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'{{Short description|Human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry}} {{Infobox haplogroup | name = Y |map = World map of prehistoric human migrations.jpg | origin-date = 11,800 to 33,300 YBP | origin-place = [[Northeast Asia]] | ancestor = [[Haplogroup N (mtDNA)|N9]] | descendants = Y1, Y2 | mutations = 8392 10398 14178 14693 16126 16223 16231<ref name="vanOven">{{cite journal|title=Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation|journal=Human Mutation|date=13 Oct 2008|first=Mannis|last=van Oven|author2=Manfred Kayser|volume=30|issue=2|pages=E386–E394|doi=10.1002/humu.20921|pmid=18853457 |s2cid=27566749|doi-access=free}}</ref> }} In [[human mitochondrial genetics]], '''Haplogroup Y''' is a [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup|human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup]]. ==Origin== Haplogroup Y is a descendant of [[Haplogroup N (mtDNA)|haplogroup N9]].{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} ==Distribution== Haplogroup Y has been found with high frequency in many indigenous populations who live around the [[Sea of Okhotsk]], including approximately 66% of [[Nivkh people|Nivkhs]], approximately 43% of [[Ulch people|Ulchs]],<ref name = "Sukernik2012" /> approximately 40% of [[Nanai people|Nanais]], approximately 21% of [[Negidals]], and approximately 20% of [[Ainu people|Ainus]].<ref name = "Bermisheva2005">{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Bermisheva|2005}} |last1=Bermisheva |first1=M. A. |last2=Kutuev |first2=I. A. |last3=Spitsyn |first3=V. A. |last4=Villems |first4=R. |last5=Batyrova |first5=A. Z. |last6=Korshunova |first6=T. Yu. |last7=Khusnutdinova |first7=E. K. |title=Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA variation in the population of oroks |journal=Russian Journal of Genetics |date=January 2005 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=66–71 |doi=10.1007/PL00022112|s2cid=264200417 }} Translated from Genetika, Vol. 41, No. 1, 2005, pp. 78–84.</ref><ref name = "Tanaka2004">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1101/gr.2286304 | last1 = Tanaka | first1 = Masashi | last2 = Cabrera | first2 = Vicente M. | last3 = González | first3 = Ana M.|name-list-style=vanc| last4 = Larruga | first4 = JM| year = 2004 | last5 = Takeyasu | first5 = T | last6 = Fuku | first6 = N | last7 = Guo | first7 = LJ | last8 = Hirose | first8 = R | last9 = Fujita | first9 = Y | title = Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan | journal = Genome Research | volume = 14 | issue = 10A| pages = 1832–1850 | pmid = 15466285 | pmc = 524407 | display-authors = 3 }}</ref><ref name = "Tajima2004">{{cite journal | last1 = Tajima | first1 = Atsushi | last2 = Hayami | first2 = Masanori | last3 = Tokunaga | first3 = Katsushi|name-list-style=vanc| last4 = Juji | first4 = T| year = 2004 | last5 = Matsuo | first5 = M | last6 = Marzuki | first6 = S | last7 = Omoto | first7 = K | last8 = Horai | first8 = S | title = Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages | journal = Journal of Human Genetics | pmid = 14997363 | volume = 49 | issue = 4| pages = 187–193 | doi = 10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x | display-authors = 3 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name = "Adachi2009">Noboru Adachi, Ken-ichi Shinoda, Kazuo Umetsu, and Hirofumi Matsumura, "Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Jomon Skeletons From the Funadomari Site, Hokkaido, and Its Implication for the Origins of Native American", American Journal of Physical Anthropology 138:255–265 (2009)</ref><ref>Inoue et al. 2016</ref> It is also fairly common among indigenous peoples of the [[Kamchatka Peninsula]] (Koryaks, Itelmens) and among certain [[Austronesian peoples]] (especially groups closely related to Native Taiwanese). The distribution of haplogroup Y in populations of the [[Malay Archipelago]] contrasts starkly with the absence or extreme rarity of this clade in populations of continental [[Southeast Asia]] in a manner reminiscent of [[haplogroup E (mtDNA)|haplogroup E]]. However, the frequency of haplogroup Y fades more smoothly away from its maximum around the Sea of Okhotsk in Northeast Asia, being found in approximately 2% of [[Koreans]]<ref name = "Tanaka2004" /> and in South [[Siberia]]n and [[Central Asia]]n populations with an average frequency of 1%.<ref>[https://www.