameters ==
<div style="float:right;">
{| class=wikitable style="float:right; margin: .6em 0 0 .8em;"
|+Preliminary orbital solutions for impacting asteroid
|- align=left
!rowspan=2 style="width: 180px;"|Source
! Q
! q
! a
! e
! i
! Ω
! ω
|-
!colspan=3|[[Astronomical unit|AU]]
!
!colspan=3| (°)
|- align=left
! style="text-align: left;" | Popova, Jenniskens, Emel'yanenko et al.; [[Science (journal)|Science]]<ref name="Science_342">{{cite journal | last1=Popova | first1=Olga P. | last2=Jenniskens | first2=Peter | last3=Emel'yanenko | first3=Vacheslav | date=2013 | title=Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery, and Characterization | journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume=342 | issue=6162 | pages=1069–1073 | bibcode=2013Sci...342.1069P | doi=10.1126/science.1242642 | url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1242642 | url-status=live | archive-date=25 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125165437/http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6162/1069.abstract |display-authors=etal | pmid=24200813| hdl=10995/27561 | s2cid=30431384 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>
| style="width: 35px;" | 2.78 <br /><small>±0.20</small>
| style="width: 35px;" | 0.74 <br /><small>±0.02</small>
| style="width: 35px;" | 1.76 <br /><small>±0.16</small>
| style="width: 35px;" | 0.58 <br /><small>±0.02</small>
| style="width: 35px;" | 4.93 <br /><small>±0.48°</small>
| style="width: 45px;" | 326.442 <br /><small>±0.003°</small>
| style="width: 45px;" | 108.3 <br /><small>±3.8°</small>
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align: left;" | Lyytinen via Hankey; [[American Meteor Society|AMS]]<ref name="AMS" />
| style="width: 35px;" | 2.53
| style="width: 35px;" | 0.80
| style="width: 35px;" | 1.66
| style="width: 35px;" | 0.52
| style="width: 35px;" | 4.05°
| style="width: 45px;" | 326.43°
| style="width: 45px;" | 116.0°
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align: left;" | Zuluaga, Ferrin; [[arXiv]]<ref name="Zuluaga2013" />
| 2.64
| 0.82
| 1.73
| 0.51
| 3.45°
| 326.70°
| 120.6°
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align: left;" | Borovicka, et al.; [[IAU]]<ref name="IAUCBET3423" />
| 2.33
| 0.77
| 1.55
| 0.50
| 3.6°
| 326.41°
| 109.7°
|- <!-- align=center --> style="vertical-align:top;"
! style="text-align: left;" | Zuluaga, Ferrin, Geens; [[arXiv]]<ref name="Zuluaga2013b">{{cite arXiv |first1= Jorge I. |last1=Zuluaga |first2= Ignacio |last2=Ferrin |first3=Stefan |last3=Geens |date=2013 |title= The orbit of the Chelyabinsk event impactor as reconstructed from amateur and public footage |class= astro-ph.EP |eprint= 1303.1796 }}</ref>
| 1.816
| 0.716
| align=upper | 1.26 <br /><small>± 0.05</small>
| 0.44 <br /><small>± 0.03 </small>
| 2.984°
| 326.5°<br /><small>± 0.3°</small>
| align=center | 95.5°<br /><small>± 2°</small>
|- <!-- align=center --> style="vertical-align:top;"
! style="text-align: left;" | Chodas, Chesley; [[JPL]] via [[Sky and Telescope]]<ref name="chodas-chesley">{{cite web | url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/newsblog/Update-on-the-Russian-Mega-Meteor-195553631.html | first=Kelly | last=Beatty | title=Update on Russia's Mega-Meteor | work=Sky and Telescope | publisher=Sky Publishing Corp. | date=6 March 2013 | access-date=26 June 2013 | archive-date=23 June 2013 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130623174046/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/newsblog/Update-on-the-Russian-Mega-Meteor-195553631.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 2.78
| 0.75
| align=upper | 1.73
| 0.57
| 4.2°
|
| align=center |
|- <!-- align=center -->
! style="text-align: left;" | Insan<ref name="inasan">{{cite web | url=http://www.computerra.ru/60969/seminarmeteoritsai/ | script-title=ru:Семинар по Челябинскому метеориту: российская наука выдала『официальную』информацию |trans-title=Seminar in Chelyabinsk meteorite: Russian science has given "official" information | first=Дмитрий | last=Вибе | date=25 March 2013 | publisher=[[:ru:Компьютерра|Компьютерра]] [Computerra] | language=ru | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623093748/http://www.computerra.ru/60969/seminarmeteoritsai/ | archive-date=23 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|
|
| 1.5
| 0.5
| 3°
|
|
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align: left;" | Proud; [[Geophysical Research Letters|GRL]]<ref name="GRL_50660" />
| 2.23
| 0.71
| 1.47
| 0.52
| 4.61°
| 326.53°
| 96.58°
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align: left;" | de la Fuente Marcos; [[MNRAS]]: Letters<ref name="RAS_slu078" />
| 2.48
| 0.76
| 1.62
| 0.53
| 3.97°
| 326.45°
| 109.71°
|}
{{center|1=<small>Q = [[Apsis|aphelion]], q = [[Apsis|perihelion]], a = [[semi-major axis]], e = [[Orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]], i = [[Orbital inclination|inclination]], <br /> Ω = [[Longitude of the ascending node|ascending node longitude]], ω = [[Argument of periapsis|argument of perihelion]]</small>}}
</div>
Multiple videos of the Chelyabinsk superbolide, particularly from the [[Dashcam|dashboard cameras]] and [[traffic camera]]s which are ubiquitous in Russia, helped to establish the meteor's provenance as an [[Apollo asteroid]].<ref name="IAUCBET3423">{{cite web | url=http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iau/cbet/003400/CBET003423.txt | publisher=International Astronomical Union | work=Astronomical Telegrams | title=CBET 3423 : 20130223 : Trajectory and Orbit of the Chelyabinsk Superbolide | date=23 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423104342/http://www.webalice.it/mizar02/articoli/Meteorb.dat | archive-date=23 April 2013 | url-status=dead }} {{registration required}}</ref><ref name="arXiv511691">{{cite web | work=The Physics arXiv Blog | url=http://www.technologyreview.com/view/511691/astronomers-calculate-orbit-of-chelyabinsk-meteorite/ | title=Astronomers Calculate Orbit of Chelyabinsk Meteorite | publisher=MIT Technology Review | date=25 February 2013 | quote=Their conclusion is that the Chelyabinsk meteorite is from a family of rocks that cross Earth's orbit called Apollo asteroids. }}</ref> Sophisticated analysis techniques included the subsequent superposition of nighttime [[Starfield (astronomy)|starfield views]] over recorded daytime images of the same cameras, as well as the plotting of the daytime shadow vectors shown in several online videos.<ref name="NOVA-2013.03.27" />
The [[Radiant (meteor shower)|radiant]] of the impacting asteroid was located in the [[constellation]] [[Pegasus (constellation)|Pegasus]] in the [[Northern hemisphere]].<ref name="Zuluaga2013" /> The radiant was close to the Eastern horizon where the Sun was starting to rise.<ref name="Zuluaga2013">{{cite arXiv |first1= Jorge I. | last1=Zuluaga |first2= Ignacio | last2=Ferrin |title= A preliminary reconstruction of the orbit of the Chelyabinsk Meteoroid |date=2013 |eprint= 1302.5377 |class= astro-ph.EP |quote=We use this result to classify the meteoroid among the near Earth asteroid families finding that the parent body belonged to the Apollo asteroids.}}</ref>
The asteroid belonged to the [[Apollo asteroid|Apollo]] group of [[near-Earth asteroids]],<ref name="Zuluaga2013" /><ref name="BBC-21579422">{{cite news |first= Paul |last=Rincon |title= Russia meteor's origin tracked down |date=26 February 2013 |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21579422 |work=BBC News |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130226191142/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21579422 |archive-date= 26 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was roughly 40 days past [[Apsis|perihelion]]<ref name="AMS">{{cite web | title=Large Daytime Fireball Hits Russia | publisher=[[American Meteor Society]] | first=Mike | last=Hankey | url=http://www.amsmeteors.org/2013/02/large-daytime-fireball-hits-russia/ | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521012817/http://www.amsmeteors.org/2013/02/large-daytime-fireball-hits-russia/ | archive-date=21 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> (closest approach to the Sun) and had aphelion (furthest distance from the Sun) in the [[asteroid belt]].<ref name="AMS" /><ref name="Zuluaga2013" /> Several groups independently derived similar orbits for the object, but with sufficient variance to point to different potential parent bodies of this meteoroid.<ref name="GRL_50660">{{cite journal |title=Reconstructing the orbit of the Chelyabinsk meteor using satellite observations |first=S. R. |last=Proud |date=16 July 2013 |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=40 |issue=13 |pages=3351–3355 |doi=10.1002/grl.50660 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.3351P |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="RAS_slu078">{{cite journal |title=Reconstructing the Chelyabinsk event: pre-impact orbital evolution |first1=C. |last1=de la Fuente Marcos |first2=R. |last2=de la Fuente Marcos |date=1 September 2014 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters |volume=443 |issue=1 |pages=L39–L43 |arxiv=1405.7202 |bibcode=2014MNRAS.443L..39D |doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slu078 |s2cid=118417667 }}</ref><ref name="YT-lmjawUCkO84">{{cite web | title=Chelyabinsk meteoroid trajectories compared using Google Earth and YouTube | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmjawUCkO84 | first=Stefan | last=Geens | date=9 March 2013 | publisher=YouTube }}</ref> The Apollo asteroid {{mpl|2011 EO|40}} is one of the candidates proposed for the role of the ''parent body'' of the Chelyabinsk superbolide.<ref name="RAS_slu078" /> Other published orbits are similar to the 2-kilometre-diameter asteroid {{mpl|(86039) 1999 NC|43}} to suggest they had once been part of the same object;<ref name="Borovička_Nature2013">{{cite journal | last1=Borovička | first1=Jiří | first2=Pavel | last2=Spurný | first3=Peter | last3=Brown | first4=Paul | last4=Wiegert | first5=Pavel | last5=Kalenda | first6=David | last6=Clark | first7=Lukáš | last7=Shrbený | title=The trajectory, structure and origin of the Chelyabinsk asteroidal impactor | journal=Nature | date=6 November 2013 | doi=10.1038/nature12671 |bibcode=2013Natur.503..235B | pmid=24196708 | volume=503 | issue=7475 | pages=235–7| s2cid=4399008 }}</ref> they may not be able to reproduce the timing of the impact.<ref name="RAS_slu078"/>
== Coincidental asteroid approach ==
[[File:Orbit of 2012 DA14 and Chelyabinsk meteor 2.jpg|thumb|right|Comparison of the former orbit of the Chelyabinsk meteor (larger elliptical blue orbit) and asteroid [[367943 Duende|{{mp|2012 DA|14}}]] (smaller circular blue orbit), showing that they are dissimilar.]]
Preliminary calculations rapidly showed that the object was unrelated to the long-predicted [[Near-Earth object|close approach]] of the asteroid [[367943 Duende]], that flew by Earth 16 hours later at a distance of 27,700 km.<ref name="NASA20130215" /><ref name="Slate">{{cite magazine | url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/02/15/breaking_huge_meteor_explodes_over_russia.html | title=Breaking: Huge Meteor Explodes Over Russia | magazine=Slate | first=Phil | last=Plait | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216173203/http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/02/15/breaking_huge_meteor_explodes_over_russia.html | archive-date=16 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="RIA923059266">{{cite web | url=http://ria.ru/science/20130215/923059266.html | script-title=ru:Уральский метеорит отвлек научный мир от знаменитого астероида |trans-title=Ural meteorite distracted (sic) from the scientific world famous asteroid | date=15 February 2013 | publisher=РИА Новости ([[RIA Novosti]]) | language=ru | location=Moscow | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317124315/http://ria.ru/science/20130215/923059266.html | archive-date=17 March 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory]],<ref name="Kaira" /> Russian sources,<ref name="Elenin">{{cite web | date=15 February 2013 | title=Siberian fireball (video) | first=Leonid | last=Elenin | author-link=Leonid Elenin | url=http://spaceobs.org/en/2013/02/15/siberian-fireball/ | work=SpaceObs | language=ru | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304075307/http://spaceobs.org/en/2013/02/15/siberian-fireball/ | archive-date=4 March 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> the [[European Space Agency]],<ref name="ESA">{{cite web | url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Russian_asteroid_strike | title=Russian Asteroid Strike | work=ESA.int | publisher=European Space Agency | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221092602/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Russian_asteroid_strike | archive-date=21 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[NASA]]<ref name="NASA20130215" /> and the [[Royal Astronomical Society]]<ref name="wsj_597722">{{cite news | title=Falling Meteor Explodes Over Russia | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324162304578305163574597722 | newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=15 February 2013 | first1=James | last1=Marson | first2=Gautam | last2=Naik | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215202817/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324162304578305163574597722.html | archive-date=15 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> all concluded that the two asteroids had widely different trajectories and therefore could not have been related.
== See also ==
{{cmn|colwidth=30em|
* [[Tunguska event]]
* [[Asteroid impact avoidance]]
* [[Impact event]]
* [[List of meteor air bursts]]
* [[Near-Earth object]]
}}
== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group="Note"}}
{{clear}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
;Attribution
* ''This article contains portions of text translated from the corresponding article of the Russian Wikipedia. A list of contributors can be found there in its ''[http://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B2_2013_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83&action=history history]'' section.''
== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |last1=Balcerak |first1=E. |date=2013 |title=Nuclear test monitoring system detected meteor explosion over Russia |journal=[[Eos (magazine)|Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union]] |volume=94 |issue=42 |page=384 |bibcode= 2013EOSTr..94S.384B|doi=10.1002/2013EO420010|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite news | last1=Barry | first1=Ellen | last2=Kramer | first2=Andrew E. | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/16/world/europe/meteorite-fragments-are-said-to-rain-down-on-siberia.html | title=Shock Wave of Fireball Meteor Rattles Siberia, Injuring 1,200 | newspaper=NYTimes.com | date=15 February 2013 }} (website).<br />Also published as {{cite news | title=Meteor Explodes, Injuring Over 1,000 in Siberia | newspaper=The New York Times | date=16 February 2013 | page=A1 | edition=New York }} (print).
