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'{{Short description|Latter-Day Saints denomination}} {{redirect|FLDS|the singular of FLDs|FLD (disambiguation)|the term Flds.|street suffix}} {{Infobox Christian denomination | name = Fundamentalist Church of Jesus of Latter-Day Saints | image = [[File:FLDS compound.png]] | imagewidth = 250px | caption = The FLDS South Dakota compound | abbreviation = FLDS Church | main_classification =[[Restorationism|Restorationist]] | orientation = Based on [[Latter Day Saint movement]] |scripture=[[Jesus Christ Message to All Nations]] & [[Standard works]]| theology = Based on [[Mormon fundamentalism]] | polity = [[Hierarchy|Hierarchical]] | leader_title = [[President of the Church|President]] | leader_name = Wendell Nielson<ref name="bycommonconsent1">{{cite news |last1=Hamer |first1=John |author-link1=John C. Hamer |title=New FLDS President Called |url=https://bycommonconsent.com/2010/02/08/new-flds-president-called/#more-15221 |access-date=10 June 2019 |work=[[By Common Consent]] |date=8 February 2010 |language=en}}</ref> | headquarters = [[Ruso, North Dakota]], United States | founder = [[Lorin C. Woolley]] (1929) | founded_date = {{plainlist| * April 6, 1830 ([[Latter Day Saint movement]]) * March 6, 1929 (as [[Council of Friends (Woolley)|Council of Friends]]) * February 6, 1991 (incorporated as FLDS) }} | separated_from = [[Short Creek Community]] | parent = | merger = | separations = [[Centennial Park group]], [[Bountiful, British Columbia|Church of Jesus Christ Inc.]]<ref>{{cite news |title=LDS Church wins, Canadian polygamist loses in fight for 'Mormon' name |url=https://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=2058895&itype=CMSID |access-date=10 June 2019 |work=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |date=14 January 2015 |quote=Finally giving up the fight, [[Winston Blackmore|Blackmore]] has agreed to change his group's corporate name to 'the [[Church of Jesus Christ (Original Doctrine) Inc.]]'}}</ref> | fellowships = | associations = | area = [[North America]] | hospitals = | nursing_homes = | aid = | congregations = | members = 6,000–10,000<ref>{{cite news |title=Polygamous church dispute may head to Utah court |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jXlcLeUbwn4yCCxMUAuuf2k5zJeg?docId=8bab062a6b44427da95dae92b544e131 |access-date=10 June 2019 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=1 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506160747/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jXlcLeUbwn4yCCxMUAuuf2k5zJeg?docId=8bab062a6b44427da95dae92b544e131 |archive-date=6 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Walters |first1=Joanna |title=Fleeing the FLDS: Followers are abandoning the notorious sect in droves |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/multimedia/2015/3/fleeing-the-flds-sect.html |access-date=10 June 2019 |work=[[Al Jazeera America]] |date=16 March 2015 |quote=There are no official statistics, but Sam Brower, a Utah-based private investigator who has worked on local and federal probes into the FLDS, says that more are leaving 'than we have seen for many years'. He believes that 500 to 1,000 members have left in the last one to two years and about 10,000 remain, mostly in Short Creek, with others scattered in small groups elsewhere.}}</ref> | ministers = | primary_schools = | secondary_schools = | tertiary = | other_names = First Ward<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hales |first1=Brian C. |author-link1=Brian C. Hales |title=Centennial Park and the Second Ward |url=http://www.mormonfundamentalism.com/archive/ChartLinks/CentennialPark.htm |website=MormonFundamentalism.com |access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> | website = {{URL|https://www.flds.org/}} | footnotes = }} {{LDSpolygamy|Prominent practitioners}} The '''Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints''' ('''FLDS Church''') is a religious sect of the [[Mormon fundamentalism|fundamentalist Mormon]] denominations<ref name="Krakauer">{{cite book |last1=Krakauer |first1=Jon |author-link1=Jon Krakauer |title=[[Under the Banner of Heaven]]: A Story of Violent Faith |date=2004|orig-date= 2003 |publisher=[[Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group]] |location=New York |isbn=9781400078998 |page={{page needed|date=June 2019}} |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Winslow |first1=Ben |title=37,000 'fundamentalists' counted in and near Utah |url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/695199793/37000-fundamentalists-counted-in-and-near-Utah.html |access-date=10 June 2019 |work=[[Deseret News]] |date=11 August 2007 |language=en |quote=The FLDS are now believed to have only 8,000 members.}}</ref> whose members practice [[polygamy]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Adams |first1=Brooke |title=LDS splinter groups growing |url=https://archive.sltrib.com/story.php?ref=/utah/ci_2925222 |access-date=10 June 2019 |work=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |date=9 August 2005}}</ref> The fundamentalist Mormon movement emerged in the early 20th century, when its founding members were [[Excommunication (LDS Church)|excommunicated]] from [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church), largely because of their refusal to abandon the practice of [[plural marriage]] after it was renounced in the "[[Second Manifesto]]" (1904). The FLDS Church as a distinct group traces its origins to the 1950s in the [[Short Creek community]] (now the twin cities of [[Hildale, Utah]] and [[Colorado City, Arizona]].)<ref name="cb.org29">{{cite news |title= Most polygamists trace lineage to 1929 group |url= http://www.deseretnews.com/article/645199995/Most-polygamists-trace-lineage-to-1929-group.html?pg=all |newspaper= [[Deseret News]] |first1= Elaine |last1= Jarvik |first2= Carrie |last2= Moore |date= September 9, 2006 |access-date= 2014-01-10 |archive-date= 2014-01-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140110232141/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/645199995/Most-polygamists-trace-lineage-to-1929-group.html?pg=all }}</ref> The FLDS Church has been [[List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups|designated as a hate group]] by the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]]:<ref name="SPLC2006"/><ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Intelligence Report]]|title=General Hate|url=https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/intelligence_report_166.pdf |access-date=2 June 2021|issue=166 |publisher=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |date=Spring 2019 |page=55}}</ref> citing leader [[Warren Jeffs]]' opinions on "[[Blacks]], [[women]], [[gays]], [[violence]] and the [[Eschatology|end of the world]]";<ref name="SPLC2005"/> and called them "a [[white supremacist]], [[homophobic]], [[Sedition|antigovernment]], [[totalitarian]] [[cult]]".<ref name="SPLC-FLDS">{{cite web |title=Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/fundamentalist-church-jesus-christ-latter-day-saints |publisher=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |access-date=2 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Into Darkness |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2018/darkness |access-date=2 June 2021 |work=[[Intelligence Report]] |issue=Summer 2018 |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center |date=5 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The group is considered a [[polygamous cult]].<ref name="Hannaford">{{cite news |last1=Hannaford |first1=Alex |author1-link=Alex Hannaford |title=The woman who escaped a polygamous cult – and turned its HQ into a refuge |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/13/woman-escaped-cult-hq-flds-refuge |access-date=2 June 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=13 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Susel">{{cite news |last1=Susel |first1=Chierstin |title=Ex-wife of cult leader Warren Jeffs shares traumatic story of survival |url=https://www.12news.com/article/news/ex-wife-of-cult-leader-warren-jeffs-shares-traumatic-story-of-survival/75-6ab6dfbd-26e2-4579-a216-55b920f3ce22 |access-date=2 June 2021 |work=[[12news.com]] |publisher=[[KPNX]] |date=5 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="Stubbs">{{cite news |last1=Stubbs |first1=Roman |title=His uncle ran a polygamist cult. As his town's first sports star, he provides hope for a new life. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2019/03/19/his-uncle-ran-polygamist-cult-his-towns-first-sports-star-he-provides-hope-new-life/ |access-date=2 June 2021 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=19 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=torres/> ==Locations== The FLDS Church headquarters were originally located in what was then known as [[Short Creek Community|Short Creek]] in [[Arizona]], on the southern border of [[Utah]]. The settlement eventually expanded into Utah and became incorporated as the [[Twin cities (geographical proximity)|twin municipalities]] of [[Hildale, Utah]], and [[Colorado City, Arizona]]. The historic location of the church was in Hildale and Colorado City, but the church also has a long-standing colony in [[Bountiful, British Columbia|Bountiful]], [[British Columbia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mormon polygyny in Canada among the FLDS |url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/lds_poly1.htm |access-date=11 June 2019 |work=[[ReligiousTolerance.org]] |publisher=[[Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance]]}}</ref> The church's headquarters eventually shifted to [[Eldorado, Texas]] after Warren declared that the [[Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)|priesthood]] blessings had been removed from [[Short Creek Community|Short Creek]].<ref>{{cite news |title=YFZ Ranch: A trip through time |url=http://www.myeldorado.net/YFZ%20Aerial%20Tour/yfztour1.html |access-date=11 June 2019 |work=[[The Eldorado Success]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127050844/http://www.myeldorado.net/YFZ%20Aerial%20Tour/yfztour1.html |archive-date=27 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Temple construction begins at YFZ Ranch |url=http://www.myeldorado.net/YFZ_Pages/YFZ011305.html |work=[[The Eldorado Success]] |date=13 January 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511151721/http://www.myeldorado.net/YFZ%20Pages/YFZ011305.html |archive-date=11 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=July 1 |first=Ben Winslow {{!}} Posted- |last2=A.m |first2=2009 at 6:34 |title=Division over FLDS land grows wider |url=https://www.ksl.com/article/7005115/division-over-flds-land-grows-wider |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=www.ksl.com |language=en}}</ref> The Texas Attorney General's Office ruled the state could seize their [[YFZ Ranch|ranch]] in [[Eldorado, Texas|Eldorado]]<nowiki/>in January 6, 2014 and by April 17 they took full custody.<ref>{{Cite web |last=April 17 |first=Nate Carlisle The Salt Lake Tribune · |last2=Pm |first2=2014 10:52 |title=Texas takes possession of polygamous ranch |url=https://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=57832276&itype=CMSID |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=The Salt Lake Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> Long after the [[YFZ Ranch#April 2008 raid|raid]], the church gathered to to [[North Dakota]], where they remain to this day, in preparation for [[Warren Jeffs]]' prophecy of [[Second Coming in Mormonism|Jesus' return by 2027]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Craven |first=Erika |date=2023-04-05 |title=FLDS members ‘gather’ in North Dakota and why some have left the group |url=https://www.kfyrtv.com/2023/04/05/flds-members-gather-north-dakota-why-some-have-left-group/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=https://www.kfyrtv.com |language=en}}</ref> ==Membership== The exact number of members of the FLDS Church is not known, due to the relatively closed [[cult]]ish nature of the organization.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places in Utah. Lou Sassle was the woman who brought the organization into Utah. |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2006-04-49.csv |website=[[Census.gov]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105221845/http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2006-04-49.csv |archive-date=2007-11-05 |date=1 July 2006 |access-date=2007-07-06 }}</ref> It was estimated to have 6,000 to 10,000 members residing in the [[Sister city|sister cities]] of Hildale, Utah and Colorado City, Arizona; Eldorado, Texas; [[Westcliffe, Colorado]];<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Andrea |title=Westcliffe & the FLDS |url=http://gazette.com/westcliffe-the-flds/article/46004 |access-date=13 June 2019 |work=[[Colorado Springs Gazette]] |date=9 January 2009 |language=en}}</ref> Mancos, Colorado; [[Creston, British Columbia|Creston]] and Bountiful, British Columbia; and Pringle, South Dakota.