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00035.x Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Lineages in South Siberia] by Derenko1 et al., ''Annals of Human Genetics'' Volume 67 Issue 5 Page 391 - September 2003</ref><ref name = "Yao2004">{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Yao|2004}} |last1=Yao |first1=Y.-G. |last2=Kong |first2=QP |last3=Wang |first3=CY |last4=Zhu |first4=CL |last5=Zhang |first5=YP. |title=Different Matrilineal Contributions to Genetic Structure of Ethnic Groups in the Silk Road Region in China |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=11 August 2004 |volume=21 |issue=12 |pages=2265–2280 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msh238|pmid=15317881 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Y2 subclade has been observed in 40% (176/440) of a large pool of samples from [[Nias people]] in western Indonesia, ranging from a low of 25% (3/12) among the Zalukhu subpopulation to a high of 52% (11/21) among the Ho subpopulation.<ref name = "VanOven2010">Mannis van Oven, Johannes M Hämmerle, Marja van Schoor ''et al.'', "Unexpected island effects at an extreme: reduced Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA diversity in Nias", ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' (2010) {{doi|10.1093/molbev/msq300}}</ref> ===Table of frequencies of mtDNA haplogroup Y=== {|class="wikitable" style="float: right;" ! align="center" style="background:#c63;"|'''Population''' ! align="center" style="background:#f96;"|'''Frequency''' ! align="center" style="background:#f96;"|'''Count''' ! align="center" style="background:#f96;"|'''Source''' ! align="center" style="background:#f96;"|'''Subtypes''' |- |[[Nivkh people|Nivkh]] (northern [[Sakhalin]])||0.661||56||{{harvnb|Starikovskaya|2005}}||Y1=37 |- |[[Nivkh people|Nivkh]] (northern [[Sakhalin]])||0.658||38||{{harvnb|Duggan|2013}}||Y1a=25 |- |[[Ulch people|Ulchi]] (Old Bulava, New Bulava, Bogorodskoe, and Nizhniy Gavan villages)||0.431||160||{{harvnb|Sukernik|2012}}||Y1a=69 |- |[[Nanai people|Hezhen]] (China)||0.400||10||HGDP ([http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/lists/zheng-10.htm][http://www.cephb.fr/common/HGDPid_populations.xls] [http://www.investigativegenetics.com/content/5/1/13 Lippold 2014])||Y1a=4 |- |Indonesian ([[Nias]])||0.400||440||{{cn|date=March 2021}}||Y2=176 |- |[[Ulch people|Ulch]] (Old and New Bulava)||0.379||87||{{harvnb|Starikovskaya|2005}}||Y1=33 |- |[[Negidals|Negidal]]||0.212||33||{{harvnb|Starikovskaya|2005}}||Y1=7 |- |[[Koreans|Korean]] ([[Jeju Island]]) |0.217 |799 |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cho |first=Sohee |last2=Kim |first2=Moon-Young |last3=Lee |first3=Soong Deok |date=2023-03-01 |title=Biogeographic origin and genetic characteristics of the peopling of Jeju Island based on lineage markers |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13258-022-01363-5 |journal=Genes & Genomics |language=en |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=307–318 |doi=10.1007/s13258-022-01363-5 |issn=2092-9293}}</ref> |Y=173 |- |[[Ainu people|Ainu]]||0.196||51||<ref name="Tajima2004" />||Y1=10 |- |[[Koreans|Korean]] ([[Jeju Island]]) |0.168 |113 |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Wook Kim, Kicheol Kim, Seung Beom Hong |date=2014 |title=Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and homogeneity in the Korean population |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265612414_Mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroups_and_homogeneity_in_the_Korean_population}}</ref> |Y=19 |- |Indonesian ([[Medan]], [[Sumatra]])||0.167||42||{{harvnb|Hill|2006}}||Y2=7 |- |[[Filipino people|Filipino]] ([[Palawan (island)|Palawan]])||0.150||20||{{harvnb|Scholes|2011}}||Y2=3 |- |[[Evens|Even]] ([[Berezovka, Srednekolymsky District, Sakha Republic|Berezovka]])||0.133||15||{{harvnb|Duggan|2013}}||Y1a=2 |- |[[Filipino people|Filipino]]||0.129||62||{{harvnb|Hill|2007}}||Y2=8 |- |[[Evenks|Evenk]] ([[Taimyr Peninsula|Taimyr]])||0.125||24||{{harvnb|Duggan|2013}}||Y1a=3 |- |[[Koryaks|Koryak]]||0.097||155||{{harvnb|Starikovskaya|2005}}||Y=15 |- |[[Evenks|Evenk]] ([[Buryatia]])||0.089||45||{{harvnb|Derenko|2007}}||Y=4 |- |[[Udege people|Udegey]] (Gvasiugi, [[Imeni Lazo District|Imeni Lazo]], [[Khabarovsk Krai]])||0.087||46||{{harvnb|Starikovskaya|2005}}||Y1=4 |- |[[Filipino people|Filipino]] ([[Mindanao]])||0.071||70||{{harvnb|Tabbada|2010}}||Y2=5 |- |[[Udege people|Udegey]] (Gvasyugi, [[Khabarovsk Krai]])||0.065||31||{{harvnb|Duggan|2013}}||Y1a=2 |- |[[Filipino people|Filipino]]||0.063||64||{{harvnb|Tabbada|2010}}||Y2=4 |- |Indonesian ([[Pekanbaru]], [[Sumatra]])||0.058||52||{{harvnb|Hill|2006}}||Y2=3 |- |[[Central Asian Arabic language|Bukharan Arab]] (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)||0.050||20||{{harvnb|Comas|2004}}||Y=1 |- |[[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)||0.050||20||{{harvnb|Comas|2004}}||Y=1 |- |[[Tajiks|Tajik]] (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)||0.050||20||{{harvnb|Comas|2004}}||Y=1 |- |[[Oroks|Orok]] ([[Sakhalin]])||0.049||61||{{harvnb|Bermisheva|2005}}||Y=3 |- |[[Evens|Even]] ([[Eveno-Bytantaysky National District|Eveno-Bytantaysky]] & [[Momsky District|Momsky]])||0.048||105||{{harvnb|Fedorova|2013}}||Y1a=5 |- |[[Filipino people|Filipino]] ([[Luzon]])||0.045||177||{{harvnb|Tabbada|2010}}||Y2=8 |- |[[Itelmens|Itelmen]]||0.043||47||{{harvnb|Starikovskaya|2005}}||Y=2 |- |[[Daur people|Daur]] ([[Hulunbuir]]) |0.383 |209 |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Chi-Zao |last2=Yu |first2=Xue-Er |last3=Shi |first3=Mei-Sen |last4=Li |first4=Hui |last5=Ma |first5=Shu-Hua |date=2022-05-18 |title=Whole mitochondrial genome analysis of the Daur ethnic minority from Hulunbuir in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China |url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-022-02019-4 |journal=BMC Ecology and Evolution |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=66 |doi=10.1186/s12862-022-02019-4 |issn=2730-7182 |pmc=PMC9118598 |pmid=35585500}}</ref> |Y1a=6, Y2=2 |- |[[Koreans|Korean]] ([[Seoul]]) |0.037 |134 |<ref name=":0" /> |Y=5 |- |[[Batak people (Philippines)|Batak]] ([[Palawan (island)|Palawan]])||0.032||31||{{harvnb|Scholes|2011}}||Y2=1 |- |[[Gelao people|Gelao]] ([[Daozhen County]], [[Guizhou]])||0.032||31||{{harvnb|Li|2007}}||Y1=1 |- |[[Hani people|Hani]] ([[Xishuangbanna]], [[Yunnan]])||0.030||33||{{harvnb|Wen|2004}}||Y=1 |- |[[Khamnigan Mongol|Khamnigan]] ([[Buryatia]])||0.030||99||{{harvnb|Derenko|2007}}||Y=3 |- |[[Han Chinese]] ([[Heilongjiang]]) |0.030 |437 |<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Yu-Chun Li, Wei-Jian Ye, Chuan-Gui Jiang, Zhen Zeng, Jiao-Yang Tian, Li-Qin Yang, Kai-Jun Liu, Qing-Peng Kong |date=2019 |title=River Valleys Shaped the Maternal Genetic Landscape of Han Chinese |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/36/8/1643/5423190 }}</ref> |Y1a(xY1a1)=4, Y1b(xY1b1)=5, Y2=3 |- |[[Koreans|Korean]]||0.029||346||{{harvnb|Maruyama|2003}}||Y=10 |- |[[Evenks|Evenk]] ([[Krasnoyarsk Krai|Krasnoyarsk]])||0.027||73||{{harvnb|Derenko|2007}}||Y=2 |- |[[Yakuts|Yakut]] ([[Vilyuy River]] basin)||0.027||111||{{harvnb|Fedorova|2013}}||Y1a=3 |- |[[Evens|Even]] ([[Kamchatka]])||0.026||39||{{harvnb|Duggan|2013}}||Y1a=1 |- |[[Han Chinese]] ([[Jilin]]) |0.024 |381 |<ref name=":1" /> |Y1a=3, Y1b=2, Y1b1=3, Y2=1 |- |[[Tajiks|Tajik]] ([[Tajikistan]])||0.023||44||{{harvnb|Derenko|2007}}||Y=1 |- |[[Yakuts|Yakut]] (Central)||0.023||88||{{harvnb|Duggan|2013}}||Y1a=2 |- |[[Daur people|Daur]] ([[Evenk Autonomous Banner]])||0.022||45||{{harvnb|Kong|2003}}||Y1=1 |- |[[Han Chinese]] ([[Anhui]]) |0.022 |737 |<ref name=":1" /> |Y1=1, Y1a=3, Y1a1=3, Y1b=2, Y1b1=4, Y2=3 |- |[[Han Chinese|Han]] ([[Xinjiang]])||0.021||47||{{harvnb|Yao|2004}}||Y1=1 |- |[[Mongols|Mongolian]] ([[Ulaanbaatar]])||0.021||47||{{harvnb|Jin|2009}}||Y1=1 |- |[[Mongols|Mongolian]] ([[Mongolia]]) |0.019 |2420 |[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/genetics/articles/10.3389/fgene.2021.819337/full Martin Bodner 2022] |Y1=39, Y1a=6, Y2=2 |- |[[Koreans|Korean]] ([[South Korea]]) |0.019 |593 |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hwan Young Lee |title=East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis |url=https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/elps.200600151 }}</ref> |Y=2, Y1=9 |- |[[Kalmyk people|Kalmyk]] ([[Kalmykia]])||0.018||110||{{harvnb|Derenko|2007}}||Y=2 |- |[[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] ([[Kazakhstan]])||0.018||55||{{harvnb|Yao|2004}}||Y1=1 |- |[[Japanese people|Japanese]] ([[Tōhoku region|Tōhoku]])||0.018||336||{{harvnb|Umetsu|2005}}||Y=6 |- |[[Koreans|Korean]] ([[Ulsan]]) |0.017 |1094 |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jeon |first=Sungwon |last2=Bhak |first2=Youngjune |last3=Choi |first3=Yeonsong |last4=Jeon |first4=Yeonsu |last5=Kim |first5=Seunghoon |last6=Jang |first6=Jaeyoung |last7=Jang |first7=Jinho |last8=Blazyte |first8=Asta |last9=Kim |first9=Changjae |last10=Kim |first10=Yeonkyung |last11=Shim |first11=Jungae |last12=Kim |first12=Nayeong |last13=Kim |first13=Yeo Jin |last14=Park |first14=Seung Gu |last15=Kim |first15=Jungeun |date=2020-05-29 |title=Korean Genome Project: 1094 Korean personal genomes with clinical information |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aaz7835 |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=6 |issue=22 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaz7835 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=7385432 |pmid=32766443}}</ref> |Y=19 |- |[[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] ([[Xinjiang]])||0.017||58||{{harvnb|Yao|2004}}||Y1=1 |- |Indonesian ([[Sulawesi]])||0.017||237||{{harvnb|Hill|2007}}||Y2=4 |- |[[Han Chinese]] ([[Shandong]]) |0.016 |1844 |<ref name=":1" /> |Y=1, Y1=4, Y1a=3, Y1a1=2, Y1b=6, Y1b1=8, Y2=6 |- |[[Han Chinese]] ([[Jiangsu]]) |0.015 |2471 |<ref name=":1" /> |Y=4, Y1=1, Y1a(xY1a1)=4, Y1b=4, Y1b1=17, Y1b1a=1, Y2=5 |- |[[Koreans|Korean]] ([[South Korea]])||0.015||203||{{harvnb|Umetsu|2005}}||Y=3 |- |[[Taiwanese aborigines|Taiwan aborigines]]||0.014||640||{{harvnb|Peng|2011}}||Y=9 |- |[[Buryats|Buryat]] ([[Buryatia]])||0.014||295||{{harvnb|Derenko|2007}}||Y=4 |- |[[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese]]||0.013||152||{{harvnb|Maruyama|2003}}||Y=2 |- |Indonesian ([[Adonara]])||0.013||77||{{harvnb|Mona|2009}}||Y2=1 |- |[[Han Chinese]] ([[Beijing]]) |0.013 |898 |<ref name=":1" /> |Y=1, Y1=3, Y1a=2, Y1b1=2, Y2=4 |- |[[Han Chinese]] ([[Hebei]]) |0.013 |1099 |<ref name=":1" /> |Y1=2, Y1a=1, Y1a1=2, Y1b=1, Y1b1=2, Y2=6 |- |Indonesian ([[Bali]])||0.012||82||{{harvnb|Hill|2007}}||Y2=1 |- |[[Han Chinese]] ([[Liaoning]]) |0.012 |646 |<ref name=":1" /> |Y=2, Y1=1, Y1a1=1, Y1b1=2, Y2=2 |- |[[Yakuts|Yakut]] (vicinity of [[Yakutsk]])||0.012||164||{{harvnb|Fedorova|2013}}||Y1a=2 |- |[[Chinese people|Chinese]]||0.011||263||{{harvnb|Maruyama|2003}}||Y=3 |- |[[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese]] ([[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]])||0.011||91||{{harvnb|Umetsu|2005}}||Y=1 |- |[[Koreans|Korean]] ([[South Korea]])||0.011||185||{{harvnb|Jin|2009}}||Y1=1, Y2=1 |- |[[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] ([[Kosh-Agachsky District|Kosh-Agachsky]], [[Altai Republic]])||0.010||98||{{harvnb|Derenko|2012}}||Y1=1 |- |[[Japanese people|Japanese]] ([[Miyazaki Prefecture|Miyazaki]])||0.010||100||{{harvnb|Uchiyama|2007}}||Y=1 |- |[[Hmong people|Hmong]] ([[Jishou]], [[Hunan]])||0.010||103||{{harvnb|Wen|2005}}||Y=1 |- |[[Koreans|Korean]] ([[South Korea]])||0.010||103||{{harvnb|Derenko|2007}}||Y=1 |- |[[Buryats|Buryat]]||0.008||126||{{harvnb|Kong|2003}}||Y1=1 |- |[[Tatar people|Tatar]] ([[Buinsky District|Buinsk]], [[Tatarstan]])||0.008||126||{{harvnb|Malyarchuk|2010}}||Y1b=1 |- |[[Japanese people|Japanese]] (northern [[Kyūshū]])||0.008||256||{{harvnb|Umetsu|2005}}||Y=2 |- |[[Barga Mongols|Barghut]] ([[Hulunbuir]])||0.007||149||{{harvnb|Derenko|2012}}||Y1=1 |- |[[Ryukyuan people|Okinawa]]||0.006||326||{{harvnb|Umetsu|2005}}||Y=2 |- |[[Japanese people|Japanese]]||0.005||211||{{harvnb|Maruyama|2003}}||Y=1 |- |[[Japanese people|Japanese]] ([[Hokkaidō]])||0.005||217||{{harvnb|Asari|2007}}||Y=1 |- |[[Bashkirs|Bashkir]] ([[Beloretsky District|Beloretsky]], [[Sterlibashevsky District|Sterlibashevsky]], [[Ilishevsky District|Ilishevsky]], & [[Perm Oblast]])||0.005||221||{{harvnb|Bermisheva|2002}}||Y=1 |- |[[Japanese people|Japanese]] ([[Japan]]) |0.005 |1928 |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yamamoto |first=Kenichi |last2=Sakaue |first2=Saori |last3=Matsuda |first3=Koichi |last4=Murakami |first4=Yoshinori |last5=Kamatani |first5=Yoichiro |last6=Ozono |first6=Keiichi |last7=Momozawa |first7=Yukihide |last8=Okada |first8=Yukinori |date=2020-03-05 |title=Genetic and phenotypic landscape of the mitochondrial genome in the Japanese population |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-020-0812-9 |journal=Communications Biology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1038/s42003-020-0812-9 |issn=2399-3642}}</ref> |Y1=2, Y1a=2, Y1b1a=2, Y2=4 |- |[[Japanese people|Japanese]] ([[Japan]]) |0.004 |672 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=YFull {{!