* {{cite journal |last1=Borovička |first1=J. |last2=Spurný |first2=P. |last3=Brown |first3=P. |last4=Wiegert |first4=P. |last5=Kalenda |first5=P. |last6=Clark |first6=D. |last7=Shrbený |first7=L. |s2cid=4399008 |date=2013 |title=The trajectory, structure and origin of the Chelyabinsk asteroidal impactor |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=503 |issue=7475 |pages=235–237 |bibcode=2013Natur.503..235B |doi=10.1038/nature12671 |pmid=24196708}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=P. G. |last2=Assink |first2=J. D. |last3=Astiz |first3=L. |last4=Blaauw |first4=R. |last5=Boslough |first5=M. B. |last6=Borovička |first6=J. |last7=Brachet |first7=N. |last8=Brown |first8=D. |last9=Campbell-Brown |first9=M. |last10=Ceranna |first10=L. |last11=Cooke |first11=W. |last12=de Groot-Hedlin |first12=C. |last13=Drob |first13=D. P. |last14=Edwards |first14=W. |last15=Evers |first15=L. G. |last16=Garces |first16=M. |last17=Gill |first17=J. |last18=Hedlin |first18=M. |last19=Kingery |first19=A. |last20=Laske |first20=G. |last21=Le Pichon |first21=A. |last22=Mialle |first22=P. |last23=Moser |first23=D. E. |last24=Saffer |first24=A. |last25=Silber |first25=E. |last26=Smets |first26=P. |last27=Spalding |first27=R. E. |last28=Spurný |first28=P. |last29=Tagliaferri |first29=E. |last30=Uren |first30=D. |last31=Weryk |first31=R. J. |last32=Whitaker |first32=R. |last33=Krzeminski |first33=Z. |date=2013 |title=A 500-kiloton airburst over Chelyabinsk and an enhanced hazard from small impactors |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=503 |issue=7475 |pages=238–241 |bibcode=2013Natur.503..238B |doi=10.1038/nature12741 |display-authors=29 |pmid=24196713|hdl=10125/33201 |s2cid=4450349 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gorkavyi |first1=N. |last2=Rault |first2=D. F. |last3=Newman |first3=P. A. |last4=Da Silva |first4=A. M. |last5=Dudorov |first5=A. E. |date=2013 |title=New stratospheric dust belt due to the Chelyabinsk bolide |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=40 |issue=17 |pages=4728–4733 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.4728G |doi=10.1002/grl.50788 |hdl=2060/20140016772 |s2cid=129408498 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gorkavyi |first1=N. N. |last2=Taidakova |first2=T. A. |last3=Provornikova |first3=E. A. |last4=Gorkavyi |first4=I. N. |last5=Akhmetvaleev |first5=M. M. |s2cid=123632925 |date=2013 |title=Aerosol plume after the Chelyabinsk bolide |journal=[[Solar System Research]] |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=275–279 |bibcode=2013SoSyR..47..275G |doi=10.1134/S003809461304014X }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kohout |first1=Tomas |last2=Gritsevich |first2=Maria |last3=Grokhovsky |first3=Victor I. |last4=Yakovlev |first4=Grigoriy A. |last5=Haloda |first5=Jakub |last6=Halodova |first6=Patricie |last7=Michallik |first7=Radoslaw M. |last8=Penttilä |first8=Antti |last9=Muinonen |first9=Karri |date=2013 |title=Mineralogy, reflectance spectra, and physical properties of the Chelyabinsk LL5 chondrite – Insight into shock-induced changes in asteroid regoliths |journal=[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]] |volume=228 |issue=1 |pages=78–85 |arxiv=1309.6081 |bibcode=2014Icar..228...78K |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2013.09.027 |s2cid=59359694 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Le Pichon |first1=A. |last2=Ceranna |first2=L. |last3=Pilger |first3=C. |last4=Mialle |first4=P. |last5=Brown |first5=D. |last6=Herry |first6=P. |last7=Brachet |first7=N. |date=2013 |title=The 2013 Russian fireball largest ever detected by CTBTO infrasound sensors |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=40 |issue=14 |pages=3732–3737 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.3732L |doi=10.1002/grl.50619 |s2cid=129384715 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Steven D. |last2=Straka |first2=William |last3=Bachmeier |first3=Scott |date=5 November 2013 |title=Earth-viewing satellite perspectives on the Chelyabinsk meteor event |journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=110 |issue=45 |pages=18092–18097 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1307965110|pmid=24145398 |bibcode = 2013PNAS..11018092M |pmc=3831432 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Popova |first1=Olga P. |last2=Jenniskens |first2=Peter |last3=Emel'yanenko |first3=Vacheslav |last4=Kartashova |first4=Anna |last5=Biryukov |first5=Eugeny |last6=Khaibrakhmanov |first6=Sergey |last7=Shuvalov |first7=Valery |last8=Rybnov |first8=Yurij |last9=Dudorov |first9=Alexandr |last10=Grokhovsky |first10=Victor I. |last11=Badyukov |first11=Dmitry D. |last12=Yin |first12=Qing-Zhu |last13=Gural |first13=Peter S. |last14=Albers |first14=Jim |last15=Granvik |first15=Mikael |last16=Evers |first16=Läslo G. |last17=Kuiper |first17=Jacob |last18=Kharlamov |first18=Vladimir |last19=Solovyov |first19=Andrey |last20=Rusakov |first20=Yuri S. |last21=Korotkiy |first21=Stanislav |last22=Serdyuk |first22=Ilya |last23=Korochantsev |first23=Alexander V. |last24=Larionov |first24=Michail Yu. |last25=Glazachev |first25=Dmitry |last26=Mayer |first26=Alexander E. |last27=Gisler |first27=Galen |last28=Gladkovsky |first28=Sergei V. |last29=Wimpenny |first29=Josh |last30=Sanborn |first30=Matthew E. |last31=Yamakawa |first31=Akane |last32=Verosub |first32=Kenneth L. |last33=Rowland |first33=Douglas J. |last34=Roeske |first34=Sarah |last35=Botto |first35=Nicholas W. |last36=Friedrich |first36=Jon M. |last37=Zolensky |first37=Michael E. |last38=Le |first38=Loan |last39=Ross |first39=Daniel |last40=Ziegler |first40=Karen |last41=Nakamura |first41=Tomoki |last42=Ahn |first42=Insu |last43=Lee |first43=Jong Ik |last44=Zhou |first44=Qin |last45=Li |first45=Xian-Hua |last46=Li |first46=Qiu-Li |last47=Liu |first47=Yu |last48=Tang |first48=Guo-Qiang |last49=Hiroi |first49=Takahiro |last50=Sears |first50=Derek |last51=Weinstein |first51=Ilya A. |last52=Vokhmintsev |first52=Alexander S. |last53=Ishchenko |first53=Alexei V. |last54=Schmitt-Kopplin |first54=Phillipe |last55=Hertkorn |first55=Norbert |last56=Nagao |first56=Keisuke |last57=Haba |first57=Makiko K. |last58=Komatsu |first58=Mutsumi |last59=Mikouchi |first59=Takashi |last60=(the Chelyabinsk Airburst Consortium) |date=2013 |title=Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery, and Characterization |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=342 |issue=6162 |pages=1069–1073 |bibcode=2013Sci...342.1069P |doi=10.1126/science.1242642 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1242642 |pmid=24200813|hdl=10995/27561 |s2cid=30431384 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last=Proud |first=S. R. |title=Reconstructing the orbit of the Chelyabinsk meteor using satellite observations |date=2013 |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=40 |issue=13 |pages=3351–3355 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.3351P |doi=10.1002/grl.50660 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tauzin |first1=B. |last2=Debayle |first2=E. |last3=Quantin |first3=C. |last4=Coltice |first4=N. |date=2013 |title=Seismoacoustic coupling induced by the breakup of the 15 February 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=40 |issue=14 |page=3522 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.3522T |doi=10.1002/grl.50683 |s2cid=3611357 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00855474/document }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Yau |first1=Kevin |last2=Weissman |first2=Paul |last3=Yeomans |first3=Donald |date=1994 |title=Meteorite falls in China and some related human casualty events |journal=[[Meteoritics & Planetary Science|Meteoritics]] |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=864–871 |bibcode=1994Metic..29..864Y |issn=0026-1114 |doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.1994.tb01101.x }}
::Synopsis: "A calculation based on the number of casualty events in the Chinese meteorite records suggests that the probability of a meteorite striking a human is far greater than previous estimates."
== External links ==
{{Commons category|2013 Russian meteor event}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/simon_rp/8478844942/ | title=Meteor vapour trail from space | work=Image captured by [[EUMETSAT]] satellite | date=16 February 2013 }}
* {{cite web | url=http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/blog/archives/12356 | title=Satellite views of meteor vapor trail over Russia |work=[[CIMSS]] Satellite Blog }}
* {{cite web | url=http://chelyabinsk.ru/text/news/621775.html | script-title=ru:Метеоритный удар по Челябинску |trans-title=Collection of videos and photographs of the meteor and resulting damage | work=Chelyabinsk website | date=15 February 2013 | language=ru }}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.astro.uwo.ca/~wiegert/chelyabinsk/ |title=The trajectory, structure and origin of the Chelyabinsk asteroidal impactor |work= Animations hosted by Paul Wiegert }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aG-yy8ILItI |title=Postcards from Chelyabinsk – SETI Institute Colloquium Series (Peter Jenniskens) (video) | publisher=SETI institute}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/meteor-strike.html | title=Meteor Strike | publisher=[[PBS]] | work=[[Nova (American TV series)|NOVA]] documentary broadcast, 53 minutes, aired 27 March 2013 | quote=Includes extensive scientific analysis of the worldwide [[infrasound]] monitoring network data from which the megaton energy estimates were made. }}
* [http://ing.dk/video/animation-saa-kraftfuld-var-asteroiden-over-rusland-175877 Animation of meteor explosion], by "Strip the Cosmos"
{{Modern impact events}}
{{Planetary defense}}
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[[Category:2013 disasters in Russia]]
[[Category:2013 in space]]
[[Category:2013 natural disasters]]
[[Category:Chelyabinsk Oblast|Meteor]]
[[Category:Explosions in 2013]]
[[Category:Explosions in Russia]]
[[Category:Modern Earth impact events]]
[[Category:Meteorite falls]]
[[Category:Meteorites found in Russia]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in Russia]]
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[[Category:Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
[[Category:Tyumen Oblast]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:February 2013 events in Russia]]'
|
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) |
'{{redirect|Russian meteor|the 1908 Tunguska explosion|Tunguska event}}
{{For|the fragmented remains of this meteor|Chelyabinsk meteorite}}
{{short description|Near-Earth asteroid that fell over Russia in 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox news event
|title=Chelyabinsk meteor
|date={{start date|2013|02|15|df=yes}}
|time=09:20:29 [[Yekaterinburg Time|YEKT]] ([[UTC+06:00]])
|image_name=Meteorite explosion over Chelyabinsk on February 15, 2013.gif
|image_size=250px
|caption=([[:File:Взрыв метеорита над Челябинском 15 02 2013 avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv|video link]])<br /> Meteor fireball seen from [[Kamensk-Uralsky]] where it was still dawn, in an oblast north of Chelyabinsk<br /> <br />
{{Location map |Russia |width=250 |float=center |caption= |mark=City locator 13.svg |marksize=10 |lat_deg=54 |lat_min=57 |lat_sec=36 |lat_dir=N |lon_deg=60 |lon_min=19 |lon_sec=48 |lon_dir=E |alt=The meteor exploded over Chelyabinsk, Russia}}{{center|Location of the meteor}}
|place=[[Chebarkul]], [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]], Russia
|coordinates={{coord|55.150|N|61.410|E|scale:5000000_region:RU_type:event|display=title,inline}}<ref name="JPL20130301" />
|cause=[[Meteor air burst]]
|also known as=[[Chelyabinsk meteorite]]<ref name="USRA-57165">{{cite web |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=57165 |title=Chelyabinsk |work=Meteoritical Bulletin Database |publisher=The Meteoritical Society | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603103339/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=57165 | archive-date=3 June 2013 | url-status=live}}</ref>
|reported injuries=1,491 indirect injuries<ref name="RBC845595">{{cite web | url=http://top.rbc.ru/incidents/18/02/2013/845595.shtml | script-title=ru:Число пострадавших при падении метеорита приблизилось к 1500 | trans-title=The number of victims of the meteorite approached 1500 | language=ru | publisher=РосБизнесКонсалтинг [RBC] | date=18 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502144652/http://top.rbc.ru/incidents/18/02/2013/845595.shtml | archive-date=2 May 2013 | url-status=dead | access-date=18 February 2013 }}</ref>
|reported property damage=Over 7,200<ref name="RBTH-23513" /> buildings damaged, collapsed factory roof, shattered windows, $33 million (2013 USD) lost<ref>[http://thoughtleadership.aon.com/Documents/20130306_if_february_global_recap.pdf Global Catastrophe Recap - February 2013], Aon, March 2013</ref>
}}
The '''Chelyabinsk meteor''' was a [[superbolide]] that entered [[Earth's atmosphere]] over the southern [[Ural (region)|Ural region]] in [[Russia]] on 15 February 2013 at about 09:20 [[Yekaterinburg Time|YEKT]] (03:20 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]). It was caused by an approximately {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[Near-Earth object|near-Earth asteroid]] that entered the atmosphere at a shallow 18.3 ± 0.4 degree angle with a speed relative to Earth of 19.16 ± 0.15 kilometres per second (69,000 km/h or 42,690 mph).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf |title=''O. P. Popova,et al. "Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization." Science 342, 1069–1073 (2013).''}}</ref><ref name="Science_342" /> The light from the meteor was briefly brighter than the [[Sun]], visible up to {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} away. It was observed over a wide area of the region and in neighbouring republics. Some eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the fireball.
The object exploded in a fucking [[meteor air burst]] over [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]], at a height of around {{convert|29.7|km|mi ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org">{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf |title=O. P. Popova, et al. Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization. Science 342 (2013).}}</ref> The explosion generated a bright flash, producing a hot cloud of dust and gas that penetrated to {{convert|26.2|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and many surviving small fragmentary [[meteorite]]s. The bulk of the object's energy was absorbed by the atmosphere, creating a large [[shock wave]] with a total [[kinetic energy]] before atmospheric impact estimated from [[infrasound]] and [[seismic]] measurements to be equivalent to the blast yield of 400–500 [[kiloton]]s of TNT (about 1.4–1.8 PJ) range – 26 to 33 times as much energy as that released from the [[Little Boy|atomic bomb detonated at Hiroshima]],<ref name="David_spacecom">{{Cite web |url=http://www.space.com/23423-russian-fireball-meteor-airburst-risk.html |title=Russian Fireball Explosion Shows Meteor Risk Greater Than Thought |last=David |first=Leonard |date=7 October 2013 |website=www.space.com |publisher=Wired Magazine/Conde Nast |location=New York}}best estimate of the equivalent nuclear blast yield of the Chelyabinsk explosion</ref> and the rough equivalent in energy output to the former Soviet Union's own [[Joe 4|mid-August 1953 initial attempt at a thermonuclear device.]]
The object approached Earth undetected before its [[atmospheric entry]], in part because its [[Radiant (meteor shower)|radiant]] (source direction) was close to the Sun. Its explosion created panic among local residents, and about 1,500 people were injured seriously enough to seek medical treatment. All of the injuries were due to indirect effects rather than the meteor itself, mainly from broken glass from windows that were blown in when the shock wave arrived, minutes after the superbolide's flash. Some 7,200 buildings in six cities across the region were damaged by the explosion's shock wave, and authorities scrambled to help repair the structures in sub-freezing temperatures.
With an estimated initial mass of about 12,000–13,000 [[tonne]]s<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org"/><ref name="NatureNews20131106">{{cite journal | last=Schiermeier | first=Quirin | title=Risk of massive asteroid strike underestimated | url=http://www.nature.com/news/risk-of-massive-asteroid-strike-underestimated-1.14114 | journal=Nature News | publisher=Nature Publishing Group | date=6 November 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107141251/http://www.nature.com/news/risk-of-massive-asteroid-strike-underestimated-1.14114 | archive-date=7 November 2013 | url-status=live | doi=10.1038/nature.2013.14114 | s2cid=131384120 }}</ref> (13,000–14,000 [[short ton]]s), and measuring about {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter, it is the largest known natural object to have entered Earth's atmosphere since the 1908 [[Tunguska event]], which destroyed a wide, remote, forested, and very sparsely populated area of [[Siberia]].<!-- Please do not add the 1930 Brazil meteor event; because it only had 100 kilotons of TNT, less than this event. (http://cosmictusk.com/mini-tunguska-the-rio-curuca-brazil-1930/) --> The Chelyabinsk meteor is also the only meteor confirmed to have resulted in many injuries. No deaths were reported.
The earlier-predicted and well-publicized [[Near-Earth object|close approach]] of a larger asteroid on the same day, the roughly {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[367943 Duende]], occurred about 16 hours later; the very different orbits of the two objects showed they were unrelated to each other.
== Initial reports ==
[[File:Trajectory of Chelyabinsk meteoroid en.png|thumb|left|The meteor's path in relation to the ground.]]
[[File:Tunguska_and_Chelyabinsk_meteoroid_size.png|right|thumb|Comparison of possible sizes of the Chelyabinsk (CM mark) and [[Tunguska event|Tunguska]] meteoroids to the [[Eiffel Tower]] and the [[Empire State Building]].]]
