Mexico attempted to create a buffer zone at the border that would prevent possible invasion from the north. The Mexican government encouraged thousands of their own citizens to settle in [[Coahuila y Tejas|the region]] that is now known as Texas and even offered inexpensive land to settlers from the U.S. in exchange for populating the area. The influx of people did not provide the defense that Mexico had hoped for and instead [[Mexican Texas|Texas]] [[Texas Declaration of Independence|declared]] its [[Republic of Texas|independence]] in 1836, which lasted until 1845 when the U.S. [[Texas annexation|annexed]] it. |
Mexico attempted to create a buffer zone at the border that would prevent possible invasion from the north. The Mexican government encouraged thousands of their own citizens to settle in [[Coahuila y Tejas|the region]] that is now known as Texas and even offered inexpensive land to settlers from the U.S. in exchange for populating the area. The influx of people did not provide the defense that Mexico had hoped for and instead [[Mexican Texas|Texas]] [[Texas Declaration of Independence|declared]] its [[Republic of Texas|independence]] in 1836, which lasted until 1845 when the U.S. [[Texas annexation|annexed]] it. |
||
=== Establishment of current border === |
|||
[[File:San Diego-Tijuana JPLLandsat.jpg|thumb|right|[[San Diego]] together with [[Tijuana]] creates the bi-national [[San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area]]]] |
|||
The constant conflicts in the Texas region in the mid-19th century eventually led to the [[Mexican–American War]], which began in 1846 and ended in 1848 with the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]]. In the terms of the peace treaty, Mexico lost more than {{convert|2,500,000|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=|sp=us}} of land, 55%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=26|title=Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo|year=1848|website=Ourdocuments.gov|access-date=December 6, 2014}}</ref> of its territory, including all of what is today [[California]], [[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]], [[Utah]], [[Nevada]] and parts of what is [[Colorado]], [[Wyoming]], [[Kansas]], and [[Oklahoma]]. In addition, all disputes over Texas and the disputed territory between Rio Grande and [[Rio Nueces]] were abandoned. |
|||
Five years later, the [[Gadsden Purchase]] completed the creation of the current U.S.–Mexico border. The purchase was initially to accommodate a planned [[Transcontinental railroad|railway right-of-way]]. These purchases left approximately 300,000 people living in the once disputed lands, many of whom were Mexican nationals. Following the establishment of the current border, several towns sprang up along this boundary, and many of the Mexican citizens were given free land in the northern regions of Mexico in exchange for returning and repopulating the area.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Late Great Mexican Border: Reports from a Disappearing Line|publisher=Cinco Puntos Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-938317-24-1|editor1-last=Byrd|editor1-first=Bobby|location=El Paso|editor2-last=Mississippi|editor2-first=Susannah}}</ref> |
|||
=== Later history === |
=== Later history === |
||
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
Edit count of the user (user_editcount) |
null
|
Name of the user account (user_name) |
'45.149.255.146'
|
Type of the user account (user_type) |
'ip'
|
Time email address was confirmed (user_emailconfirm) |
null
|
Age of the user account (user_age) |
0
|
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups) |
[
0 => '*'
]
|
Rights that the user has (user_rights) |
[
0 => 'createaccount',
1 => 'read',
2 => 'edit',
3 => 'createtalk',
4 => 'writeapi',
5 => 'viewmyprivateinfo',
6 => 'editmyprivateinfo',
7 => 'editmyoptions',
8 => 'abusefilter-log-detail',
9 => 'urlshortener-create-url',
10 => 'centralauth-merge',
11 => 'abusefilter-view',
12 => 'abusefilter-log',
13 => 'vipsscaler-test'
]
|
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile) |
false
|
Global edit count of the user (global_user_editcount) |
0
|
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app) |
false
|
Page ID (page_id) |
2817606
|
Page namespace (page_namespace) |
0
|
Page title without namespace (page_title) |
'Mexico–United States border'
|
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle) |
'Mexico–United States border'
|
Edit protection level of the page (page_restrictions_edit) |
[]
|
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors) |
[
0 => 'GA-RT-22',
1 => 'Achmad Rachmani',
2 => 'AnomieBOT',
3 => 'MindOverMatter59',
4 => 'Duckmather',
5 => 'Alexysun',
6 => 'ClueBot NG',
7 => 'Timothyjemmy',
8 => '159.192.43.235',
9 => 'Adflatuss'
]
|
Page age in seconds (page_age) |
591815114
|
Action (action) |
'edit'
|
Edit summary/reason (summary) |
'/* Establishment of current border */ '
|
Time since last page edit in seconds (page_last_edit_age) |
115002
|
Old content model (old_content_model) |
'wikitext'
|
New content model (new_content_model) |
'wikitext'
|
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) |
'{{Short description|International border in North America}}
{{For|the physical barrier separating the two countries|Mexico–United States border wall{{!}}Mexico–United States barrier}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox border
| name = Mexico–United States border
| alt =
| caption = The border between [[Mexico]] and the [[United States]] spans six Mexican states and four U.S. states.
| territory1 = {{MEX}}
| territory2 = <br>{{USA}}
| length = {{convert|3145|km|sp=us}}
| enclaves =
| established =
| establishedreason =
| current = April 18, 1972
| currentreason =[[Boundary Treaty of 1970]]
| disestablished =
| disestablishedreason =
| treaties = [[Adams–Onís Treaty]], [[Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)|Treaty of Limits]], [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]], [[Gadsden Purchase]]
| notes =
}}
[[File:Border USA Mexico.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|The vast majority of the current border was decided after the [[Mexican–American War]] (1846–1848). Most of the border is settled on the Rio Grande River on the border of Texas and northeastern Mexico. To the left lies San Diego, California and on the right is Tijuana, Baja California. The building in the foreground on the San Diego side is a sewage treatment plant built to clean the [[Tijuana River]].]]
[[File:Plaque at Mexico United States border.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|A typical plaque constructed by the [[International Boundary and Water Commission]] and mounted at the exact location of the border]]
{{Mexico–United States border map|collapse=y}}
The '''Mexico–United States border''' ({{lang-es|frontera Estados Unidos–México}}) is an [[Border|international border]] separating [[Mexico]] and the [[United States]], extending from the [[Pacific Ocean]] in the west to the [[Gulf of Mexico]] in the east. The border traverses a variety of terrains, ranging from urban areas to deserts. The Mexico–U.S. border is the most frequently [[List of Mexico–United States border crossings|crossed]] border in the world with approximately 350 million documented crossings annually. [[Illegal immigration to the United States|Illegal crossing]] of the border to enter the United States has been a top issue in the States and is causing a [[Mexico–United States border crisis|border crisis]]. It is one of two international borders that the United States has, the other being the [[Canada–United States border]] to the north. It is the tenth-longest border between two countries in the world.
The total length of the continental border is {{convert|3,145|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}}. From the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the course of the [[Rio Grande|Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte)]] to the border crossing at [[Ciudad Juárez|Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua]], and [[El Paso, Texas]]. Westward from [[El Paso–Juárez]], it crosses vast tracts of the [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahuan]] and [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]] deserts to the [[Colorado River Delta]] and [[San Diego–Tijuana]], before reaching the Pacific Ocean.<ref name="us-ibwc-about">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ibwc.gov/About_Us/about_us.html |title=The International Boundary and Water Commission - Its Mission, Organization and Procedures for Solution of Boundary and Water Problems |access-date=September 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032356/http://www.ibwc.gov/About_Us/About_Us.html |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Four American states border Mexico: [[California]], [[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]] and [[Texas]]. One definition of [[Northern Mexico]] includes only the six Mexican states that border the U.S.: [[Baja California]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], [[Coahuila]], [[Nuevo León]], [[Sonora]] and [[Tamaulipas]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_DDre5B1lLcC&pg=PA175|title=Consuming Mexican Labor: From the Bracero Program to NAFTA|last1=Mize|first1=Ronald L.|last2=Swords|first2=Alicia C. S.|date=2010|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-0158-1|pages=175|language=en}}</ref>
==Geography==
[[File:Algodones sand-dune-fence.jpg|thumb|right|[[U.S. Border Patrol]] at Algodones Sand Dunes, California. The fence on the U.S.–Mexican border is a special construction of narrow, {{convert|15|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}} tall elements, that are movable vertically. This way, they can be lifted on top of the ever shifting sand dunes.]]
The Mexico–United States border extends {{convert|3,145|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}}, in addition to the maritime boundaries of {{convert|29|km|mi|abbr=on}} into the [[Pacific Ocean]] and {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}} into the [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref name="1970BT">{{cite web|url=http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/bi-51757.pdf|title=Treaty to Resolve Pending Boundary Differences and Maintain the Rio Grande and Colorado River as the International Boundary between the United States of America and México|date=November 23, 1970|access-date=December 7, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ssrn">{{cite journal|last=McCarthy|first=Robert J.|date=Spring 2011|title=Executive Authority, Adaptive Treaty Interpretation, and the International Boundary and Water Commission, U.S.–Mexico|journal=Water Law Review|pages=3–5|ssrn=1839903}}</ref> It is the tenth-longest border between two countries in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-with-the-longest-land-borders.html|title=Countries With the Longest Land Borders|website=WorldAtlas|date=August 2019|language=en|access-date=November 1, 2019}}</ref>
The Mexico–U.S. border begins at the [[Initial Point of Boundary Between U.S. and Mexico]], which is set one marine league (three [[nautical mile]]s) south of the southernmost point of [[San Diego Bay]]. The border then proceeds for {{convert|227|km|mi|abbr=on}} in a straight line towards the confluence of the [[Colorado River]] and [[Gila River]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sandiegohistory.org/journal/v54-1/pdf/Levanetz.pdf|title=A Compromised Country: Redefining the U.S.-Mexico Border|last=Levanetz|first=Joel|website=San Diego History Center|access-date=August 27, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The border continues southwards along the Colorado River for {{convert|39|km|mi|abbr=on|sp=us}}, until it reaches a point {{convert|20.|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}} south of the Gila River confluence. The border then follows a series of lines and [[Circle of latitude|parallels]] totaling {{convert|859|km|mi|abbr=on}}. First, it follows a straight line from the Colorado River to the intersection of the 31° 20′ parallel north and the [[111th meridian west]]. It then proceeds eastwards along the 31° 20′ parallel north up to a meridian {{convert|100.|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}} west of the point where the [[Rio Grande]] crosses the 31° 47′ parallel north,<ref name=":0" /> It then proceeds northwards along that meridian up to the 31° 47′ parallel north and then eastwards along that parallel until it meets the Rio Grande.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.library.pima.gov/content/gadsden-purchase/|title=Gadsden Purchase|website=Pima County Public Library|language=en-US|access-date=August 30, 2019}}</ref>
According to the [[International Boundary and Water Commission]],<ref name="us-ibwc-about"/> the continental border then follows the middle of the Rio Grande—according to the 1848 [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] between the two nations, "along the deepest channel" (also known as the [[thalweg]])—a distance of {{convert|2,020.|km|mi|abbr=on}} to its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibwc.gov/Files/US-Mx_Boundary_Map.pdf |title=United States Section Directive |access-date=November 11, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015035847/http://ibwc.gov/Files/US-Mx_Boundary_Map.pdf |archive-date=October 15, 2011 }}</ref> The Rio Grande frequently meanders along the Texas–Mexico border. As a result, the U.S. and Mexico have a treaty by which the Rio Grande is maintained as the border, with new cut-offs and islands being transferred to the other nation as necessary. The [[Boundary Treaty of 1970]] between Mexico and the U.S. settled all outstanding [[Territorial dispute|boundary disputes]] and uncertainties related to the Rio Grande border.
The [[U.S. state]]s along the border, from west to east, are [[California]], [[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]], and [[Texas]]. The [[Administrative divisions of Mexico|Mexican states]] along the border are [[Baja California]], [[Sonora]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], [[Coahuila]], [[Nuevo León]], and [[Tamaulipas]]. Among the U.S. states, Texas has the longest stretch of the border with Mexico, while California has the shortest. Among the states in Mexico, Chihuahua has the longest border with the U.S., while Nuevo León has the shortest. Along the border are 23 [[County (United States)|U.S. counties]] and 39 [[Municipalities of Mexico|Mexican municipalities]].