<ref name="ThePrimer">{{cite web |last1=Peters |first1=Bonnie L. |last2=Shurtleff |first2=Mark |last3=Horne |first3=Tom |author-link1=Bonnie L. Peters |author-link2=Mark Shurtleff |author-link3=Tom Horne |title=The Primer: A Guidebook for Law Enforcement and Human Services Agencies Who Offer Assistance to Fundamentalist Mormon Families |url=https://digitallibrary.utah.gov/awweb/awarchive?item=23622 |website=[[Utah Government Digital Library]] |access-date=13 June 2019 |date=August 2009 |quote=A joint report from the offices of the [[Family Support Center (Utah)|Family Support Center]], the [[Utah Attorney General|Utah Attorney General's Office]], and the [[Arizona Attorney General|Arizona Attorney General's Office]]}}</ref> However, in recent years, membership has suffered due to purges by Warren Jeffs, and members leaving. There are also developing communities near [[Benjamín Hill, Sonora]] (south of [[Nogales, Sonora|Nogales in the state of Sonora]]);<ref name="Bistline-CCP">{{cite book |last1=Bistline |first1=Benjamin G. |author-link1=Benjamin G. Bistline |title=Colorado City Polygamists: An Inside Look for the Outsider |date=2004 |publisher=Agreka Books |isbn=9781888106855 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NMJKHM9vLQoC |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|219}}<ref name="Bistline-TP">{{cite book |last1=Bistline |first1=Benjamin G. |author-link1=Benjamin G. Bistline |title=The Polygamists: A History of Colorado City, Arizona |date=2004 |publisher=Agreka Books |isbn=9781888106749 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKz-wcizZXEC |language=en}}</ref> [[Ensenada, Baja California]] (south of [[Tijuana]]);<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scheeres |first1=Julia |author-link1=Julia Scheeres |title=Killing for God |url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/classics/ervil_lebaron_cult/index.html |website=[[Crime Library]] |access-date=13 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803231034/http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/classics/ervil_lebaron_cult/index.html |archive-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>{{irrelevant citation|date=June 2019|reason=Link is about [[Ervil LeBaron]], not the FLDS.}} and [[Boise City, Oklahoma]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Alewel |first1=Madison |title=New fundamentalist Mormon neighbors cause concern for some residents in area town |url=http://www.newschannel10.com/story/25931365/new-fundamentalist-mormon-neighbors-cause-concern-for-some-residents-in-area-town |access-date=13 June 2019 |work=[[KFDA-TV]]|date=2 July 2014}}</ref> Members of the FLDS Church have owned [[machine shop]]s that have sold airplane components to the [[United States Air Force]] and the [[Defense Logistics Agency]]; from 1998 to 2007 the receipts from these components totaled more than [[US$]]1.7 million.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaye |first1=Randi |author-link1=Randi Kaye |title=Pentagon paid $1.7 million to firms of polygamy bosses |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/04/17/polygamy.pentagon/index.html |access-date=13 June 2019 |work=[[CNN]] |date=18 April 2008}}</ref> ==History== === Origins === {{See also|Mormon fundamentalism}} The residents in the area of Hildale and Colorado City have a long history of practicing polygamy, dating to the mid-19th century. It is taught in the community that [[Brigham Young]], then president of the LDS Church, once visited the area and said "this will someday be the head and not the tail of the church. This will be the [[granaries]] of the Saints. This land will produce in abundance sufficient [[wheat]] to feed the people."<ref name="Driggs">{{cite journal |last1=Driggs |first1=Ken |author-link1=Ken Driggs |title='This Will Someday Be the Head and Not the Tail of the Church': A History of the Mormon Fundamentalists at Short Creek |journal=[[Journal of Church and State]] |date=Winter 2001 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=49–80 |publisher=[[Baylor University]] |issn=0021-969X |oclc=1000387150|jstor=23920013 |doi=10.1093/jcs/43.1.49 }}</ref> The twin cities were once known as Short Creek, officially founded in 1913 as a ranching community. The FLDS traces its claim to spiritual authority to accounts, starting with a [[Lorin C. Woolley#Plural marriage|statement published in 1912]] by [[Lorin C. Woolley]], of a purported [[1886 Revelation|1886 divine revelation]] to then-[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS]] Church President [[John Taylor (Latter Day Saints)|John Taylor]]. They see the 1886 Revelation as precluding validity of the [[1890 Manifesto]] against new plural marriages by church members, issued by [[Wilford Woodruff]], whom the LDS Church recognizes as Taylor's successor.<ref name="Anderson">{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=J. Max |author-link1=J. Max Anderson |title=The Polygamy Story: Fiction and Fact |date=1979 |publisher=SHIELDS (Scholarly & Historical Information Exchange for Latter-Day Saints) |url=http://www.shields-research.org/Books/Polygamy_Story/LDS-Funde_Polygamy_Story.htm |access-date=26 June 2019}}</ref> After the formal abandonment of plural marriage by the LDS Church, many members around Short Creek and elsewhere continued, and even solemnized, plural marriages. In 1904 the LDS Church issued the [[Second Manifesto]], and eventually [[Excommunicated or Former Latter-day Saints|excommunicated]] those who continued to solemnize or enter into new plural marriages. Short Creek soon became a gathering place for polygamist former members of the LDS Church.<ref name="Dougherty">{{cite news |last1=Dougherty |first1=John |author-link1=John Dougherty (journalist) |title=Polygamy's Odyssey: A brief history of the Mormon tenet |url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2003-03-13/news/polygamy-s-odyssey/full/ |access-date=26 June 2019 |work=[[Phoenix New Times]] |date=13 March 2003 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021210607/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2003-03-13/news/polygamy-s-odyssey/full/ }}</ref> In 1935, the LDS Church excommunicated the Mormon residents of Short Creek who refused to sign an oath renouncing polygamy. Following this, [[John Y. Barlow]] began to lead a group of [[Mormon fundamentalists]] who were dedicated to preserving the practice of plural marriage.<ref name="Hales">{{cite web |last1=Hales |first1=Brian C. |author-link1=Brian C. Hales |title=John Y. Barlow |url=http://www.mormonfundamentalism.com/archive/ChartLinks/JOHNYATESBARLOW.htm |website=MormonFundamentalism.com |access-date=27 June 2019}}</ref> The location on the Utah–Arizona border was thought to be ideal for the group because it allowed them to avoid state raids by moving across the state line.<ref name="Dougherty"/> [[Ben Bistline]] has called it a "popular misconception" that the spot was chosen ''because'' it straddled the state line, rather than being where the property offered to the [[Priesthood Council]] happened to be.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bistline |first1=Benjamin G. |author-link1=Benjamin G. Bistline |title=The Polygamists: A History of Colorado City, Arizona |date=2004 |publisher=Agreka Books |isbn=9781888106749 |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKz-wcizZXEC&q=border&pg=PA26 |access-date=27 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Some of the locally prominent men in Short Creek, after being excommunicated by the LDS Church,<ref name="Dougherty"/> later became leaders of the Mormon fundamentalist movement, including Lorin C. Woolley, [[J. Leslie Broadbent]], John Y. Barlow, [[Charles Zitting]], [[Joseph White Musser]], [[LeGrand Woolley]], and [[Louis A. Kelsch]]. In 1932, these men created the organization known as the [[Council of Friends (Woolley)|Council of Friends]], a group of seven [[High priest (Latter Day Saints)|high priests]] that was said to be the governing [[Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)|priesthood body]] on Earth.<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.mormonfundamentalism.com/ChartLinks/CouncilofFriends.htm |title= The Council of Friends |work= MormonFundamentalism.com |first= Brian C. |last= Hales |access-date= 2014-01-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131226185120/http://mormonfundamentalism.com/ChartLinks/CouncilofFriends.htm |archive-date= December 26, 2013 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> The Council of Friends became the governing ecclesiastical body over the Mormon fundamentalists at Short Creek. The early years of the movement were contentious and saw many differing interpretations and opinions among leaders as to how plural marriage should be practised. These contentions eventually led to the subsequent schisms that created the multiple Mormon fundamentalist organizations that now exist, including the FLDS Church, the [[Apostolic United Brethren]], and the Latter-day Church of Christ or [[Kingston Clan|Kingston group]].<ref name="cb.org29"/><ref>{{cite news |title= Polygamy leadership tree: Religious ideal grows, branches out |url= http://extras.sltrib.com/specials/polygamy/PolygamyLeaders.pdf |newspaper= [[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |first= Brooke |last= Adams |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131021201933/http://extras.sltrib.com/specials/polygamy/PolygamyLeaders.pdf |archive-date= October 21, 2013 }}</ref> It is commonly believed by all of these sects that the early leaders of the fundamentalist movement claimed to receive [[revelation]]s from God commanding that plural marriage should not cease.<ref name="cb.org29"/> One researcher has suggested that the concept of the FLDS as a separate church entity did not fully arise until a 1987 lawsuit when the full name of the church first appears. According to this interpretation, the original authority conferred by Lorin C. Woolley was only for the purpose of initiating plural marriages, not for the establishment of a new church, and many early Short Creek polygamists continued to regard the LDS Church as authoritative but "out of order" on the matter of polygamy. Such members held hope that the LDS Church would one day come back "into order" and re-establish the practice of polygamy.<ref>{{citation |last= Bistline |first= Benjamin G. |title= The Polygamists: A History of Colorado City, Arizona |publisher= Agreka Publishing |year= 2004 |place= Scottsdale, Arizona |isbn= 1888106743 |oclc= 55115169 }}</ref> ===FLDS splinter groups=== In 1984, a schism formed within the FLDS Church just before the death of Leroy S. Johnson. A small group of FLDS (known as the [[Centennial Park group]]) took issue with the "one-man rule" doctrine that altered the leadership structure of the church and that was implemented fully when [[Rulon Jeffs]] assumed his position as sole leader of the organization. These followers took up residence just south of Colorado City, in [[Centennial Park, Arizona]], calling themselves "The Work of Jesus Christ," or "The Work" for short.<ref name=ThePrimer/> Also in 2002, after [[Warren Jeffs]] assumed leadership, [[Winston Blackmore]], who had been serving in Canada as the Bishop of Bountiful for the FLDS Church, was excommunicated by Jeffs in an apparent power struggle. This led to a split within the community in Bountiful, British Columbia, with an estimated 700 FLDS members leaving the church to follow Blackmore.<ref>{{cite news |title= Polygamist group's leader expects to be charged soon |url= http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/westcoastnews/story.html?id=cb049462-c88b-4476-aeb8-fd97dc9bf00a |newspaper= [[The Vancouver Sun]] |first= Daphne |last= Bramham |date= May 12, 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140423132112/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/westcoastnews/story.html?id=cb049462-c88b-4476-aeb8-fd97dc9bf00a |archive-date= April 23, 2014 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> ===Leaders=== The FLDS Church has been led by a succession of men regarded as prophets, who are believed to have been called by God to lead. The first leader of the FLDS Church was John Y. Barlow, who led the community of Short Creek until his death on December 29, 1949. He was succeeded by Joseph White Musser, who was the church's leader during a government crackdown on polygamy known as the [[Short Creek raid]], in 1953, in which all the FLDS Church members of Short Creek were arrested, including 236 children. Musser led the community until a contentious appointment of [[Rulon Allred]] to a high position of authority in 1951 angered some members of the Short Creek community. Musser had appointed Allred to be his successor, but Allred was not accepted as his successor by the Short Creek community. This led to a schism, with many followers breaking off and joining Allred; this offshoot became known as the Apostolic United Brethren. The core group in the Short Creek area instead followed Charles Zitting as its leader. [[File:Warrenjeffs.jpg|thumb|150px|Warren Jeffs]] Zitting died in 1954 and [[Leroy S. Johnson]] was chosen to lead the church in Short Creek. Johnson led the FLDS Church until his death in 1986. He was succeeded by Rulon Jeffs, who assumed the position of Prophet, a title his predecessor refused to use. In Jeffs' later years, his poor health led to one of his sons, Warren Jeffs, serving as leader of the church in his stead, and upon Rulon's death in September 2002, Warren Jeffs became leader of the FLDS Church.