Local residents witnessed extremely bright burning objects in the sky in [[Chelyabinsk Oblast|Chelyabinsk]], [[Kurgan Oblast|Kurgan]], [[Sverdlovsk Oblast|Sverdlovsk]], [[Tyumen Oblast|Tyumen]], and [[Orenburg Oblast]]s, the [[Republic of Bashkortostan]], and in neighbouring regions in [[Kazakhstan]],<ref name="Verge3991132">{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/2/15/3991132/russia-meteorite-explosion-reported |title=Russia rocked by meteor explosion |work=[[The Verge]] |date=15 February 2013 |first=Sam |last=Byford | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305235823/http://www.theverge.com/2013/2/15/3991132/russia-meteorite-explosion-reported | archive-date=5 March 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ReutersUSBRE91E05Z">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-meteorite-idUSBRE91E05Z20130215 |title=Meteorite explodes over Russia, more than 1,000 injured | first=Andrey | last=Kuzmin |date=15 February 2013 |work=Reuters | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222191716/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/15/us-russia-meteorite-idUSBRE91E05Z20130215 | archive-date=22 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="yahoo-052833588">{{cite news |url=http://www.news.yahoo.com/possible-meteor-shower-reported-eastern-russia-052833588.html |title=Meteorite hits central Russia, more than 500 people hurt |first1=Natalia |last1=Shurmina |first2=Andrey |last2=Kuzmin | date=15 February 2013 |work=Yahoo News | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215195937/http://news.yahoo.com/possible-meteor-shower-reported-eastern-russia-052833588.html | archive-date=15 February 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> when the asteroid entered the Earth's atmosphere over Russia.<ref name="NASA20130215">{{cite web |first=D. C. |last=Agle |title=Russia Meteor Not Linked to Asteroid Flyby |work=NASA news |publisher=NASA |date=13 February 2013 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/asteroids/news/asteroid20130215.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217133332/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/asteroids/news/asteroid20130215.html | archive-date=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="USAtoday1921991">{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/02/15/russia-meteorite/1921991/ |title=Meteor in central Russia injures at least 500 | date=15 February 2013 |first1=Anna |last1=Arutunyan |first2=Marc |last2=Bennetts |work=[[USA Today]] }}</ref><ref name="Mercury22596238">{{cite news |title=100 injured by meteorite falls in Russian Urals |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_22596238/100-injured-by-meteorite-falls-russian-urals |work=Mercury News |first1=Jim |last1=Heintz |first2=Vladimir |last2=Isachenkov |agency=Associated Press |date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502223112/http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_22596238/100-injured-by-meteorite-falls-russian-urals | archive-date=2 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Universe99982">{{cite web |first=Jason |last=Major |work=Universe Today |title=Meteor Blast Rocks Russia |url=http://www.universetoday.com/99982/meteor-blasts-rock-russia/ |date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217062852/http://www.universetoday.com/99982/meteor-blasts-rock-russia/ | archive-date=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20130325">{{cite news |first=Henry |last=Fountain |title=A Clearer View of the Space Bullet That Grazed Russia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/science/space/in-asteroids-aftermath-a-sigh-of-relief.html |date=25 March 2013 |work=[[The New York Times]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326074701/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/science/space/in-asteroids-aftermath-a-sigh-of-relief.html | archive-date=26 March 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Amateur videos showed a fireball streaking across the sky and a loud boom several minutes afterwards.<ref name="medvedev" /><ref name="CNN-20130216">{{cite AV media |date=16 February 2013 |title=Videos capture exploding meteor in sky |medium=Television production |url=http://edition.cnn.com/video/?hpt=hp_t1#/video/world/2013/02/16/ac-boulden-meteor-explodes-over-russia.cnn |publisher=CNN |location=United States }}</ref><ref name="smh-20130215">{{cite news | url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/sci-tech/meteor-shower-over-russia-sees-meteorites-hit-earth-20130215-2ei2j.html | title=Meteor shower over Russia sees meteorites hit Earth | date=16 February 2013 | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623084954/http://www.smh.com.au/technology/sci-tech/meteor-shower-over-russia-sees-meteorites-hit-earth-20130215-2ei2j.html | archive-date=23 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Some eyewitnesses claim they felt intense heat from the fireball.<ref name="YT-9Iq2h2DIqt8">{{cite web | title=Russian Meteor strike eyewitnesses speak | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Iq2h2DIqt8 | date=15 February 2013 | publisher=YouTube | quote=In Russian, with translation voiceover in English }}</ref>
The event began at 09:20:21 Yekaterinburg time,<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org"/> several minutes after sunrise in Chelyabinsk, and minutes before sunrise in Yekaterinburg. According to eyewitnesses, the [[bolide]] appeared brighter than the sun,<ref name="ReutersUSBRE91E05Z" /> as was later confirmed by NASA.<ref name="NYT-20130215">{{cite web |url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/video-captures-flaming-object-believed-to-be-meteorite/ |title=Spectacular Videos of Meteor Over Siberia |work=The New York Times |first1=Robert |last1=Mackey |first2=Gerry |last2=Mullany |date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430101207/http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/video-captures-flaming-object-believed-to-be-meteorite/ | archive-date=30 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> An image of the object was also taken shortly after it entered the atmosphere by the weather satellite [[Meteosat]] 9.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meteor over Russia seen by Meteosat – EUMETSAT|url=https://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Images/ImageLibrary/DAT_IL_13_02_15_A.html|access-date=15 February 2018|work=eumetsat.int|publisher=EUMETSAT|language=EN|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20200906190132/https://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Images/ImageLibrary/DAT_IL_13_02_15_A.html|archivedate=6 September 2020}}</ref> Witnesses in Chelyabinsk said that the air of the city smelled like "gunpowder", "[[sulfur]]" and "burning odors" starting about 1 hour after the fireball and lasting all day.<ref name="cams.seti.org"/>
== Atmospheric entry ==
[[File:Meteoroid - Meteor (Bolide) - Meteorite.gif|thumb|Illustrating all "phases", from [[Atmosphere of Earth|atmospheric]] entry to explosion.]]
The visible phenomenon due to the passage of an [[asteroid]] or [[meteoroid]] through the atmosphere is called a [[meteor]].<ref name="MPS-01009">{{cite journal |first1=Alan E. |last1=Rubin |first2=Jeffrey N. |last2=Grossman |title=Meteorite and meteoroid: New comprehensive definitions |journal=Meteoritics & Planetary Science |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=114–122 |date=January 2010 |bibcode=2010M&PS...45..114R |doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.2009.01009.x |s2cid=129972426 }}</ref> If the object reaches the ground, then it is called a [[meteorite]]. During the Chelyabinsk meteoroid's traversal, there was a bright object trailing smoke, then an [[air burst]] (explosion) that caused a powerful [[blast wave]]. The latter was the only cause of the damage to thousands of buildings in Chelyabinsk and its neighbouring towns. The fragments then entered [[Dark flight (astronomy)|dark flight]] (without the emission of light) and created a [[strewn field]] of numerous meteorites on the snow-covered ground (officially named Chelyabinsk meteorites).
The last time a similar phenomenon was observed in the Chelyabinsk region was the Kunashak meteor shower of 1949, after which scientists recovered about {{nowrap|20 meteorites}} weighing over {{nowrap|200 kg}} in total.<ref name="Google-Book-mkdHJR35Q_8C">{{cite book |first=Monica M |last=Grady |location=London |title=Catalogue of Meteorites |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkdHJR35Q_8C&pg=PA285 |date=31 August 2000 |publisher=Natural History Museum, Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-66303-8 |page=285 }}</ref> The Chelyabinsk meteor is thought to be the biggest natural space object to enter Earth's atmosphere since the [[Tunguska event|1908 Tunguska event]],<ref name="nature-12438">{{cite journal |first=Geoff |last=Brumfiel |title=Russian meteor largest in a century |url=http://www.nature.com/news/russian-meteor-largest-in-a-century-1.12438 |journal=Nature | doi=10.1038/nature.2013.12438 | date=15 February 2013 |s2cid=131657241 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220184343/http://www.nature.com/news/russian-meteor-largest-in-a-century-1.12438 | archive-date=20 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Economist-Babbage">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2013/02/asteroid-impacts |title=Asteroid impacts – How to avert Armageddon |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |author=T.C. |date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219143645/https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2013/02/asteroid-impacts | archive-date=19 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20130216">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/16/science/space/size-of-blast-and-number-of-injuries-are-seen-as-rare-for-a-rock-from-space.html |title=Size of Blast and Number of Injuries Are Seen as Rare for a Rock From Space |first=Kenneth |last=Chang |work=The New York Times |date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220221446/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/16/science/space/size-of-blast-and-number-of-injuries-are-seen-as-rare-for-a-rock-from-space.html | archive-date=20 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> and the only one confirmed to have resulted in many injuries,<ref name="Forbes20130215">{{cite web |first=David M |last=Ewalt | title=Exploding Meteorite Injures A Thousand People in Russia |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2013/02/15/exploding-meteorite-injures-a-thousand-people-in-russia/ | work=Forbes | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408202030/http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2013/02/15/exploding-meteorite-injures-a-thousand-people-in-russia/ | archive-date=8 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref group="Note">Historical, normally accurate, Chinese records of the [[1490 Ch'ing-yang event]] describe over 10,000 deaths, but have never been confirmed.</ref> although a small number of panic-related injuries occurred during the Great Madrid Meteor Event of 10 February 1896.<ref name="PASP1896">{{cite journal |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |title=Explosion of an Aerolite in Madrid (10 February 1896) |department=Notices from the Lick Observatory |date=1896 |volume=8 |issue=47 |pages=86–87 |author=S.F. Chronicle |bibcode=1896PASP....8...86C |doi=10.1086/121074 |quote=Many injuries resulted from the panic which broke out... Much damage was done by the force of the concussion. |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Preliminary estimates released by the [[Russian Federal Space Agency]] indicated the object was an asteroid moving at about {{nowrap|30 km/s}} in a "low trajectory" when it entered Earth's atmosphere. According to the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]], the meteor then pushed through the atmosphere at a velocity of {{nowrap|15 km/s.}}<ref name="Universe99982" /><ref name="YahooNews">{{cite web | title=500 injured by blasts as meteor falls in Russia | url=https://news.yahoo.com/500-injured-blasts-meteor-falls-russia-105758757.html | first=Jim | last=Heintz | date=15 February 2013 | work=Yahoo News | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624001638/http://news.yahoo.com/500-injured-blasts-meteor-falls-russia-105758757.html | archive-date=24 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Radiant (meteor shower)|radiant]] (the apparent position of origin of the meteor in the sky) appears from video recordings to have been above and to the left of the rising Sun.<ref name="Kaira">{{cite web|url=http://kaira.sgo.fi/2013/02/are-2012-da14-and-chelyabinsk-meteor.html |title=Are {{mp|2012 DA|14}} and the Chelyabinsk meteor related? |work=Kilpisjärvi Atmospheric Imaging Receiver Array |publisher=Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory |date=15 February 2013 |location=Finland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623092057/http://kaira.sgo.fi/2013/02/are-2012-da14-and-chelyabinsk-meteor.html |archive-date=23 June 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Early analysis of [[CCTV]] and [[dashcam]] video posted online indicated that the meteor approached from the southeast, and exploded about 40 km south of central Chelyabinsk above [[Korkino, Chelyabinsk Oblast|Korkino]] at a height of {{convert|23.3|km|ft}}, with fragments continuing in the direction of [[Lake Chebarkul]].<ref name="JPL20130301" /><ref name="dagbladet25811137">{{cite journal | title=Kan koste flere tusen grammet |trans-title=(Meteorite) can cost several thousand dollars per gram | journal=[[Dagbladet]] | first=Geir | last=Barstein | date=18 February 2013 | url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2013/02/18/nyheter/utenriks/meteor/meteoritter/astronomi/25811137/ | language=no | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501013304/http://www.dagbladet.no/2013/02/18/nyheter/utenriks/meteor/meteoritter/astronomi/25811137/ | archive-date=1 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Maps-54d651ba">{{cite map |title=Chelyabinsk meteorite, 2013 February 15th |author=ssvilponis |publisher=Google Maps |date=16 February 2013 |url=http://maps.google.ee/maps/ms?msid=216221265233140305376.0004d5da6860954d651ba&msa=0&ll=55.013851,61.333923&spn=0.872465,2.458191 }}</ref><ref name="Ogle-Recon">{{cite web |title=Reconstructing the Chelyabinsk meteor's path, with Google Earth, YouTube and high-school math |first=Stefan |last=Geens |date=16 February 2013 |url=http://ogleearth.com/2013/02/reconstructing-the-chelyabinsk-meteors-path-with-google-earth-youtube-and-high-school-math/ |work=Ogle Earth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228024225/http://ogleearth.com/2013/02/reconstructing-the-chelyabinsk-meteors-path-with-google-earth-youtube-and-high-school-math/ |archive-date=28 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 1 March 2013, NASA published a detailed synopsis of the event, stating that at peak brightness (at 09:20:33 local time), the meteor was 23.3 km high, located at 54.8°N, 61.1°E. At that time it was travelling at about {{convert|18.6|km/s|km/h mph}} – almost 60 times the speed of sound.<ref name="JPL20130301">{{cite web | date=1 March 2013 | title=Additional Details on the Large Fireball Event over Russia on Feb. 15, 2013 |publisher=NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program Office | first1=Don | last1=Yeomans | first2=Paul | last2=Chodas | url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fireball_130301.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430164941/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fireball_130301.html | archive-date=30 April 2013 | url-status=dead | quote=Note that [the] estimates of total energy, diameter and mass are very approximate. }}<br />NASA's webpage in turn acknowledges credit for its data and visual diagrams to:
:Peter Brown ([[University of Western Ontario]]); William Cooke ([[Marshall Space Flight Center]]); Paul Chodas, Steve Chesley and Ron Baalke (JPL); Richard Binzel ([[MIT]]); and Dan Adamo.</ref><ref name="NatGeo-20130701">{{cite journal | first=Andrew | last=Fazekas | url=http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2013/07/01/russian-meteor-shockwave-circled-globe-twice/ | title=Russian Meteor Shockwave Circled Globe Twice | journal=Newswatch | publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] | date=1 July 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713221042/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2013/07/01/russian-meteor-shockwave-circled-globe-twice/ | archive-date=13 July 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2013, results were published based on a more careful calibration of dashcam videos in the field weeks after the event during a Russian Academy of Sciences field study, which put the point of peak brightness at 29.7 km altitude and the final disruption of the thermal debris cloud at 27.0 km, settling to 26.2 km, all with a possible systematic uncertainty of ± 0.7 km.<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org"/>
[[File:Chebarkul meteorite sample on lake ice.jpg|thumb|left|A sample found by [[Ural Federal University]] scientists at [[Lake Chebarkul]]. The object is part of the [[Chelyabinsk meteorite]].]]