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140">
File:Patrolling Rio Grande @ Laredo.jpg|[[United States Border Patrol|Border Patrol]] patrolling the [[Rio Grande]] in an [[airboat]] in [[Laredo, Texas]]
File:USA Mexico border New Mexico.JPG|The start of the border fence in the state of New Mexico{{snd}}just west of El Paso, Texas
File:El Camino del Diablo, border patrol.jpg|U.S. Border Patrol helicopter along [[El Camino del Diablo]], Arizona–Sonora border, 2004
File:Mexican-American border at Nogales.jpg|Border between [[Nogales, Arizona]], on the left, and [[Nogales, Sonora]], on the right
File:US-Mexico-Nogales-Border.jpg|On the left: [[Nogales, Arizona]]; on the right, [[Nogales, Sonora]]
File:Borderbeachtj.jpg|Beach in Tijuana at the border in 2006
File:Border Patrol Vehicle near U.S. Mexico Border.jpg|A CBP Border Patrol vehicle sitting near Mexico–U.S. border
File:View of CBX bridge from parking lot on U.S. side.jpg|View of Cross Border Xpress (CBX) bridge from parking lot on U.S. side, with [[Tijuana Airport]] on the left and the CBX U.S. terminal on the right
</gallery>
==History==
=== Prior to the Mexican–American War ===
[[File:Mapa Mexico 1842.PNG|thumb|left|upright=1.4|Map of Mexico in 1842]]
In the mid-16th century, after the discovery of silver, settlers from various countries and backgrounds began to arrive in the area. This period of sparse settlement included colonizers from different backgrounds. The area was part of [[New Spain]]. In the early 19th century, the U.S. bought the lands known as the [[Louisiana Purchase]] from [[France]] and began to expand steadily westward.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/troublesomeborde00osca_0|url-access=registration|title=Troublesome Border|last=Martínez|first=Oscar J.|publisher=University of Arizona Press|year=1988|isbn=978-0-8165-1104-4|location=Tucson}}</ref>
After the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, the border between the U.S. and New Spain was not clearly defined. The border was established in the 1819 [[Adams–Onís Treaty]] between the U.S. and Spain, which specified a border in the vicinity of the western edge of the [[Mississippi River]] watershed. Mexico [[Mexican War of Independence|gained its independence]] from Spain, and the border was reaffirmed in the 1828 [[Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)|Treaty of Limits]].
Mexico attempted to create a buffer zone at the border that would prevent possible invasion from the north. The Mexican government encouraged thousands of their own citizens to settle in [[Coahuila y Tejas|the region]] that is now known as Texas and even offered inexpensive land to settlers from the U.S. in exchange for populating the area. The influx of people did not provide the defense that Mexico had hoped for and instead [[Mexican Texas|Texas]] [[Texas Declaration of Independence|declared]] its [[Republic of Texas|independence]] in 1836, which lasted until 1845 when the U.S. [[Texas annexation|annexed]] it.
=== Establishment of current border ===
[[File:San Diego-Tijuana JPLLandsat.jpg|thumb|right|[[San Diego]] together with [[Tijuana]] creates the bi-national [[San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area]]]]
The constant conflicts in the Texas region in the mid-19th century eventually led to the [[Mexican–American War]], which began in 1846 and ended in 1848 with the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]]. In the terms of the peace treaty, Mexico lost more than {{convert|2,500,000|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=|sp=us}} of land, 55%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=26|title=Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo|year=1848|website=Ourdocuments.gov|access-date=December 6, 2014}}</ref> of its territory, including all of what is today [[California]], [[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]], [[Utah]], [[Nevada]] and parts of what is [[Colorado]], [[Wyoming]], [[Kansas]], and [[Oklahoma]]. In addition, all disputes over Texas and the disputed territory between Rio Grande and [[Rio Nueces]] were abandoned.
Five years later, the [[Gadsden Purchase]] completed the creation of the current U.S.–Mexico border. The purchase was initially to accommodate a planned [[Transcontinental railroad|railway right-of-way]]. These purchases left approximately 300,000 people living in the once disputed lands, many of whom were Mexican nationals. Following the establishment of the current border, several towns sprang up along this boundary, and many of the Mexican citizens were given free land in the northern regions of Mexico in exchange for returning and repopulating the area.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Late Great Mexican Border: Reports from a Disappearing Line|publisher=Cinco Puntos Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-938317-24-1|editor1-last=Byrd|editor1-first=Bobby|location=El Paso|editor2-last=Mississippi|editor2-first=Susannah}}</ref>
=== Later history ===
{{See also|Rio Grande border disputes}}
[[File:ISS067-E-174541 El Paso and Juárez.jpg|thumb|[[El Paso, Texas]] (left) and [[Ciudad Juárez]], Chihuahua (right), taken on June 30, 2022, from the [[International Space Station]] with north oriented towards the bottom-left side. The Rio Grande appears as a thin line separating the two cities through the middle of the photograph. El Paso and Juarez make up the third largest U.S. international metroplex after [[Detroit–Windsor]] and [[San Diego–Tijuana]].]]
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and another treaty in 1884 were the agreements originally responsible for the settlement of the international border, both of which specified that the middle of the Rio Grande was the border, irrespective of any alterations in the channels or banks. The Rio Grande shifted south between 1852 and 1868, with the most radical shift in the river occurring after a flood in 1864. By 1873 the moving river-center border had cut off approximately {{convert|2.4|km2|acres|abbr=|sp=us}} of Mexican territory in the El Paso-Juarez area, in effect transferring the land to the U.S.. By a treaty negotiated in 1963, Mexico regained most of this land in what became known as the [[Chamizal dispute]] and transferred {{convert|1.07|km2|acres|abbr=on}} in return to the U.S. Border treaties are jointly administered by the [[International Boundary and Water Commission]] (IBWC), which was established in 1889 to maintain the border, allocate river waters between the two nations, and provide for flood control and water sanitation. Once viewed as a model of international cooperation, in recent decades the IBWC has been heavily criticized as an institutional anachronism, by-passed by modern social, environmental and political issues.<ref name="ssrn" /> In particular, jurisdictional issues regarding [[water right]]s in the [[Rio Grande Valley (Texas)|Rio Grande Valley]] have continued to cause tension between farmers along the border, according to Mexican political scientist [[Armand Peschard-Sverdrup]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peschard-Sverdrup |first1=Armand |title=U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Water Management: The Case of the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo |year=2003 |publisher=Center for Strategic & International Studies |isbn=978-0-89206-424-3 |edition=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Yardley |first1=Jim |title=Water Rights War Rages on Faltering Rio Grande|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/19/us/water-rights-war-rages-on-faltering-rio-grande.html |access-date=April 5, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=April 19, 2002}}</ref>
The economic development of the border region on the Mexican side of the border depended largely on its proximity to the U.S., because of its remoteness from commercial centers in Mexico. During the years of Mexican President [[Porfirio Díaz]], between 1876 and 1910, the border communities boomed because of close ties to the U.S. and the Mexican government's support for financial investments from the U.S.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195112283/page/433|title=Oxford History of Mexico|last=Hart|first=John M.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-511228-3|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195112283/page/433 433–466]|chapter=The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1920}}</ref> Railroads were built that connected the northern Mexican states more to the U.S. than to Mexico, and the population grew tremendously. The mining industry also developed, as did the U.S.'s control of it. By the early 20th century companies from the U.S. controlled 81% of the mining industry and had invested US$500 million in the Mexican economy overall, 25% of it in the border regions.<ref name="Lorey, David E 1999">{{cite book|title=The U.S.-Mexican Border in the Twentieth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/usmexicanborderi0000lore|url-access=registration|last=Lorey|first=David E.|publisher=Scholarly Resources, Inc.|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8420-2756-4|location=Wilmington}}</ref>
[[File:Border barrier near IBM 9.JPG|thumb|left|Vehicle barrier in the New Mexico desert, 2010]]
The U.S. [[Immigration Act of 1891]] authorized the implementation of inspection stations at ports of entry along the Mexican and Canadian borders. The U.S. [[Immigration Act of 1917]] required the passing of a literacy test and a head tax by Mexicans wanting to enter the U.S. legally; however, during [[World War I]], when labor shortages grew, the provisions were temporarily suspended. The U.S. [[Immigration Act of 1924]] established the [[U.S. Border Patrol]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1999|title=Some Events in the History of Mexico and the Border|journal=The Journal of American History|volume=86|issue=2|pages=453–454|doi=10.2307/2567039|jstor=2567039}}</ref>
The [[Mexican Revolution]], caused at least partially by animosity toward foreign ownership of Mexican properties, began in 1910. The revolution increased the political instability in Mexico but did not significantly slow U.S. investment. It did reduce economic development within Mexico, however, and the border regions reflected this. As the infrastructure of communities on the U.S. side continued to improve, the Mexican side began to fall behind in the construction and maintenance of important transportation networks and systems necessary to municipal development.<ref name="Lorey, David E 1999" />
Although the Mexican Revolution caused insecurity in Mexico, it also strained U.S.–Mexico relations. With the Mexican Revolution lasting for 10 years, ending in 1920, and World War I simultaneously occurring between 1914 and 1918, the division between the U.S. and Mexico began to polarize the two nations. [[Mexican Border War (1910–1919)|Constant battles and raids along the border]] made both authorities nervous about borderland security. The [[Zimmermann Telegram|Zimmerman Telegram]], a diplomatic cable sent by Germany but intercepted and decrypted by British intelligence, was meant to bait Mexico into war with the U.S. in order to reconquer what was taken from them during the Mexican-American War. This inspired the U.S. [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] to monitor suspicious activities and potential violence at the border.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sherman|first=John W.|date=Fall 2016|title=Fascist 'Gold Shirts' on the Río Grande: Borderlands Intrigue in the Time of Lázaro Cárdenas<!-- |disabled url, this link is utterly useless for anyone not inside byu. url=http://web.a.ebscohost.com.erl.lib.byu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=20&sid=bfddb08a-48ad-4e62-9fcf-0656cd14af09%40sdc-v-sessmgr01-->|journal=Journal of South Texas|volume=30|pages=8–21}}</ref> Within 10 years, frequent provocations caused border towns to transform into battlefields, which intensified transborder restrictions, brought federal soldiers to patrol the border, and caused the construction of fences and barriers between border towns. When the battles concluded, restrictions for crossing the border were relaxed and most soldiers were sent home; however, the fences remained as a physical reminder of the division between the two nations. As years passed, more fences and higher barriers were established as attentions focused on the boundary demarcation between the U.S. and Mexico.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Line in the Sand: A History of the Western U.S.-Mexico Border|url=https://archive.org/details/linesandhistoryw00john|url-access=limited|last=St. John|first=Rachel|publisher=Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-691-15613-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/linesandhistoryw00john/page/n16 4]}}</ref>
The first international bridge was the [[Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge]] built in 1910. The first barrier built by the U.S. was between 1909 and 1911 in California, the first barrier built by Mexico was likely in 1918; barriers were extended in the 1920s and 1940s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=John |first1=Rachel St |title=The Raging Controversy at the Border Began With This Incident 100 Years Ago |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/raging-controversy-border-began-100-years-ago-180969343/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref>
The [[Banco Convention of 1905]] between the U.S. and Mexico allowed, in the event of sudden changes in the course of the Rio Grande (as by flooding), for the border to be altered to follow the new course.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Convention_of_1905.pdf |title=Convention Between the United States and Mexico for the Elimination of the Bancos in the Rio Grande from the Effects of Article II of the Treaty of November 12, 1884 |date=June 5, 1907 |access-date=April 19, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009042029/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Convention_of_1905.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2015 }}</ref> The sudden changes often created ''bancos'' (land surrounded by bends in the river that became segregated from either country by a cutoff, often caused by rapid accretion or avulsion of the alluvial channel), especially in the lower Rio Grande Valley. When these bancos are created, the [[International Boundary and Water Commission]] investigates if land previously belonging to the U.S. or Mexico is to be considered on the other side of the border.<ref>{{cite web |last=Metz |first=Leon C. |date=June 12, 2010 |title=Bancos of the Rio Grande |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rnb08 |work=Handbook of Texas Online |publisher=Texas State Historical Association |access-date=July 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027194705/https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rnb08%29 |archive-date=October 27, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In all cases of these adjustments along the Rio Grande under the 1905 convention, which occurred on 37 different dates from 1910 to 1976, the transferred land was small (ranging from one to 646 acres) and uninhabited.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ibwc.gov/Treaties_Minutes/Minutes.html | title=IBWC Minutes | publisher=[[International Boundary and Water Commission]] | access-date=September 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=zTEHCtUumBXk.k-ueCthwuSNs | title=USA-Mexico Bancos Map | access-date=September 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Restless River, International Law and the Behavior of the Rio Grande |publisher=Texas Western Press |author=Mueller, Jerry E. |year=1975 |page=64 |isbn=978-0-87404-050-0}}</ref>