<ref>{{cite news|title=Timeline: History of Polygamy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615042231/http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/bustupinbountiful/timeline.html|work=CBC News|publisher=The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|date=12 April 2008|archive-date=15 June 2013|url=http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/bustupinbountiful/timeline.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Polygamist 'prophet' to serve at least 10 years in prison|work=CNN|publisher=Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.|date=20 November 2007|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/law/11/20/jeffs.sentence/}}</ref> However, immediately after the state of Utah convicted him of being an accomplice to rape, it was widely reported in the press that Warren Jeffs resigned his leadership of the FLDS Church, though the statement made by his attorneys only addresses Jeffs' resignation from his fiduciary post as "President of the Corporation of the President of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Inc."<ref name="deseretnews.com"/> In early 2011, Jeffs reasserted his leadership of the church.<ref name = retakeslegalcontrol/> Since no public statements had been made by church officials indicating Jeff's successor, it is not known who led the FLDS Church in the interim, although it is possible that Warren Jeffs continued to be leader during this period. ;Previous heads * [[Leroy S. Johnson]] died aged 98, 1954–1986 * [[Rulon T. Jeffs]] died aged 93, 1986–2002 ;Current head The following individuals held or claimed high leadership positions as of late 2011: * [[Warren Jeffs]], as living incumbent, disputed, 2002 — c. 2007?; since February 2011, imprisoned in 2007, sentenced to life plus 20 years<ref name="Hilary Hylton">{{citation |first= Hilary |last= Hylton |url= http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1823656,00.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080719110822/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1823656,00.html |archive-date= July 19, 2008 |title= A New Prophet for the Polygamists? |magazine= [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date= July 18, 2008}}</ref> with Lyle Jeffs as the designated, future successor<ref name = CBSLyle>{{citation|publisher = [[CBS News]]|url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/08/05/earlyshow/main20088583.shtml|title = Jeffs' brother will take over: Ex-FLDS member|date = August 5, 2011}}</ref> ** [[William E. Jessop]], 2007–2010, claimant to the succession ** [[Merril Jessop]], 2007–Feb 2011<ref>{{Citation |last= McKinley |first= Carol |date= March 5, 2011 |title= Inside a troubled fundamentalist Mormon sect |url= http://www.salon.com/news/religion/?story=/mwt/feature/2011/03/05/inside_flds_trouble_brewing |access-date= March 11, 2011 |work= [[Salon (website)|Salon]] |quote= In just a few weeks, Jeffs has gone on a rampage, kicking out at least 40 of his most pious men. One of those faithful is Merril Jessop, a 70year-old FLDS bishop.}}</ref> de facto leader<ref name="Hilary Hylton" /><sup class="noprint selfreference">&#91;''[[Talk:Warren Jeffs#2011 update|discuss]]''&#93;</sup> ** [[Wendell Loy Nielsen|Wendell L. Nielsen]], 2010–January 28, 2011, president of the church's corporate entity.<ref name="Hilary Hylton" /><ref>{{cite news | title= FLDS church names new president |publisher= [[KSL-TV]] |agency= Associated Press | date= February 15, 2010 | url= http://www.ksl.com/?sid=9692182 | access-date= 2014-01-08}}</ref><sup class="noprint selfreference">&#91;''[[Talk:Warren Jeffs#2011 update|discuss]]''&#93;</sup><ref name="bycommonconsent1" /> * [[Lyle Jeffs]], brother of Warren Jeffs and former head and bishop of the church until his brother removed him from these posts in 2012, as reported by the ''[[Salt Lake Tribune]]''<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/news/53881003-78/jeffs-lyle-warren-sect.html.csp |title = Reports: Warren Jeffs boots brother from polygamous sect's pulpit}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/politics/2017/12/13/lyle-jeffs-to-be-sentenced-today-ending-polygamous-sect-food-stamp-fraud-case/|title=Lyle Jeffs, one-time leader of Utah polygamous sect, sentenced to prison for food stamp fraud, absconding|website=The Salt Lake Tribune}}</ref> ;Bishops {{As of|2018|lc=y}} * [[James Oler]] – Canada ===Legal trouble and leadership struggles=== [[Image:Home of Warren Jeffs in Colorado City.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The home of former FLDS leader Warren Jeffs in [[Colorado City, Arizona|Colorado City]]]] Polygamy is illegal in all 50 states of the United States as well as Canada and Mexico. Attempts to overturn the illegality based on right of religious freedom have been unsuccessful.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Polygamy, Freedom of Religion, and Equality: What Happens When Rights Collide?|journal=LAWNOW}}</ref> In 2003, the church received increased attention from the state of Utah when police officer Rodney Holm, a member of the church, was convicted of unlawful sexual conduct with a 16- or 17-year-old and one count of [[bigamy]] for his marriage to and impregnation of plural wife Ruth Stubbs. The conviction was the first legal action against a member of the FLDS Church since the Short Creek raid. In November 2003, church member David Allred purchased "as a hunting retreat" the {{convert|1371|acre|ha|abbr=off|adj=on}} Isaacs Ranch {{convert|4|mi|km|0|abbr=off|spell=on|sp=us}} northeast of Eldorado, Texas, on Schleicher County Road 300 and sent 30 to 40 construction workers from Colorado City–Hildale to begin work on the property. Improvements soon included three 3-story houses, each 8,000 to {{convert|10000|sqft|m2}}, a concrete plant, and a plowed field. After seeing high-profile FLDS Church critic [[Flora Jessop]] on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC television]] program ''[[Primetime Live]]'' on March 4, 2004, concerned Eldorado residents contacted Jessop. She investigated, and on March 25, 2004, Jessop held a press conference in Eldorado confirming that the new neighbors were FLDS Church adherents. On May 18, 2004, [[Schleicher County, Texas|Schleicher County]] Sheriff David Doran and his Chief Deputy visited Colorado City, and the FLDS Church officially acknowledged that the Schleicher County property would be a new base for the church. It was reported in the news media that the church had built a temple at the YFZ Ranch; this is supported by evidence, including aerial photographs of a large stone structure (approximately {{convert|88|ft|m}} wide) in a state of relative completion. A local newspaper, the ''[[Eldorado Success]]'', reported that the temple foundation was dedicated January 1, 2005 by Warren Jeffs.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.myeldorado.net/YFZ%20Pages/YFZ010605.html | title= Jeffs dedicates FLDS temple site at YFZ Ranch | publisher= [[The Eldorado Success]] | date= January 11, 2005 | access-date= 2008-04-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233409/http://www.myeldorado.net/YFZ%20Pages/YFZ010605.html |archive-date= January 22, 2009 }}</ref> On January 10, 2004, Dan Barlow (the mayor of Colorado City) and about 20 other men were excommunicated from the church and stripped of their wives and children (who would be reassigned to other men), and the right to live in the town. The same day two teenage girls reportedly fled the towns with the aid of activist Flora Jessop, who advocates plural wives' escape from polygamy. The two girls, Fawn Broadbent and Fawn Holm, soon found themselves in a highly publicized dispute over their freedom and custody. After the allegations against their parents were proven false, Flora helped them flee state custody together on February 15, and they ended up in [[Salt Lake City]] at Fawn Holm's brother Carl's house. In October 2004, Flora Jessop reported that David Allred purchased a {{convert|60|acre|m2|adj=on}} parcel of land near Mancos, Colorado, (midway between [[Cortez, Colorado|Cortez]] and [[Durango, Colorado|Durango]]) about the same time he bought the Schleicher County property.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} Allred told authorities the parcel was to be used as a hunting retreat.<ref name=allred>{{cite news |url= http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/04/18/national/main4028781.shtml |title= From Hunting Ground To Polygamist Ranch |publisher= CBS News |agency= Associated Press |date= April 18, 2008 |access-date= 2014-01-10 }}</ref> In July 2005, eight men of the church were indicted for sexual contact with minors. All of them turned themselves in to police in [[Kingman, Arizona]], within days.<ref>{{cite news |title= Polygamous Community Members Indicted |newspaper= [[The New York Times]] |date= July 13, 2005 |url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A00E0DD103DF930A25754C0A9639C8B63 |access-date= 2014-01-08}}</ref> On July 29, 2005, [[Brent W. Jeffs]] filed suit accusing three of his uncles, including Warren Jeffs, of sexually assaulting him when he was a child. The suit also named the FLDS Church as a defendant. On August 10, former FLDS Church member Shem Fischer, Dan Fischer's brother, added the church and Warren Jeffs as defendants to a 2002 lawsuit claiming he was illegally fired because he no longer adhered to the faith. Fischer, who was a salesman for a wooden cabinetry business in Hildale, claimed church officials interfered with his relationship with his employer and blacklisted him. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the company and found that Fischer was not fired from his job, but quit instead. The district court ruling was overturned in part on the basis that Fischer was discriminated against on the basis of religion when he reapplied for his position and was denied employment because he had left the FLDS church. The parties eventually settled the case for an agreed payment of damages to Shem Fischer. {{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} In July 2005, six young adult "[[Lost boys (Mormon fundamentalism)|Lost Boys]]" who claimed they were cast out of their homes on the Utah–Arizona border to reduce competition for wives, filed suit against the FLDS Church. "The [boys] have been excommunicated pursuant to that policy and practice and have been cut off from family, friends, benefits, business and employment relationships, and purportedly condemned to eternal damnation", their suit says. "They have become 'lost boys' in the world outside the FLDS community."{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} On May 7, 2006, the [[FBI]] named Warren Jeffs to its [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives|Ten Most Wanted Fugitives]] list on charges of unlawful flight to avoid prosecution. On August 28, 2006, Warren Jeffs was captured on [[Interstate 15 in Nevada|Interstate 15]] just north of [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], after a routine traffic stop. Jeffs was tried in [[St. George, Utah]], and a jury found him guilty of two counts of being an accomplice to rape. The [[mayor]] of Colorado City, Terrill C. Johnson, was arrested on May 26, 2006, for eight fraudulent vehicle registration charges for registering his vehicles in a different state than he lived, which is a [[felony]]. He was booked into [[Purgatory Correctional Facility]] in [[Hurricane, Utah]], and was released after paying the $5,000 bail in cash.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.sltrib.com/utah/ci_3871335 |title= FLDS town's mayor arrested |newspaper= [[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |date= May 27, 2006 |first= Brooke |last= Adams |access-date= 2014-01-08 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140108182135/http://www.sltrib.com/utah/ci_3871335 |archive-date= January 8, 2014 }}</ref> From 2007 to 2011, the leadership of the FLDS Church was unclear. On November 20, 2007, after the conviction of then leader Warren Jeffs, attorneys for Jeffs released the following statement: "Mr. Jeffs resigned as President of The Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Inc."<ref name="deseretnews.com">{{cite news |first= Nancy |last= Perkins |url= http://deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,695233512,00.html |title= Warren Jeffs resigns as leader of the FLDS Church |newspaper= [[Deseret News]] |date= December 5, 2007 }}</ref> This statement does not address his position as [[prophet]] of the church, but merely addressed his resignation from his fiduciary post as president of the corporation belonging to the FLDS Church. According to a ''[[The Salt Lake Tribune|Salt Lake Tribune]]'' telephone transcript, there is evidence that, when incarcerated, Warren Jeffs made statements naming [[William E. Jessop]], a former first counselor, as his successor or, alternatively, that Jeffs had told Jessop on January 24, 2007, that he (Jeffs) had never been the rightful leader of the FLDS.