The United States space agency [[NASA]] estimated the diameter of the bolide at about 17–20 m and has revised the mass several times from an initial {{convert|7700|tonnes}},<ref name="NASA20130215" /> until reaching a final estimate of 10,000 tonnes.<ref name="NASA20130215" /><ref name="NASA1360985685055">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.nasa.gov/cm/blog/Watch%20the%20Skies/posts/post_1360985685055.html | title=Orbit of the Russian Meteor | work=NASA blogs | date=15 February 2013 | first=William | last=Cooke | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307133108/http://blogs.nasa.gov/cm/blog/Watch%20the%20Skies/posts/post_1360985685055.html | archive-date=7 March 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="huffpost2704164">{{cite news |title=Russian Meteor Blast Bigger Than Thought, NASA Says |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/17/russian-meteor-size-blast-bigger-nasa_n_2704164.html |first=Tariq |last=Malik |date=17 February 2013 |work=Huffington Post | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218113911/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/17/russian-meteor-size-blast-bigger-nasa_n_2704164.html | archive-date=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CNN20130216">{{cite news |title=Russia starts cleanup after meteor strike |date=18 February 2013 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/16/world/europe/russia-meteor-shower/ |work=CNN |first1=Phil |last1=Black |first2=Laura |last2=Smith-Spark | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217025049/http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/16/world/europe/russia-meteor-shower | archive-date=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IBT-1109921">{{cite web | first=VN | last=Sreeja | url=http://www.ibtimes.com/new-asteroid-2013-ec-similar-russian-meteor-pass-earth-distance-less-moons-orbit-1109921 | title=New Asteroid '2013 EC' Similar To Russian Meteor To Pass Earth At A Distance Less Than Moon's Orbit | work=[[International Business Times]] | date=4 March 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430174913/http://www.ibtimes.com/new-asteroid-2013-ec-similar-russian-meteor-pass-earth-distance-less-moons-orbit-1109921 | archive-date=30 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[air burst]]'s blast wave, when it hit the ground, produced a [[seismic wave]] which registered on seismographs at magnitude 2.7.<ref name="USGS Chelyabinsk">{{cite news |title=Meteor Explosion near Chelyabinsk, Russia |date=15 February 2013 |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000f7rz#summary |work=US Geological Survey | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219164510/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000f7rz#summary | archive-date=19 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="USGS">{{cite web |title=Magnitude ? (Uncertain Or Not Yet Determined) – URAL MOUNTAINS REGION, RUSSIA |publisher=[[U.S. Geological Survey]] |work=National Earthquake Information Center |date=15 February 2013 |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc000f7rz.php#details |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218084242/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc000f7rz.php#details |archive-date=18 February 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Oskin-1">{{cite news |issn=0882-7729 |first=Becky |last=Oskin |title=Russia meteor blast produced 2.7 magnitude earthquake equivalent |work=The Christian Science Monitor |date=15 February 2013 |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/0215/Russia-meteor-blast-produced-2.7-magnitude-earthquake-equivalent | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216182201/http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/0215/Russia-meteor-blast-produced-2.7-magnitude-earthquake-equivalent | archive-date=16 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Russian Geographical Society]] said the passing of the meteor over Chelyabinsk caused three blasts of different energy. The first explosion was the most powerful, and was preceded by a bright flash, which lasted about five seconds. Initial newspaper altitude estimates ranged from {{nowrap|30–70 km,}} with an explosive equivalent, according to NASA, of roughly {{convert|500|ktTNT}}, although there is some debate on this yield<ref name="Guardian-2013-11-07">{{cite news | last=Sample | first=Ian | url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/06/chelyabinsk-meteor-russia | title=Scientists reveal the full power of the Chelyabinsk meteor explosion | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=7 November 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109204718/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/06/chelyabinsk-meteor-russia | archive-date=9 November 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> (500 kt is exactly the same energy released by the [[Ivy King]] nuclear explosion in 1952). According to a paper in 2013, all these ~500 kiloton yield estimates for the meteor airburst are "uncertain by a factor of two because of a lack of calibration data at those high energies and altitudes".<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org"/>
<!--
NOTE: The following text is being sidelined/removed as it is possibly OR, or at least highly inaccurate, Google translate converts the title of the attached Russian headline to: "Meteorite flying over Chelyabinsk accompanied by three explosions ranging from 1 to 10 kilotons", which contradicts the text, and is again very low to the real radiated energy:
<ref group="Note">According to the measurements from the other side of the city, if the height of the blast is measured at about {{nowrap|30 km,}} the power of the explosion would range from {{nowrap|0.1 to 1 kiloton.}}</ref><ref name="Gazeta">{{cite web | script-title=ru:Ученый: полету метеорита над Челябинском сопутствовали три взрыва мощностью от 1 до 10 килотонн | trans-title=Scientist: The flight of the meteorite over Chelyabinsk accompanied by three explosions ranging from 1 to 10 kilotons | language=ru | url=http://www.gazeta.ru/social/news/2013/02/15/n_2756693.shtml | publisher=Gazeta | location=Russia | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618030509/http://www.gazeta.ru/social/news/2013/02/15/n_2756693.shtml | archive-date=18 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
-->
The [[hypocenter|hypocentre]] of the explosion was to the south of Chelyabinsk, in [[Yemanzhelinsk]] and [[Yuzhnouralsk]]. Due to the height of the air burst, the atmosphere absorbed most of the explosion's energy.<ref name="Telegraph9874662">{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/9874662/Russian-meteor-hit-atmosphere-with-force-of-30-Hiroshima-bombs.html |title=Russian meteor hit atmosphere with force of 30 Hiroshima bombs |work=The Telegraph |date=16 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218170229/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/9874662/Russian-meteor-exploded-with-force-of-30-Hiroshima-bombs.html | archive-date=18 February 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The explosion's [[blast wave]] first reached Chelyabinsk and environs between less than 2 minutes 23 seconds{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} and 2 minutes 57 seconds later.<ref name="YT-kSrUSmJPHOE">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kSrUSmJPHOE | script-title=ru:Метеорит в Челябинске |trans-title=Meteorite in Chelyabinsk | language=ru | date=15 February 2013 | publisher=YouTube }}</ref> The object did not release all of its [[kinetic energy]] in the form of a blast wave, as some 90 [[TNT equivalent|kilotons of TNT]] {{nowrap|(about 3.75 × 10<sup>14</sup> joules, or 0.375 [[Joule|PJ]])}} of the total energy of the main airburst's [[meteoroid#Fireball|fireball]] was emitted as visible light according to [[NASA]]'s [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]],<ref name="JPL20130301" /><ref name="Brown2002">{{cite journal | volume=420 | issue=6913 | pages=294–296 | first1=P. | last1=Brown | first2=R. E. | last2=Spalding | first3=D. O. | last3=ReVelle | first4=E. | last4=Tagliaferri | first5=S. P. | last5=Worden | title=The flux of small near-Earth objects colliding with the Earth | journal=Nature | date=2002 | url=http://www.stoprocks.com/gaps/new/news/bibliotheque/Bolide/pdf/na/flux-final.pdf | bibcode=2002Natur.420..294B | doi=10.1038/nature01238 | pmid=12447433 | s2cid=4380864 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430110029/http://www.stoprocks.com/gaps/new/news/bibliotheque/Bolide/pdf/na/flux-final.pdf | archive-date=30 April 2013 | url-status=dead | access-date=20 March 2013 }}</ref> and two main fragments survived the primary airburst disruption at {{convert|29.7|km|mi}}; they flared around {{convert|24|km|mi}}, with
one falling apart at {{convert|18.5|km|mi}} and the other remaining luminous down to
{{convert|13.6|km|mi}},<ref name="cams.seti.org"/> with part of the meteoroid continuing on its general trajectory to punch a hole in the frozen [[Lake Chebarkul]], an impact that was fortuitously captured on camera and released in November 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.universetoday.com/106226/newly-released-security-cam-video-shows-chelyabinsk-meteorite-impact-in-lake-chebarkul/ |title=Newly Released Security Cam Video Shows Chelyabinsk Meteorite Impact in Lake Chebarkul by Bob King on November 7, 2013|date=7 November 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Chelyabinsk Bolide Plume as seen by NPP and NASA Models.ogg|thumb|This visualization shows the aftermath observations by NASA satellites and computer models projections of the plume and meteor debris trajectory around the atmosphere. The plume rose to an altitude of 35 km and once there, it was rapidly blown around the globe by the [[polar night jet]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/0819/Fallout-from-the-Russian-fireball-encircled-Earth-research-shows |title=Fallout from the Russian fireball encircled Earth, research shows|journal=The Christian Science Monitor|date=19 August 2013}}</ref>]]
The [[infrasound]] waves given off by the explosions were detected by 20 monitoring stations designed to detect [[nuclear weapons testing]] run by the [[Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission|Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) Preparatory Commission]], including the distant Antarctic station, some {{convert|15000|km|mi}} away. The blast of the explosion was large enough to generate infrasound returns, after circling the globe, at distances up to about {{convert|85000|km|mi}}. Multiple arrivals involving waves that travelled twice around the globe have been identified. The meteor explosion produced the largest [[infrasound]]s ever to be recorded by the CTBTO infrasound monitoring system, which began recording in 2001,<ref name="CTBTO20130218">{{cite news |title=Russian Fireball Largest Ever Detected by CTBTO's Sensors |publisher=[[CTBTO]] |date=18 February 2013 |url=http://newsroom.ctbto.org/2013/02/18/russian-fireball-largest-ever-detected-by-ctbtos-infrasound-sensors/ |access-date=19 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027024647/https://newsroom.ctbto.org/2013/02/18/russian-fireball-largest-ever-detected-by-ctbtos-infrasound-sensors/ |archive-date=27 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="mel">{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10866592 |title=Meteor explosion largest infrasound recorded |first=Paul |last=Harper |date=20 February 2013 |newspaper=The New Zealand Herald |publisher=APN Holdings NZ }}</ref><ref name="mel2">{{cite news |url=http://blogs.nature.com/news/2013/06/russian-meteor-blast-was-the-largest-ever-recorded.html |title=Russian meteor blast was the largest ever recorded by CTBTO |first=Quirin |last=Schiermeier |date=10 June 2013 |newspaper=Nature News Blog |publisher=Macmillan Publishers Limited }}</ref> so great that they reverberated around the world several times, taking over a day to dissipate.<ref name="NOVA-2013.03.27" /> Additional scientific analysis of US military infrasound data was aided by an agreement reached with US authorities to allow its use by civilian scientists, implemented only about a month before the Chelyabinsk meteor event.<ref name="NYT-20130325" /><ref name="NOVA-2013.03.27" />
[[File:2013 Chelyabinsk meteor trace.jpg|thumb|left|A full view of the smoke trail with the bulbous section corresponding to a [[mushroom cloud]]'s cap.]]
A preliminary estimate of the explosive energy by astronomer Boris Shustov, director of the [[Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences|Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Astronomy]], was {{convert|200|ktTNT}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://atominfo.ru/newsd/k0520.htm|title=Оценка мощности взрыва Челябинского болида в 500 килотонн завышена в 3-4 раза|date=19 February 2013|lang=ru|access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref> another using empirical period-yield scaling relations and the infrasound records, by Peter Brown of the [[University of Western Ontario]] gave a value of {{convert|460-470|ktTNT}} and represents a best estimate for the yield of this airburst; there remains a potential "uncertainty [in the order of] a factor of two in this yield value".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteor.uwo.ca/research/fireball/events/Chel/overview.html |title=Fireball Events Chelyabinsk Meteor of 15 Feb. 2013 – Preliminary results as of Feb 16, 2013. Dr. Peter Brown}}</ref><ref name="GRL_50619">{{cite journal |last1=Le Pichon |first1=Alexis |first2=L. |last2=Ceranna |first3=C. |last3=Pilger |first4=P. |last4=Mialle |first5=D. |last5=Brown |first6=P. |last6=Herry |first7=N. |last7=Brachet |title=2013 Russian Fireball largest ever detected by CTBTO infrasound sensors |date=2013 |doi=10.1002/grl.50619 |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=40 |issue=14 |page=3732 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.3732L |s2cid=129384715 }}</ref> Brown and his colleagues also went on to publish a paper in November 2013 which stated that the "widely referenced technique of estimating airburst damage does not reproduce the [Chelyabinsk] observations, and that the mathematical relations found in the book ''[[Philip J. Dolan|The Effects of Nuclear Weapons]]'' which are based on the [[effects of nuclear weapons]] – [which is] almost always used with this technique – overestimate blast damage [when applied to meteor airbursts]".<ref>{{cite journal |title=A 500-kiloton airburst over Chelyabinsk and an enhanced hazard from small impactors | volume=503|issue=7475 |doi=10.1038/nature12741 |pmid=24196713 |journal=Nature |pages=238–41 | last1 = Brown | first1 = PG | last2 = Assink | first2 = JD | last3 = Astiz | first3 = L | last4 = Blaauw | first4 = R | last5 = Boslough | first5 = MB | last6 = Borovička | first6 = J | last7 = Brachet | first7 = N | last8 = Brown | first8 = D | last9 = Campbell-Brown | first9 = M | last10 = Ceranna | first10 = L | last11 = Cooke | first11 = W | last12 = de Groot-Hedlin | first12 = C | last13 = Drob | first13 = DP | last14 = Edwards | first14 = W | last15 = Evers | first15 = LG | last16 = Garces | first16 = M | last17 = Gill | first17 = J | last18 = Hedlin | first18 = M | last19 = Kingery | first19 = A | last20 = Laske | first20 = G | last21 = Le Pichon | first21 = A | last22 = Mialle | first22 = P | last23 = Moser | first23 = DE | last24 = Saffer | first24 = A | last25 = Silber | first25 = E | last26 = Smets | first26 = P | last27 = Spalding | first27 = RE | last28 = Spurný | first28 = P | last29 = Tagliaferri | first29 = E | last30 = Uren | first30 = D | last31 = Weryk | first31 = RJ | last32 = Whitaker | first32 = R | last33 = Krzeminski | first33 = Z |display-authors=5|bibcode = 2013Natur.503..238B |year=2013 |hdl=10125/33201 | s2cid=4450349| hdl-access = free }}</ref> A similar overestimate of the explosive yield of the [[Tunguska event|Tunguska]] airburst also exists; as incoming celestial objects have rapid directional motion, the object causes stronger blast wave and thermal radiation pulses at the ground surface than would be predicted by a stationary object exploding, limited to the height at which the blast was initiated-where the object's "momentum is ignored".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://share.sandia.gov/news/resources/releases/2007/asteroid.html| title = Sandia supercomputers offer new explanation of Tunguska disaster| date = 17 December 2007| publisher = [[Sandia National Laboratories]] | access-date = 22 December 2007}}</ref> Thus, a meteor airburst of a given energy is "much more damaging than an equivalent [energy] nuclear explosion at the same altitude".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aaas.org/news/research-address-near-earth-objects-remains-critical-experts-say |title=Research to Address Near-Earth Objects Remains Critical, Experts Say}}</ref><ref name="Kelly Beatty">{{cite web|url=https://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/new-chelyabinsk-results-yield-surprises/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140806114350/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/new-chelyabinsk-results-yield-surprises/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 August 2014 |title=New Chelyabinsk Results Yield Surprises |author=Kelly Beatty |date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>
The seismic wave produced when the primary airburst's blast struck the ground yields a rather uncertain "best estimate" of 430 kilotons (momentum ignored),<ref name="Kelly Beatty"/> corresponding to the [[seismic wave]] which registered on seismographs at magnitude 2.7.<ref name="USGS Chelyabinsk"/><ref name="USGS"/><ref name="Oskin-1"/>
[[File:Chelyabinsk meteor trace 15-02-2013.jpg|thumb|right|A picture taken of the smoke trail with the double plumes visible either side of the bulbous "[[mushroom cloud]]" cap.]]