The Rio Grande Rectification Treaty of 1933 straightened and stabilized the river boundary through the highly developed El Paso-Juárez valley. Numerous parcels of land were transferred between the two countries during the construction period, 1935–1938. At the end, each nation had ceded an equal area of land to the other.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minutes 144|url=http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Min144.pdf|author=International Boundary and Water Commission|access-date=June 12, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308032837/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Min144.pdf|archive-date=March 8, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Minutes 158|url=http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Min158.pdf|author=International Boundary and Water Commission|access-date=June 12, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308033025/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Min158.pdf|archive-date=March 8, 2016}}</ref>
The [[Boundary Treaty of 1970]] transferred an area of Mexican territory to the U.S., near [[Presidio, Texas|Presidio]] and [[Hidalgo, Texas]], to build flood control channels. In exchange, the U.S. ceded other land to Mexico, including five parcels near Presidio, the [[Horcón Tract|Horcon Tract]] and Beaver Island near [[Roma, Texas]]. On November 24, 2009, the U.S. ceded 6 islands in the Rio Grande to Mexico. At the same time, Mexico ceded 3 islands and 2 bancos to the U.S. This transfer, which had been pending for 20 years, was the first application of Article III of the 1970 Boundary Treaty.<ref name="maritime">{{cite web | url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/oes/ocns/opa/c28187.htm | title=Maritime Boundaries | publisher=United States Department of State | access-date=August 19, 2018}}</ref><ref name="bancos">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Treaties_Minutes/Minutes.html |title=Minutes between the United States and Mexican Sections of the IBWC |publisher=[[International Boundary and Water Commission]] |access-date=January 6, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713015418/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Treaties_Minutes/Minutes.html |archive-date=July 13, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="minute315">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Joint_Report_315.pdf |title=Minute 315: Adoption of the Delineation of the International Boundary on the 2008 Aerial Photographic Mosaic of the Rio Grande |publisher=[[International Boundary and Water Commission]] |date=November 24, 2009 |access-date=June 13, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411202233/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Joint_Report_315.pdf |archive-date=April 11, 2016 }}</ref>
On March 27, 2023, at least 38 detained migrants (mostly from Central America) were killed—and dozens more injured—in [[Ciudad Juárez migrant center fire|a fire]] started in protest inside a locked and crowded detention center cell in northern Mexico, with motives ranging from pending deportation to overcrowding and lack of access to drinking water.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Linthicum |first1=Kate |last2=McDonnell |first2=Patrick J. |last3=Minjares |first3=Gabriela |date=March 28, 2023 |title=At least 38 migrants killed in a fire at a detention center in Mexico |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-03-28/mexico-border-dozens-dead-migrant-center-fire |access-date=March 29, 2023 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Border crossing checkpoints==
{{main list|List of Mexico–United States border crossings
}}
[[File:Borderwallbrownsvile.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Climbing the [[Mexico–United States barrier]] fence in [[Brownsville, Texas]]]]
The border separating Mexico and the U.S. is the most frequently crossed international boundary in the world,<ref name="BGTG">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hknZxFWtWnQC&pg=PA75|title=Retirement Without Borders: How to Retire Abroad{{snd}}in Mexico, France, Italy, Spain, Costa Rica, Panama, and Other Sunny, Foreign Places|last=Golson|first=Barry|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7432-9701-1|location=New York, New York|page=75|author2=Thia Golson|access-date=March 9, 2011}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aHYt0RNSDfgC&q=most%20frequently%20crossed%20border%20guinness&pg=PA457|title=Guinness World Records 2009|last=Glenday|first=Craig|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|year=2009|isbn=978-0-553-59256-6|page=457|access-date=March 9, 2011}}</ref> with approximately 350 million legal crossings taking place annually.<ref name="BGTG" /><ref name="google.com">{{cite news |title=US, Mexico open first new border crossing in 10 years |location=Washington |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jHLM81sN-H02Sf1CANZvBoE9mUwA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228012612/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jHLM81sN-H02Sf1CANZvBoE9mUwA |archive-date=February 28, 2014 |newspaper=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] |date=January 12, 2010 |access-date=December 3, 2012 |quote=The US–Mexico border is the busiest in the world, with approximately 350 million crossings per year. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmsu.edu/~bec/BEC/Readings/10.USMBHC-TheBorderAtAGlance.pdf |title=The United States–Mexico Border Region at a Glance |website=United States–Mexico Border Health Commission |publisher=New Mexico State University |access-date=December 3, 2012 |quote=In 2001, over 300 million two-way border crossings took place at the 43 POEs. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915105245/http://www.nmsu.edu/~bec/BEC/Readings/10.USMBHC-TheBorderAtAGlance.pdf |archive-date=September 15, 2012 }}</ref>
Border crossings take place by roads, pedestrian walkways, railroads and ferries. From west to east, below is a list of the border city "twinnings"; cross-border municipalities connected by one or more legal border crossings.
[[File:Bridge of the Americas (El Paso–Ciudad Juárez), June 2016.jpg|thumb|right|Going into Mexico from El Paso, Texas, U.S.]]
{{colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[San Diego|San Diego, California]] ([[San Ysidro, San Diego|San Ysidro]]) – [[Tijuana|Tijuana, Baja California]] ([[San Diego–Tijuana|San Diego–Tijuana Metro]])
* [[Cross Border Xpress|Cross Border Xpress, Otay Mesa, California]] – [[Tijuana International Airport|Tijuana International Airport, Baja California]]
* [[Otay Mesa, San Diego|Otay Mesa, California]] – [[Tijuana|Tijuana, Baja California]]
* [[Tecate, California]] – [[Tecate, Baja California]]
* [[Calexico, California]] – [[Mexicali, Baja California]]
* [[Andrade, California]] – [[Los Algodones, Baja California]]
* [[San Luis, Arizona]] – [[San Luis Río Colorado, Sonora]]
* [[Lukeville, Arizona]] – [[Sonoyta|Sonoyta, Sonora]]
* [[Sasabe, Arizona]] – [[Altar, Sonora]]
* [[Nogales, Arizona]] – [[Nogales, Sonora]]
* [[Naco, Arizona]] – [[Naco, Sonora]]
* [[Douglas, Arizona]] – [[Agua Prieta, Sonora]]
* [[Antelope Wells, New Mexico]] – [[El Berrendo, Chihuahua]]
* [[Columbus, New Mexico]] – [[Palomas, Chihuahua]]
* [[Santa Teresa, New Mexico]] – [[San Jerónimo, Chihuahua]]
* [[El Paso, Texas]] – [[Ciudad Juárez|Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua]] ([[El Paso-Juarez]])
* [[Fabens, Texas]] – [[Práxedis G. Guerrero, Chihuahua]] municipality
* [[Fort Hancock, Texas]] – [[Chihuahua (state)|El Porvenir, Chihuahua]]
* [[Presidio, Texas]] – [[Ojinaga, Chihuahua]]
* [[Brewster County, Texas|Heath Canyon, Texas]] – [[Coahuila|La Linda, Coahuila]] (''closed'')
* [[Del Rio, Texas]] – [[Ciudad Acuña|Ciudad Acuña, Coahuila]]
* [[Eagle Pass, Texas]] – [[Piedras Negras, Coahuila]]
* [[Laredo, Texas]] – [[Nuevo Laredo|Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas]]
* [[Laredo, Texas]] – [[Colombia, Nuevo León]]
* [[Falcon Heights, Texas]] – [[Falcon Dam|Presa Falcón, Tamaulipas]]
* [[Roma, Texas]] – [[Ciudad Miguel Alemán, Tamaulipas]]
* [[Rio Grande City, Texas]] – [[Ciudad Camargo, Tamaulipas]]
* [[Los Ebanos, Hidalgo County, Texas|Los Ebanos, Texas]] – [[Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Tamaulipas]]
* [[Mission, Texas]] – [[Reynosa, Tamaulipas]]
* [[Hidalgo, Texas]] – [[Reynosa, Tamaulipas]]
* [[Pharr, Texas]] – [[Reynosa, Tamaulipas]]
* [[Donna, Texas]] – [[Rio Bravo, Tamaulipas]]
* [[Progreso, Texas]] – [[Nuevo Progreso, Río Bravo, Tamaulipas|Nuevo Progreso, Tamaulipas]]
* [[Los Indios, Texas]] – [[Matamoros, Tamaulipas]]
* [[Brownsville, Texas]] – [[Matamoros, Tamaulipas]]
{{colend}}
The total population of the borderlands—defined as those [[County (United States)|counties]] and ''[[Municipalities of Mexico|municipios]]'' lining the border on either side—stands at some 12 million people.
=== Tijuana-San Ysidro border ===
[[File:CBP San Diego Operations - San Ysidro (28555925151).jpg|thumb|left|[[San Ysidro Port of Entry]] through vehicle]]
The [[San Ysidro Port of Entry]] is located between [[San Ysidro, San Diego|San Ysidro, California]] and [[Tijuana|Tijuana, Baja California]]. Approximately 50,000 vehicles and 25,000 pedestrians use this entry daily.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/gallery/2017/02/photo-gallery-san-ysidro-california-us-mexico-border-000710?slide=0|title=A Day at the Busiest Border Crossing in the World|website=POLITICO Magazine|date=February 16, 2017 |language=en|access-date=July 27, 2018}}</ref> In the U.S., [[Interstate 5 in California|I-5]] crosses directly to Tijuana, and the highway's southern terminus is this crossing. In 2005, more than 17 million vehicles and 50 million people entered the U.S. through [[San Ysidro]].<ref name="OECD2010">{{cite book|author=OECD|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_vRPU5LZcIC&pg=PA331|title=Regional Development Policies in OECD Countries|year=2010|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-08725-5|page=331}}</ref><ref name="Berndes">{{cite book|last=Berndes|first=Barry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h9ejDrOkkc4C&pg=PA227|title=The San Diegan – 41st Edition|publisher=The San Diegan|year=2009|isbn=978-1-890226-13-8|page=227}}</ref><ref name="Gaynor2009">{{cite book|last=Gaynor|first=Tim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Etodgf8bEGsC&pg=PA81|title=Midnight on the Line: The Secret Life of the U.S.–Mexico Border|date=2009|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4299-9462-0|page=81}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d08219.pdf|title=Border Security: Despite Progress, Weaknesses in Traveler Inspections Exist at Our Nation's Port of Entry|date=November 2007|publisher=United States Government Accountability Office|page=10|id=GAO-08-219|quote=and the busiest land crossing in the United States at San Ysidro, California, which processes over 17 million vehicles a year (see fig. 1);|access-date=September 8, 2014}}</ref> Among those who enter the U.S. through San Ysidro are ''transfronterizos'', American citizens who live in Mexico and attend school in the U.S.<ref>{{cite news|last=Brown|first=Patricia Leigh|date=January 16, 2012|title=Young U.S. Citizens in Mexico Brave Risks for American Schools|newspaper=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/17/us/young-us-citizens-in-mexico-up-early-to-learn-in-the-us.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|access-date=September 8, 2014}}</ref>
It has influenced the every day lifestyle of people that live in these [[border town]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/02/08/world/americas/before-the-wall-life-along-the-us-mexico-border.html|title=Before the Wall: Life Along the U.S.-Mexico Border|last=Ahmed|first=Azam|newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 8, 2017 |access-date=July 27, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Along the coast of Baja California, there are neighborhoods of Americans living in Tijuana, [[Rosarito Beach]], and [[Ensenada, Baja California|Ensenada]], whose residents commute to the U.S. daily to work.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yogerst|first1=Joe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fk3uzf9zSwAC&pg=PA341|title=Traveler's Companion California|last2=Mellin|first2=Maribeth|date=2002|publisher=Globe Pequot|isbn=978-0-7627-2203-7|page=341|access-date=September 8, 2014}}</ref> Additionally, many Mexicans also enter the U.S. to commute daily to work.<ref>{{cite book|last=Levine|first=Robert N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXq7CdAiQOQC&pg=PA190|title=A Geography Of Time: On Tempo, Culture, And The Pace Of Life|date=2008|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-7867-2253-2|page=190|access-date=September 8, 2014}}</ref> In 1999, 7.6% of the labor force of Tijuana was employed in San Diego.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mendoza|first1=Cristobal|title=Transboundary Policy Challenges in the Pacific Border Regions of North America|last2=Loucky|first2=James|date=2008|publisher=University of Calgary Press|isbn=978-1-55238-223-3|editor-last1=Alper|editor-first=Donald K.|page=55|chapter=Recent Trends in Mexico-U.S. Border Demographics|editor-last2=Day|editor-first2=John Chadwick|editor-last3=Loucky|editor-first3=James|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDc2r0SC5PIC&pg=PA55}}</ref>
[[File:San Diego San Ysidro 01.jpg|thumb|Entrance to Mexico from San Diego, California, United States of America]]
The average wait time to cross into the U.S. is approximately an hour.<ref name="MESA" /> The thousands of vehicles that transit through the border every day is causing air pollution in San Ysidro and Tijuana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/science-environment/san-ysidro-is-getting-a-clearer-look-at-just-how-polluted-it-is/|title=San Ysidro Is Getting a Clearer Look at Just How Polluted it is|date=April 23, 2018|work=Voice of San Diego|access-date=July 27, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> The emission of [[Carbon monoxide poisoning|carbon monoxide (CO)]] and other vehicle related air contaminants have been linked to health complications such as cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, birth outcomes, premature death, obesity, asthma and other respiratory diseases.<ref name="sandag">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sandag.org/uploads/publicationid/publicationid_1933_18945.pdf|title=Border Health Equity Transportation Study|date=February 27, 2015}}</ref> The high levels of traffic collusion and the extended wait times has affected the mental health, stress levels, and aggressive behavior of the people who cross frequently.<ref name="sandag" />
The San Ysidro border is heavily policed, separated by three walls, [[United States Border Patrol|border patrol]] agents and the [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/06/24/the-worlds-most-dangerous-borders/|title=The World's Most Dangerous Borders|website=Foreign Policy|date=June 24, 2011 |language=en|access-date=July 27, 2018}}</ref>