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://blogs.sltrib.com/plurallife/labels/William%20E.%20Jessop.htm |title= What Warren said to William |newspaper= [[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |first= Brooke |last= Adams |date= November 30, 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111001045309/http://blogs.sltrib.com/plurallife/labels/William%20E.%20Jessop.htm |archive-date= October 1, 2011 |df= mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Records say FLDS boss tried suicide |url= http://www.sltrib.com/news/ci_7392264 |first1= Brooke |last1= Adams |first2= Mark |last2= Havnes |newspaper= [[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |date= November 7, 2007 |access-date= January 10, 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140110233938/http://www.sltrib.com/news/ci_7392264 |archive-date= January 10, 2014 }}</ref> Many press accounts<ref>{{cite news |url= http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0804/23/ng.01.html |title= Judge Orders FLDS Nursing Mothers to Foster Care With Infants |work= [[Nancy Grace (TV series)|Nancy Grace]] |publisher= CNN |first= Nancy |last= Grace |author-link= Nancy Grace |date= April 23, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://edition.cnn.com/2008/CRIME/04/08/texas.ranch.ap/index.html |title= Raid shines light on secretive polygamous sect |publisher= CNN |date= April 8, 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080923201705/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/CRIME/04/08/texas.ranch.ap/index.html |archive-date= September 23, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://ac360.blogs.cnn.com/2008/04/15/at-the-green-gate-and-then-a-glimpse-of-the-polygamists-life/ |title= At the green gate, and then a glimpse of the polygamist's life |publisher= CNN |first= Katherine |last= Wojtecki |date= April 15, 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Hilary Hylton" /> have suggested that [[Merril Jessop]], who has been leading the Eldorado compound,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.deseretnews.com/article/695205363/Honors-for-ex-polygamous-wife.html |title= Honors for ex-polygamous wife |newspaper= [[Deseret Morning News]] |first= Ben |last= Winslow |date= August 29, 2007 |access-date= October 16, 2010 |archive-date= October 21, 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141021214847/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/695205363/Honors-for-ex-polygamous-wife.html }}</ref> is the [[de facto]] leader of the church. Additionally, on January 9, 2010, documents filed with the Utah Department of Commerce name [[Wendell Loy Nielsen|Wendell L. Nielsen]] as the president of the sect.<ref name = "Dobner">{{cite news |last= Jennifer |first= Dobner |title= Polygamous church in Utah names new president |work=The Gaea Times |agency= Associated Press |date= February 15, 2010 |url= http://business.gaeatimes.com/2010/02/15/utah-based-polygamous-church-led-by-jailed-warren-jeffs-names-new-president-31409/ |access-date= 2014-01-08 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |last= Hamer |first= John |date= February 8, 2010 |title= New FLDS President Called |url= http://bycommonconsent.com/2010/02/08/new-flds-president-called/ |work= [[By Common Consent]] |type= group blog |access-date= 2014-01-10}}. [http://bycommonconsent.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/wendellnielsen.jpg Certificate] (image), published by same source.</ref> The FLDS incorporation charter does not require the church president to be its prophet. However, traditionally the President of the FLDS church was also the religious head.<ref>{{Cite news |last= Winslow |first= Ben |title= A prophet no more? Jeffs called himself a 'sinner' in jailhouse conversation |newspaper= [[Deseret News]] |date= March 27, 2007 |url= http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,660206525,00.html |access-date= February 17, 2010}}</ref> FLDS leaders have refused to clarify who is considered the prophet of the FLDS church.<ref name = "Brooke">{{Cite news |last= Adams |first= Brooke |title= Polygamous sect has new president, but is Jeffs still FLDS prophet? |newspaper= [[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |date= February 2, 2010 |url= http://www.sltrib.com/news/ci_14348960 |access-date= February 17, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100210210845/http://www.sltrib.com/news/ci_14348960 |archive-date= February 10, 2010 }}</ref> To add additional confusion to the issue of succession, a 2012 CNN documentary said that Jeffs still led the church from prison.<ref name = "Tuchman">{{Cite news |last= Tuchman |first= Gary |title= Warren Jeffs' hold on community |date= February 8, 2012 |url= http://ac360.blogs.cnn.com/2012/02/08/video-warren-jeffs-hold-on-community |publisher= CNN |access-date= March 16, 2012}}</ref> Prior to November 20, 2007, the church was being led by Jeffs, who succeeded his father, Rulon Jeffs, in 2002. For nearly two years, Warren Jeffs had been wanted on sex-crimes charges. From May 2006 until his arrest in August 2006, he was on the FBI's Ten Most-Wanted List.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.fbi.gov/page2/may06/jeffs050606.htm |title=HAVE YOU SEEN THIS MAN? FBI Announces New Top Tenner, FBI Headline Archives |publisher=[[FBI]] |date=May 6, 2006 |access-date=2008-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409093558/http://www.fbi.gov/page2/may06/jeffs050606.htm |archive-date=April 9, 2010 }}</ref> On September 25, 2007, Jeffs was found guilty of two counts of being an accomplice to rape<ref>{{cite news |title= Jeffs guilty on both counts |url= http://www.sltrib.com/ci_6995147 |newspaper= [[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |first= Brooke |last= Adams |date= September 25, 2007 | access-date = 2014-01-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Leader of Polygamist Sect Guilty in Rape Case |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/25/us/25cnd-jeffs.html |newspaper= [[The New York Times]] |first1= John |last1= Dougherty |first2= Kirk |last2= Johnson | date= September 25, 2007 | access-date = 2014-01-08 }}</ref> and was sentenced to ten years to life in prison.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/law/11/20/jeffs.sentence/index.html |title= Polygamist 'prophet' to serve at least 10 years in prison |publisher= CNN |date= November 20, 2007 }}</ref> This conviction was later overturned. On January 28, 2011, Jeffs again asserted his leadership of the denomination.<ref name = retakeslegalcontrol>{{cite news |newspaper= [[USA Today]] |url= https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2011-02-24-jeffs-church_N.htm |first= Dennis |last= Wagner |title= Jailed sect leader retakes legal control of church |date= February 24, 2011 |quote= Utah records show Nielson formally quit that post Jan. 28.}}</ref> Warren Jeffs was later sentenced to life in prison plus 20 years and fined $10,000 after being convicted on charges of aggravated sexual assault and sexual assault. ===Short Creek raid=== {{Main|Short Creek raid}} In the morning of July 26, 1953, 102 Arizona state police officers and National Guard soldiers raided the fundamentalist Mormon community of Short Creek, Arizona. They arrested the entire populace, including 236 children. Of those 236 children, 150 were not allowed to return to their parents for more than two years. Other parents never regained custody of their children.<ref>{{citation |first= Ken |last= Driggs |title= Who Shall Raise the Children? Vera Black and the Rights of Polygamous Utah Parents |journal= [[Utah Historical Quarterly]] |volume= 60 |issue= 1 |pages= 27–46 |date=Winter 1992 |doi= 10.2307/45063508 |jstor= 45063508 |s2cid= 254436238 |url= http://utahhistory.sdlhost.com/#/item/000000031000941/view/29 }}</ref> The Short Creek raid was the largest [[mass arrest]] of polygamists in American history, and it received a great deal of press coverage. After the raid, polygamists continued to live there; in 1960, Short Creek was renamed Colorado City. ===April 2008 raid=== {{Main|YFZ Ranch}} In April 2008, acting on the outcry of an alleged teen victim of physical and sexual abuse at the FLDS compound in Schleicher County, Texas, Texas [[Child Protective Services]] and Department of Public Safety officers entered the compound to serve search and arrest warrants and carry out court orders designed to protect children. Over the course of several days, from April 3 through April 10, Texas CPS removed 439 children under age 18 from the church's YFZ Ranch, while law enforcement, including [[Texas Ranger Division|Texas Rangers]], executed their search and arrest warrants on the premises.<ref name=raid>{{cite news |url= http://www.gosanangelo.com/news/2008/apr/05/authorities-prepare-for-worst-in-efforts-to-area/ |title= Authorities Enter Elodrado-area Temple |first= Paul |last= Anthony |newspaper= [[San Angelo Standard-Times]] |date= April 5, 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091216134731/http://www.gosanangelo.com/news/2008/apr/05/authorities-prepare-for-worst-in-efforts-to-area/ |archive-date= December 16, 2009 |df= mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=kids>{{cite news |url= http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,695267712,00.html |first= Ben |last= Winslow |title= 167 kids taken in Texas |newspaper= [[Deseret News]] |date= April 5, 2008}}</ref><ref name=timeline>{{cite news |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,695269932,00.html |first=Ben |last=Winslow |title=FLDS-raid timeline |newspaper=[[Deseret News]] |date=April 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415120614/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,695269932,00.html |archive-date=April 15, 2008 }}</ref><ref name=abuse>{{cite news |url= http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/5682336.html |first1= Lisa |last1= Sandberg |first2= Janet |last2= Elliott |title= Affidavit: Girl reports beatings, rape at polygamist ranch |newspaper= [[Houston Chronicle]] |date= April 8, 2008}}</ref> The April 2008 events at the YFZ Ranch generated intense press coverage in the U.S., especially in the [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]], and also garnered international attention. On April 18, 2008, following a two-day hearing, Judge Barbara Walther of the 51st Judicial District Court ordered all of the FLDS children to remain in the temporary custody of Child Protective Services. Judge Walther's ruling was subsequently reversed by the 3rd Court of Appeals in Austin, Texas in a ruling that Texas CPS was not justified in removing every child from the ranch. The 3rd Court of Appeals granted mandamus relief and ordered the trial court to vacate the portion of its order giving CPS temporary custody of the FLDS children. CPS petitioned the Texas Supreme Court requesting that the 3rd Court of Appeals' ruling be overturned, but the Texas Supreme Court, in a written opinion issued May 29, 2008, declined to overturn the ruling of the 3rd Court of Appeals.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} The abuse hotline calls that prompted the raid are now believed to have been made by [[Rozita Swinton]], a non-FLDS woman with no known connection to the FLDS community in Texas.<ref name=hoax>{{cite news |url= http://www.foxnews.com/story/2008/04/21/texas-polygamy-case-based-on-hoax/ |title= Texas Polygamy Case: Based on a Hoax? |work= [[On the Record w/ Greta Van Susteren]] |publisher= [[Fox News Channel]] |date= April 18, 2008 |access-date= 2014-01-10}}</ref> Nevertheless, the search warrants executed at the YFZ compound were determined by the court to have been legally issued and executed, and the evidence seized cannot be excluded on the basis that the initial outcry may have been a hoax.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Detail |url=https://search.txcourts.gov/Case.aspx?cn=08-0391&coa=cossup |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=search.txcourts.gov}}</ref> In November 2008, 12 FLDS men were charged with offenses related to alleged underage marriages conducted during the years since the sect built the YFZ Ranch.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gosanangelo.com/news/2008/nov/12/eight-more-indictments-issued-against-sect/ |title=Nine more indictments issued against FLDS members |newspaper=[[San Angelo Standard-Times]] |first=Paul |last=Anthony |date=November 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304185718/http://www.gosanangelo.com/news/2008/nov/12/eight-more-indictments-issued-against-sect/ |archive-date=March 4, 2012 }}</ref> As of June 2010, six FLDS members had been convicted of felonies and received sentences ranging from seven to 75 years' imprisonment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.gosanangelo.com/news/2010/jun/22/flds-member-found-guilty-child-sexual-assault/ |title=FLDS member found guilty of child sexual assault |newspaper=[[San Angelo Standard-Times]] |first=Matthew |last=Waller |date=June 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625083148/http://www.gosanangelo.com/news/2010/jun/22/flds-member-found-guilty-child-sexual-assault/ |archive-date=June 25, 2010 }}</ref> ===Prosecutions in Texas=== On November 5, 2009, a Schleicher County, Texas jury found [[Raymond Merril Jessop]], 38, guilty of sexual assault of a child. According to evidence admitted at trial, Jessop sexually assaulted a 16-year-old girl to whom he had been "spiritually married" when the girl was 15 years old.