}} Mitochondrial genome variation in eastern Asia and the peopling of Japan |url=https://www.yfull.com/samples-from-paper/33/?page=6 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=www.yfull.com}}</ref> |Y1b1a=1, Y2b=1, Y2d=1 |- |[[Koreans|Korean]] ([[South Korea]])||0.004||261||{{harvnb|Kim|2008}}||Y=1 |- |[[Han Chinese|Han]] (southern [[California]])||0.003||390||{{harvnb|Ji|2012}}||Y=1 |- |[[Han Chinese|Han]] ([[Taiwan]])||0.001||1117||{{harvnb|Ji|2012}}||Y=1 |- |[[Yao people|Dingban Yao]] ([[Mengla]], [[Yunnan]])||0.000||10||{{harvnb|Wen|2005}}|| - |- |[[Yao people|Xiban Yao]] ([[Fangcheng, Fangchenggang|Fangcheng]], [[Guangxi]])||0.000||11||{{harvnb|Wen|2005}}|| - |- |[[Chukchi people|Chukchi]] ([[Anadyr (town)|Anadyr]])||0.000||15||{{harvnb|Derenko|2007}}|| - |- |[[Dungan people|Dungan]] (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)||0.000||16||{{harvnb|Comas|2004}}|| - |- |[[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)||0.000||16||{{harvnb|Comas|2004}}|| - |- |[[Yukaghir people|Yukaghir]] (Upper Kolyma)||0.000||18||{{harvnb|Volodko|2008}}|| - |- |[[Yao people|Huatou Yao]] ([[Fangcheng, Fangchenggang|Fangcheng]], [[Guangxi]])||0.000||19||{{harvnb|Wen|2005}}|| - |- |[[Crimean Tatars|Crimean Tatar]] ([[Uzbekistan]]/[[Kyrgyzstan]])||0.000||20||{{harvnb|Comas|2004}}|| - |- |[[Iran]]ian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)||0.000||20||{{harvnb|Comas|2004}}|| - |- |[[Karakalpaks|Karakalpak]] (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)||0.000||20||{{harvnb|Comas|2004}}|| - |- |[[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)||0.000||20||{{harvnb|Comas|2004}}|| - |- |[[Yi people|Yi]] ([[Hezhang County]], [[Guizhou]])||0.000||20||{{harvnb|Li|2007}}|| - |- |[[Yukaghirs|Yukaghir]] ([[Verkhnekolymsky District|Verkhnekolymsky]] & [[Nizhnekolymsky District|Nizhnekolymsky]])||0.000||22||{{harvnb|Fedorova|2013}}|| - |- |[[Yao people|Guoshan Yao]] ([[Jianghua]], [[Hunan]])||0.000||24||{{harvnb|Wen|2005}}|| - |- |[[Hindu]] ([[Chitwan District|Chitwan]], [[Nepal]])||0.000||24||{{harvnb|Fornarino|2009}}|| - |- |[[Nganasan people|Nganasan]]||0.000||24||{{harvnb|Starikovskaya|2005}}|| - |- |[[Bu-Nao language|Bunu]] ([[Dahua Yao Autonomous County|Dahua]] & [[Tianlin County|Tianlin]], [[Guangxi]])||0.000||25||{{harvnb|Wen|2005}}|| - |- |[[Buryats|Buryat]] (Kushun, [[Nizhneudinsky District|Nizhneudinsk]], [[Irkutsk Oblast]])||0.000||25||{{harvnb|Starikovskaya|2005}}|| - |- |[[Kubachi language|Kubachi]] ([[Dagestan]])||0.000||25||{{harvnb|Marchani|2008}}|| - |- |[[Kurdish people|Kurd]] (northwestern [[Iran]])||0.000||25||{{harvnb|Derenko|2007}}|| - |- |[[Kumyk people|Kumyk]] ([[Dagestan]])||0.000||26||{{harvnb|Marchani|2008}}|| - |- |[[Yao people|Lanten Yao]] ([[Tianlin County|Tianlin]], [[Guangxi]])||0.000||26||{{harvnb|Wen|2005}}|| - |- |[[Yao people|Iu Mien]] ([[Mengla]], [[Yunnan]])||0.000||27||{{harvnb|Wen|2005}}|| - |- |Indonesian ([[Palembang]], [[Sumatra]])||0.000||28||{{harvnb|Hill|2006}}|| - |- |[[Andhra Pradesh]] ([[Adivasi|tribal]])||0.000||29||{{harvnb|Fornarino|2009}}|| - |- |[[Batek language|Batek]] ([[Malaysia]])||0.000||29||{{harvnb|Hill|2006}}|| - |- |[[Tujia people|Tujia]] ([[Yanhe County]], [[Guizhou]])||0.000||29||{{harvnb|Li|2007}}|| - |- |[[Cun language|Cun]] ([[Hainan]])||0.000||30||{{harvnb|Peng|2011}}|| - |- |[[Nu people|Nu]] (Gongshan, Yunnan)||0.000||30||{{harvnb|Wen|2004}}|| - |- |[[Tujia people|Tujia]] (Yongshun, Hunan)||0.000||30||{{harvnb|Wen|2004}}|| - |- |[[Ong Be language|Lingao]] ([[Hainan]])||0.000||31||{{harvnb|Peng|2011}}|| - |- |[[Yao people|Wuzhou Yao]] ([[Fuchuan]], [[Guangxi]])||0.000||31||{{harvnb|Wen|2005}}|| - |- |[[Yi people|Yi]] (Luxi, Yunnan)||0.000||31||{{harvnb|Wen|2004}}|| - |- |[[Chuvans|Chuvantsi]] ([[Markovo, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug|Markovo]], [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug|Chukotka]])||0.000||32||{{harvnb|Volodko|2008}}|| - |- |[[Mendriq language|Mendriq]] ([[Malaysia]])||0.000||32||{{harvnb|Hill|2006}}|| - |- |[[Yao people|Mien]] ([[Shangsi County|Shangsi]], [[Guangxi]])||0.000||32||{{harvnb|Wen|2005}}|| - |- |[[Yao people|Pan Yao]] ([[Tianlin County|Tianlin]], [[Guangxi]])||0.000||32||{{harvnb|Wen|2005}}|| - |- |[[Nogay people|Nogai]] ([[Dagestan]])||0.000||33||{{harvnb|Marchani|2008}}|| - |- |[[Temuan people|Temuan]] ([[Malaysia]])||0.000||33||{{harvnb|Hill|2006}}|| - |- |[[Dzao Min language|Bapai Yao]] ([[Liannan]], [[Guangdong]])||0.000||35||{{harvnb|Wen|2005}}|| - |- |[[Tibetans|Tibetan]] ([[Zhongdian]], [[Yunnan]])||0.000||35||{{harvnb|Wen|2004}}|| - |- |[[Aleut people|Aleut]] ([[Commander Islands]])||0.000||36||{{harvnb|Volodko|2008}}|| - |- |[[Pumi people|Pumi]] (Ninglang, Yunnan)||0.000||36||{{harvnb|Wen|2004}}|| - |- |[[Yakuts|Yakut]] ([[Sakha Republic|Yakutia]])||0.000||36||{{harvnb|Derenko|2007}}|| - |- |[[Sireniki Eskimo]]||0.000||37||{{harvnb|Volodko|2008}}|| - |- |[[Ket