Tijuana is the next target for San Diegan developers because of its fast-growing economy, lower cost of living, cheap prices and proximity to San Diego.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.expatistan.com/cost-of-living/tijuana|title=Cost of Living in Tijuana, Mexico. Jul 2018 prices in Tijuana.|website=Expatistan, cost of living comparisons|language=en|access-date=July 27, 2018}}</ref> While this would benefit the tourist aspect of the city, it is damaging to low-income residents that will no longer be able to afford the cost of living in Tijuana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/karlazabludovsky/tijuana-wants-you-to-forget-everything-you-know-about-it|title=Tijuana Wants You To Forget Everything You Know About It|work=BuzzFeed News|access-date=July 27, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Tijuana is home to many deportees from the U.S., many who have lost everything and do not have an income to rely on and are now in a new city in which they have to quickly adapt in order to survive.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/dec/12/mexico-deportation-tijuana-trump-border|title=This is what the hours after being deported look like|last=Lakhani|first=Nina|date=December 12, 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=July 27, 2018|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> San Diego developers would bring many benefits to Tijuana, but deportees and the poor run the risk of being impacted by the [[gentrification]] of Tijuana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/border/small-san-diego-developers-see-a-new-frontier-in-tijuana/|title=San Diego Developers See a New Frontier in Tijuana|date=November 30, 2015|work=Voice of San Diego|access-date=July 27, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
===Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative===
{{main|Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative}}
[[Image:SanYsidroBorderCrossing.JPG|thumb|left|The San Ysidro border crossing between [[San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area|San Diego and Tijuana]]]]
In late 2006, the [[U.S. Department of Homeland Security]] (DHS) announced a rule regarding new identification requirements for U.S. citizens and international travelers entering the U.S. implemented on January 23, 2007. This final rule and first phase of the WHTI specifies nine forms of identification, one of which is required to enter the U.S. by air: a valid [[passport]]; a [[United States Passport Card|passport card]]; a state [[Driver's licenses in the United States#Enhanced driver's licenses|enhanced driver's license]] or state enhanced non-driver ID card (available in [[Michigan]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Vermont]], and [[Washington (state)|Washington]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.getyouhome.gov/html/lang_eng/eng_edl.html|title=WHTI: Enhanced Drivers License|website=Getyouhome.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215123453/http://www.getyouhome.gov/html/lang_eng/eng_edl.html|archive-date=February 15, 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=April 9, 2018}}</ref>) approved by the Secretary of Homeland Security; a trusted traveler program card ([[Global Entry]], [[NEXUS]], [[Free and Secure Trade|FAST]], or [[SENTRI]]); an enhanced tribal identification card; a Native American Tribal Photo Identification Card;
Form I-872 – American Indian Card; a valid Merchant Mariner Document when traveling in conjunction with official maritime business; or a valid U.S. military identification card when traveling on official orders.<ref>{{Citation|title=DHS Announces Final Western Hemisphere Air Travel|date=December 5, 2006|url=http://www.acte.org/resources/view_article.php?id=105|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216073223/http://www.acte.org/resources/view_article.php?id=105|url-status=dead|publisher=Association of Cotpotrate Travel Executives|access-date=December 2, 2007|archive-date=December 16, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative: The Basics|url=https://www.dhs.gov/xtrvlsec/crossingborders/whtibasics.shtm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226044426/https://www.dhs.gov/xtrvlsec/crossingborders/whtibasics.shtm|url-status=dead|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|access-date=December 2, 2007|archive-date=December 26, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative|date=January 13, 2008|url=https://travel.state.gov/travel/cbpmc/cbpmc_2223.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125092329/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cbpmc/cbpmc_2223.html|url-status=dead|publisher=U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs|access-date=January 12, 2007|archive-date=January 25, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmborder.com/travel_usa.html|title=Traveling to USA?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040911062821/http://www.nmborder.com/travel_usa.html|archive-date=September 11, 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In August 2015, Mexico began enforcing a rule that all foreign citizens that plan to stay in the country for more than seven days or are travelling on business will have to pay a 330 [[peso]]s ($21) fee and show their passport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/border-baja-california/sdut-mexico-opens-new-pedestrian-port-san-ysidro-2015aug19-story.html|title=New pedestrian crossing unveiled in Tijuana|last=Dibble|first=Sandra|website=Sandiegouniontribune.com|access-date=April 9, 2018|date=August 20, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0820/Why-it-s-Mexico-s-turn-to-tighten-the-US-border|title=Why it's Mexico's turn to tighten the US border|date=August 20, 2015|newspaper=[[Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=April 9, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/20/433155278/new-rules-go-into-effect-at-busy-u-s-mexico-border-crossing|title=New Rules Go Into Effect At Busy U.S.–Mexico Border Crossing|website=Npr.org|date=August 20, 2015|access-date=April 9, 2018|last1=Wagner|first1=Laura}}</ref>
===Veterinary inspections===
[[File:Mexico Baja California passport stamp.jpg|thumb|right|Passport stamp upon arrival in [[Tijuana, Baja California]] land border crossing]]
When animals are imported from one country to another, there is the possibility that diseases and parasites can move with them. Thus, most countries impose animal health regulations on the import of animals. Most animals imported to the U.S. must be accompanied by import permits obtained in advance from the [[United States Department of Agriculture|U.S. Department of Agriculture]]'s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) and/or health certification papers from the country of origin.
Veterinary inspections are often required, and are available only at designated ports;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ncie/portlist.html|title=Ports Designated for the Importation of Animals|publisher=Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202135654/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ncie/portlist.html|archive-date=February 2, 2007|access-date=October 5, 2011}}
</ref> advance contact with port veterinarians is recommended.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ncie/portvet.html|title=Port Veterinarian List|publisher=Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209004821/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ncie/portvet.html|archive-date=December 9, 2006|access-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref> Animals crossing the U.S.–Mexico border may have a country of origin other than the country where they present for inspection. Such animals include those from the U.S. that cross to Mexico and return, and animals from other countries that travel overland through Mexico or the U.S. before crossing the border.
[[File:Tijuana Border Traffic.jpg|thumb|left|Thousands of cars sit from fifteen minutes to two hours waiting to cross the border.<ref name="MESA">{{Cite news|url=http://www.otaymesa.org/border-waiting/|title=Border Wait Times and Border Crossing Statistics |work=otaymesa.org|access-date=July 27, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>]]
APHIS imposes precautions to keep out several equine diseases, including [[glanders]], [[Covering sickness|dourine]], [[equine infectious anemia]], [[Babesiosis|equine piroplasmosis]], [[Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus|Venezuelan equine encephalitis]], and [[contagious equine metritis]].<ref name="APHIS1997">{{cite web|url=http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3025/imphorse.html|title=Equine Importation|publisher=Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017004412/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/animals/animal_import/equine/equine_import_quarantine.shtml|archive-date=October 17, 2010|access-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref> APHIS also checks horses to prevent the introduction of [[tick]]s and other parasites. In the Lower Rio Grande Valley, U.S. Department of Agriculture inspectors look for horses and livestock that stray across the border carrying ticks. These animals are often called wetstock, and the inspectors are referred to as tickriders.<ref name="Miller2000">{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Tom |title=On the Border: Portraits of America's Southwestern Frontier |publisher=iUniverse |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8165-0943-0 |pages=72–73}}</ref>
Per APHIS, horses originating from Canada can enter the U.S. with a Canadian government veterinary health certificate and a negative test for EIA.<ref name="APHIS1997" /> Horses from Mexico must have a health certificate; pass negative tests for EIA, dourine, glanders, and EP at a USDA import center; and undergo precautionary treatments for external parasites at the port of entry. Horses from other Western Hemisphere countries must have the same tests as those from Mexico and, except for horses from [[Argentina]], must be held in quarantine for at least seven days as a check for VEE.
APHIS imposes similar testing and certification requirements on horses from other parts of the world but without the quarantine for VEE. These horses are held in quarantine—usually three days—or until tests are completed. Because the disease equine piroplasmosis (equine [[babesiosis]]) is endemic in Mexico but not established in the U.S.,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ca.uky.edu/gluck/q/2003/oct03/q_main.htm|title=Veterinary Science|website=Ca.uky.edu|access-date=April 9, 2018}}</ref> transportation of horses from Mexico to the U.S. requires evaluation of horses for the presence of this disease. A leading exception to this rule is the special waiver obtained by riders participating in the Cabalgata Binacional Villista (see [[cavalcade]]).
Import from the U.S. to Mexico requires evidence within the prior 45 days of freedom from EIA, among other requirements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/NCIE/iregs/animals/mx_eq_040406.pdf|title=Import health requirements of Mexico for horses (non slaughter) exported from the United States|date=December 2005|publisher=Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419233214/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/regulations/vs/iregs/animals/downloads/mx_eq.pdf|archive-date=April 19, 2009|access-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref>
==US security==
===Background===
[[File:Canyon, Rio Grande, Texas.jpeg|thumb|right|The [[Big Bend National Park]] is located at the border.]]
Data from the U.S. Border Patrol Agency's 2010 annual report shows that among the total number of border crossings without documentation from various countries into the U.S., 90% were from Mexico alone. In addition, there are more than 6 million undocumented Mexican nationals residing in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.nap.edu/read/13498/chapter/1#ii|title=Options for Estimating Illegal Entries at the U.S.–Mexico Border The National Academies Press|publisher=The National Academies Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-309-26426-6|location=Washington D.C.|language=en|doi=10.17226/13498}}</ref> The border has a very high rate of documented and undocumented migrant crossings every year. With such a high rate of people crossing annually to the U.S., the country has invested in several distinct security measures.
In 2010, President [[Barack Obama]] signed an [[appropriation bill]] which gave the [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection|Customs and Border Protection]], specifically the Border Patrol, 600 million dollars to implement and improve security. The U.S. government has invested many millions of dollars on [[United States border security concerns|border security]], although this has not stopped undocumented immigration in the U.S.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Martínez|first1=Ruben|title=Fortress America|journal=Index on Censorship|date=2004|volume=33|issue=3|pages=48–52|doi=10.1080/03064220408537373|s2cid=220990170}}</ref> In June 2018, the U.S. government announced installation of [[facial recognition system]] for monitoring immigrant activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jun/05/facial-recognition-us-mexico-border-crossing|title=US government to use facial recognition technology at Mexico border crossing|last=Levin|first=Sam|date=June 5, 2018|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=June 6, 2018}}</ref>
=== Border enforcement ===
{{See also|Illegal immigration to the United States}}
[[File:South Texas, Border Patrol Agents, McAllen Horse Patrol Unit.jpg|thumb|left|[[United States Border Patrol|Border Patrol]] agents in southern Texas in 2013]]
The Border Patrol was created in 1924 with its primary mission to detect and prevent the illegal entry of immigrants into the U.S. Together with other law enforcement officers, the Border Patrol maintains the U.S.' borderlands—regulating the flow of legal immigration and goods while patrolling for undocumented migrants and trafficking of people and contraband. The present strategy to enforce migration along the U.S.–Mexico border is by the means of "prevention through deterrence". Its primary goal is to completely prevent undocumented immigrants from entering the U.S. from Mexico rather than apprehending the unauthorized who are already in the country. As assertive as it was, "prevention through deterrence" was arguably unsuccessful, with a doubling in size of undocumented immigrants population during the two decades leading up to 2014.<ref name=":04">{{Cite journal|last=Ewing|first=Walter A.|date=2014|title=Enemy Territory: Immigration Enforcement in the US–Mexico Borderlands|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/jmighs2&i=198.|journal=Journal on Migration and Human Security|volume=2|issue=3|pages=198–222|via=HeinOnline|doi=10.14240/jmhs.v2i3.32|doi-broken-date=February 19, 2024 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="cbp.gov" />
In order to effectively enforce border protection, the U.S.' policies and regulations have looked to make border crossings more hazardous through the implementation of various operations, one of those being the "funnel effect". The tactic was meant to discourage migration from Mexico into the U.S. by forcing migrants to travel further around barriers where the terrain and weather are more risky, but the strategy was not as successful as initially planned.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Newell|first=Bryce Clayton|date=May 2016|title=Information seeking, technology use, and vulnerability among migrants at the United States–Mexico border|journal=Information Society|volume=32|issue=3|pages=176–191|doi=10.1080/01972243.2016.1153013|doi-access=free}}</ref> As a result, the effect funneled more immigrants to their death even with the assistance of [[Coyote (person)|coyotes]] (smugglers). Not only has this approach caused fatalities throughout the U.S.–Mexico border, but it has even stirred up a nuisance for documented immigrants and American citizens. There has been general concern about the Border Patrol and other agencies abusing their authority by racial profiling and conducting unwarranted searches outside the exception of the {{convert|25|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}} border zone, but still within the {{convert|100.|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}} border zone.