<ref name=guilty1>{{cite news |url= http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705342545/Jessop-convicted-of-sexual-assault.html |first= Michelle |last= Roberts |title= Jessop Convicted of Sexual Assault |newspaper= [[Deseret News]] |date= November 5, 2009 |access-date= 2010-03-17 |archive-date= 2010-03-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100315015707/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705342545/Jessop-convicted-of-sexual-assault.html }}</ref> The same jury sentenced Jessop to 10 years in prison and assessed a fine of $8,000.<ref name=convicted>{{cite news |title= FLDS man sentenced to 10 years for sex assault |author= Matthew Waller |newspaper= [[Deseret News]] |date= November 10, 2009 |url= http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705343562/FLDS-man-sentenced-to-10-years-for-sex-assault.html?linkTrack=rss-30 |access-date= 2010-03-17 |archive-date= 2012-01-22 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120122012855/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705343562/FLDS-man-sentenced-to-10-years-for-sex-assault.html?linkTrack=rss-30 }}</ref> On December 18, 2009, a Schleicher County, Texas jury found Allan Keate guilty of sexual assault of a child. Keate fathered a child with a 15-year-old girl.<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.reporternews.com/news/2009/dec/15/schleicher-jury-finds-allan-keate-guilty/ |title= Schleicher jury finds Allan Keate guilty |first= Matthew |last= Waller |date= December 15, 2009 |newspaper= [[Abilene Reporter-News]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140108202239/http://www.reporternews.com/news/2009/dec/15/schleicher-jury-finds-allan-keate-guilty/ |archive-date= January 8, 2014 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> According to documents admitted at trial, Keate had also given three of his own daughters away in "spiritual" or "celestial" marriage, two of them at 15 and one at 14, to older men. The youngest of the three went to Warren Jeffs. He was sentenced to 33 years in prison.<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.gosanangelo.com/news/2009/dec/17/keate-trial-state-rests-its-case-in-punishment/ |title= UPDATE: Jury gives FLDS man 33 years |first= Matthew |last= Waller |date= December 17, 2009 |newspaper= [[San Angelo Standard-Times]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100101153604/http://www.gosanangelo.com/news/2009/dec/17/keate-trial-state-rests-its-case-in-punishment/ |archive-date= January 1, 2010 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> The conviction and sentence was later upheld on appeal.<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/flds-church-dealt-another-blow |title= FLDS Church Dealt Another Blow |first= Sonia |last= Smith |date= March 20, 2012 |magazine= [[Texas Monthly]]}} </ref> On January 22, 2010, Michael George Emack pleaded no contest to sexual assault charges and was sentenced to seven years in prison. He married a 16-year-old girl at YFZ Ranch on August 5, 2004. She gave birth to a son less than a year later.<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.gosanangelo.com/news/2010/jan/22/flds-member-pleads-no-contest-sentenced-to-seven/ |title= FLDS: 7 years handed down in plea deal |first= Matthew |last= Waller |date= January 22, 2010 |newspaper= [[San Angelo Standard-Times]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100125145413/http://www.gosanangelo.com/news/2010/jan/22/flds-member-pleads-no-contest-sentenced-to-seven/ |archive-date= January 25, 2010 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> On March 17, 2010, a Tom Green County, Texas jury found [[Merril Leroy Jessop]] guilty of sexual assault of a child after deliberating only one hour.<ref name=guilty>{{cite news |title= Texas jury finds FLDS man guilty in sexual assault case |first= Matthew |last= Waller |newspaper= [[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |date= March 17, 2010 |url= http://www.sltrib.com/polygamy/ci_14692654 |access-date= 2010-03-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100323044044/http://www.sltrib.com/polygamy/ci_14692654 |archive-date= March 23, 2010 }}</ref> Evidence admitted at the criminal trial proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Jessop, 35, sexually assaulted a 15-year-old girl while living at the FLDS Ranch in Schleicher County, Texas.<ref name="guilty"/> The jury sentenced Jessop to 75 years in prison and assessed a $10,000 fine.<ref name=leroy>{{cite news |title=Jessop sentenced to 75 years |first=Matthew |last=Waller |newspaper=[[San Angelo Standard-Times]] |date=March 19, 2010 |url=http://www.gosanangelo.com/news/2010/mar/19/breaking-news-jessop-sentenced-to-75-years/ |access-date=2010-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322212933/http://www.gosanangelo.com/news/2010/mar/19/breaking-news-jessop-sentenced-to-75-years/ |archive-date=March 22, 2010 }}</ref> ===April 2010 raid=== On April 6, 2010, Arizona officials executed search warrants at governmental offices of the towns of Colorado City, Arizona and Hildale, Utah. According to one report, the warrants involved the misuse of funds and caused the Hildale Public Safety Department to be shut down.<ref name=HPSD>{{cite news |title= BREAKING NEWS: Officials shut down Hildale public safety department |last= DeMasters |first= Tiffany |newspaper= St. George Daily Spectrum |date= April 6, 2010 |url= http://www.thespectrum.com/article/20100406/NEWS05/100406029/ |access-date= 2014-01-08 |archive-url= https://archive.is/20140108173642/http://www.thespectrum.com/article/20100406/NEWS05/100406029/ |archive-date= January 8, 2014 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> According to another report, city personnel and volunteers were ordered out of the buildings while the search was being conducted, prompting protests from Colorado City Fire Chief Jake Barlow.<ref name=SLT040610>{{cite news |title= Utah, Arizona law officers descend upon polygamous community |last1= Adams |first1= Brooke |last2= Havnes |first2= Mark |newspaper= [[The Salt Lake City Tribune]] |date= April 6, 2010 |url= http://www.sltrib.com/news/ci_14829144 |access-date= 2010-04-06 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100408004429/http://www.sltrib.com/News/ci_14829144 |archive-date= April 8, 2010 }}</ref> Despite these protests, public safety did not appear to be affected, as the county law enforcement agencies involved routed calls for emergency service through the county offices.<ref name=HPSD /> A search warrant was also executed at Jake Barlow's residence.<ref name=SLT040610 /> The search warrant affidavit states that the Mohave County District Attorney sought records relating to personal charges on an agency credit card from the Colorado City Fire Department under the open records laws. Chief Barlow indicated that there were no personal charges, therefore there were no records to disclose.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} Records obtained by subpoena from the banks involved showed a series of purchases made by Chief Barlow and Darger that are questionable, including diapers, child's clothing, and food, although the firefighters are not fed by the department.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} <!--Undated and unrefd: No charges have yet been brought.--> ===After the raid=== {{Expand section|date=July 2014}} In November 2012, the Texas Attorney General's Office instituted legal proceedings to seize the FLDS ranch property in Eldorado, Texas.<ref>{{cite web|last=Richardson|first=Kent S.|title=The State of Texas v. 2420 County Road 300, Eldorado, Schleicher, County, Texas 76936: Plaintiff's Original Notice of Seizure and Intended Forfeiture|url=https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/newspubs/releases/2012/121129signed_search_and_seizure.pdf|work=Cause No.: 3164|publisher=The State of [[Texas Attorney General]]|access-date=April 22, 2014|date=November 28, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217192146/https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/newspubs/releases/2012/121129signed_search_and_seizure.pdf|archive-date=February 17, 2017}}</ref><ref name=Reavy>{{cite news|last=Reavy|first=Pat|title=Texas seeks to seize YFZ Ranch from FLDS Church|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865567677/Texas-seeks-to-seize-YFZ-Ranch-from-FLDS-Church.html?pg=all|access-date=November 21, 2013|newspaper=[[Deseret News]]|date=November 28, 2012}}</ref><ref name=Dalrymple>{{cite news|last=Dalrymple II|first=Jim|title=Texas inches closer to seizing massive polygamous ranch|url=http://www.sltrib.com/csp/cms/sites/sltrib/pages/printerfriendly.csp?id=57147115|access-date=November 21, 2013|newspaper=The Salt Lake Tribune|date=November 18, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228214602/http://www.sltrib.com/csp/cms/sites/sltrib/pages/printerfriendly.csp?id=57147115|archive-date=February 28, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The basis for the forfeiture and seizure proceeding was cited as the use of FLDS property as "...a rural location where the systemic sexual assault of children would be tolerated without interference from law enforcement authorities",<ref name=Reavy/> therefore, the property is contraband and subject to seizure.<ref name=Dalrymple/><ref>{{cite web|last=Martinez|first=Sergeant Marcos|title=Affidavit for Search and Seizure Warrant - 2420 County Road 300, Eldorado, Schleicher County, Texas 76936|url=https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/newspubs/releases/2012/121129signed_affidavit.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908092945/https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/newspubs/releases/2012/121129signed_affidavit.pdf|archive-date=8 September 2018|work=Cause No.: 3164|publisher=The State of [[Texas Attorney General]]|date=27 November 2012}}</ref> On April 17, 2014, Texas officials took physical possession of the property.<ref>{{citation |first= Michael |last= Martinez |date= April 17, 2014 |title= Polygamist Warren Jeffs' Texas ranch being seized by state officials |url= http://www.cnn.com/2014/04/17/us/texas-yfz-ranch-seizure/index.html?hpt=hp_t2 |website= CNN.com}}</ref> In June 2014, the Arizona Office of the Attorney General filed a motion<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.courthousenews.com/2014/06/18/fldsazmotion.pdf |title=Cooke, et al. v. Town of Colorado City, et al. |access-date=2014-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717181305/http://www.courthousenews.com/2014/06/18/fldsazmotion.pdf |archive-date=July 17, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> in U.S. District Court seeking to dissolve the local police forces and "the disbandment of the Colorado City, Arizona/Hildale, Utah Marshal's Office and the appointment of a federal monitor over municipal functions and services." As the basis for the legal proceeding, the Arizona Attorney General stated that "[t]he disbandment of the Colorado City/Hildale Marshal's Office is necessary and appropriate because this police department has operated for decades, and continues to operate, as the de facto law enforcement arm of the FLDS Church."<ref name=AG>{{cite news|last1=Hull|first1=T.M.|title=New Evidence Links Cops to Church, Arizona Says|url=http://www.courthousenews.com/2014/06/18/68845.htm|access-date=June 25, 2014|date=June 18, 2014}}</ref> ==Distinctive doctrines== ===Plural marriage and placement marriage=== {{See also|Biblical patriarchy|Mormonism and polygamy|Placement marriage|Polygamy in Christianity}} The FLDS Church teaches the doctrine of [[plural marriage]], which states that a man having multiple wives is ordained of and a commandment by God; the doctrine requires it in order for a man to receive the highest form of salvation. In the church it is generally believed that a man should have a minimum of three wives in order to fulfill this requirement.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1444578/Three-wives-will-guarantee-you-a-place-in-paradise.-The-Taliban-No-welcome-to-the-rebel-Mormons.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1444578/Three-wives-will-guarantee-you-a-place-in-paradise.-The-Taliban-No-welcome-to-the-rebel-Mormons.