people|Ket]]||0.000||38||{{harvnb|Starikovskaya|2005}}|| - |- |[[Eskimo]] ([[Naukan language|Naukan]])||0.000||39||{{harvnb|Volodko|2008}}|| - |- |[[Hmong people|Hmong]] ([[Wenshan District|Wenshan]], [[Yunnan]])||0.000||39||{{harvnb|Wen|2005}}|| - |- |[[Nganasan people|Nganasan]]||0.000||39||{{harvnb|Volodko|2008}}|| - |- |[[Han Chinese|Han]] ([[Beijing]])||0.000||40||{{harvnb|Jin|2009}}|| - |- |[[Yao people|Kim Mun]] ([[Malipo]], [[Yunnan]])||0.000||40||{{harvnb|Wen|2005}}|| - |- |[[Manchu people|Manchurian]]||0.000||40||{{harvnb|Jin|2009}}|| - |- |[[Thai people|Thai]]||0.000||40||{{harvnb|Jin|2009}}|| - |- |[[Tharu people|Tharu]] ([[Morang District|Morang]], [[Nepal]])||0.000||40||{{harvnb|Fornarino|2009}}|| - |- |[[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)||0.000||40||{{harvnb|Comas|2004}}|| - |- |[[Yi people|Yi]] (Shuangbai, Yunnan)||0.000||40||{{harvnb|Wen|2004}}|| - |- |[[Yao people|Tu Yao]] ([[Hezhou]], [[Guangxi]])||0.000||41||{{harvnb|Wen|2005}}|| - |- |[[Yao people|Lowland Yao]] ([[Fuchuan]], [[Guangxi]])||0.000||42||{{harvnb|Wen|2005}}|| - |- |[[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]]||0.000||42||{{harvnb|Jin|2009}}|| - |- |Indonesian ([[Ambon Island|Ambon]])||0.000||43||{{harvnb|Hill|2007}}|| - |- |Indonesian ([[Mataram (city)|Mataram]], [[Lombok]])||0.000||44||{{harvnb|Hill|2007}}|| - |- |[[Hui people|Hui]] ([[Xinjiang]])||0.000||45||{{harvnb|Yao|2004}}|| - |- |Indonesian ([[Alor Island|Alor]])||0.000||45||{{harvnb|Hill|2007}}|| - |- |[[Nakhi people|Naxi]] ([[Lijiang]], [[Yunnan]])||0.000||45||{{harvnb|Wen|2004}}|| - |- |[[Tofalar]]||0.000||46||{{harvnb|Starikovskaya|2005}}|| - |- |[[Evenks|Evenk]] ([[New Barag Left Banner]])||0.000||47||{{harvnb|Kong|2003}}|| - |- |[[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] ([[Sary-Tash]])||0.000||47||{{harvnb|Yao|2004}}|| - |- |[[Mongols|Mongolian]] ([[Ulan Bator]])||0.000||47||{{harvnb|Derenko|2007}}|| - |- |[[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] ([[Xinjiang]])||0.000||47||{{harvnb|Yao|2004}}|| - |- |[[Hindu]] ([[New Delhi]])||0.000||48||{{harvnb|Fornarino|2009}}|| - |- |[[Koreans in China|Korean]] ([[Arun Banner]])||0.000||48||{{harvnb|Kong|2003}}|| - |- |[[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] ([[Talas, Kyrgyzstan|Talas]])||0.000||48||{{harvnb|Yao|2004}}|| - |- |[[Mongols|Mongol]] ([[New Barag Left Banner]])||0.000||48||{{harvnb|Kong|2003}}|| - |- |[[Oirats|Oirat]] [[Mongols|Mongol]] ([[Xinjiang]])||0.000||49||{{harvnb|Yao|2004}}|| - |- |[[Hani people|Aini]] ([[Xishuangbanna]], [[Yunnan]])||0.000||50||{{harvnb|Wen|2004}}|| - |- |[[Eskimo]] ([[Central Siberian Yupik language|Chaplin]])||0.000||50||{{harvnb|Volodko|2008}}|| - |- |Indonesian ([[Waingapu]], [[Sumba]])||0.000||50||{{harvnb|Hill|2007}}|| - |- |[[Jahai language|Jahai]] ([[Malaysia]])||0.000||51||{{harvnb|Hill|2006}}|| - |- |[[Koreans in China|Korean]] (northern China)||0.000||51||{{harvnb|Jin|2009}}|| - |- |[[Senoi]] ([[Malaysia]])||0.000||52||{{harvnb|Hill|2006}}|| - |- |[[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] ([[Xinjiang]])||0.000||53||{{harvnb|Yao|2004}}|| - |- |[[Teleuts|Teleut]] ([[Kemerovo Oblast|Kemerovo]])||0.000||53||{{harvnb|Derenko|2007}}|| - |- |[[Chuvash people|Chuvash]] ([[Morgaushsky District|Morgaushsky]], [[Chuvashia]])||0.000||55||{{harvnb|Bermisheva|2002}}|| - |- |[[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] ([[Kazakhstan]])||0.000||55||{{harvnb|Yao|2004}}|| - |- |[[Tibetans|Tibetan]] ([[Qinghai]])||0.000||56||{{harvnb|Wen|2004}}|| - |- |[[Khakas people|Khakassian]] ([[Khakassia]])||0.000||57||{{harvnb|Derenko|2007}}|| - |- |[[Semelai language|Semelai]] ([[Malaysia]])||0.000||61||{{harvnb|Hill|2006}}|| - |- |[[Komi people|Komi]]-Zyryan ([[Sysolsky District|Sysolsky]], [[Komi Republic]])||0.000||62||{{harvnb|Bermisheva|2002}}|| - |- |[[Mansi people|Mansi]]||0.000||63||{{harvnb|Pimenoff|2008}}|| - |- |[[Tujia people|Tujia]] (western [[Hunan]])||0.000||64||{{harvnb|Wen|2004}}|| - |- |[[Chukchi people|Chukchi]]||0.000||66||{{harvnb|Starikovskaya|2005}}|| - |- |[[Bai people|Bai]] (Dali, Yunnan)||0.000||68||{{harvnb|Wen|2004}}|| - |- |[[Saami people|Saami]] (Finland)||0.000||69||{{harvnb|Tambets|2004}}|| - |- |[[Tatar people|Tatar]] ([[Aznakayevsky District|Aznakayevo]], [[Tatarstan]])||0.000||71||{{harvnb|Malyarchuk|2010}}|| - |- |[[Telengit|Telenghit]] ([[Altai Republic]])||0.000||71||{{harvnb|Derenko|2007}}|| - |- |[[Tubalar]] ([[Turochaksky District|Turochaksky]] & [[Choysky District|Choysky]], [[Altai