In 2012, Border Patrol agents made over 364,000 arrests of people illegally entering the country. Considerable success has been achieved in restoring integrity and safety to the border, by putting in place a border-control strategy. These include [[Operation Gatekeeper]] in [[San Diego]]; Operation Hold the Line in [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]]; Operation Rio Grande in [[McAllen, Texas|McAllen]]; Operation Safeguard in [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]]; and the Arizona Border Control Initiative along the Arizona border.<ref name="pulsamerica1" /><ref name="smithson1" /><ref name="cbp.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/along-us-borders/overview|title=Border Patrol Overview|website=cbp.gov}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
According to Vulliamy, one in five Mexican nationals will visit or work in the U.S. at one point in their lifetime.<ref name="Vulliamy2010">{{cite book|last=Vulliamy|first=Ed|url=https://archive.org/details/amexicawaralongb00vull|title=Amexica: War Along the Borderline|date=2010|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-0-374-10441-2}}</ref> As of 2010, the border is guarded by more than 20,000 Border Patrol agents, more than at any time in its history.<ref name="2010-06-fact sheet">{{cite web |last=U.S. Department of Homeland Security |title=Fact Sheet: Southwest Border Next Steps |date=June 23, 2010 |url=https://www.dhs.gov/ynews/releases/pr_1277310093825.shtm |access-date=August 6, 2010}}</ref> The border is paralleled by [[United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints|U.S. Border Patrol interior checkpoints]] on major roads generally between {{convert|25|and|75|mi|abbr=on|order=flip|km}} from the U.S. side of the border, and [[garitas]] generally within {{Convert|50.|km|abbr=on}} of the border on the Mexican side.<ref name="GAO2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05435.pdf|title=Border Patrol: Available Data on Interior Checkpoints Suggest Differences in Sector Performance|publisher=[[United States General Accounting Office]]|date=July 2005}}</ref><ref name="GAO2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09824.pdf|title=Border Patrol: Checkpoints Contribute to Border Patrol's Mission, but More Consistent Data Collection and Performance Measurement Could Improve Effectiveness|publisher=[[United States General Accounting Office]]|date=August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aduanas.sat.gob.mx/aduana_mexico/2007/RCGMCE/2007/Anexo_25.doc |author=Aduana Mexico|year= 2007|title= Aduanas 25 de las Reglas de Caracter General en Materia de Comercio Exterior para 2007|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224013954/http://www.aduanas.sat.gob.mx/aduana_mexico/2007/RCGMCE/2007/Anexo_25.doc |archive-date=February 24, 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Sinaloa Cartel Drug Tunnel.jpg|thumb|[[Illegal drug trade|Drug trafficking]] tunnel under the U.S.–Mexico border used by the [[Sinaloa Cartel]]]]
There are an estimated half a million [[Illegal entry|illegal entries]] into the U.S. each year.<ref name="GAO-06-770">{{cite web |url=http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06770.pdf |publisher=Government Accountability Office |title=Illegal Immigration – Border-Crossing Deaths Have Doubled Since 1995; Border Patrol's Efforts to Prevent Deaths Have Not Been Fully Evaluated |page=42 |date=August 2006}}</ref> Border Patrol activity is concentrated around border cities such as San Diego and El Paso which have extensive border fencing. This means that the flow of illegal immigrants is diverted into rural mountainous and desert areas, leading to several hundred [[Migrant deaths along the Mexico–United States border|migrant deaths along the Mexico–U.S. border]] of those attempting to cross into the U.S. from Mexico illegally and vice versa.<ref name="GAO-06-770" />
Undocumented labor contributes $395 billion to the economy every year. While the U.S. is in favor of immigration, the increase in undocumented immigration has given border-crossing a negative image. There are around 11.5 million undocumented workers in the U.S. today, and 87% of undocumented immigrants have been living in the U.S. for more than 7 years.<ref name="pulsamerica1">{{cite web|url=http://www.pulsamerica.co.uk/2013/07/the-u-s-mexico-border-under-the-economic-lens-and-in-the-historical-frame/|title=The U.S.–Mexico border: under the economic lens and in the historical frame|website=pulsamerica.co.uk|access-date=November 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006011832/http://www.pulsamerica.co.uk/2013/07/the-u-s-mexico-border-under-the-economic-lens-and-in-the-historical-frame/|archive-date=October 6, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Local economies that develop on the Mexican side capitalize not only on available skills but also on available, usually discarded, materials. Small businesses trade in clothes that are purchased by the pound and cardboard from the U.S. Some items, like the used tires found everywhere along the border, are made into certain items that support local economies and define a border.<ref name="smithson1">{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/bord/intro.html|title=Borders and Identity|website=smithsonianeducation.org}}</ref>
The [[Secure Fence Act of 2006]] was passed providing for the construction of {{convert|700.|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} of high-security fencing. Attempts to complete the construction of the [[Mexico–United States barrier]] have been challenged by the Mexican government and various U.S.–based organizations.
In January 2013, the [[Government Accountability Office]] released a report stating that the U.S. Border Patrol intercepted 61% of individuals illegally crossing the border in 2011, which translates to 208,813 individuals not apprehended.<ref name="JAN13GAO">{{cite news|first=Stephen|last= Dinan |title=Interceptions of immigrants stubbornly low |url=http://m.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jan/9/interceptions-immigrants-stubbornly-low/ |newspaper=Washington Times |date=January 9, 2013 |access-date=January 12, 2013}}</ref> 85,827 of the 208,813 would go on to illegally enter the U.S., while the rest returned to Mexico and other Central American countries.<ref name="JAN13GAO" /> The report also shows that the number of illegal border crossings has dropped.<ref name="JAN13GAO" />
{{Graph:Chart|width=900|height=200|type=rect|xAxisTitle=Fiscal Year (Years shown here: 1990–2017.|yAxisTitle=Apprehensions (in thousands)
|x=1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000, 2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2019,2020,2021
|y= 1049.321, 1077.876, 1145.574, 1212.886, 979.101, 1271.390, 1507.020, 1368.707, 1516.680, 1537.000, 1643.679, 1235.718, 929.809, 905.065, 1139.282, 1171.396, 1071.972, 858.638, 705.005, 540.865, 447.731, 327.577, 356.873, 414.397, 479.371, 331.333, 408.870, 303.916, 977.509, 458.088, 1734.686
|showValues=offset:4}}
The apprehensions per (fiscal) year are shown in the graph; they reached a maximum of over 1.643 million in the year 2000.<ref name="cbp">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2017-Dec/BP%20Southwest%20Border%20Sector%20Apps%20FY1960%20-%20FY2017.pdf|title=United States Border Patrol|access-date=June 27, 2018|archive-date=June 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624063409/https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2017-Dec/BP%20Southwest%20Border%20Sector%20Apps%20FY1960%20-%20FY2017.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Similar numbers had been reached in 1986 with over 1.615 million.<ref name="cbp" />
The increase of border security throughout the years has progressively made crossings at the U.S.–Mexico border more dangerous, which has developed a human rights crisis at the border. The number of migrant deaths occurring along the U.S.–Mexico border has dramatically increased since the implementation of the funnel effect.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Leif|date=November 2015|title=Material Interventions on the US-Mexico Border: Investigating a Sited Politics of Migrant Solidarity |journal=Antipode |volume=47|issue=5|pages=1244|doi=10.1111/anti.12151}}</ref> Along the Arizona-Mexico border, only seven migrant deaths were recorded in 1996; however, the remains of over 2,000 migrants were discovered from 2001 to 2012. Since the majority of deaths occur in rural areas, where extreme temperatures are common, it is likely the number of recorded deaths are far below the total. Because of the harsh, inaccessible terrain, human remains may not be found for years or ever.<ref>{{Cite SSRN|last=Martinez|first=Daniel E.|last2=Reineke|first2=Robin|last3=Rubio-Goldsmith|first3=Raquel|last4=Anderson|first4=Bruce E.|last5=Hess|first5=Gregory L.|last6=Parks|first6=Bruce O.|date=2013|title=A Continued Humanitarian Crisis at the Border: Undocumented Border Crosser Deaths Recorded by the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner, 1990–2012|ssrn=2633209}}</ref>
The [[Human Rights Watch]] cited on April 22, 2020, that a U.S.–Mexico border shutdown could be expected following the [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] public health emergency. According to HRW, the new rule introduced by the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] overlooks the fact that the U.S. is obligated to protect refugees from return to conditions threatening prosecution, as per treaties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/22/tell-trump-administration-protect-asylum-seekers|title=Tell the Trump Administration to Protect Asylum Seekers |access-date=April 22, 2020|website=Human Rights Watch|date=April 22, 2020 }}</ref>
President Joe Biden's border executive plan as the COVID-19 restrictions – known as Title 42 – expired in May 2023.