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title= Three wives will guarantee you a place in paradise. The Taliban? No: welcome to the rebel Mormons |work= [[The Daily Telegraph]] |date= October 19, 2003 | location=London | first=Julian | last=Coman | access-date=2010-05-03}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Connected with this doctrine is the [[patriarchy|patriarchal doctrine]], the belief that wives are required to be subordinate to their husbands. The church currently practices [[placement marriage]], whereby a young woman of marriageable age is assigned a husband by revelation from God to the leader of the church, who is regarded as a prophet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irr.org/mit/sixth-of-seven-wives-br.html |title=Review: The Sixth of Seven Wives: Escape from Modern Day Polygamy |author=Bonnie Ricks |publisher=The [[Institute for Religious Research]] (irr.org) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516092513/http://www.irr.org/mit/sixth-of-seven-wives-br.html |archive-date=May 16, 2008 }}</ref> The prophet elects to take wives from men as well as give wives to men according to their worthiness. This practice is also called the [[law of placing]]. === Serpent seed === The FLDS Church also teaches [[Christian Identity#Serpent seed|dual-seedline CI]]. In their variation Satan's union with God's wife, which produced the Black race, was necessary for our right to chose between good and evil as Eve had.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffs |first=Warren |title=The Fall, Father Adam and Mothers Eve |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OaMheIQZujw}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffs |first=Warren |title=Lost Tribes of Israel |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ib1Z-qfbgfU}}</ref> It is taught the seed of Cain survived [[Genesis flood narrative|the flood]] threw [[Egyptus]]:<blockquote>''So Ham's wife that was preserved on the Ark was a Negro of the seed of Cain and there was a priestly purpose in it, that the Devil would have a representation as well as God.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Warren Jeffs Quotes |url=https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/warren_jeffs_342094 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=BrainyQuote |language=en}}</ref></blockquote> ===Dress=== In general, women do not cut their hair short or wear makeup, [[trousers]], or any [[skirt]] above the knees.<ref>{{citation |title= Polygamist matriarch knows her place in Colorado City society |first= Dawn |last= House |newspaper= [[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |date= June 28, 1998 |id= Archive Article ID: 100F3981B9AED0AD ([[NewsBank]]) |url= http://www.sltrib.com/1998/jun/06281998/sunday_a/40683.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20000306202538/http://www.sltrib.com/1998/jun/06281998/sunday_a/40683.htm |archive-date= March 6, 2000 }}</ref> Men wear [[plain dress|plain clothing]], usually long-sleeved collared shirt and full-length trousers. Men and women are forbidden to have any tattoos or body piercings. Women and girls usually wear pastel-colored homemade long-sleeved [[prairie dress]]es, with hems between ankle and mid-calf, along with long stockings or trousers underneath, usually keeping their hair coiffed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2008/04/21/20080421polygamydress0421.html|title= Carolyn Jessop on FLDS dresses, women's 'little girl' voices and hair|work=AZ Central.com |url-access=subscription}}{{dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref>{{verification needed|reason=Previously this citation was a Tumblr post quoting this article (archived: http://web.archive.org/web/20150607004606/https://politicsrusprinciple.tumblr.com/post/48146724442/carolyn-jessop-on-flds-dresses-womens-little). Someone with access ought to verify it.|date=April 2023}} Brooke Adams of ''The Salt Lake Tribune'' said "Photographs from the 1953 raid on Short Creek, now the twin towns of Hildale, Utah and Colorado City, Arizona, show men, women and children dressed like anyone else of that era." FLDS dress for members evolved as time passed.<ref>{{citation |url= http://blogs.sltrib.com/plurallife/2007/08/flds-women-and-their-dresses.html |title= The Polygamy Files: The Tribune's blog on the plural life |newspaper= [[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |date= August 14, 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120321142305/http://blogs.sltrib.com/plurallife/2007/08/flds-women-and-their-dresses.html |archive-date= March 21, 2012}}</ref> Early [[Short Creek community]] leaders taught that members should dress in the style of long, Mormon "priesthood" [[Temple garment#Garment origins and evolution|religious undergarments]] worn by mainstream LDS denominations up until the 1920s. By the later part of the twentieth century, this more conservative style of modesty became increasingly common, through custom and eventually through official edicts by the denomination's leadership.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=n6i_MnuoMgkC&pg=PA40 |page= 40 |title= Triumph: Life After the Cult: A Survivor's Lessons |first1= Carolyn |last1= Jessop |first2= Laura |last2= Palmer |author-link1= Carolyn Jessop |publisher= [[Random House]] |year= 2010 |isbn = 978-0-307-59070-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=A2alByNHwbUC&pg=PT116 116] |first= Janet |last= Bennion |chapter= Chapter 4: History, Culture, and Variability of Mormon Schismatic Groups |title= Modern Polygamy in the United States: Historical, Cultural, and Legal Issues |editor1-first= Cardell K. |editor1-last= Jacobson |editor2-first= Lara |editor2-last= Burton |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |year= 2011 |isbn= 9780199746385 |oclc= 466084007 }}</ref> ===Property ownership=== The land and houses occupied by the FLDS Church on the Utah/Arizona border are owned by the United Effort Plan (UEP), which was once a subsidiary organization of the church. The UEP also owns most of the property of the businesses that are controlled by FLDS Church members in that area. The church views this "[[United Order]]" as a means of living the traditional Latter Day Saint doctrine of the "[[Law of Consecration]]". The [[Attorney General]] of Utah filed a lawsuit and seized the holdings of the UEP for the current residents of Colorado City and Hildale. The Attorney General is seeking to distribute the assets of the UEP to the FLDS Church members and ex-members who contributed to the UEP. In 2005, a court order froze the UEP pending a resolution of the lawsuit.<ref>{{cite news |author= Shaffer, Mark |url= http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/0623polygamy23.html |title= Polygamist sect loses grip on towns |work= [[The Arizona Republic]] |date= June 23, 2005 |access-date= 2008-06-13 }}</ref> At the time of the court order, the UEP was worth $100 million.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/bustupinbountiful/timeline.html |title= Bust-up in Bountiful: Timeline: History of Polygamy |work= [[CBC News]] |date= April 12, 2008 |access-date= 2008-05-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130615042231/http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/bustupinbountiful/timeline.html |archive-date= June 15, 2013}}</ref> ===Temple worship=== The FLDS Church is the seventh [[Latter Day Saint movement|Latter Day Saint denomination]] to have built a [[Temple (Latter Day Saints)|temple]].<ref>The other six are the [[Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)|Church of Christ]], the [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS Church]], the [[Community of Christ]], the [[Apostolic United Brethren]], the [[Church of Christ (Wightite)#Later church service and Wightite colony in Texas|Church of Christ (Wightite)]], and the [[Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]].</ref> ===Home schooling=== In 2000, the [[Colorado City Unified School District]] had more than 1,200 students. When Warren Jeffs ordered that FLDS Church members [[Homeschooling|remove their children from public schools]], the number declined to around 250.<ref>{{cite news |author=Howard Fischer |date=August 11, 2005 |title=State officials prepare to seize control of Colorado City school district |work=[[Arizona Daily Star]] |url=http://www.azstarnet.com/sn/hourlyupdate/88285.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929143425/http://www.azstarnet.com/sn/hourlyupdate/88285.php |archive-date=September 29, 2007 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> ==Criticism== ===Plural marriage=== [[Image:FLDS 4323.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A view of the FLDS ranch in [[Eldorado, Texas]]]] At the time of his death, FLDS Church leader Rulon Jeffs was confirmed to have married 46 women and fathered more than 60 children. It was estimated in 2018 that Warren Jeffs might have over 79 wives.<ref name="NPR2005-05-03">{{cite news |url= https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4629320 |title= Warren Jeffs and the FLDS |publisher= [[NPR]] |first1= Wade |last1= Goodwyn |first2= Howard |last2= Berkes |first3= Amy |last3= Walters |date= May 3, 2005 |access-date= 2007-04-24 }}</ref> Because the type of polygamy which is practiced is actually [[polygyny]], critics of this lifestyle claim that the practice of it inevitably leads to bride shortages, [[child marriage]]s, [[incest]], and [[child abuse]].<ref name="D'Onofrio">{{cite journal | first= Eve |last= D'Onofrio |title= Child Brides, Inegalitarianism, and the Fundamentalist Polygamous Family in the United States |journal= International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family |year= 2005 |volume= 19 |issue= 3 |pages= 373–394 |doi= 10.1093/lawfam/ebi028 }}</ref> Critics of the FLDS Church point out that its members violate laws when they practice polygamy.<ref>{{cite book |first= Kathleen |last= Tracy |title= The Secret Story of Polygamy |place= Naperville, Illinois |publisher= [[Sourcebooks]] |year= 2001 |isbn= 1-57071-723-0 |oclc= 46858494 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/secretstoryofpol00trac }}</ref> Additionally, critics of the FLDS Church claim that incest and [[child sexual abuse]] are also prevalent among its members.<ref>{{cite book |title= Polygamy's Rape of Rachael Strong: Protected Environment for Predators |first= John R. |last= Llewellyn |year= 2006 |place= Scottsdale, Arizona |publisher= Agreka Books |isbn= 0-9777072-1-0 |oclc= 70110104 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Paperdolls: A True Story of Childhood Sexual Abuse in Mormon Neighborhoods |first= April |last= Daniels | year= 1993 |place= San Diego, California |publisher= Recovery Publications |isbn= 0-941405-27-3 |oclc= 27975575 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= God's Brothel |first= Andrea |last= Moore-Emmett |year= 2004 |place= San Francisco, California |publisher= Pince-Nez Press |isbn= 1-930074-13-1 | oclc= 261561122 }}</ref> In 2015, Lyle Jeffs' [[Family estrangement|estranged wife]] Charlene Jeffs claimed in a custody dispute that the FLDS Church currently enforces a doctrine which only allows women to have sex with men who are members of the group which is appointed to be "seed bearers", defined as "elect" men of a "worthy blood line chosen by the Priesthood to impregnate" women.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/polygamist-sect-limits-sex-to-seed-bearers-according-to-leaders-estranged-wife-charlene-jeffs-a6675151.html|title=Polygamist sect 'demands husbands watch while seed bearers impregnate their wives'|work=[[The Independent]]|date=October 1, 2015}}</ref> Under this doctrine, men no longer are allowed to have children with their wives. Charlene Jeffs wrote in her custody petition: "It is the husband's responsibility to hold the hands of their wives while the seed bearer 'spreads his seed'. In layman terms, the husband is required to sit in the room while the chosen seed bearer, or a couple of them, [[rape]] his wife or wives."<ref name=sltjudge>{{cite news|url=http://www.sltrib.com/news/2451362-155/utah-judge-to-consider-removing-polygamous?fullpage=1|title= Utah polygamous leader gives wife custody of children |work=[[Salt Lake Tribune]]|date=July 7, 2015}}</ref> She also described the "Law of Sarah", in which FLDS women perform sex acts on each other in order to prepare for a sexual encounter with a man who is in the FLDS leadership.<ref name=sltjudge/> Lorin Holm, who claimed to have been part of Jeffs' "inner circle" before he was excommunicated from the group in 2011, later described the "Law of Sarah" practice in Jeffs' community as being akin to a [[Lesbianism|lesbian]] [[sex show]] with Jeffs participating and sermonizing. Holm also said that mothers who would not take part were sent away to "redeem themselves", and their children were given to other women.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.texasobserver.org/no-refuge/|title=No Refuge|work=[[The Texas Observer]]|date=August 1, 2012}}</ref> This interpretation of the "Law of Sarah" differs from the description of it which was given in the [[1843 polygamy revelation]] of [[Joseph Smith]], because Smith only referred to it as a basis for consent to polygamous marriages by wives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.fairmormon.org/Joseph_Smith/Polygamy/Works_of_Abraham|title=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Works of Abraham|work=[[FairMormon]]}}</ref> In 2022, FLDS Church leader Samuel Bateman was found to have 20 wives, which [[Child marriage|included underage girls]], and, according to his family, also sought to marry his teenage daughter.