Brown also states that the double smoke plume formation, as seen in photographs, is believed to have coincided near the primary airburst section of the dust trail (as also pictured following the [[Tagish Lake (meteorite)|Tagish Lake fireball]]), and it likely indicates where rising air quickly flowed into the center of the trail, essentially in the same manner as a moving 3D version of a [[mushroom cloud]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteor.uwo.ca/publications/wgn-chel.pdf.pdf |title=WGN, the Journal of the IMO 41:1 (2013) A Preliminary Report on the Chelyabinsk Fireball/Airburst Peter Brown}}</ref> Photographs of this smoke trail portion, before it split into two plumes, show this cigar-shaped region glowing [[incandescent]]ly for a few seconds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf |title=O. P. Popova, et al. Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization.Science 342 (2013). FIGURE 1}}</ref> This region is the area in which the maximum of material [[ablation]] occurred, with the double plume persisting for a time and then appearing to rejoin or close up.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aG-yy8ILItI |title=Postcards from Chelyabinsk – SETI Institute Colloquium Series (Peter Jenniskens) 15:10 on|website=YouTube}}</ref>
== Injuries and damage ==
[[File:Chelyabinsk meteor event consequences in Drama Theatre.jpg|thumb|left|Shattered windows in the foyer of the Chelyabinsk Drama Theatre]]
The blast created by the meteor's [[air burst]] produced extensive ground damage over an irregular [[Ellipse|elliptical]] area around a hundred kilometres wide, and a few tens of kilometres long,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/index-chelyabinsk.html |title=Map of glass damage in Chelyabinsk Oblast. From: Popova et al. Science Science Vol. 42 (2013).}}</ref> with the secondary effects of the blast being the main cause of the considerable number of injuries. Russian authorities stated that 1,491 people sought medical attention in Chelyabinsk Oblast within the first few days.<ref name="RBC845595" /> Health officials reported 112 hospitalisations, including two in serious condition. A {{nowrap|52-year-old}} woman with a broken spine was flown to Moscow for treatment.{{cn|date=December 2020}} Most of the injuries were caused by the secondary blast effects of shattered, falling or blown-in glass.<ref name="Canada7968297">{{cite news | url=http://www.canada.com/news/Meteor+explodes+over+Russia+Ural+Mountains+injured+shock+wave+blasts+windows/7968297/story.html | title=Meteor explodes over Russia's Ural Mountains; 1,100 injured as shock wave blasts out windows | date=15 February 2013 | first1=Jim | last1=Heintz | first2=Vladimir | last2=Isachenkov | agency=The Associated Press | publisher=Postmedia Network Inc | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513022402/http://www.canada.com/news/Meteor%2Bexplodes%2Bover%2BRussia%2BUral%2BMountains%2Binjured%2Bshock%2Bwave%2Bblasts%2Bwindows/7968297/story.html | archive-date=13 May 2013 | url-status=dead | quote=[[Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)|Emergency Situations Ministry]] spokesman Vladimir Purgin said many of the injured were cut as they flocked to windows to see what caused the intense flash of light, which was momentarily brighter than the sun. | df=dmy-all | access-date=5 March 2013 }}</ref> The intense light from the meteor, momentarily brighter than the Sun, also produced injuries, leading to over 180 cases of eye pain, and 70 people subsequently reported temporary [[flash blindness]].<ref name="NS-20131107">{{cite news | url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24542-csi-chelyabinsk-10-insights-from-russias-meteorite.html | title=CSI Chelyabinsk: 10 insights from Russia's meteorite | first=Lisa | last=Grossman | work=[[New Scientist]] | date=6 November 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109031906/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24542-csi-chelyabinsk-10-insights-from-russias-meteorite.html | archive-date=9 November 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Twenty people reported [[ultraviolet]] burns similar to [[sunburn]], possibly intensified by the presence of snow on the ground.<ref name="NS-20131107" /> Vladimir Petrov, when meeting with scientists to assess the damage, reported that he sustained so much sunburn from the meteor that the skin flaked only days later.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://cams.seti.org/index-chelyabinsk.html |title = Cameras for Allsky Meteor Surveillance (CAMS)}}</ref>
A fourth-grade teacher in Chelyabinsk, Yulia Karbysheva, was hailed as a hero after saving 44 children from imploding window glass cuts. Despite not knowing the origin of the intense flash of light, Karbysheva thought it prudent to take precautionary measures by ordering her students to stay away from the room's windows and to perform a [[duck and cover]] maneuver and then to leave a building. Karbysheva, who remained standing, was seriously lacerated when the blast arrived and window glass severed a [[tendon]] in one of her arms and left [[thigh]]; none of her students, whom she ordered to hide under their desks, suffered cuts.<ref name="NYT-20130217">{{cite news | last=Kramer | first=Andrew E. | title=After Assault From the Heavens, Russians Search for Clues and Count Blessings | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/17/world/europe/russians-seek-clues-and-count-blessings-after-meteor-blast.html | date=17 February 2013 | work=The New York Times | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217150820/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/17/world/europe/russians-seek-clues-and-count-blessings-after-meteor-blast.html | archive-date=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://interfax.com.ua/news/general/140940.html|title=Челябинская учительница спасла при падении метеорита более 40 детей|work=Интерфакс-Украина|access-date=28 September 2018|language=ru}}</ref> The teacher was taken to a hospital which received 112 people that day. The majority of the patients were suffering from cuts.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Цинковый завод Челябинска.jpg|thumb|right|The collapsed roof over the warehouse section of a zinc factory in Chelyabinsk]]
After the air blast, car alarms went off and mobile phone networks were overloaded with calls.<ref name="Guardian20130215">{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/feb/15/meteorite-explosion-shakes-russian | title=Meteorite explosion over Russia injures hundreds | work=The Guardian | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218200551/http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2013/feb/15/meteorite-explosion-shakes-russian | archive-date=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Office buildings in Chelyabinsk were evacuated. Classes for all Chelyabinsk schools were cancelled, mainly due to broken windows.{{cn|date=December 2020}} At least 20 children were injured when the windows of a school and kindergarten were blown in at 09:22.<ref name="spiegel883565">{{cite news | first=Benjamin | last=Bidder | language=de |title=Meteoriten-Hagel in Russland: "Ein Knall, Splittern von Glas" |trans-title=Meteorite hail in Russia: "A blast, splinters of glass" | work=Der Spiegel | date=15 February 2013 | url=http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/weltall/meteoriten-hagel-in-russland-a-883565.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218003330/http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/weltall/meteoriten-hagel-in-russland-a-883565.html | archive-date=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Following the event, government officials in Chelyabinsk asked parents to take their children home from schools.<ref name="BBC-21468116">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21468116 | title=Central Russia hit by meteor shower in Ural region | work=BBC News | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218150722/http://m.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21468116 | archive-date=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
Approximately {{convert|600|m2|ft2|abbr=on}} of a roof at a [[zinc]] factory collapsed during the incident.<ref name="Time20130215feed">{{cite magazine | first=Charlie | last=Campbell | url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/02/15/watch-meteorite-injures-hundreds-in-russia/ | title=Meteorite injures hundreds in Russia | magazine=Time | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215110648/http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/02/15/watch-meteorite-injures-hundreds-in-russia/ | archive-date=15 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Residents in Chelyabinsk whose windows were smashed quickly sought to cover the openings with anything available, to protect themselves against temperatures of {{convert|-15|°C|°F}}.<ref name="WUnderground">{{cite web | url=http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/USCC/2013/2/15/DailyHistory.html | publisher=Weather Underground | title=Chelyabinsk Station history | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430052423/http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/USCC/2013/2/15/DailyHistory.html | archive-date=30 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Approximately 100,000 home-owners were affected, according to Chelyabinsk Oblast Governor Mikhail Yurevich.<ref name="IBTimes-2013.02.16.a">{{cite web | first=Moran | last=Zhang | url=http://www.ibtimes.com/russia-meteor-2013-damage-top-33-million-rescue-cleanup-team-heads-meteorite-hit-urals-1090104 | title=Russia Meteor 2013: Damage To Top $33 Million; Rescue, Cleanup Team Heads To Meteorite-Hit Urals | work=[[International Business Times]] | date=16 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430193336/http://www.ibtimes.com/russia-meteor-2013-damage-top-33-million-rescue-cleanup-team-heads-meteorite-hit-urals-1090104 | archive-date=30 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> He also said that preserving the water pipes of the city's [[district heating]] was the primary goal of the authorities as they scrambled to contain further post-explosion damage.{{cn|date=December 2020}}
By 5 March 2013, the number of damaged buildings was tallied at over 7,200, which included some 6,040 apartment blocks, 293 medical facilities, 718 schools and universities, 100 cultural organizations, and 43 sport facilities, of which only about 1.5% had not yet been repaired.<ref name="RBTH-23513">{{cite news | url=http://rbth.ru/news/2013/03/05/meteorite-caused_emergency_situation_regime_over_in_chelyabinsk_region_23513.html | title=Meteorite-caused emergency situation regime over in Chelyabinsk region | work=Russia Beyond The Headlines | publisher=Rossiyskaya Gazeta | date=5 March 2013 | agency=[[Interfax]] }}</ref> The oblast governor estimated the damage to buildings at more than 1 billion [[Russian ruble|rubles]]<ref name="Lenta20130215">{{cite web | script-title=ru:Ущерб от челябинского метеорита превысит миллиард рублей |trans-title=Damage from Chelyabinsk meteorite exceeds one billion rubles | url=http://lenta.ru/news/2013/02/15/damage/ | date=15 February 2013 | publisher=[[Lenta.ru]] | language=ru | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513000942/http://lenta.ru/news/2013/02/15/damage/ | archive-date=13 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> (approximately {{nowrap|[[United States dollar|US$]]33 million <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/russian-meteor-damage-estimated-at-over-30-million-513681|title = Russian meteor damage estimated at over $30 million}}</ref>}}). Chelyabinsk authorities said that broken windows of apartment homes, but not the glazing of enclosed balconies, would be replaced at the state's expense.<ref name="Cheladmin">{{cite news | script-title=ru:Сергей Давыдов: жертв и серьезных разрушений нет |trans-title=Sergei Davydov: casualties and no serious damage | date=15 February 2013 | url=http://cheladmin.ru/news/sergey-davydov-zhertv-i-sereznyh-razrusheniy-net | language=ru | newspaper=Chelad | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217000544/http://cheladmin.ru/news/sergey-davydov-zhertv-i-sereznyh-razrusheniy-net | archive-date=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> One of the buildings damaged in the blast was the [[Traktor Sport Palace]], home arena of [[Traktor Chelyabinsk]] of the [[Kontinental Hockey League]] (KHL). The arena was closed for inspection, affecting various scheduled events, and possibly the postseason of the KHL.<ref name="CBS21709455">{{cite web | title=KHL arena among buildings damaged in Russian meteorite strike | url=http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/blog/eye-on-hockey/21709455/meteorite-in-russia-damages-khl-arena | first=Adam | last=Gretz | work=[[CBS Sports]] | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501025254/http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/blog/eye-on-hockey/21709455/meteorite-in-russia-damages-khl-arena | archive-date=1 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
The irregular elliptical disk shape/"spread-eagled butterfly"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/nasa-and-international-researchers-collect-clues-to-meteoroid-science/#.U_vfLlfvmlA |title=NASA and International Researchers Collect Clues to Meteoroid Science November 6, 2013|date=6 November 2013}}</ref> ground blast damage area, produced by the airburst,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/index-chelyabinsk.html |title=Map of glass damage in Chelyabinsk Oblast. From: Popova et al. Science Science Vol. 42 (2013).}}</ref> is a phenomenon first noticed upon studying the other larger airburst event: [[Tunguska event|Tunguska]].<ref>Boyarkina, A. P., Demin, D. V., Zotkin, I. T., Fast, W. G. Estimation of the blast wave of the Tunguska meteorite from the forest destruction. – ''Meteoritika'', Vol. 24, 1964, pp. 112–128 (in Russian).</ref>
{{clear}}
== Reactions ==
{{Further|Asteroid impact avoidance}}
The Chelyabinsk meteor struck without warning. [[Dmitry Medvedev]], the [[Prime Minister of Russia]], confirmed a meteor had struck Russia and said it proved that the "entire planet" is vulnerable to meteors and a [[spaceguard]] system is needed to protect the planet from similar objects in the future.<ref name="medvedev">{{cite web | title=PM Medvedev Says Russian Meteorite KEF-2013 Shows "Entire Planet" Vulnerable | url=http://www.newsroomamerica.com/story/347222/pm_medvedev_says_russian_meteorite_kef-2013_shows_entire_planet_vulnerable_.html | publisher=Newsroom America | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623084923/http://www.newsroomamerica.com/story/347222/pm_medvedev_says_russian_meteorite_kef-2013_shows_entire_planet_vulnerable_.html | archive-date=23 June 2013 | url-status=dead | access-date=15 February 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Ynet4345317">{{cite journal | url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4345317,00.html | title=400 injured by meteorite falls in Russian Urals | newspaper=Ynetnews | publisher=Y net news | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218065232/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-4345317%2C00.html | archive-date=18 February 2013 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all | last1=Agencies | first1=News }}</ref> [[Dmitry Rogozin]], the deputy prime minister, proposed that there should be an international program that would alert countries to "objects of an extraterrestrial origin",<ref name="Guardian20130215Amos">{{cite news | first=Howard | last=Amos | title=Meteorite explosion over Chelyabinsk injures hundreds | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/15/hundreds-injured-meteorite-russian-city-chelyabinsk | newspaper=The Guardian | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218200603/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/feb/15/hundreds-injured-meteorite-russian-city-chelyabinsk | archive-date=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> also called [[potentially hazardous object]]s.
[[Colonel General#Russia|Colonel General]] Nikolay Bogdanov, commander of the [[Central Military District]], created task forces that were directed to the probable impact areas to search for fragments of the asteroid and to monitor the situation. [[Meteorites]] (fragments) measuring {{convert|1|to|5|cm|in|abbr=on}} were found {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Chebarkul]] in the Chelyabinsk region.<ref name="Interfax381682">{{cite web | script-title=ru:В полынье в Чебаркульском районе Челябинской области, возможно, найдены обломки метеорита – МЧС |trans-title=In the ice-hole in Chebarkulsky district of Chelyabinsk region, possibly found fragments of the meteorite – MOE | url=http://www.interfax-russia.ru/Ural/main.asp?id=381682 | date=15 February 2013 | publisher=Interfax | language=ru | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623230536/http://www.interfax-russia.ru/Ural/main.asp?id=381682 | archive-date=23 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
On the day of the impact, Bloomberg News reported that the [[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] had suggested the investigation of creating an "Action Team on [[Near-Earth Objects]]", a proposed global [[asteroid]] warning network system, in face of {{mpl|2012 DA|14}}'s approach.<ref name="bloomberg UNOOSA">{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-15/armageddon-not-in-the-stars-as-un-effort-takes-aim-at-asteroids.html | title=Asteroid Passes Earth as UN Mulls Monitoring Network | first1=Mark | last1=Drajem | first2=Alexander | last2=Weber | publisher=Bloomberg | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218004927/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-15/armageddon-not-in-the-stars-as-un-effort-takes-aim-at-asteroids.html | archive-date=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CBS57569864">{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57569864/united-nations-reviewing-asteroid-impact-threat/ | title=United Nations reviewing asteroid impact threat | work=CBS News | first=Leonard | last=David | date=18 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218211409/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57569864/united-nations-reviewing-asteroid-impact-threat/ | archive-date=18 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> As a result of the impact, two scientists in California proposed [[directed-energy weapon]] technology development as a possible means to protect Earth from asteroids.<ref name="IBT438042">{{cite news | url=http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/438042/20130222/end-world-2013-de-star-project-proposed.htm | title=End of the World 2013: DE-STAR Project Proposed after Asteroid 2012 DA14 Flyby, Russian Meteor Blast | first=Jenalyn | last=Villamarin | work=International Business Times | date=22 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430154442/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/438042/20130222/end-world-2013-de-star-project-proposed.htm | archive-date=30 April 2013 | url-status=dead | access-date=26 February 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Barrie">{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2013/02/19/massive-orbital-laser-blaster-could-defend-against-asteroid-threats/ | title=Massive, orbital laser blaster could defend against asteroid threats | work=Fox News | first=Allison | last=Barrie | date=19 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221154508/http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2013/02/19/massive-orbital-laser-blaster-could-defend-against-asteroid-threats/ | archive-date=21 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Furthermore, the [[NEOWISE]] satellite was brought out of hibernation for its second mission extension to scan for near-earth objects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hackaday.com/2020/07/22/the-wise-in-neowise-how-a-hibernating-satellite-awoke-to-discover-the-comet/|title=The WISE in NEOWISE: How a Hibernating Satellite Awoke to Discover the Comet|date=22 July 2020}}</ref> Later in 2013, [[NASA]] began annual asteroid impact simulation testing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/nasa-asteroid-impact-simulations-difficult-to-stop-2021-5|title=NASA has led 7 asteroid-impact simulations. Only once did experts figure out how to stop the space rock from hitting Earth|date=20 May 2021|access-date=21 May 2021|work=Business Insider}}</ref>
== Frequency ==
{{meteoroid_size_comparison.svg}}
It is estimated that the [[Impact event#Frequency and risk|frequency of airbursts]] from objects 20 metres across is about once in every 60 years.<ref name="Earth-impact">{{cite web
|date=2010
|title=Earth Impact Effects Program
|publisher=Imperial College London / Purdue University
|author1=Robert Marcus |author2=H. Jay Melosh |author3=Gareth Collins |url=http://impact.ese.ic.ac.uk/ImpactEffects/
|access-date=4 February 2013}} (solution using 2600kg/m^3, 17 km/s, 45 degrees)</ref> There have been [[List of meteor air bursts|incidents]] in the previous century involving a comparable energy yield or higher: the [[Tunguska event|1908 Tunguska event]], and, in 1963 off the coast of the [[Prince Edward Islands]] in the Indian Ocean.<ref name="Edwards1">{{cite journal | url=http://meteor.uwo.ca/infra_pub/Estimates_of_metereoid_kin_e_from_ovserv_of_infrasonicwaves.pdf | title=Estimates of meteoroid kinetic energies from observations of infrasonic airwaves |author1=Wayne Edwards |author2=Peter G. Brown |author3=Douglas O. ReVelle |journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics|volume=68| issue=10 |pages=1136–1160|doi=10.1016/j.jastp.2006.02.010|date=2006 | df=dmy-all |bibcode=2006JASTP..68.1136E}}</ref> Two of those were over unpopulated areas; however, the 1963 event may not have been a meteor.<ref name=silber>{{cite journal |doi=10.1029/2009JE003334 |title=An estimate of the terrestrial influx of large meteoroids from infrasonic measurements|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=114 |issue=E8|year=2009 |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2009JE003334|last1=Silber|first1=Elizabeth A.|last2=Revelle|first2=Douglas O.|last3=Brown|first3=Peter G.|last4=Edwards|first4=Wayne N.|bibcode=2009JGRE..114.8006S}}</ref>
Centuries before, the [[1490 Ch'ing-yang event]], of an unknown magnitude, apparently caused 10,000 deaths.<ref name=Yau1>Yau, K., Weissman, P., & Yeomans, D. [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1994Metic..29..864Y Meteorite Falls In China And Some Related Human Casualty Events], ''[[Meteoritics]]'', Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 864–871, {{ISSN|0026-1114}}, bibliographic code: 1994Metic..29..864Y.</ref> While modern researchers are skeptical about the 10,000 deaths figure, the 1908 Tunguska event would have been devastating over a highly populous district.<ref name=Yau1/>
== Origin ==
Based on its entry direction and speed of 19 kilometres per second, the Chelyabinsk meteor apparently originated in the [[asteroid belt]] between [[Mars]] and [[Jupiter]]. It was probably an asteroid [[Breccia|fragment]]. The meteorite has veins of black material which had experienced high-pressure shock, and were once partly melted due to a previous collision. The [[metamorphism]] in the [[chondrule]]s in the meteorite samples indicates the rock making up the meteor had a history of collisions and was once several kilometres below the surface of a much larger [[LL chondrite|LL chondrite]] asteroid. The Chelyabinsk asteroid probably entered an [[orbital resonance]] with Jupiter (a common way for material to be ejected from the asteroid belt) which increased its orbital [[Eccentricity (astronomy)|eccentricity]] until its [[perihelion]] was reduced enough for it to be able to collide with the Earth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kring |first1=David A. |last2=Boslough |first2=Mark |date=1 September 2014 |title=Chelyabinsk: Portrait of an asteroid airburst |journal=Physics Today |language=en |volume=67 |issue=9 |pages=32–37 |doi=10.1063/PT.3.2515 |issn=0031-9228 |bibcode=2014PhT....67i..32K}}</ref>
== Meteorites ==
{{Further|Chelyabinsk meteorite}}
[[File:Strewnfield map of Chelyabinsk meteorites.jpg|thumb|left|Strewnfield map of recovered meteorites (253 documented find locations, status of 18 July 2013).]]