Under Title 42, which had been in effect since March 2020, many border crossers have been quickly deported to Mexico without a chance for asylum.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blake |first1=Michael |title=Border crossings top 10,000 daily as migrants seek US entry before Title 42 ends |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/biden-restricts-asylum-access-mexico-border-title-42-ends-2023-05-10/ |work=Reuters |date=2023}}</ref>
===Barrier===
{{main|Mexico–United States barrier}}
The U.S. government had plans in 2006, during the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush administration]], to erect a border fence along the Mexico–U.S. border. The controversial proposal included creating many individual fences. Almost {{Convert|600.|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} of fence were constructed, with each of the individual fences composed of steel and concrete.<ref name="Vulliamy2010" /> In between these fences are infrared cameras and sensors, National Guard soldiers, and SWAT teams on alert, giving rise to the term "virtual fence".<ref name="Vulliamy2010" /> Construction on the fence began in 2006, with each mile costing the U.S. government about $2.8 million.<ref name="Hodge, Roger D. 2012">{{cite journal|last=Hodge|first= Roger D. |title=Borderworld: How the U.S. Is Reengineering Homeland Security|url=http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2011-12/how-us-reengineering-homeland-security-borders|journal=Popular Science |volume=280 |issue= 1|year= 2012|pages= 56–81}}</ref> In 2010, the initiative was terminated because of costs, after having completed {{convert|640.|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} of either barrier fence or vehicle barriers, that were either new or had been rebuilt over older, inferior fencing. The [[Boeing]]-built SBI-net systems of using radar, watchtowers, and sensors (without a fence or physical barrier) were scrapped for being over budget, full of glitches, and far behind schedule.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/16/AR2010031603573.html|title=Work to cease on 'virtual fence' along U.S.–Mexico border|last=Hsu|first=Spencer S.|date=March 16, 2010|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="170">
File:US-Mexico border fence.jpg|The U.S.–Mexico border fence near [[El Paso]], [[Texas]]
File:BorderAtJacumba.jpg|Portion of border near [[Jacumba Hot Springs, California|Jacumba, California]], in 2003
File:BorderAtJacumba2.jpg|Portion of border near Jacumba, California, in 2009 with enhanced security
</gallery>
===Border incursions===
[[File:Pedestrian border crossing sign Tijuana Mexico.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Border for pedestrians in Tijuana, Baja California]]
According to the U.S. Border Patrol, apprehensions of Central Americans at the border reduced from 70,000 to 55,000 attempted illegal migrants from 2007 to 2011. Thereafter, the number of apprehensions increased dramatically to 95,000 in 2012, 150,000 in 2013 and 220,000 in 2014. The increased apprehensions could have been the result of improved border security or a dramatic rise in attempted crossings, or both.<ref name="officialstats">{{cite web |title=Statistics – SW Border apprehensions |url=https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/usbp-sw-border-apprehensions |website=www.cbp.gov |publisher=CBP – US Border patrol (Official website) |access-date=November 6, 2018}}</ref>
In the fiscal year of 2006, there were 29 confirmed border incursions by Mexican government officials, of which 17 were by armed individuals. Since 1996, there have been 253 incursions by Mexican government officials.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/20080109-1533-mexico-us-borderincursions.html |title=Report: Border Patrol confirms 29 incursions by Mexican officials into U.S. in 2007
|newspaper=San Diego Union Tribune |access-date=January 17, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEKUJGT2xr4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/pEKUJGT2xr4 |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |url-status=live| title=MSNBC report on Border incursion Oct 18 2007 |publisher=MSNBC |access-date=January 17, 2008}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11226144 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060318115739/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11226144/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 18, 2006 |title=Mexican incursions inflame border situation |publisher=MSNBC |access-date=January 17, 2008}}</ref> In 2014 the U.S. Department of Homeland Security informed California Representative [[Duncan D. Hunter]] that since 2004, there have been 300 documented border incursions, which resulted in 131 individuals being detained.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hunter.house.gov/press-release/dhs-hunter-more-300-border-incursions-mexican-military-and-law-enforcement-authoriti-0 |title=DHS to Hunter: More than 300 border incursions by Mexican military and law enforcement authorities since January 2004 |date=June 17, 2014 |website=Congressman Duncan Hunter |publisher=United States House of Representatives |access-date=June 17, 2014 |archive-date=July 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713105000/https://hunter.house.gov/press-release/dhs-hunter-more-300-border-incursions-mexican-military-and-law-enforcement-authoriti-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
On August 3, 2008, [[Mexican Armed Forces|Mexican military]] personnel crossed into Arizona from Mexico and encountered a U.S. Border Patrol agent, whom they held at gunpoint. The soldiers later returned to Mexico, as backup Border Patrol agents came to investigate.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://washingtontimes.com/news/2008/aug/06/soldiers-cross-into-us-hold-guns-to-agent/ |title=Border patrol agent held at gunpoint |work=Washington Times |date=August 8, 2008}}</ref>
===Disagreements over need for more resources===
Proponents of greater spending on the border argue that continuing the buildup is necessary because of increased violence and drug trafficking from Mexico spilling into the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|last=Potter|first=Mark|title=Debate rages over Mexico 'spillover violence' in U.S|date=March 15, 2012 |url=http://dailynightly.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/03/15/10701978-debate-rages-over-mexico-spillover-violence-in-us?lite|publisher=NBC News|access-date=September 24, 2012}}</ref> However, critics such as the [[Washington Office on Latin America]] have argued that the diminishing number of border crossings can only be partially attributed to U.S. security measures. Unintentional factors, such as a weakened U.S. economy in the wake of the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2008|2008 financial crisis]] and the [[Mexican drug war]] have made attempting illegal border crossings more risky and less rewarding.<ref name="Insightcrime">{{cite web |url=http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/further-buildup-on-us-mexico-border-unnecessary-report |title=Further Buildup on US–Mexico Border Unnecessary: Report |newspaper=[[InSight Crime]] |date=April 20, 2012 |access-date=December 7, 2014}}</ref>
In 2019, there have been humanitarian crises on the border because of lack of resources. Migrant children have specifically been affected.<ref name="roguerocket.com">Stenn, L. (June 25, 2019). Hundreds of Migrant Children Moved From Border Facility After Poor Conditions Exposed. Retrieved from https://roguerocket.com/2019/06/25/hundreds-of-migrant-children-moved-from-border-facility-after-poor-conditions-exposed/</ref> Democratic members of the House of Representatives introduced legislation that would aid the humanitarian crisis by giving $4.5 billion to emergency spending to address the humanitarian crisis at the border, with significant funding for priorities including legal assistance, food, water, and medical services, support services for unaccompanied children, alternatives to detention, and refugee services.<ref>House Democrats Introduce Emergency Border Supplemental. (June 21, 2019). Retrieved from https://appropriations.house.gov/news/press-releases/house-democrats-introduce-emergency-border-supplemental</ref>
Distribution of natural resources across the border has also been a major challenge, particularly for water use and water quality. Toxic sewage flowing into Mexico, and over-consumption of water from the Colorado River Basin and middle-lower Rio Grande have been central to the conflict. Large-scale infrastructure investments may be necessary to address the growing water and energy issues in this arid region.<ref name="Applied Energy 2021 p.">{{cite journal | title=Combatting water scarcity and economic distress along the US-Mexico border using renewable powered desalination | journal=Applied Energy | volume=291 | date=June 1, 2021 | issn=0306-2619 | doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116765 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261921002725 | access-date=July 2, 2021 | page=116765| last1=Roggenburg | first1=Michael | last2=Warsinger | first2=David M. | last3=Bocanegra Evans | first3=Humberto | last4=Castillo | first4=Luciano | s2cid=233583448 }}</ref>
=== Trump administration ===
[[File:2019 US Meixco Border Crossing apprehension (48036606282).jpg|thumb|U.S. Border Patrol agents review documents of individuals suspected of attempted illegal entry in 2019.]]
In 2016, Republican nominee for president [[Donald Trump]] proposed building a border wall to control immigration. He declared that, as president, he would force Mexico to pay all costs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/30/politics/donald-trump-enrique-pea-nieto-mexico/|title=Mexican president disputes Trump over border wall payment discussion|first1=Stephen|last1=Collinson|first2=Jeremy|last2=Diamond|website=CNN|date=September 1, 2016|access-date=October 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37243269|title=How realistic is Donald Trump's Mexico wall?|date=September 1, 2016|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=October 7, 2016}}</ref> On January 25, 2017, several days after his inauguration and two days in advance of a planned meeting in Washington, D.C., with Mexican President [[Enrique Peña Nieto]], new U.S. president Trump signed [[Executive Order 13767]] to enable the building of the wall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38740717|title=Trump orders wall to be built on Mexico border|date=January 26, 2017|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=January 26, 2017}}</ref> Peña Nieto denied that Mexico would pay for the wall and declined the meeting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38753826|title=Mexico: We will not pay for Trump border wall|date=January 26, 2017|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=January 26, 2017}}</ref> Shortly after, Trump announced that he intended to impose a 20% tariff on Mexican goods.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-mexico-idUSKBN15A1VF|title=Trump seeks 20 percent tax on Mexico goods to pay for wall, crisis deepens|date=January 26, 2017|website=Reuters|language=en-GB|access-date=January 26, 2017}}</ref> Mexico did not make any payments.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Baum |first1=Caroline |title=Forget what Donald Trump said: Tariffs are a tax on American consumers |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/forget-what-donald-trump-said-tariffs-are-a-tax-on-american-consumers-2019-03-06 |access-date=March 7, 2019 |website=MarketWatch |date=March 6, 2019}}</ref>
On September 20, 2017, [[Attorney General of California|California Attorney General]] [[Xavier Becerra]] filed a lawsuit alleging that the Trump administration has overstepped its powers in expediting construction of a border wall.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Patrick|last1=McGreevy|first2=Jazmine|last2=Ulloa|website=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-xavier-becerra-trump-wall-lawsuit-20170920-story.html|title=California again steps up to Trump, this time to stop the border wall|date=September 20, 2017|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>[[State of California Department of Justice]], September 20, 2017: [https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-becerra-constitution-rule-law-barriers-trump-border-wall ''Attorney General Becerra: Constitution, Rule of Law Barriers to Trump Border Wall''] (Press Release)</ref> As of the end of 2017, Mexico had not agreed to pay any amount toward the wall, no new tariffs on Mexican goods had been considered by the U.S. Congress,<ref name="payforwall">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/republicans-skeptical-about-paying-for-wall-as-trump-prepares-to-release-budget/2017/03/15/dd2b5848-099b-11e7-b77c-0047d15a24e0_story.html|title=Republicans skeptical about paying for wall as Trump releases budget|first1=Sean|last1=Sullivan|first2=Kelsey|last2=Snell|date=March 16, 2017|access-date=April 9, 2018|newspaper=Washington Post|url-access=limited}}</ref> the U.S. Congress had not appropriated funding for a wall, and no further wall construction had started beyond what was already planned during the [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]].<ref name="payforwall" />
In June 2018, the Trump administration established a [[Trump administration family separation policy|new policy of separating parents from their children at the Mexican border]]. People asking for asylum at official ports of entry were "being turned away and told there's no room for them now."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/6/5/17428640/border-families-asylum-illegal|title=Trump keeps making it harder for people to seek asylum legally|publisher=Vox|date=June 5, 2018|access-date=June 20, 2018}}</ref> The U.S. and Mexico mutually placed tariffs on each other's exports.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aleem |first1=Zeeshan |title=Trump hit Mexico with steel tariffs. Mexico is hitting back – and targeting Republicans|url=https://www.vox.com/world/2018/6/6/17433654/mexico-tariffs-us-goods-trump-trade |access-date=March 7, 2019 |website=Vox |date=June 6, 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Cerco fronterizo de H. Nogales y Nogales.jpg|thumb|left|Nogales border fence]]
On November 8, 2018, the Trump administration announced new rules to deny asylum to anyone who crosses into the U.S. illegally from any nation, at Trump's discretion. This was based on the Supreme Court decision of ''[[Trump v. Hawaii]]'' and the presidential powers of the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/08/us/politics/trump-asylum-seekers-executive-order.html | title= Trump Claims New Power to Bar Asylum for Immigrants Who Arrive Illegally | first = Michael | last = Shear | date = November 8, 2018 | access-date = December 21, 2018 | work = [[The New York Times]] | url-access = limited}}</ref> Trump signed a proclamation the next day to specify that people crossing the Mexican border illegally would not qualify for asylum; he called the march of migrants from Central America towards the U.S. a "crisis".<ref name="nytimes asylum 20181109">{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/09/us/politics/trump-asylum-seekers-executive-order.html | title= Trump Suspends Some Asylum Rights, Calling Illegal Immigration 'a Crisis' | first1 = Michael | last1= Shear | first2 = Eileen | last2= Sullivan | date= November 9, 2018 | access-date = December 21, 2018 | work =[[The New York Times]] | url-access = limited}}</ref> Civil rights groups strongly criticized the move, and several groups, including the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]], the [[American Civil Liberties Union]], and the [[Center for Constitutional Rights]], filed a lawsuit in the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California|U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California]] to challenge the proclamation.<ref name="nytimes asylum 20181109" /> Judge [[Jon S. Tigar]] ruled in favor of the advocacy groups on November 20, 2018, placing an injunction on the administration to delay implementation of the rule.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/20/us/judge-denies-trump-asylum-policy.html | title = Federal Judge Blocks Trump's Proclamation Targeting Some Asylum Seekers | first= Miriam | last= Jordan | date = November 20, 2018 | access-date= December 21, 2018 |work = [[The New York Times]] | url-access = limited}}</ref> The administration appealed to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|Ninth Circuit]], where a divided 2-1 panel ruled that the new asylum rules were inconsistent with existing law and upheld the injunction.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://apnews.com/1833470d0588418b9c686a61a5de662e | title = US appeals court won't immediately allow Trump asylum ban | date = December 7, 2018 | access-date = April 26, 2020 | website = AP News | first = Sudhin | last = Thanawala }}</ref> On December 21, 2018, the Supreme Court declined to hear the administration's challenge, leaving the injunction in place and preventing the asylum ban from being enforced.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/21/politics/supreme-court-upholds-block-on-trumps-asylum-ban/index.html | title= Supreme Court upholds block on Trump's asylum ban | first1= Caroline | last1= Kelly | first2 = Ariane | last2 = de Vogue | date= December 21, 2018 | access-date = December 21, 2018 | work = [[CNN]] }}</ref>
During the 2018 fiscal year, U.S. border agents arrested 107,212 people traveling in families, a record-high number. During the following five months (October 2018 through February 2019), that record was shattered by the arrest of 136,150 people traveling in families.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Border Patrol Southwest Border Apprehensions by Sector FY2018 |url=https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/usbp-sw-border-apprehensions |website=U.S. Customs and Border Protection |access-date=March 7, 2019}}</ref> On March 31, 2019, Trump threatened to close the border, cutting off trade between the countries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/04/01/trump-cutting-aid-closing-ports-border-patrol-stressed-migrant-families-released/3329728002/|title=Cutting aid and closing ports: Here's what's happening at the southern border|website=USA Today|language=en|access-date=April 1, 2019|first=Alan|last=Gomez|date=April 1, 2019}}</ref> On April 4, Trump said that instead he would give Mexico a year to stop illegal drugs from coming into the U.S. If this did not happen, he said tariffs on automobiles would be used first, and then closing of the border.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/04/04/border-trump-says-he-delay-sealing-off-southern-border-year/3353761002/|title=President Trump says he will delay closing the border with Mexico for a year|last1=Collins|first1=Michael|last2=Fritze|first2=John|last3=Jackson|first3=David|work=[[USA Today]]|date=April 4, 2019|access-date=April 26, 2020}}</ref>
==== Proposed wall ====
{{Main|Trump wall}}
[[File:United States-Mexico-border-wall-Progreso-Lakes-Texas.jpeg|thumb|right|U.S.–Mexico border wall, [[Progreso Lakes, Texas]]]]
While running for president, Trump estimated that a border wall would cost $8 to $12 billion<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Bennett |first1=Brian |last2=Berenson |first2=Tessa |last3=Abramson |first3=Alana |title=How Republicans Are Talking Trump Into Accepting a Smaller Border Wall Deal |url=https://time.com/5528673/donald-trump-congress-border-security-compromise-republicans/ |access-date=April 26, 2020 |magazine=Time |date=February 13, 2019}}</ref> and that he could force Mexico to pay for it. Cost estimates of the proposed wall vary widely. In early 2017, shortly after Trump took office, the DHS estimated the cost at $22 billion,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Greenwood |first1=Max |title=DHS report pegs cost of border wall at up to $21.6 billion: report |url=https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/318841-dhs-report-pegs-cost-of-border-wall-as-high-as-216-billion-report |access-date=March 7, 2019 |newspaper=The Hill |date=February 9, 2017}}</ref> while Democratic staff on the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee estimated $70 billion to build the wall and $150 million in annual maintenance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Carney |first1=Jordain |title=Senate Dems: Trump's border wall could cost nearly $70 billion |url=https://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/329359-senate-dems-trumps-border-wall-could-cost-nearly-70-billion |access-date=March 7, 2019 |newspaper=The Hill |date=April 18, 2017}}</ref> Significant [[cost overrun]]s and missed deadlines are common in government projects; in recent U.S. history, see, for example, the [[Big Dig]] and the [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner|Boeing Dreamliner]].