Republic]])||0.000||72||{{harvnb|Starikovskaya|2005}}|| - |- |[[Komi people|Komi]]-Permyak ([[Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug]])||0.000||74||{{harvnb|Bermisheva|2002}}|| - |- |[[Siberian Eskimo]]||0.000||79||{{harvnb|Starikovskaya|2005}}|| - |- |[[Persian people|Persian]] (eastern [[Iran]])||0.000||82||{{harvnb|Derenko|2007}}|| - |- |[[Shors|Shor]] ([[Kemerovo Oblast|Kemerovo]])||0.000||82||{{harvnb|Derenko|2007}}|| - |- |[[Yukaghir people|Yukaghir]] (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka)||0.000||82||{{harvnb|Volodko|2008}}|| - |- |[[Altay people|Altai Kizhi]]||0.000||90||{{harvnb|Derenko|2007}}|| - |- |[[Tuvans|Tuvan]]||0.000||95||{{harvnb|Starikovskaya|2005}}|| - |- |[[Eskimo]] (Canada)||0.000||96||{{harvnb|Volodko|2008}}|| - |- |[[Mansi people|Mansi]]||0.000||98||{{harvnb|Starikovskaya|2005}}|| - |- |[[Saami people|Saami]] (Sweden)||0.000||98||{{harvnb|Tambets|2004}}|| - |- |[[Udmurts|Udmurt]] ([[Malopurginsky District|Malopurginsky]], [[Udmurtia]] & [[Tatyshlinsky District|Tatyshlinsky]], [[Bashkortostan]])||0.000||101||{{harvnb|Bermisheva|2002}}|| - |- |[[Gelao people|Gelao]] ([[Daozhen County]], [[Guizhou]])||0.000||102||{{harvnb|Liu|2011}}|| - |- |[[Mordvins|Mordvinian]] ([[Staroshaygovsky District|Staroshaygovsky]], [[Mordovia]])||0.000||102||{{harvnb|Bermisheva|2002}}|| - |- |[[Tuvans|Tuvinian]]||0.000||105||{{harvnb|Derenko|2007}}|| - |- |[[Khanty people|Khanty]]||0.000||106||{{harvnb|Pimenoff|2008}}|| - |- |[[Yakuts|Yakut]]||0.000||117||{{harvnb|Kong|2003}}|| - |- |[[Evenks|Evenk]] ([[Ust-Maysky District|Ust-Maysky]], [[Oleneksky District|Oleneksky]], & [[Zhigansky District|Zhigansky]], [[Sakha Republic|Yakutia]])||0.000||125||{{harvnb|Fedorova|2013}}|| - |- |[[Tharu people|Tharu]] ([[Chitwan District|Chitwan]], [[Nepal]])||0.000||133||{{harvnb|Fornarino|2009}}|| - |- |[[Mari people|Mari]] ([[Zvenigovsky District|Zvenigovsky]], [[Mari El]])||0.000||136||{{harvnb|Bermisheva|2002}}|| - |- |[[Han Chinese|Han]] ([[Southwest China]]; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou)||0.000||137||{{harvnb|Ji|2012}}|| - |- |[[Yakuts|Yakut]] (northern [[Sakha Republic|Yakutia]])||0.000||148||{{harvnb|Fedorova|2013}}|| - |- |[[Dolgans|Dolgan]] ([[Anabarsky District|Anabarsky]], [[Volochanka]], [[Ust-Avam]], and [[Dudinka]])||0.000||154||{{harvnb|Fedorova|2013}}|| - |- |[[Chinese people|Chinese]] ([[Shenyang]], [[Liaoning]])||0.000||160||{{harvnb|Umetsu|2005}}|| - |- |[[Aleut people|Aleut]] ([[Aleutian Islands]])||0.000||163||{{harvnb|Volodko|2008}}|| - |- |[[Cham people|Cham]] ([[Bình Thuận Province|Bình Thuận]], [[Vietnam]])||0.000||168||{{harvnb|Peng|2010}}|| - |- |[[Tatars|Tatar]] ([[Almetyevsky District|Almetyevsky]] and [[Yelabuzhsky District|Yelabuzhsky]], [[Tatarstan]])||0.000||228||{{harvnb|Bermisheva|2002}}|| - |- |[[Saami people|Saami]] (Norway)||0.000||278||{{harvnb|Tambets|2004}}|| - |- |[[Japanese people|Japanese]] ([[Tōkai region|Tōkai]])||0.000||282||{{harvnb|Umetsu|2005}}|| - |- |[[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] ([[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]])||0.000||289||{{harvnb|Ji|2012}}|| - |- |[[Li people|Li]] ([[Hainan]])||0.000||346||{{harvnb|Peng|2011}}|| - |- |[[Eskimo]] ([[Greenland]])||0.000||385||{{harvnb|Volodko|2008}}|| - |- |} {{clear}} ==Subclades== Haplogroup Y has been divided into two primary subclades, Y1 and Y2. In a study published in 2016, mtDNA haplogroup Y1a was observed in an Ulchi sampled in Nizhniy Gavan, Lower Amur, whereas mtDNA haplogroup Y2a1 was observed in an [[Igorot people|Igorot]] from Mountain Province, Luzon Island, Philippines (sampled in Singapore) and in a [[Hawaiian people|Hawaiian]].<ref name = "Mallick2016">Swapan Mallick, Heng Li, Mark Lipson, ''et al.'', "The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations." ''Nature'' 538, 201–206 (13 October 2016) doi:10.1038/nature18964</ref> Y1 predominates in the Northeast Asian range of haplogroup Y, which is centered on the [[Sea of Okhotsk]]. Y1* has been observed in two [[Uyghurs]], a [[Hoklo people|Minnan]] Han Chinese in Taiwan, and a [[Khamnigan]]. Y1a* has been observed in a [[Nivkhs|Nivkh]], in a [[Buryats|Buryat]] in [[Zabaykalsky Krai|Zabaikal]], in Mongolia, in a Daur and a Han Chinese in China, in Korea and in Tibet. Y1a with an additional T16189C mutation is common among the Nivkhs and among several Tungusic peoples (Hezhen in the PRC, Ulchi, Udegey, Even in the basins of the [[Kolyma River|Kolyma]] and [[Indigirka River|Indigirka]] rivers). Y1a1 