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/2022/12/03/polygamous-leader-samuel-bateman/|title=Polygamous leader Samuel Bateman had 20 wives, according to FBI|first1=Shelia|last1=McCann|first2=Trent|last2=Nelson|publisher=Salt Lake Tribune|date=December 3, 2022|access-date=December 8, 2022}}</ref> According to criminal charges which were filed against him for destroying evidence linked to a [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|federal investigation]] on [[sexual abuse]]s, Bateman, who acted as the self-proclaimed "[[prophet]]" of a Colorado City-based splinter sect of the FLDS Church, used his position in the church to also sexually abuse 10 underage girls who he took as his wives in "atonement" ceremonies.<ref name=torres>{{cite news|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2022/12/08/fbi-releases-details-of-samuel-bateman-case-polygamist-leader/69706306007/|title=FBI releases details of alleged sexual abuse of 10 minors in Arizona polygamist case|first=Miguel|last=Torres|publisher=Arizona Republic|date=December 8, 2022|access-date=December 8, 2022}}</ref> === Forced marriage === {{Further|Sex trafficking in the United States#Forced marriages}} The FLDS Church has been suspected of [[Trafficking of children|trafficking underage female children]] across state lines, and it has also been suspected of trafficking underage girls across the U.S. borders with [[Canada–United States border|Canada]]<ref name=ctv/> and [[Mexico–United States border|Mexico]],<ref>Moore-Emmett, Andrea (July 27, 2010). [http://msmagazine.com/blog/blog/2010/07/27/polygamist-warren-jeffs-can-now-marry-off-underaged-girls-with-impunity/ "Polygamist Warren Jeffs Can Now Marry Off Underaged Girls With Impunity"]. ''Ms. blog''. Retrieved December 8, 2012.</ref> for the purpose of [[Sex trafficking in the United States#Forced marriages|involuntary plural marriage]] and [[child sexual abuse]].<ref name=globe>{{cite news|author=Robert Matas|title=Where 'the handsome ones go to the leaders'|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=March 30, 2009}}</ref> The [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] also suspects that the FLDS Church trafficked more than 30 underage girls from Canada to the United States between the late 1990s and 2006 so they could be entered into polygamous marriages.<ref name=ctv>{{cite news|title=Dozens of girls may have been trafficked to U.S. to marry|newspaper=CTV News|date=August 11, 2011}}</ref> RCMP spokesman Dan Moskaluk said of the activities of the FLDS Church: "In essence, it's human trafficking in connection with illicit sexual activity."<ref name=sanangelo>{{cite news|author=Matthew Waller|title=FLDS may see more charges: International sex trafficking suspected|newspaper=[[San Angelo Standard-Times]]|date=November 25, 2011}}</ref> According to the ''[[Vancouver Sun]],'' it is unclear whether Canada's anti-human trafficking statute can be effectively applied against the FLDS Church's pre-2005 activities, as it may not apply retroactively.<ref name=vsun>{{cite news|author=D Bramham |title=Bountiful parents delivered 12-year-old girls to arranged weddings |url=http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=68d7a9d0-e12e-4979-b597-30248b4028d0 |newspaper=The Vancouver Sun |date=February 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226140931/http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=68d7a9d0-e12e-4979-b597-30248b4028d0 |archive-date=December 26, 2015 }}</ref> An earlier three-year-long investigation by local authorities in [[British Columbia]] into allegations of sexual abuse, human trafficking, and forced marriages by the FLDS resulted in no charges, but did result in legislative change.<ref name=hb>{{cite news|author=Martha Mendoza|title=FLDS in Canada may face arrests soon|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-16492427.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508124642/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-16492427.html|archive-date=May 8, 2013|access-date=December 9, 2012|newspaper=Deseret News|date=May 15, 2008}}</ref> ===Welfare receipts=== FLDS Church leaders have encouraged their flock to take advantage of [[Administration of federal assistance in the United States|government assistance]] in the form of [[welfare]] and the [[WIC]] (woman-infant-child) programs.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} Since the government only recognizes one woman as the legal wife of a man, the rest of his wives are considered single mothers and as a result, they are eligible to receive government assistance. The more wives and children one has, the more welfare checks and food stamps one can receive. By 2003, for example, more than $6 million in public funds were being channeled into the community of Colorado City, Arizona. In his book ''[[Under the Banner of Heaven]]'' (p.&nbsp;15), [[Jon Krakauer]] writes that, "Fundamentalists call defrauding the government 'bleeding the beast' and regard it as a virtuous act." Carolyn Campbell ("Inside Polygamy in the '90s", 102) adds, "The attitude of some polygamists is 'the government is untrustworthy and corrupt, and I'm above it, but give me those food stamps and free medical care.{{'"}}<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.mormonfundamentalism.com/ChartLinks/FLDSChurch.htm |title= The FLDS Church (Fundamentalist LDS Church) |work= MormonFundamentalism.com |first= Brian C. |last= Hales |access-date= 2014-01-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140112045401/http://www.mormonfundamentalism.com/ChartLinks/FLDSChurch.htm |archive-date= January 12, 2014 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> ===Lost boys=== {{Main|Lost boys (Mormon fundamentalism)}} Former members have reported that the FLDS Church has excommunicated more than 400<ref name="Borger-2005">{{cite news | first = Julian | last = Borger | url = https://www.theguardian.com/usa/story/0,12271,1505997,00.html | title = The lost boys, thrown out of US sect so that older men can marry more wives | newspaper = The Guardian | date = June 14, 2005 | access-date = 2007-02-14 | location=London}}</ref> teenage boys for offenses such as [[dating]] or listening to [[rock music]]. Some former members claim that the real reason for these excommunications is the fact that there are not enough women for each male to receive three or more wives.{{Citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source.|date=January 2023}} Six men, aged 18 to 22, filed a conspiracy lawsuit against Jeffs and Sam Barlow, a former [[Mohave County, Arizona|Mohave County]] deputy sheriff and close associate of Jeffs, for the "systematic excommunication" of young men to reduce competition for wives.<ref>{{cite news |title= Halfway Home: FLDS Lost Boys Find Life Begins at The House Just Off Bluff |newspaper= [[Salt Lake City Weekly]] |first= John |last= Pike |date= August 27, 2008 |url= http://www.cityweekly.net/utah/article-221-1691-feature-halfway-home-flds-lost-boys-find-life-begins-at-the-house-just-off-bluff.html?current_page=all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= FLDS Church, leaders sued by 6 'lost boys' |url= http://www.deseretnews.com/article/595087473/FLDS-church-leaders-sued-by-6-lost-boys.html?pg=all |newspaper= [[Deseret Morning News]] |first= Nancy |last= Perkins |date= August 28, 2004 |access-date= January 10, 2014 |archive-date= October 21, 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141021215102/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/595087473/FLDS-church-leaders-sued-by-6-lost-boys.html?pg=all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2005/06/19/polygamys_lost_boys_expelled_from_only_life_they_knew/ |title= Polygamy's 'Lost Boys' expelled from only life they knew |newspaper= [[The Boston Globe]] |author= David Kelly (Los Angeles Times) |date= June 19, 2005 }}</ref> Boys in the FLDS sect of Mormonism have been kicked out even at the young age of 15 years old.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Eckholm |first=Erik |date=2007-09-09 |title=Boys Cast Out by Polygamists Find Help |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/us/09polygamy.html |access-date=2022-11-10 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> With the few experiences they have with the world outside of the FLDS, they are left to fend for themselves. Lost boys tend to stay around the area of Hildale, Utah. As they are banished from the world they know they are thrown into situations and things they were never familiar with. Most of those who are banished tend to delve into things such as partying and alcohol.<ref name=":0" /> ===Racism=== {{see|Black people and Mormonism}} In its Spring 2005 Intelligence Report, the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] added the FLDS Church to its [[List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups|list]] of [[hate group]]s<ref name="SPLC2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.splcenter.org/intel/map/hate.jsp?S=UT&m=5 |title=Hate Groups Map: Utah |publisher=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] (SPLCenter.org) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208104832/http://www.splcenter.org/intel/map/hate.jsp?S=UT&m=5 |archive-date=December 8, 2007 }}</ref> because of the church's racist doctrines, which include its fierce condemnation of [[Miscegenation|interracial relationships]]. Warren Jeffs has said, "the [[Black people|black race]] is the people through which [[Satan|the devil]] has always been able to bring [[evil]] unto the [[earth]]".<ref name="SPLC2005">{{cite news |title=The Prophet Speaks |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2015/prophet-speaks |access-date=2 June 2021 |work=[[Intelligence Report]] |issue=Spring 2005 |publisher=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |date=28 April 2005 |language=en}}</ref> ===Blood atonement=== Former FLDS Church member Robert Richter reported to the ''[[Phoenix New Times]]'' that Warren Jeffs has repeatedly alluded to the 19th-century teaching of "[[blood atonement]]" in church sermons. Under the doctrine of blood atonement, certain serious [[sin]]s, such as [[murder]], can only be atoned for by the sinner's death.<ref name="Krakauer" /> ===Birth defects=== The Colorado City/Hildale area has the world's highest incidence of [[fumarase deficiency]], an extremely [[rare genetic disease]].<ref name="Szep">{{cite news | last= Szep | first= Jason | url= https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN0727298120070614 | title= Polygamist community faces rare genetic disorder | work=Reuters | date= June 14, 2007}}</ref> Geneticists attribute this to the prevalence of [[cousin marriage]]s between descendants of two of the town's founders, [[Joseph Smith Jessop]] and John Yeates Barlow.<ref name="Szep"/><ref>{{cite news |last= Dougherty |first= John |url= http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2005-12-29/news/forbidden-fruit/ |title= Forbidden Fruit |newspaper= [[Phoenix New Times]] |date= December 29, 2005 |access-date= 2008-04-26 |archive-date= 2015-04-20 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150420012705/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2005-12-29/news/forbidden-fruit/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Hollenhorst |first= John |url= http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,635182923,00.html |title= Birth defect is plaguing children in FLDS towns |newspaper= [[Deseret News]] |date= February 8, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.heraldextra.com/content/view/165069/ | title= Doctor: Birth defects increase in inbred polygamy community | work= [[Provo Daily Herald]] | date= February 9, 2006 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080603020858/http://www.heraldextra.com/content/view/165069/ | archive-date= June 3, 2008 | df= mdy-all }}</ref> It causes [[encephalopathy]], severe [[intellectual disability]], unusual facial features, brain malformation, and [[Epilepsy|epileptic]] [[seizure]]s.<ref name="pmid18366737">{{cite journal |author1=Bayley JP |author2=Launonen V |author3=Tomlinson IP |title=The FH mutation database: an online database of fumarate hydratase mutations involved in the MCUL (HLRCC) tumor syndrome and congenital fumarase deficiency |journal=[[BMC Med. Genet.]]|volume=9 |issue=1 |page=20 |year=2008 |pmid=18366737 |doi=10.1186/1471-2350-9-20 |pmc=2322961 }}</ref><ref name="pmid10805328">{{cite journal |author1=Kerrigan JF |author2=Aleck KA |author3=Tarby TJ |author4=Bird CR |author5=Heidenreich RA |title=Fumaric aciduria: clinical and imaging features |journal=[[Ann. Neurol.]] |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=583–588 |year=2000 |pmid=10805328 |doi= 10.1002/1531-8249(200005)47:5<583::AID-ANA5>3.0.CO;2-Y|s2cid=10448322 }}</ref> ===Child labor abuses=== On April 20, 2015, the [[United States Department of Labor|U.S. Department of Labor]] assessed fines which totaled US$1.96 million against a group of FLDS Church members, including Lyle Jeffs, a brother of the church's controversial leader, Warren Jeffs, for alleged [[child labour]] violations which were committed during the church's 2012 pecan harvest at an orchard near [[Hurricane, Utah]].