In the aftermath of the air burst of the body, many small meteorites fell on areas west of Chelyabinsk, generally at [[terminal velocity]], about the speed of a piece of gravel dropped from a skyscraper.<ref name="NYT-20130219" /> Analysis of the meteor showed that all resulted from the main breakup at 27–34 km altitude.<ref name="Science_342" /> Local residents and schoolchildren located and picked up some of the meteorites, many located in snowdrifts, by following a visible hole that had been left in the outer surface of the snow. [[Intermediary|Speculators]] were active in the informal [[Market (economics)|market]] that emerged for meteorite fragments.<ref name="NYT-20130219">{{cite news | first=Andrew E. | last=Kramer | title=Russians Wade into the Snow to Seek Treasure From the Sky | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/19/world/europe/russian-scientists-say-they-found-meteorite-fragments.html | date=18 February 2013 | work=The New York Times }}</ref>
[[File:Cheljabinsk meteorite fragment.jpg|thumb|A 112.2 gram (3.96 oz) [[Chelyabinsk meteorite]] specimen, one of many found within days of the airburst, this one between the villages of Deputatsky and Emanzhelinsk. The broken fragment displays a thick primary [[fusion crust]] with flow lines and a heavily [[Meteorite shock stage|shocked matrix]] with melt veins and planar fractures. Scale cube is 1 cm (0.39 in).]]
In the hours following the visual meteor sighting, a {{convert|6|m|adj=on}} wide hole was discovered on [[Lake Chebarkul]]'s frozen surface. It was not immediately clear whether this was the result of an [[Impact event|impact]]; scientists from the [[Ural Federal University]] collected 53 samples from around the hole the same day it was discovered. The early specimens recovered were all under {{convert|1|cm}} in size and initial laboratory analysis confirmed their meteoric origin. They are [[ordinary chondrite]] meteorites and contain 10 per cent [[Meteoric iron|iron]]. The fall is officially designated as the [[Chelyabinsk meteorite]].<ref name="USRA-57165" /> The Chelyabinsk meteor was later determined to come from the [[LL chondrite]] group.<ref name="YT_BNkS1uHUbq8">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNkS1uHUbq8 | title=NASA (YouTube) – Dr. David Kring – Asteroid Initiative Workshop Cosmic Explorations Speakers Session | publisher=YouTube | date=21 November 2013 }}</ref> The meteorites were LL5 chondrites having a [[Meteorite shock stage|shock stage of S4]], and had a variable appearance between light and dark types. [[Petrographic]] changes during the fall allowed estimates that the body was heated between 65 and 135 degrees during its atmospheric entry.<ref name=Badyukov2015>{{cite journal|last1=Badyukov|first1=D.D.|last2=Raitala|first2=J.|last3=Kostama|first3=P.|last4=Ignatiev|first4=A.V.|title=Chelyabinsk meteorite: Shock metamorphism, black veins and impact melt dikes, and the Hugoniot|journal=Petrology|date=March 2015|volume=23|issue=2|pages=103–115|doi=10.1134/S0869591115020022|s2cid=140628758}}<!--|access-date=23 December 2015--></ref>
In June 2013, Russian scientists reported that further investigation by magnetic imaging below the location of the ice hole in Lake Chebarkul had identified a {{convert|60|cm|ft|abbr=off|adj=on}}-size meteorite buried in the mud at the bottom of the lake. Before recovery began, the chunk was estimated to weigh roughly {{convert|300|kg}}.<ref name="rian20130622">{{cite news |title=Huge Chunk of Meteorite Located in Urals Lake – Scientist |url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20130622/181805477/Huge-Chunk-of-Meteorite-Located-in-Urals-Lake---Scientist.html |newspaper=RIA Novosti |date=22 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623225109/http://en.rian.ru/russia/20130622/181805477/Huge-Chunk-of-Meteorite-Located-in-Urals-Lake---Scientist.html |archive-date=23 June 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Following an operation lasting a number of weeks, it was raised from the bottom of the [[Chebarkul lake]] on 16 October 2013. With a total mass of {{Convert|654|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, this is the largest found fragment of the Chelyabinsk meteorite. Initially, it tipped and broke the scales used to weigh it, splitting into three pieces.<ref name="ntv-677303">{{cite web |url=http://www.ntv.ru/novosti/677303/ |script-title=ru:Весы не выдержали тяжести челябинского метеорита |trans-title=Weighing scales couldn't withstand the heft of the Chelyabinsk meteorite |publisher=NTV |date=16 October 2013 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017030618/http://www.ntv.ru/novosti/677303 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20131016">{{cite news |last=Herszenhorn |first=David M. |title=Lifted From a Russian Lake, a Big, if Fragile, Space Rock |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/17/world/europe/meteorite-pulled-from-russian-lake-breaks-into-3-pieces.html |date=16 October 2013 |work=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017192003/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/17/world/europe/meteorite-pulled-from-russian-lake-breaks-into-3-pieces.html |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In November 2013, a video from a security camera was released showing the impact of the fragment at the Chebarkul lake.<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="Universe_106226">{{cite web | first=Bob | last=King | title=Newly Released Security Cam Video Shows Chelyabinsk Meteorite Impact in Lake Chebarkul | work=[[Universe Today]] | date=7 November 2013 | url=http://www.universetoday.com/106226/newly-released-security-cam-video-shows-chelyabinsk-meteorite-impact-in-lake-chebarkul/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109034108/http://www.universetoday.com/106226/newly-released-security-cam-video-shows-chelyabinsk-meteorite-impact-in-lake-chebarkul/ | archive-date=9 November 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> This is the first recorded impact of a meteorite on video. From the measured time difference between the shadow generating meteor to the moment of impact, scientists calculated that this meteorite hit the ice at about {{cvt|225|m}} per second, 64 per cent of the speed of sound.<ref name="Science_342" />
== Media coverage ==
{{External media
|position = right
|float = right
|topic = Meteor air burst
|subtopic = Explosions, Shock
|video1 = {{YouTube|m9WooFdPGMA|Two videos, first from a car and from street}}
|video2 = {{YouTube|4ZxXYscmgRg|Extensive dashcam footage from the atmospheric entry onwards}}
|video3 = {{YouTube|w6uOzFo2MQg|Explosion eyewitness}}
|video4 = {{YouTube|efvP-RRuJuA|Bright light and sound recorded by a stationary surveillance camera}}
|video5 = {{YouTube|90Omh7_I8vI|Video of meteor explosion that stirred panic in Urals region}}
}}
The Russian government put out a brief statement within an hour of the event. Serendipitously the news in English was first reported by the [[ice hockey|hockey]] site [[Russian Machine Never Breaks]] before heavy coverage by the international media and the [[Associated Press]] ensued, with the Russian government's confirmation less than two hours afterwards.<ref name="RMNB">{{cite news | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/02/how-a-dc-hockey-fan-site-got-the-russian-meteorite-story-before-the-ap/273225/ | title=How a D.C. Hockey Fan Site Got the Russian Meteorite Story Before the AP | date=15 February 2013 | work=[[The Atlantic]] | first=Garance | last=Franke-Ruta | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217075735/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/02/how-a-dc-hockey-fan-site-got-the-russian-meteorite-story-before-the-ap/273225/ | archive-date=17 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="FedPress1360914956">{{cite web | work=Federal Press World News | script-title=ru:Челябинский метеорит стал одной из самых популярных тем в мире |trans-title=Chelyabinsk meteorite has become one of the hottest topics in the world | url=http://world.fedpress.ru/news/russia_and_cis/1360914956-chelyabinskii-meteorit-stal-odnoi-iz-samykh-populyarnykh-tem-v-mire | date=15 February 2013 | publisher=Federal Press | language=ru | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623094957/http://world.fedpress.ru/news/russia_and_cis/1360914956-chelyabinskii-meteorit-stal-odnoi-iz-samykh-populyarnykh-tem-v-mire | archive-date=23 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2013/02/17/172235263/how-a-hockey-blog-got-the-scoop-on-the-russias-meteor|title=How A Hockey Blog Got The Scoop on Russia's Meteorite|website=NPR.org|access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref> Less than 15 hours after the meteor impact, videos of the meteor and its aftermath had been viewed millions of times.<ref name="Visible95381">{{cite web | work=Visible Measures | title=Meteor Over Russia Hits Internet with 7.7 Million Video Views | url=http://corp.visiblemeasures.com/news-and-events/blog/bid/95381/Meteor-Over-Russia-Hits-Internet-with-7-7-Million-Video-Views | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412033315/http://corp.visiblemeasures.com/news-and-events/blog/bid/95381/Meteor-Over-Russia-Hits-Internet-with-7-7-Million-Video-Views | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 April 2013 | publisher=Visible Measures }}</ref>
The number of injuries caused by the asteroid led the Internet-search giant Google to remove a [[Google logo|Google Doodle]] from their website, created for the predicted pending arrival of another asteroid, {{mpl|2012 DA|14}}.<ref name="ABC-Google">{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/technology/2013/02/asteroid-2012-da14-google-doodle-removed-after-russian-meteor-shower-injuries/ |title=Asteroid {{mp|2012 DA|14}} Google Doodle Removed After Russian Meteor Shower Injuries |first=Joanna |last=Stern |work=ABC News |date=15 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216092640/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/technology/2013/02/asteroid-2012-da14-google-doodle-removed-after-russian-meteor-shower-injuries/ |archive-date=16 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> New York City planetarium director [[Neil deGrasse Tyson]] stated the Chelyabinsk meteor was unpredicted because no attempt had been made to find and catalogue every {{nowrap|15-metre}} [[near-Earth object]].<ref name="Today50820935">{{cite web | url=http://www.today.com/video/today/50820935 | title=Neil deGrasse Tyson: Radar could not detect meteor | date=15 February 2013 | work=[[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509133134/http://www.today.com/video/today/50820935 | archive-date=9 May 2013 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Doing so would be very difficult, and current efforts only aim at a complete inventory of {{nowrap|150-metre}} near-Earth objects. The [[Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System]], on the other hand, could now predict some Chelyabinsk-like events a day or so in advance, if and only if their radiant is not close to the Sun.
On 27 March 2013, a broadcast episode of the science television series ''[[Nova (American TV series)|Nova]]'' titled "Meteor Strike" documented the Chelyabinsk meteor, including the significant contribution to meteoritic science made by the numerous videos of the airburst posted online by ordinary citizens. The ''Nova'' program called the video documentation and the related scientific discoveries of the airburst "unprecedented". The documentary also discussed the much greater tragedy "that could have been" had the asteroid entered the Earth's atmosphere more steeply.<ref name="NOVA-2013.03.27">{{cite web | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/meteor-strike.html | title=Meteor Strike | publisher=PBS | work=NOVA | date=27 March 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421121813/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/meteor-strike.html | archive-date=21 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LATimes-2013.03.27">{{cite news | first=Karen | last=Kaplan | url=https://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-russian-meteor-chelyabinsk-nova-20130327,0,853927.story | title=Russian meteor, a 'death rock from space,' stars on 'Nova' | work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=27 March 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328151932/http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-russian-meteor-chelyabinsk-nova-20130327%2C0%2C853927.story | archive-date=28 March 2013 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
== Impactor orbital parameters ==
<div style="float:right;">
{| class=wikitable style="float:right; margin: .6em 0 0 .8em;"
|+Preliminary orbital solutions for impacting asteroid
|- align=left
!rowspan=2 style="width: 180px;"|Source
! Q
! q
! a
! e
! i
! Ω
! ω
|-
!colspan=3|[[Astronomical unit|AU]]
!