has been observed in at least five [[Uyghurs]], a [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]], a [[Buryats|Buryat]] in Buryat Republic, a [[Nanai people|Hezhen]] in China, an Udegey, three Evenks in [[Taimyr Peninsula|Taimyr]], and two Yakuts in central Sakha Republic. Y1a2 has been observed in Koryaks and in an Even in Kamchatka. Y1a appears to be a relatively young haplogroup, with an age of 6,000 (95% CI 3,300 <-> 8,800) years estimated from 13 complete genomes (Ulchi x 6, Nivkh x 3, Koryak x 2, Even x 1, Mongolian x 1); however, this estimate may be relevant only for the TMRCA of Y1a2 and most Y1a* and Y1a-T16189C haplotypes, as it is not certain that any of the Y1a mtDNAs that have been analyzed belong to the Y1a1 clade.<ref name = "Sukernik2012">{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Sukernik|2012}} |last1=Sukernik |first1=Rem I. |last2=Volodko |first2=Natalia V. |last3=Mazunin |first3=Ilya O. |last4=Eltsov |first4=Nikolai P. |last5=Dryomov |first5=Stanislav V. |last6=Starikovskaya |first6=Elena B. |title=Mitochondrial genome diversity in the tubalar, even, and ulchi: Contribution to prehistory of native siberians and their affinities to native americans |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |date=May 2012 |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=123–138 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.22050|pmid=22487888 }}</ref> (However, YFull has estimated the TMRCA of the entire Y1a clade, including all tabulated members of Y1a1 and Y1a* as well as Y1a+T16189C and Y1a2, to be 6,300 [95% CI 3,800 <-> 9,800] ybp,<ref name = "YFull">[https://www.yfull.com/mtree/Y/ YFull MTree 1.02.8328 (as of 11 March 2021)]</ref> so the addition of members of the Y1a1 subclade apparently does not significantly affect the estimate of the time to most recent common ancestor of the Y1a clade.) Y1b has been observed in a Tatar from Buinsk, Y1b1 has been observed in China, and Y1b1a has been observed in China and in Japan. The age of the entire Y1 clade has been estimated from 17 complete genomes (including the 13 aforementioned members of the Y1a clade plus one Japanese, one Chinese, and one Tatar member of the Y1b clade plus one Khamnigan member of Y1*) to be 12,400 (95% CI 5,900 <-> 19,100) ybp.<ref name = "Sukernik2012" /> Y2a predominates in the Southeast Asian range of haplogroup Y, which is centered on the [[Philippines]] and [[Sumatra]]. However, Y2b has been observed in [[Japan]] and in a [[Buryats|Buryat]], and Y2* has been observed in Chinese, Japanese, and Khamnigan samples. ===Tree=== This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup Y subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser ''Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation''<ref name="vanOven" /> and subsequent published research.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} *'''Y''' **'''Y1''' - South Siberia, China<ref>{{Cite web |title=Y - MT Tree - TheYtree |url=https://www.theytree.com/mttree/Y |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=www.theytree.com}}</ref>, Korea<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wook Kim |last2=Seung Beom Hong |last3=Kicheol Kim |date=2014 |title=Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and homogeneity in the Korean population |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265612414_Mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroups_and_homogeneity_in_the_Korean_population |url-status=live |website=researchgate}}</ref> ***Y1a - Nivkh, Ulchi, Hezhen ***Y1b - Korea, China ([[North China]], [[Northeast China]]) ****Y1b1 - Korea, China *****Y1b1a - Korea **'''Y2''' - Southeast Asia ***Y2a - Philippines, Indonesia ***Y2b - Korea, Japan ==See also== {{Commons category|Haplogroup Y (mtDNA)}} *[[Genealogical DNA test]] *[[Genetic genealogy]] *[[Human mitochondrial genetics]] *[[Population genetics]] {{mtDNA}} ==References== {{reflist}} ===Works cited=== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Duggan|2013}} |last1=Duggan |first1=Ana T. |last2=Whitten |first2=Mark |last3=Wiebe |first3=Victor |last4=Crawford |first4=Michael |last5=Butthof |first5=Anne |last6=Spitsyn |first6=Victor |last7=Makarov |first7=Sergey |last8=Novgorodov |first8=Innokentiy |last9=Osakovsky |first9=Vladimir |last10=Pakendorf |first10=Brigitte |author10-link=Brigitte Pakendorf|title=Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers |journal=PLOS ONE |date=12 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