In the summer of 2017, four major construction companies planned to bid for the contract. The Customs and Border Protection agency budgeted $20 million to hire these companies to build half-million-dollar prototypes of the wall. At this time, Congress had only approved $341 million to maintain the existing wall; no funds had been allocated to build new sections of wall.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/us/mexico-wall-prototypes-trump.html |title=U.S. Moves to Build Prototypes for Mexican Border Wall |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |first=Ron |last=Nixon |date=August 31, 2017 |access-date=August 27, 2018 |url-access=limited}}</ref> The DHS recommended that the wall's height should be between {{cvt|18.|and|30.|ft|abbr=off|order=flip|sigfig=2}} and its depth should be up to {{cvt|6.|ft|order=flip}} to deter drug traffickers from building tunnels.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Wall: The real costs of a barrier between the United States and Mexico|first=Vanda|last=Felbab-Brown|date=August 2017|url=https://www.brookings.edu/essay/the-wall-the-real-costs-of-a-barrier-between-the-united-states-and-mexico/|website=The Brookings Institution|access-date=April 26, 2020}}</ref>
During the Trump administration, {{Convert|455|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}} were added to barrier between the two countries. The construction of the wall has been halted by President [[Joe Biden]] as he canceled the national emergency declaration, originally used by Trump.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Miroff|first1=Nick|last2=Hernandez|first2=Arelis R.|date=January 20, 2021|title=Biden orders a 'pause' on border wall construction, bringing crews to halt|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/biden-border-wall-executive-order/2021/01/20/5f472456-5b32-11eb-aaad-93988621dd28_story.html|access-date=October 25, 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
=== Biden administration ===
The U.S. Border Patrol detained more than 1.7 million migrants crossing the U.S.-Mexico border illegally in fiscal year 2021, the highest number ever recorded.<ref>{{cite news |title=Record high migrant detentions at US-Mexico border |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-59019791 |work=BBC News |date=October 23, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Situation at the southern border worse that you probably realize |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/immigration/581513-situation-at-the-southern-border-worse-that-you-probably-realize |work=The Hill |date=November 15, 2021}}</ref> A greater demographic diversity of southwest border apprehensions have been noted in 2021.<ref>Stef W. Kight. (January 30, 2022). "U.S. border draws migrants from Russia, Ukraine".
[https://www.axios.com/us-border-migrants-russia-ukraine-651b35ab-8cf1-480c-afe5-8961e9c98e45.html Axios website] Retrieved January 31, 2022.</ref>
On February 8, 2024, a group of 24 House Republicans wrote a letter<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter - PDF |url=https://weber.house.gov/uploadedfiles/border_letter_to_potus_final.pdf}}</ref> to urge President Biden not to federalize the Texas National Guard in the midst of Texas wanting to crack down on the spike of illegal immigration on the U.S.-Mexico border.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Timotija |first=Filip |date=February 8, 2024 |title=Republicans tell Biden not to take control of Texas National Guard amid standoff over border |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4456459-republicans-biden-not-take-control-texas-national-guard-border/ |access-date=February 9, 2024 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Humanitarian assistance along the border ===
[[File:Water Stations at Border.jpg|thumb|A volunteer from the Humane Border group is refilling water stations located on the desert of the U.S.-Mexico border.]]
Humanitarian groups such as Humane Borders, No More Deaths, and Samaritans provide water in order to reduce deaths of immigrants who are journeying through the Arizona desert.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|url=http://tucson.com/news/local/border/us-allows-new-water-stations-by-border/article_a8dc1191-74fc-5a8a-9ad0-409b7a1e8b65.html|title=US allows new water stations by border|last=Star|first=Brady McCombs Arizona Daily|work=Arizona Daily Star|access-date=April 6, 2018|language=en}}</ref> A policy passed in 2010 by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife federal agency allows water drums to be placed on roads of disturbed areas.<ref name="auto2" />
No More Deaths (''No Más Muertes'') is a [[non-governmental organization]] (NGO) headquartered in [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]] that is designed to assist in ending death and suffering of immigrants along the U.S.-Mexico border by upholding fundamental human rights. Elemental services of No More Deaths is to provide humanitarian assistance, giving food and first aid treatment, witness and respond to human rights abuses, encouraging humane immigration policy, and making phone calls to relatives of immigrants.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bird|first=Jo|date=November 2014|title=Human Rights on the US/Mexico Border<!-- |disabled url, this link is utterly useless for anyone who does not have access to ebscohosturl=http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=ec1dca85-5d92-4e29-8d58-31f9431edecb%40sdc-v-sessmgr05 -->|journal=Pandora's Box (1835-8624)|volume=21|pages=94–101}}</ref> Since its founding in 2004, No More Deaths has provided assistance to thousands of migrant border crossers; however the Border Patrol and other public land agencies near the U.S.–Mexico border have challenged the efforts of various humanitarian groups, by following immigrants to a medical volunteer camp and raiding it.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.statnews.com/2017/07/06/immigration-desert-clinic/|title=After Trump's immigration crackdown, a desert clinic tries to save lives without breaking the law|last=Boodman|first=Eric|date=July 6, 2017|work=STAT|access-date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> Humanitarian groups along the border have been tested by Border Patrol and other agencies, however the authority of the Trump administration has introduced a new tier of restriction through surveillance, harassment, and intimidation to border relief efforts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Sophie|date=October 2017|title=No More Deaths: Direct Aid in the US-Mexico Border Zone|journal=South Atlantic Quarterly|volume=116|pages=851–862|doi=10.1215/00382876-116-4-851}}</ref>
[[File:Tijuana-san diego border deaths.jpg|thumb|left|Memorial coffins on the US-Mexico barrier in Tijuana for those killed crossing the border fence]]
Incidence rates of HIV and tuberculosis are higher in border towns such as El Paso and Ciudad Juárez than at the national level in both countries. The Nuestra Casa Initiative tried to counter the health disparities by using a cross-border strategy that moved around an exhibit prominent in various museums and universities.<ref>Moya, Eva, et al.『Nuestra Casa: An Advocacy Initiative to Reduce Inequalities and Tuberculosis along the US–Mexico Border.』''International Public Health Journal'', vol. 8, no. 2, 2016, pp. 107–119.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moya, Eva |last2=Chavez-Baray, Silvia |last3=Wood, William W. |last4=Martinez, Omar |title=Nuestra Casa: An advocacy initiative to reduce inequalities and tuberculosis along the US–Mexico border |journal=International Public Health Journal |date=2016 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=107–119 |language=en |issn=1947-4989|pmid=30245778 |pmc=6150456 }}</ref> Similarly, special action groups as part of the Border Health Strategic Initiative created by the [[University of Arizona]] with other groups helped create a healthier Hispanic community in Arizona border towns by creating policy and infrastructure changes.<ref name="CohenMeister2016">{{cite journal|last1=Cohen|first1=Stuart J.|last2=Meister|first2=Joel S.|last3=deZapien|first3=Jill G.|title=Special Action Groups for Policy Change and Infrastructure Support to Foster Healthier Communities on the Arizona–Mexico Border|journal=Public Health Reports|volume=119|issue=1|year=2016|pages=40–47|issn=0033-3549|doi=10.1177/003335490411900110|pmid=15147648|pmc=1502256}}</ref> These groups provided humanitarian assistance to counter the prominence of Type 2 diabetes among the Hispanic community by acquiring a grant for new walking trails and encouraging public elementary schools to provide healthier food choices for students.<ref name="CohenMeister2016" />
Immigrants are considered easy targets by gang members, because they do not have the strength to resist aggressive offenders and end up left with nothing. In June 2018, [[United States Attorney General|U.S. Attorney General]] [[Jeff Sessions]] disqualified victims of gangs or domestic violence to be reasonable causes for asylum seekers.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Rhodan|first=Maya|date=November 2018|title=Give Me Shelter<!-- |disabled url, this link is utterly useless for anyone outside byu url=http://web.a.ebscohost.com.erl.lib.byu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=5&sid=bfddb08a-48ad-4e62-9fcf-0656cd14af09%40sdc-v-sessmgr01 -->|magazine=Time|volume=192|pages=36–41}}</ref>
[[File:BigBendMexicans.jpeg|thumb|right|Mexicans crossing the Río Grande face the [[Big Bend National Park]]]]
Not only do these Hispanic communities face health inequalities, but political inequalities as well.<ref>{{cite news|first=Suzanne|last=Gamboa|date=February 26, 2019|title=Racism, not a lack of assimilation, is the real problem facing Latinos in America|website=NBC News|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/racism-not-lack-assimilation-real-problem-facing-latinos-america-n974021}}</ref> The need for political change was so huge that it has encouraged Hispanic women to engage in activism at a local level. The Neighborhood Action Group in Chula Vista, California, is one of the groups that attracted the help of local Hispanic women to implement a feminist perspective in activism in spite of the social and economic obstacles as well as Assembly Bill No. 775, 2005 that prohibited children being used as interpreters.<ref name="BoscoAitken2011">{{cite journal|last1=Bosco|first1=Fernando J.|last2=Aitken|first2=Stuart C.|last3=Herman|first3=Thomas|title=Women and children in a neighborhood advocacy group: engaging community and refashioning citizenship at the United States–Mexico border|journal=Gender, Place & Culture|volume=18|issue=2|year=2011|pages=155–178|issn=0966-369X|doi=10.1080/0966369X.2010.551652|s2cid=144414124}}</ref> These humanitarian groups have implemented various strategies to pursue their goals that ultimately try to counter the number of immigrant deaths and abuses in immigrant detention even if it means the criminalization and higher levels of discrimination against them.<ref name="AndroffTavassoli2012">{{cite journal|last1=Androff|first1=D. K.|last2=Tavassoli|first2=K. Y.|title=Deaths in the Desert: The Human Rights Crisis on the U.S.–Mexico Border|journal=Social Work|volume=57|issue=2|year=2012|pages=165–173|issn=0037-8046|doi=10.1093/sw/sws034|url=https://asu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/deaths-in-the-desert-the-human-rights-crisis-on-the-us-mexico-bor|pmid=23038878}}</ref>
In Mexico, most humanitarian groups focus on assisting the deportees. As rates of deportation increase, "the deportation of many individuals is becoming more and more notable" in the streets of Mexico cities.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atencionsanmiguel.org/2018/02/16/new-organization-emerges-to-aid-deported-mexican-nationals/|title=New Organization Emerges to Aid Deported Mexican Nationals {{!}} San Miguel de Allende {{!}} Atención San Miguel|website=Atencionsanmiguel.org|language=en-US|access-date=April 6, 2018|archive-date=April 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407054208/http://www.atencionsanmiguel.org/2018/02/16/new-organization-emerges-to-aid-deported-mexican-nationals/|url-status=dead}}</ref> As a result, many humanitarian groups have formed in Mexican cities where undocumented individuals are deported such as [[Nogales, Sonora]]. The humanitarian groups consist of faith-based communities and primarily non-profit organizations that assist deportees, many of whom do not have any resources with them such as money, food, or family information, and who would otherwise become homeless and emotionally and psychologically devastated.<ref>{{Cite AV media|last=Burr|first=Pete|title=Kino Border Initiative – the church without frontiers|date=February 28, 2017|url=https://vimeo.com/206180020|access-date=April 6, 2018|via=[[Vimeo]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/content/humanitarianism-ground-humanitarian-aid-migrants-and-refugees-mexico|title=Humanitarianism from the ground: humanitarian aid to migrants and refugees in Mexico {{!}} Oxford Department of International Development|website=Qeh.ox.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=April 6, 2018|archive-date=April 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055211/http://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/content/humanitarianism-ground-humanitarian-aid-migrants-and-refugees-mexico|url-status=dead}}</ref> Contributing factors that might have caused them to be devastated can either be that they were separated from "their family members or the inability to work legally in the United States".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kinoborderinitiative.org|title=Kino Border Initiative – Iniciative Kino para la Frontera|website=Kino Border Initiative|language=en-US|access-date=April 6, 2018}}</ref> Therefore, the primary purpose of the humanitarian groups on the Mexico side of the border is to create a pathway for transitional support such as providing the deportees food, shelter, clothing, legal help and social services.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, there are humanitarian groups that provides meals and shelter to deportees according to their deportation documents. Humanitarian groups along the border in Mexico are El Comedor, Nazareth House, Camino Juntos, [[La 72]], and FM4: Paso Libre.