<ref name="ABC News 2015">{{cite news|title=FLDS Church Members Fined $2 Million for Alleged Child Labor Violations|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/flds-church-members-fined-million-alleged-child-labor/story?id=30916213|access-date=May 8, 2015|publisher=ABC News|date=May 8, 2015}}</ref> In April 2017, filings in U.S. District Court stated that Paragon Contractors, a company with ties to the FLDS Church, and Brian Jessop agreed to pay $200,000 in federal fines over the following year. These fines were levied against Paragon Contractors because it previously violated federal child labor laws. This settled a dispute with the U.S. Department of Labor hours before Paragon Contractors was due to face a potential contempt of court citation before a federal judge. The company was facing sanctions because in 2012, hundreds of children who were members of the Hildale-based FLDS Church were put to work harvesting [[pecan]]s on a farm which was located in southern Utah under orders from FLDS Church leaders.<ref>{{cite news|title=FLDS-linked company reaches settlement in child labor case|url=https://fox13now.com/2017/04/12/flds-linked-company-reaches-settlement-in-child-labor-case/|access-date=20 October 2018|website=Fox13|date=12 April 2017}}</ref> === LDS Church's attitude === {{main|1890 Manifesto|Current state of polygamy in the Latter Day Saint movement}} {{further|Latter Day Saint polygamy in the late-19th century|Mormonism and polygamy#Modern plural marriage theory within the LDS Church}} [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) has stated that "the polygamists and polygamist organizations in parts of the [[Western United States]] and [[Canada]] have no affiliation whatsoever with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/topic/polygamy |title=Polygamy |website=Mormon Newsroom|access-date=October 14, 2018}}</ref> and it has also declared that [[Current state of polygamy in the Latter Day Saint movement|polygamy is strictly prohibited by the current doctrine of the LDS Church]]. Additionally, the LDS Church states that the term "[[Mormon]]" is incorrectly applied to the FLDS adherents and it also discourages its own members from using the term "Mormon" as a descriptive term for members of the LDS Church themselves.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/2018/08/16/lds-church-wants-everyone/|title=LDS Church wants everyone to stop calling it the LDS Church and drop the word 'Mormons' — but some members doubt it will happen|website=The Salt Lake Tribune}}</ref> ==In popular culture== {{main|Latter Day Saints in popular culture}} Popular media, including books and television programs, have focused on the FLDS Church. * In 2013 and 2014, the TV Channel [[TLC (TV network)|TLC]] aired two [[reality television]] series named ''Breaking the Faith'' and ''Escaping the Prophet''. Both center on members of the FLDS leaving the group and adjusting to the outside world.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nededog |first1=Jethro |title=TLC's 'Breaking the Faith': Daring to Flee the FLDS (Exclusive Video) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/tlcs-breaking-faith-9-people-dare-cross-flds-exclusive-video/ |website=The Wrap |access-date=30 November 2022 |date=20 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TLC's 'Escaping the Prophet': Former FLDS Member Fights to Free Church Members (Exclusive Video) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/tlcs-escaping-prophet-former-flds-member-fights-free-church-members-exclusive-video/ |website=The Wrap |access-date=30 November 2022 |date=6 January 2014}}</ref> * On June 28, 2014, [[Lifetime (TV network)|Lifetime]] premiered a new movie called ''Outlaw Prophet: Warren Jeffs'' which stars [[Tony Goldwyn]] as Warren Jeffs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://starcasm.net/archives/274266|title=First photos from Lifetime movie Outlaw Prophet: Warren Jeffs|date=June 2, 2014|work=starcasm.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.denverpost.com/ostrow/2014/05/27/outlaw-prophet-warren-jeffs-lifetime-june/18826/|title="Outlaw Prophet: Warren Jeffs" on Lifetime|work=denverpost.com}}</ref> Lifetime has also made an original movie titled ''Escape from Polygamy'' (2013) which is inspired by the FLDS.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/blogspolygblog/56708475-185/polygamy-movie-ervil-favorite.html.csp|title=Lifetime offers melodrama with 'Escape From Polygamy'|work=Salt Lake Tribune|access-date=2016-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402071719/http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/blogspolygblog/56708475-185/polygamy-movie-ervil-favorite.html.csp|archive-date=2016-04-02}}</ref> *In 2011, the history of the FLDS Church was featured in ''Escaping Evil: My Life in a Cult'' on the [[Crime & Investigation Network]] cable channel.<ref>{{citation |last= Whitehurst |first= Lindsay |title= Warren Jeffs gets life in prison for sex with underage girls |url= http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/news/52354441-78/jeffs-jurors-sentencing-girls.html.csp |newspaper= [[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |date= August 9, 2011 }}</ref> *On August 29, 2018, [[Great Big Story]] uploaded a short documentary-styled [[cinematic storytelling]] video titled "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XTLf79EJjk She Escaped a Cult and Now Helps Others]" as part of its documentary series "Defenders" and follows Briell Decker, one of Warren Jeffs' 79 former wives, in her journey to help others walk out of the terrors that she experienced when she was a member of the church. She started the Short Creek Dream Center with Director Jena Jones to help other ex-FLDS members embrace freedom in one of Warren Jeffs' former homes through giving themon and providing residents with counselling therapy sessions, meals, temporary lodging as well as future job preparations and arrangements.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/great-big-story/in-utah-hope-and-healing-after-escaping-a-cultgreat-big-story-presents-125438dfb0e5|title=In Utah, Hope and Healing After Escaping a Cult - Great Big Story|first=Great Big|last=Story|date=August 30, 2018|website=Medium}}</ref> * In 2017 "Evil Lives Here" (Season 2 Episode 3 'My Brother, the Devil') features Wallace Jeffs, half-brother to Warren Jeffs and nephew Brent Jeffs, revealing some of the horrors of the FLDS Church and the crimes of Warren Jeffs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pincosy |first1=Joel |title=My Brother, the Devil |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6246570/?ref_=ttep_ep3 |website=Evil Lives Here |date=15 January 2017}}</ref> * In 2022, [[Netflix]] premiered the documentary mini-series ''[[Keep Sweet: Pray and Obey]]'' which features the rise and fall of Warren Jeffs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt20560404/ |website=Keep Sweet: Pray and Obey |date=8 June 2022|title=Keep Sweet: Pray and Obey }}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|Latter Day Saints}} {{div col|colwidth=25em}} * ''[[Big Love]]'' * [[Caliente, Nevada#FLDS controversy|Caliente, Nevada: FLDS controversy]] * [[Template:LDS sects/Mormon fundamentalist|Factional breakdown: Mormon fundamentalist sects]] * [[Former FLDS members]] * [[List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement#Mormon fundamentalist|List of Mormon fundamentalist churches]] * [[List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders]] * [[Lost boys (Fundamentalist Mormonism)|Lost boys]] * [[Sons of Perdition (documentary)]] * ''[[Under the Banner of Heaven]]'' * [[Darger family]] {{div col end}} ==Notes== {{Reflist|2}} ==Bibliography== *{{cite book |author-last=Quinn |author-first=D. Michael |author-link=D. Michael Quinn |year=1997 |chapter=Part 2: Family and Interpersonal Relationships – Plural Marriage and Mormon Fundamentalism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ye7DYE39tf8C&pg=PA240 |editor1-last=Marty |editor1-first=Martin E. |editor2-last=Appleby |editor2-first=R. Scott |title=Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education |location=[[Chicago]] and [[London]] |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |series=The Fundamentalism Project |pages=240–293 |isbn=9780226508818}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book | last = Brower | first = Sam | year = 2011 | title = [[Prophet's Prey]]: My Seven-Year Investigation into Warren Jeffs and the Fundamentalist Church of Latter-Day Saints | place = New York City | publisher = Bloomsbury USA | isbn = 9781608192755 | ref=none }}. * {{citation | last = Bradley | first = Martha Sontag | year = 1993 | title = Kidnapped from That Land: The Government Raids on the Short Creek Polygamists | place = Salt Lake City | publisher = [[University of Utah Press]] | isbn = 0874804159 | oclc = 28183503 | ref=none }}. * {{Cite book | last = Hales | first = Brian C. | year = 2006 | title = Modern Polygamy and Mormon Fundamentalism: The Generations After the Manifesto | place = Salt Lake City | publisher = Greg Kofford Books | isbn = 1-58958-035-4 | oclc = 64510545 }} *{{Cite news|url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/topic/polygamy|title=Polygamy|work=Mormon Newsroom|access-date=2018-10-14|language=en}} * {{cite magazine | url = http://upstart.bizjournals.com/news/wire/2008/05/12/Profile-of-Polygamist-Sects-Lawyer.html?page=all | title = Satan's Accountant | last = Hoffman | first = Claire | date = June 2008 | magazine = [[Condé Nast Portfolio]] | publisher = [[American City Business Journals]] }} — An article about Bruce Wisan, who was brought in to try to return property to the members of the FLDS group at Short Creek, and was met with great resistance. As featured on ''[[This American Life]]''. * {{Cite journal |last = Quinn |first = D. Michael |author-link = D. Michael Quinn |date = Summer 1998 |title = Plural marriage and Mormon fundamentalism |journal = [[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]] |volume = 31 |issue = 2 |pages = 1–68 |doi = 10.2307/45226443 |jstor = 45226443 |s2cid = 254325184 |df = mdy-all |doi-access= free }} * {{Citation | last = Van Wagoner | first = Richard S. | author-link = Richard S. Van Wagoner | year = 1989 | orig-date = 1986 | title = Mormon Polygamy: A History | edition = 2nd | place = Salt Lake City | publisher = Signature Books | isbn = 0941214796 | oclc = 19515803 | ref = none }}. * {{cite book | last = Wall | first = Elissa | year = 2008 | title = Stolen Innocence | place = New York | publisher = [[William Morrow and Company|William Morrow]] | isbn = 978-0-06-162801-6 | oclc = 223505308 | title-link = Stolen Innocence }} * {{citation |last = Watson |first = Marianne T. |date = Spring 2007 |title = The 1948 Secret Marriage of Louis J. Barlow: Origins of FLDS Placement Marriage |journal = [[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]] |volume = 40 |issue = 1 |pages = 83–136 |doi = 10.2307/45227157 |jstor = 45227157 |s2cid = 254401041 |df = mdy-all | ref = none |doi-access= free }}. * Wright, Stuart A. (Editor) and James T. Richardson (Editor) (2011). ''Saints Under Siege: The Texas State Raid on the Fundamentalist Latter Day Saints''. New and Alternative Religions. NYU Press. {{ISBN|0814795293}}. {{refend}} ==External links== {{Wikinews|401 children from Texas sect compound taken into custody}} ;Official sites * {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928224008/http://www.fldstruth.org/ |date=September 28, 2008 |title=Archived Official FLDS websites }} ;Journalism * [http://www.dallasobserver.com/2008-10-30/news/keeping-the-faith/1 "Polygamy and Me: Seven months have passed since the polygamist raid in Eldorado, but for one mainstream Mormon, the effects linger,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220171342/http://www.dallasobserver.com/2008-10-30/news/keeping-the-faith/1 |date=2008-12-20 }} by the ''[[Dallas Observer]]'s'' Jesse Hyde ;Legal * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100926002816/http://childbrides.org/UT_AG_petition_In_The_Matter_Of_The_United_Effort_Plan_Trust_Case_No_05390048_Response.pdf In The Matter of The United Effort Plan Trust]: Information on Utah Attorney General's lawsuit against the United Effort Plan ;Other * [[Keep Sweet: Pray and Obey]] (2022)—A Netflix series where survivors of the organization discuss their experiences in the organization. * [[Prophet's Prey]] (2015)—A Showtime documentary about the life of [[Warren Jeffs]] with interviews from insiders & survivors. * [http://www.mscbc.org/polygamy.htm/ ''Lifting the Veil of Polygamy''] (2007)—A documentary film critical of the history and modern-day expressions of Mormon polygamy, including numerous testimonials, by the Main Street Church of Brigham City. {{Latter Day Saint movement}} {{FLDS Church}} {{LDS sects/Mormon fundamentalist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints| ]] [[Category:Christian denominations established in the 20th century]] [[Category:Mormon fundamentalist denominations]] [[Category:Mormonism and race]] [[Category:Mormonism and polygamy]] [[Category:Christian Identity]] [[Category:Cults]]'