!colspan=3| (°)
|- align=left
! style="text-align: left;" | Popova, Jenniskens, Emel'yanenko et al.; [[Science (journal)|Science]]<ref name="Science_342">{{cite journal | last1=Popova | first1=Olga P. | last2=Jenniskens | first2=Peter | last3=Emel'yanenko | first3=Vacheslav | date=2013 | title=Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery, and Characterization | journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume=342 | issue=6162 | pages=1069–1073 | bibcode=2013Sci...342.1069P | doi=10.1126/science.1242642 | url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1242642 | url-status=live | archive-date=25 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125165437/http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6162/1069.abstract |display-authors=etal | pmid=24200813| hdl=10995/27561 | s2cid=30431384 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>
| style="width: 35px;" | 2.78 <br /><small>±0.20</small>
| style="width: 35px;" | 0.74 <br /><small>±0.02</small>
| style="width: 35px;" | 1.76 <br /><small>±0.16</small>
| style="width: 35px;" | 0.58 <br /><small>±0.02</small>
| style="width: 35px;" | 4.93 <br /><small>±0.48°</small>
| style="width: 45px;" | 326.442 <br /><small>±0.003°</small>
| style="width: 45px;" | 108.3 <br /><small>±3.8°</small>
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align: left;" | Lyytinen via Hankey; [[American Meteor Society|AMS]]<ref name="AMS" />
| style="width: 35px;" | 2.53
| style="width: 35px;" | 0.80
| style="width: 35px;" | 1.66
| style="width: 35px;" | 0.52
| style="width: 35px;" | 4.05°
| style="width: 45px;" | 326.43°
| style="width: 45px;" | 116.0°
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align: left;" | Zuluaga, Ferrin; [[arXiv]]<ref name="Zuluaga2013" />
| 2.64
| 0.82
| 1.73
| 0.51
| 3.45°
| 326.70°
| 120.6°
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align: left;" | Borovicka, et al.; [[IAU]]<ref name="IAUCBET3423" />
| 2.33
| 0.77
| 1.55
| 0.50
| 3.6°
| 326.41°
| 109.7°
|- <!-- align=center --> style="vertical-align:top;"
! style="text-align: left;" | Zuluaga, Ferrin, Geens; [[arXiv]]<ref name="Zuluaga2013b">{{cite arXiv |first1= Jorge I. |last1=Zuluaga |first2= Ignacio |last2=Ferrin |first3=Stefan |last3=Geens |date=2013 |title= The orbit of the Chelyabinsk event impactor as reconstructed from amateur and public footage |class= astro-ph.EP |eprint= 1303.1796 }}</ref>
| 1.816
| 0.716
| align=upper | 1.26 <br /><small>± 0.05</small>
| 0.44 <br /><small>± 0.03 </small>
| 2.984°
| 326.5°<br /><small>± 0.3°</small>
| align=center | 95.5°<br /><small>± 2°</small>
|- <!-- align=center --> style="vertical-align:top;"
! style="text-align: left;" | Chodas, Chesley; [[JPL]] via [[Sky and Telescope]]<ref name="chodas-chesley">{{cite web | url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/newsblog/Update-on-the-Russian-Mega-Meteor-195553631.html | first=Kelly | last=Beatty | title=Update on Russia's Mega-Meteor | work=Sky and Telescope | publisher=Sky Publishing Corp. | date=6 March 2013 | access-date=26 June 2013 | archive-date=23 June 2013 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130623174046/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/newsblog/Update-on-the-Russian-Mega-Meteor-195553631.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 2.78
| 0.75
| align=upper | 1.73
| 0.57
| 4.2°
|
| align=center |
|- <!-- align=center -->
! style="text-align: left;" | Insan<ref name="inasan">{{cite web | url=http://www.computerra.ru/60969/seminarmeteoritsai/ | script-title=ru:Семинар по Челябинскому метеориту: российская наука выдала『официальную』информацию |trans-title=Seminar in Chelyabinsk meteorite: Russian science has given "official" information | first=Дмитрий | last=Вибе | date=25 March 2013 | publisher=[[:ru:Компьютерра|Компьютерра]] [Computerra] | language=ru | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623093748/http://www.computerra.ru/60969/seminarmeteoritsai/ | archive-date=23 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|
|
| 1.5
| 0.5
| 3°
|
|
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align: left;" | Proud; [[Geophysical Research Letters|GRL]]<ref name="GRL_50660" />
| 2.23
| 0.71
| 1.47
| 0.52
| 4.61°
| 326.53°
| 96.58°
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align: left;" | de la Fuente Marcos; [[MNRAS]]: Letters<ref name="RAS_slu078" />
| 2.48
| 0.76
| 1.62
| 0.53
| 3.97°
| 326.45°
| 109.71°
|}
{{center|1=<small>Q = [[Apsis|aphelion]], q = [[Apsis|perihelion]], a = [[semi-major axis]], e = [[Orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]], i = [[Orbital inclination|inclination]], <br /> Ω = [[Longitude of the ascending node|ascending node longitude]], ω = [[Argument of periapsis|argument of perihelion]]</small>}}
</div>
Multiple videos of the Chelyabinsk superbolide, particularly from the [[Dashcam|dashboard cameras]] and [[traffic camera]]s which are ubiquitous in Russia, helped to establish the meteor's provenance as an [[Apollo asteroid]].<ref name="IAUCBET3423">{{cite web | url=http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iau/cbet/003400/CBET003423.txt | publisher=International Astronomical Union | work=Astronomical Telegrams | title=CBET 3423 : 20130223 : Trajectory and Orbit of the Chelyabinsk Superbolide | date=23 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423104342/http://www.webalice.it/mizar02/articoli/Meteorb.dat | archive-date=23 April 2013 | url-status=dead }} {{registration required}}</ref><ref name="arXiv511691">{{cite web | work=The Physics arXiv Blog | url=http://www.technologyreview.com/view/511691/astronomers-calculate-orbit-of-chelyabinsk-meteorite/ | title=Astronomers Calculate Orbit of Chelyabinsk Meteorite | publisher=MIT Technology Review | date=25 February 2013 | quote=Their conclusion is that the Chelyabinsk meteorite is from a family of rocks that cross Earth's orbit called Apollo asteroids. }}</ref> Sophisticated analysis techniques included the subsequent superposition of nighttime [[Starfield (astronomy)|starfield views]] over recorded daytime images of the same cameras, as well as the plotting of the daytime shadow vectors shown in several online videos.<ref name="NOVA-2013.03.27" />
The [[Radiant (meteor shower)|radiant]] of the impacting asteroid was located in the [[constellation]] [[Pegasus (constellation)|Pegasus]] in the [[Northern hemisphere]].<ref name="Zuluaga2013" /> The radiant was close to the Eastern horizon where the Sun was starting to rise.<ref name="Zuluaga2013">{{cite arXiv |first1= Jorge I. | last1=Zuluaga |first2= Ignacio | last2=Ferrin |title= A preliminary reconstruction of the orbit of the Chelyabinsk Meteoroid |date=2013 |eprint= 1302.5377 |class= astro-ph.EP |quote=We use this result to classify the meteoroid among the near Earth asteroid families finding that the parent body belonged to the Apollo asteroids.}}</ref>
The asteroid belonged to the [[Apollo asteroid|Apollo]] group of [[near-Earth asteroids]],<ref name="Zuluaga2013" /><ref name="BBC-21579422">{{cite news |first= Paul |last=Rincon |title= Russia meteor's origin tracked down |date=26 February 2013 |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21579422 |work=BBC News |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130226191142/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21579422 |archive-date= 26 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was roughly 40 days past [[Apsis|perihelion]]<ref name="AMS">{{cite web | title=Large Daytime Fireball Hits Russia | publisher=[[American Meteor Society]] | first=Mike | last=Hankey | url=http://www.amsmeteors.org/2013/02/large-daytime-fireball-hits-russia/ | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521012817/http://www.amsmeteors.org/2013/02/large-daytime-fireball-hits-russia/ | archive-date=21 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> (closest approach to the Sun) and had aphelion (furthest distance from the Sun) in the [[asteroid belt]].<ref name="AMS" /><ref name="Zuluaga2013" /> Several groups independently derived similar orbits for the object, but with sufficient variance to point to different potential parent bodies of this meteoroid.<ref name="GRL_50660">{{cite journal |title=Reconstructing the orbit of the Chelyabinsk meteor using satellite observations |first=S. R. |last=Proud |date=16 July 2013 |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=40 |issue=13 |pages=3351–3355 |doi=10.1002/grl.50660 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.3351P |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="RAS_slu078">{{cite journal |title=Reconstructing the Chelyabinsk event: pre-impact orbital evolution |first1=C. |last1=de la Fuente Marcos |first2=R. |last2=de la Fuente Marcos |date=1 September 2014 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters |volume=443 |issue=1 |pages=L39–L43 |arxiv=1405.7202 |bibcode=2014MNRAS.443L..39D |doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slu078 |s2cid=118417667 }}</ref><ref name="YT-lmjawUCkO84">{{cite web | title=Chelyabinsk meteoroid trajectories compared using Google Earth and YouTube | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmjawUCkO84 | first=Stefan | last=Geens | date=9 March 2013 | publisher=YouTube }}</ref> The Apollo asteroid {{mpl|2011 EO|40}} is one of the candidates proposed for the role of the ''parent body'' of the Chelyabinsk superbolide.<ref name="RAS_slu078" /> Other published orbits are similar to the 2-kilometre-diameter asteroid {{mpl|(86039) 1999 NC|43}} to suggest they had once been part of the same object;<ref name="Borovička_Nature2013">{{cite journal | last1=Borovička | first1=Jiří | first2=Pavel | last2=Spurný | first3=Peter | last3=Brown | first4=Paul | last4=Wiegert | first5=Pavel | last5=Kalenda | first6=David | last6=Clark | first7=Lukáš | last7=Shrbený | title=The trajectory, structure and origin of the Chelyabinsk asteroidal impactor | journal=Nature | date=6 November 2013 | doi=10.1038/nature12671 |bibcode=2013Natur.503..235B | pmid=24196708 | volume=503 | issue=7475 | pages=235–7| s2cid=4399008 }}</ref> they may not be able to reproduce the timing of the impact.<ref name="RAS_slu078"/>
== Coincidental asteroid approach ==
[[File:Orbit of 2012 DA14 and Chelyabinsk meteor 2.jpg|thumb|right|Comparison of the former orbit of the Chelyabinsk meteor (larger elliptical blue orbit) and asteroid [[367943 Duende|{{mp|2012 DA|14}}]] (smaller circular blue orbit), showing that they are dissimilar.]]
Preliminary calculations rapidly showed that the object was unrelated to the long-predicted [[Near-Earth object|close approach]] of the asteroid [[367943 Duende]], that flew by Earth 16 hours later at a distance of 27,700 km.<ref name="NASA20130215" /><ref name="Slate">{{cite magazine | url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/02/15/breaking_huge_meteor_explodes_over_russia.html | title=Breaking: Huge Meteor Explodes Over Russia | magazine=Slate | first=Phil | last=Plait | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216173203/http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/02/15/breaking_huge_meteor_explodes_over_russia.html | archive-date=16 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="RIA923059266">{{cite web | url=http://ria.ru/science/20130215/923059266.html | script-title=ru:Уральский метеорит отвлек научный мир от знаменитого астероида |trans-title=Ural meteorite distracted (sic) from the scientific world famous asteroid | date=15 February 2013 | publisher=РИА Новости ([[RIA Novosti]]) | language=ru | location=Moscow | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317124315/http://ria.ru/science/20130215/923059266.html | archive-date=17 March 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory]],<ref name="Kaira" /> Russian sources,<ref name="Elenin">{{cite web | date=15 February 2013 | title=Siberian fireball (video) | first=Leonid | last=Elenin | author-link=Leonid Elenin | url=http://spaceobs.org/en/2013/02/15/siberian-fireball/ | work=SpaceObs | language=ru | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304075307/http://spaceobs.org/en/2013/02/15/siberian-fireball/ | archive-date=4 March 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> the [[European Space Agency]],<ref name="ESA">{{cite web | url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Russian_asteroid_strike | title=Russian Asteroid Strike | work=ESA.int | publisher=European Space Agency | date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221092602/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Russian_asteroid_strike | archive-date=21 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[NASA]]<ref name="NASA20130215" /> and the [[Royal Astronomical Society]]<ref name="wsj_597722">{{cite news | title=Falling Meteor Explodes Over Russia | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324162304578305163574597722 | newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=15 February 2013 | first1=James | last1=Marson | first2=Gautam | last2=Naik | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215202817/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324162304578305163574597722.html | archive-date=15 February 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> all concluded that the two asteroids had widely different trajectories and therefore could not have been related.
== See also ==
{{cmn|colwidth=30em|
* [[Tunguska event]]
* [[Asteroid impact avoidance]]
* [[Impact event]]
* [[List of meteor air bursts]]
* [[Near-Earth object]]
}}
== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group="Note"}}
{{clear}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
;Attribution
* ''This article contains portions of text translated from the corresponding article of the Russian Wikipedia. A list of contributors can be found there in its ''[http://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B2_2013_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83&action=history history]'' section.''
== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |last1=Balcerak |first1=E. |date=2013 |title=Nuclear test monitoring system detected meteor explosion over Russia |journal=[[Eos (magazine)|Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union]] |volume=94 |issue=42 |page=384 |bibcode= 2013EOSTr..94S.384B|doi=10.1002/2013EO420010|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite news | last1=Barry | first1=Ellen | last2=Kramer | first2=Andrew E. | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/16/world/europe/meteorite-fragments-are-said-to-rain-down-on-siberia.html | title=Shock Wave of Fireball Meteor Rattles Siberia, Injuring 1,200 | newspaper=NYTimes.com | date=15 February 2013 }} (website).<br />Also published as {{cite news | title=Meteor Explodes, Injuring Over 1,000 in Siberia | newspaper=The New York Times | date=16 February 2013 | page=A1 | edition=New York }} (print).
* {{cite journal |last1=Borovička |first1=J. |last2=Spurný |first2=P. |last3=Brown |first3=P. |last4=Wiegert |first4=P. |last5=Kalenda |first5=P. |last6=Clark |first6=D. |last7=Shrbený |first7=L. |s2cid=4399008 |date=2013 |title=The trajectory, structure and origin of the Chelyabinsk asteroidal impactor |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=503 |issue=7475 |pages=235–237 |bibcode=2013Natur.503..235B |doi=10.1038/nature12671 |pmid=24196708}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=P. G. |last2=Assink |first2=J. D. |last3=Astiz |first3=L. |last4=Blaauw |first4=R. |last5=Boslough |first5=M. B. |last6=Borovička |first6=J. |last7=Brachet |first7=N. |last8=Brown |first8=D. |last9=Campbell-Brown |first9=M. |last10=Ceranna |first10=L. |last11=Cooke |first11=W. |last12=de Groot-Hedlin |first12=C. |last13=Drob |first13=D. P. |last14=Edwards |first14=W. |last15=Evers |first15=L. G. |last16=Garces |first16=M. |last17=Gill |first17=J. |last18=Hedlin |first18=M. |last19=Kingery |first19=A. |last20=Laske |first20=G. |last21=Le Pichon |first21=A. |last22=Mialle |first22=P. |last23=Moser |first23=D. E. |last24=Saffer |first24=A. |last25=Silber |first25=E. |last26=Smets |first26=P. |last27=Spalding |first27=R. E. |last28=Spurný |first28=P. |last29=Tagliaferri |first29=E. |last30=Uren |first30=D. |last31=Weryk |first31=R. J. |last32=Whitaker |first32=R. |last33=Krzeminski |first33=Z. |date=2013 |title=A 500-kiloton airburst over Chelyabinsk and an enhanced hazard from small impactors |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=503 |issue=7475 |pages=238–241 |bibcode=2013Natur.503..238B |doi=10.1038/nature12741 |display-authors=29 |pmid=24196713|hdl=10125/33201 |s2cid=4450349 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gorkavyi |first1=N. |last2=Rault |first2=D. F. |last3=Newman |first3=P. A. |last4=Da Silva |first4=A. M. |last5=Dudorov |first5=A. E. |date=2013 |title=New stratospheric dust belt due to the Chelyabinsk bolide |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=40 |issue=17 |pages=4728–4733 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.4728G |doi=10.1002/grl.50788 |hdl=2060/20140016772 |s2cid=129408498 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gorkavyi |first1=N. N. |last2=Taidakova |first2=T. A. |last3=Provornikova |first3=E. A. |last4=Gorkavyi |first4=I. N. |last5=Akhmetvaleev |first5=M. M. |s2cid=123632925 |date=2013 |title=Aerosol plume after the Chelyabinsk bolide |journal=[[Solar System Research]] |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=275–279 |bibcode=2013SoSyR..47..275G |doi=10.1134/S003809461304014X }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kohout |first1=Tomas |last2=Gritsevich |first2=Maria |last3=Grokhovsky |first3=Victor I. |last4=Yakovlev |first4=Grigoriy A. |last5=Haloda |first5=Jakub |last6=Halodova |first6=Patricie |last7=Michallik |first7=Radoslaw M. |last8=Penttilä |first8=Antti |last9=Muinonen |first9=Karri |date=2013 |title=Mineralogy, reflectance spectra, and physical properties of the Chelyabinsk LL5 chondrite – Insight into shock-induced changes in asteroid regoliths |journal=[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]] |volume=228 |issue=1 |pages=78–85 |arxiv=1309.6081 |bibcode=2014Icar..228...78K |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2013.09.027 |s2cid=59359694 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Le Pichon |first1=A. |last2=Ceranna |first2=L. |last3=Pilger |first3=C. |last4=Mialle |first4=P. |last5=Brown |first5=D. |last6=Herry |first6=P. |last7=Brachet |first7=N. |date=2013 |title=The 2013 Russian fireball largest ever detected by CTBTO infrasound sensors |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=40 |issue=14 |pages=3732–3737 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.3732L |doi=10.1002/grl.50619 |s2cid=129384715 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Steven D. |last2=Straka |first2=William |last3=Bachmeier |first3=Scott |date=5 November 2013 |title=Earth-viewing satellite perspectives on the Chelyabinsk meteor event |journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=110 |issue=45 |pages=18092–18097 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1307965110|pmid=24145398 |bibcode = 2013PNAS..11018092M |pmc=3831432 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Popova |first1=Olga P. |last2=Jenniskens |first2=Peter |last3=Emel'yanenko |first3=Vacheslav |last4=Kartashova |first4=Anna |last5=Biryukov |first5=Eugeny |last6=Khaibrakhmanov |first6=Sergey |last7=Shuvalov |first7=Valery |last8=Rybnov |first8=Yurij |last9=Dudorov |first9=Alexandr |last10=Grokhovsky |first10=Victor I. |last11=Badyukov |first11=Dmitry D. |last12=Yin |first12=Qing-Zhu |last13=Gural |first13=Peter S. |last14=Albers |first14=Jim |last15=Granvik |first15=Mikael |last16=Evers |first16=Läslo G. |last17=Kuiper |first17=Jacob |last18=Kharlamov |first18=Vladimir |last19=Solovyov |first19=Andrey |last20=Rusakov |first20=Yuri S. |last21=Korotkiy |first21=Stanislav |last22=Serdyuk |first22=Ilya |last23=Korochantsev |first23=Alexander V. |last24=Larionov |first24=Michail Yu. |last25=Glazachev |first25=Dmitry |last26=Mayer |first26=Alexander E. |last27=Gisler |first27=Galen |last28=Gladkovsky |first28=Sergei V. |last29=Wimpenny |first29=Josh |last30=Sanborn |first30=Matthew E. |last31=Yamakawa |first31=Akane |last32=Verosub |first32=Kenneth L. |last33=Rowland |first33=Douglas J. |last34=Roeske |first34=Sarah |last35=Botto |first35=Nicholas W. |last36=Friedrich |first36=Jon M. |last37=Zolensky |first37=Michael E. |last38=Le |first38=Loan |last39=Ross |first39=Daniel |last40=Ziegler |first40=Karen |last41=Nakamura |first41=Tomoki |last42=Ahn |first42=Insu |last43=Lee |first43=Jong Ik |last44=Zhou |first44=Qin |last45=Li |first45=Xian-Hua |last46=Li |first46=Qiu-Li |last47=Liu |first47=Yu |last48=Tang |first48=Guo-Qiang |last49=Hiroi |first49=Takahiro |last50=Sears |first50=Derek |last51=Weinstein |first51=Ilya A. |last52=Vokhmintsev |first52=Alexander S. |last53=Ishchenko |first53=Alexei V. |last54=Schmitt-Kopplin |first54=Phillipe |last55=Hertkorn |first55=Norbert |last56=Nagao |first56=Keisuke |last57=Haba |first57=Makiko K. |last58=Komatsu |first58=Mutsumi |last59=Mikouchi |first59=Takashi |last60=(the Chelyabinsk Airburst Consortium) |date=2013 |title=Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery, and Characterization |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=342 |issue=6162 |pages=1069–1073 |bibcode=2013Sci...342.1069P |doi=10.1126/science.1242642 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1242642 |pmid=24200813|hdl=10995/27561 |s2cid=30431384 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last=Proud |first=S. R. |title=Reconstructing the orbit of the Chelyabinsk meteor using satellite observations |date=2013 |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=40 |issue=13 |pages=3351–3355 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.3351P |doi=10.1002/grl.50660 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tauzin |first1=B. |last2=Debayle |first2=E. |last3=Quantin |first3=C. |last4=Coltice |first4=N. |date=2013 |title=Seismoacoustic coupling induced by the breakup of the 15 February 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=40 |issue=14 |page=3522 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40.3522T |doi=10.1002/grl.50683 |s2cid=3611357 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00855474/document }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Yau |first1=Kevin |last2=Weissman |first2=Paul |last3=Yeomans |first3=Donald |date=1994 |title=Meteorite falls in China and some related human casualty events |journal=[[Meteoritics & Planetary Science|Meteoritics]] |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=864–871 |bibcode=1994Metic..29..864Y |issn=0026-1114 |doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.1994.tb01101.x }}
::Synopsis: "A calculation based on the number of casualty events in the Chinese meteorite records suggests that the probability of a meteorite striking a human is far greater than previous estimates."
== External links ==
{{Commons category|2013 Russian meteor event}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/simon_rp/8478844942/ | title=Meteor vapour trail from space | work=Image captured by [[EUMETSAT]] satellite | date=16 February 2013 }}
* {{cite web | url=http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/blog/archives/12356 | title=Satellite views of meteor vapor trail over Russia |work=[[CIMSS]] Satellite Blog }}
* {{cite web | url=http://chelyabinsk.ru/text/news/621775.html | script-title=ru:Метеоритный удар по Челябинску |trans-title=Collection of videos and photographs of the meteor and resulting damage | work=Chelyabinsk website | date=15 February 2013 | language=ru }}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.astro.uwo.ca/~wiegert/chelyabinsk/ |title=The trajectory, structure and origin of the Chelyabinsk asteroidal impactor |work= Animations hosted by Paul Wiegert }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aG-yy8ILItI |title=Postcards from Chelyabinsk – SETI Institute Colloquium Series (Peter Jenniskens) (video) | publisher=SETI institute}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/meteor-strike.html | title=Meteor Strike | publisher=[[PBS]] | work=[[Nova (American TV series)|NOVA]] documentary broadcast, 53 minutes, aired 27 March 2013 | quote=Includes extensive scientific analysis of the worldwide [[infrasound]] monitoring network data from which the megaton energy estimates were made. }}
* [http://ing.dk/video/animation-saa-kraftfuld-var-asteroiden-over-rusland-175877 Animation of meteor explosion], by "Strip the Cosmos"
{{Modern impact events}}
{{Planetary defense}}
{{2013 in space}}
{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Spaceflight|Solar System|Science}}
[[Category:2013 disasters in Russia]]
[[Category:2013 in space]]
[[Category:2013 natural disasters]]
[[Category:Chelyabinsk Oblast|Meteor]]
[[Category:Explosions in 2013]]
[[Category:Explosions in Russia]]
[[Category:Modern Earth impact events]]
[[Category:Meteorite falls]]
[[Category:Meteorites found in Russia]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in Russia]]
[[Category:Kurgan Oblast]]
[[Category:Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
[[Category:Tyumen Oblast]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:February 2013 events in Russia]]'
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The '''Chelyabinsk meteor''' was a [[superbolide]] that entered [[Earth's atmosphere]] over the southern [[Ural (region)|Ural region]] in [[Russia]] on 15 February 2013 at about 09:20 [[Yekaterinburg Time|YEKT]] (03:20 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]). It was caused by an approximately {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[Near-Earth object|near-Earth asteroid]] that entered the atmosphere at a shallow 18.3 ± 0.4 degree angle with a speed relative to Earth of 19.16 ± 0.15 kilometres per second (69,000 km/h or 42,690 mph).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf |title=''O. P. Popova,et al. "Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization." Science 342, 1069–1073 (2013).''}}</ref><ref name="Science_342" /> The light from the meteor was briefly brighter than the [[Sun]], visible up to {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} away. It was observed over a wide area of the region and in neighbouring republics. Some eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the fireball.
-The object exploded in a [[meteor air burst]] over [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]], at a height of around {{convert|29.7|km|mi ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org">{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf |title=O. P. Popova, et al. Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization. Science 342 (2013).}}</ref> The explosion generated a bright flash, producing a hot cloud of dust and gas that penetrated to {{convert|26.2|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and many surviving small fragmentary [[meteorite]]s. The bulk of the object's energy was absorbed by the atmosphere, creating a large [[shock wave]] with a total [[kinetic energy]] before atmospheric impact estimated from [[infrasound]] and [[seismic]] measurements to be equivalent to the blast yield of 400–500 [[kiloton]]s of TNT (about 1.4–1.8 PJ) range – 26 to 33 times as much energy as that released from the [[Little Boy|atomic bomb detonated at Hiroshima]],<ref name="David_spacecom">{{Cite web |url=http://www.space.com/23423-russian-fireball-meteor-airburst-risk.html |title=Russian Fireball Explosion Shows Meteor Risk Greater Than Thought |last=David |first=Leonard |date=7 October 2013 |website=www.space.com |publisher=Wired Magazine/Conde Nast |location=New York}}best estimate of the equivalent nuclear blast yield of the Chelyabinsk explosion</ref> and the rough equivalent in energy output to the former Soviet Union's own [[Joe 4|mid-August 1953 initial attempt at a thermonuclear device.]]
+The object exploded in a fucking [[meteor air burst]] over [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]], at a height of around {{convert|29.7|km|mi ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org">{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf |title=O. P. Popova, et al. Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization. Science 342 (2013).}}</ref> The explosion generated a bright flash, producing a hot cloud of dust and gas that penetrated to {{convert|26.2|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and many surviving small fragmentary [[meteorite]]s. The bulk of the object's energy was absorbed by the atmosphere, creating a large [[shock wave]] with a total [[kinetic energy]] before atmospheric impact estimated from [[infrasound]] and [[seismic]] measurements to be equivalent to the blast yield of 400–500 [[kiloton]]s of TNT (about 1.4–1.8 PJ) range – 26 to 33 times as much energy as that released from the [[Little Boy|atomic bomb detonated at Hiroshima]],<ref name="David_spacecom">{{Cite web |url=http://www.space.com/23423-russian-fireball-meteor-airburst-risk.html |title=Russian Fireball Explosion Shows Meteor Risk Greater Than Thought |last=David |first=Leonard |date=7 October 2013 |website=www.space.com |publisher=Wired Magazine/Conde Nast |location=New York}}best estimate of the equivalent nuclear blast yield of the Chelyabinsk explosion</ref> and the rough equivalent in energy output to the former Soviet Union's own [[Joe 4|mid-August 1953 initial attempt at a thermonuclear device.]]
The object approached Earth undetected before its [[atmospheric entry]], in part because its [[Radiant (meteor shower)|radiant]] (source direction) was close to the Sun. Its explosion created panic among local residents, and about 1,500 people were injured seriously enough to seek medical treatment. All of the injuries were due to indirect effects rather than the meteor itself, mainly from broken glass from windows that were blown in when the shock wave arrived, minutes after the superbolide's flash. Some 7,200 buildings in six cities across the region were damaged by the explosion's shock wave, and authorities scrambled to help repair the structures in sub-freezing temperatures.
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0 => 'The object exploded in a fucking [[meteor air burst]] over [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]], at a height of around {{convert|29.7|km|mi ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org">{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf |title=O. P. Popova, et al. Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization. Science 342 (2013).}}</ref> The explosion generated a bright flash, producing a hot cloud of dust and gas that penetrated to {{convert|26.2|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and many surviving small fragmentary [[meteorite]]s. The bulk of the object's energy was absorbed by the atmosphere, creating a large [[shock wave]] with a total [[kinetic energy]] before atmospheric impact estimated from [[infrasound]] and [[seismic]] measurements to be equivalent to the blast yield of 400–500 [[kiloton]]s of TNT (about 1.4–1.8 PJ) range – 26 to 33 times as much energy as that released from the [[Little Boy|atomic bomb detonated at Hiroshima]],<ref name="David_spacecom">{{Cite web |url=http://www.space.com/23423-russian-fireball-meteor-airburst-risk.html |title=Russian Fireball Explosion Shows Meteor Risk Greater Than Thought |last=David |first=Leonard |date=7 October 2013 |website=www.space.com |publisher=Wired Magazine/Conde Nast |location=New York}}best estimate of the equivalent nuclear blast yield of the Chelyabinsk explosion</ref> and the rough equivalent in energy output to the former Soviet Union's own [[Joe 4|mid-August 1953 initial attempt at a thermonuclear device.]] '
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[
0 => 'The object exploded in a [[meteor air burst]] over [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]], at a height of around {{convert|29.7|km|mi ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Science_342" /><ref name="cams.seti.org">{{cite web |url=http://cams.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf |title=O. P. Popova, et al. Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization. Science 342 (2013).}}</ref> The explosion generated a bright flash, producing a hot cloud of dust and gas that penetrated to {{convert|26.2|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and many surviving small fragmentary [[meteorite]]s. The bulk of the object's energy was absorbed by the atmosphere, creating a large [[shock wave]] with a total [[kinetic energy]] before atmospheric impact estimated from [[infrasound]] and [[seismic]] measurements to be equivalent to the blast yield of 400–500 [[kiloton]]s of TNT (about 1.4–1.8 PJ) range – 26 to 33 times as much energy as that released from the [[Little Boy|atomic bomb detonated at Hiroshima]],<ref name="David_spacecom">{{Cite web |url=http://www.space.com/23423-russian-fireball-meteor-airburst-risk.html |title=Russian Fireball Explosion Shows Meteor Risk Greater Than Thought |last=David |first=Leonard |date=7 October 2013 |website=www.space.com |publisher=Wired Magazine/Conde Nast |location=New York}}best estimate of the equivalent nuclear blast yield of the Chelyabinsk explosion</ref> and the rough equivalent in energy output to the former Soviet Union's own [[Joe 4|mid-August 1953 initial attempt at a thermonuclear device.]] '
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271 => 'http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/blog/archives/12356',
272 => 'http://chelyabinsk.ru/text/news/621775.html',
273 => 'http://www.astro.uwo.ca/~wiegert/chelyabinsk/',
274 => 'http://ing.dk/video/animation-saa-kraftfuld-var-asteroiden-over-rusland-175877'
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2 => 'http://meteor.uwo.ca/publications/wgn-chel.pdf.pdf',
3 => 'http://meteor.uwo.ca/research/fireball/events/Chel/overview.html',
4 => 'http://thoughtleadership.aon.com/Documents/20130306_if_february_global_recap.pdf',
5 => 'http://www.canada.com/news/Meteor+explodes+over+Russia+Ural+Mountains+injured+shock+wave+blasts+windows/7968297/story.html',
6 => 'http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57569864/united-nations-reviewing-asteroid-impact-threat/',
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8 => 'http://edition.cnn.com/video/?hpt=hp_t1#/video/world/2013/02/16/ac-boulden-meteor-explodes-over-russia.cnn',
9 => 'http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/16/world/europe/russia-meteor-shower/',
10 => 'http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/0215/Russia-meteor-blast-produced-2.7-magnitude-earthquake-equivalent',
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18 => 'http://blogs.nature.com/news/2013/06/russian-meteor-blast-was-the-largest-ever-recorded.html',
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21 => 'http://www.newsroomamerica.com/story/347222/pm_medvedev_says_russian_meteorite_kef-2013_shows_entire_planet_vulnerable_.html',
22 => 'http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/video-captures-flaming-object-believed-to-be-meteorite/',
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67 => '//arxiv.org/abs/1405.7202',
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92 => 'http://cams.seti.org/Popova2013-ms.pdf',
93 => 'http://cams.seti.org/index-chelyabinsk.html',
94 => 'http://spaceobs.org/en/2013/02/15/siberian-fireball/',
95 => '//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chelyabinsk_meteor¶ms=55.150_N_61.410_E_scale:5000000_region:RU_type:event',
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102 => 'http://chelyabinsk.ru/text/news/621775.html',
103 => 'http://www.computerra.ru/60969/seminarmeteoritsai/',
104 => 'http://world.fedpress.ru/news/russia_and_cis/1360914956-chelyabinskii-meteorit-stal-odnoi-iz-samykh-populyarnykh-tem-v-mire',
105 => 'http://www.interfax-russia.ru/Ural/main.asp?id=381682',
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107 => 'http://www.ntv.ru/novosti/677303/',
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111 => 'http://en.rian.ru/russia/20130622/181805477/Huge-Chunk-of-Meteorite-Located-in-Urals-Lake---Scientist.html',
112 => 'http://impact.ese.ic.ac.uk/ImpactEffects/',
113 => 'https://www.businessinsider.com.au/nasa-asteroid-impact-simulations-difficult-to-stop-2021-5',
114 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/technology/sci-tech/meteor-shower-over-russia-sees-meteorites-hit-earth-20130215-2ei2j.html',
115 => 'https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-15/armageddon-not-in-the-stars-as-un-effort-takes-aim-at-asteroids.html',
116 => 'https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2013/02/asteroid-impacts',
117 => 'https://www.flickr.com/photos/simon_rp/8478844942/',
118 => 'https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2013/02/15/exploding-meteorite-injures-a-thousand-people-in-russia/',
119 => 'https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/technology/2013/02/asteroid-2012-da14-google-doodle-removed-after-russian-meteor-shower-injuries/',
120 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=mkdHJR35Q_8C&pg=PA285',
121 => 'https://hackaday.com/2020/07/22/the-wise-in-neowise-how-a-hibernating-satellite-awoke-to-discover-the-comet/',
122 => 'https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/17/russian-meteor-size-blast-bigger-nasa_n_2704164.html',
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129 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/19/world/europe/russian-scientists-say-they-found-meteorite-fragments.html',
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131 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/17/world/europe/meteorite-pulled-from-russian-lake-breaks-into-3-pieces.html',
132 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-meteorite-idUSBRE91E05Z20130215',
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143 => 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZxXYscmgRg',
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|
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) |
false
|
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) |
'1668994264'
|