In June 2019, 300 migrant children were moved from a detention facility in [[Clint, Texas]], after a group of lawyers who visited reported unsafe and unsanitary conditions.<ref name="roguerocket.com" /> In the same month, the body of Óscar Alberto Martínez and his 23-month-old daughter, Angie Valeria, were found dead in the Rio Grande River. The family was from El Salvador, attempting to cross from Mexico into the U.S. near [[Brownsville, Texas]].<ref>{{cite news|first1=Christina|last1=Maxouris|first2=Steve|last2=Almasy|first3=Natalie|last3=Gallón|date=June 27, 2019|title=A woman watched her husband and daughter drown at the Mexican border, report says|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/26/politics/mexico-father-daughter-dead-rio-grande-wednesday/|website=CNN}}</ref> Gaining attention from the media, the House passed a bill, appropriating $4.5 billion for resources at the border.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Rebecca|last1=Shabad|first2=Leigh Ann|last2=Caldwell|date=June 25, 2019|title=House passes border funding bill to address humanitarian crisis|website=NBC News|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/house-passes-border-funding-bill-address-humanitarian-crisis-n1021511}}</ref>
==US border zone policies==
Per the [[Environmental issues along the Mexico–United States border#La Paz Agreement|La Paz Agreement]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/lapazagreement.pdf|title=La Paz Agreement|website=Epa.gov|access-date=April 9, 2018}}</ref> the official "border area" extends {{convert|100.|km|mi|abbr=on}} "on either side of the inland and maritime boundaries" from the Gulf of Mexico west into the Pacific Ocean. There is also a [[#100-mile border zone|100-mile border zone]].
===Secure Border Initiative===
{{One source section|date=June 2018}}
[[File:Defense.gov photo essay 060719-A-3715G-077.jpg|thumb|A U.S. [[Army National Guard]] member working with the U.S. Border Patrol in support of [[Operation Jump Start]], Arizona, July 2006]]
A National Border Patrol Strategic Plan was first developed in 1994; it was then updated in 2004 and 2012. In 2004, the updated strategy focused on command structures, intelligence and surveillance, enforcement and deployment of U.S. Border Patrol agents to better respond to threats at the border. The strategic planning led to broader policy development for the DHS which led to the [[Secure Border Initiative]] (SBI) in 2005 to secure U.S. borders and reduce illegal migration. The main components of SBI dealt with staffing concerns, removal capacity, surveillance and tactical infrastructure and interior enforcement.<ref name="Seghetti">{{cite journal|last1=Seghetti|first1=Lisa|title=Border Security: Immigration Enforcement Between Ports of Entry|journal=Congressional Research Service|date=December 31, 2014|url=https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/R42138.pdf}}</ref> The aim of this initiative is to overcome the limitations of physical barriers through the use of surveillance technologies known as "SBInet."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=April 15, 2010 |title=The Rise and Fall of the Secure Border Initiative's High-Tech Solution to Unauthorized Immigration |url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/rise-and-fall-secure-border-initiative%E2%80%99s-high-tech-solution-unauthorized-immigration |access-date=October 26, 2022 |website=American Immigration Council |language=en}}</ref> The SBInet technology has not worked as well as potentially intended, facing a number of technical issues that have limited its effectiveness.<ref name=":3" /> Part of the initiative also focused on increasing detention and removal capacity, with an objective to add an additional 2,000 beds to detentional facilities.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Fact Sheet:Secure Border Initiative |url=https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=440470 |access-date=October 26, 2022 |website=Homeland Security Digital Library |language=en-US}}</ref> With expansion of detention and removal capabilities this was also the objective to end the "catch and release" process that had been occurring previously.<ref name=":4" /> An additional component was "high consequence enforcement", which was not the subject of a formal public policy document. There was the allowance, historically, for voluntary returns of individuals apprehended at the border by Border Patrol agents. These voluntary returns, after the SBI of 2005, were limited to three "high consequence outcomes".<ref name="Seghetti" />
One "high consequence outcome" was formal removal, which meant the individual would be deemed ineligible for a visa for at least five years and subject to criminal charges if caught re-entering illegally. The [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952|Immigration and Nationality Act]] permitted aliens to be formally removed with "limited judicial processing" known as expedited removal. The DHS has expanded between 2002 and 2006, expedited removal for "certain aliens that entered within previous two weeks and were apprehended within {{convert|100.|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}} of the border".<ref name="Seghetti" />{{Page needed|date=March 2023}}
Another "high consequence outcome" is the increase in criminal charges. The DHS has also worked with the [[U.S. Department of Justice]] (DOJ) to increase the number of apprehended individuals crossing the border illegally who are charged with criminal offenses. Most of these cases are prosecuted under Operation Streamline.<ref name="Seghetti" /> The third "high consequence outcome" is known as remote repatriation. This is the return of apprehended Mexicans to remote locations by Border Patrol rather than the nearest Mexican port of entry.<ref name="Seghetti" />
===100-mile border zone===
{{main|Border search exception}}
{{more citations needed section|date=March 2015}}
[[File:USMC-10343.jpg|thumb|Members of the [[North Carolina Army National Guard]] monitoring the U.S.–Mexico border in southwest Arizona]]
The U.S. has established a {{Convert|100.|mi|km|abbr=on|adj=on|order=flip}} border zone which applies to all U.S. external borders including all coasts, in effect covering two-thirds of the U.S. population,<ref>{{Cite web|author=Catherine E. Shoichet|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/23/us/border-zone-immigration-checks/index.html|title=The US border is bigger than you think|publisher=CNN|date=May 24, 2018|access-date=July 16, 2018}}</ref> including a majority of the largest cities in the U.S. and several entire states (namely [[Connecticut]], [[Delaware]], [[Florida]], [[Hawaii]], [[Maine]], [[Michigan]], [[New Hampshire]], [[New Jersey]], and [[Rhode Island]]).<ref name="100mileborder" /> The border zone was established by the U.S. DOJ in its interpretation of the ''[[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952]]''.<ref name="100mileborder">{{cite journal|title=The Constitution in the 100-Mile Border Zone|journal=American Civil Liberties Union|url=https://www.aclu.org/immigrants-rights/constitution-100-mile-border-zone}}</ref> Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officials have authority to stop and search within this zone and are authorized to enter private property without a warrant within {{convert|25|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} of the border as well as establish checkpoints.<ref name="100mileborder" /><ref name="rickerd">{{cite journal|last1=Rickerd|first1=C.|title=Customs and Border Protection's (CBP's) 100-Mile Rule|journal=American Civil Liberties Union |url=https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/assets/13_08_01_aclu_100_mile_cbp_zone_final.pdf}}</ref>
The [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution]] protects against unreasonable [[search and seizure]]. However, under the border search exception, this protection does not fully apply at borders or border crossings (also known as ports of entry) or in the border zone. This means that much of the U.S. population is subject to CBP regulations including stop and search. There are some limits to CBP officials' ability to stop and search. For instance CBP officials are not allowed to pull anyone over without a reasonable suspicion of immigration violation or crime, or search vehicles without warrant or probable cause.<ref name="100mileborder" /> The [[ACLU]], however, found that CBP officials routinely ignore or misunderstand the limits of authority, and this is compounded by inadequate training, lack of oversight and failure to hold officials accountable for abuse—incidence of abuse is common.<ref name="100mileborder" />
===Operation Streamline===
[[File:Tucson Federal Courthouse.jpg|thumb|Federal courthouse in Tucson, Arizona, where Operation Streamline proceedings take place]]
[[Operation Streamline]] refers collectively to zero-tolerance policies implemented at the Mexico–U.S. border that seek to remove illegal immigrants through an expedited process if they have arrived with missing or fraudulent identification or have previously been convicted for an immigration crime.<ref name="Lydgate">{{cite journal|last1=Lydgate|first1=L.|title=Assembly-Line Justice: A Review of Operation Streamline|journal=California Law Review|date=2010|volume=98|issue=2|pages=481–544|jstor=20743978}}</ref> It was first implemented in Del Rio, Texas, in 2005.<ref name="Nazarian">{{cite journal|last1=Nazarian|first1=E.|title=Crossing Over: Assessing Operation Streamline and the Rights of Immigrant Criminal Defendants at the Border|journal=Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review|date=2011|volume=44|pages=1399–1430|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/lla44&collection=journals&page=1399|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623193834/https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Flla44&collection=journals&page=1399|archive-date=June 23, 2018|hdl=hein.journals/lla44|access-date=October 13, 2020|url-status=live}} [http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2761&context=llr Alt URL]</ref> The program has since expanded to four out of the five federal judicial districts on the U.S.–Mexico border: Yuma, Arizona; Laredo, Texas; Tucson, Arizona; and Rio Grande Valley, Texas.<ref name="Lydgate" /><ref name="Kerwin & McCabe">{{cite journal|last1=Kerwin|first1=D.|last2=McCabe|first2=K.|title=Arrested on Entry: Operation Streamline and the Prosecution of Immigration Crimes|date=April 29, 2010|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/arrested-entry-operation-streamline-and-prosecution-immigration-crimes|publisher=Migration Policy Institute }}</ref>
Previously, immigrants apprehended at the border were either given the option to voluntarily return to their home country or they were placed in civil immigration proceedings.<ref name="Lydgate" /> After Operation Streamline was implemented, nearly all people apprehended at the border who are suspected of having crossed illegally are subject to criminal prosecution.<ref name="Kerwin & McCabe" /> Defendants who are charged with crossing into the U.S. illegally are tried en masse to determine their guilt.<ref name="Nazarian" /> Defense attorneys often are responsible for representing up to 40 immigrants at once.<ref name="Nazarian" /> Around 99% of defendants in Operation Streamline proceedings plead guilty.<ref name="Lydgate" /> The defendants are charged with a [[misdemeanor]] if convicted of crossing the border illegally for the first time and a [[felony]] if it is a [[Recidivism|repeat offense]].<ref name="Nazarian" />
In December 2009, it was decided in ''United States v. Roblero-Solis'' that en masse judicial proceedings like those in Operation Streamline violated Rule 11 in the [[Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure]]. Rule 11 states that the court must determine that a guilty plea is voluntarily made by addressing the defendant personally in court. The ''Roblero-Solis'' case determined that "personally" means that the judge must address the defendant in a person-to-person manner. Though many courts have changed their procedures to adapt to the ruling, there are still forms of en masse trials practiced at the border.<ref name="Nazarian" />
[[File:ICE Arrest.jpg|thumb|[[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement|ICE ERO]] officers deporting a man wanted for two murders in Mexico]]
Proponents of Operation Streamline claim that the harsher prosecution has been an important factor in deterring immigrants from crossing the border illegally. Apprehensions have decreased in certain sectors after 2005, which is seen as a sign of success. For example, the Del Rio sector saw a decline from 2005 to 2009 of 75% (from 68,510 to 17,082). Similarly, apprehensions declined in Yuma by 95% (from 138,438 to 6,951) from 2006 to 2009.<ref name="Kerwin & McCabe" />
Criticisms of Operation Streamline point to the program's heavy use of federal court and enforcement resources as a negative aspect.<ref name="Kerwin & McCabe" /> In addition, the prosecution of all illegal border crossings takes the focus away from prosecuting more serious crimes.<ref name="Kerwin & McCabe" /> They claim that the program's cost is too high for the effectiveness of the work it is accomplishing.<ref name="Nazarian" /> In response to the claim that Operation Streamline is an effective deterrent, critics of the program claim that the incentives to cross the border in order to work or be with family are much stronger.<ref name="Nazarian" />
==Environment==
{{More|Environmental issues along the Mexico–United States border}}
The Agreement on Cooperation for the Protection and Improvement of the Environment in the Border Area, known as the ''La Paz Agreement'', was signed into law on August 14, 1983, and became enforceable on February 16, 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.epa.gov/Border2012/docs/LaPazAgreement.pdf|title = Agreement on Cooperation for the Protection and Improvement of the Environment in the Border Area|year=1983 |access-date = December 2, 2014|publisher = US Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> This agreement to protect the environment is the political foundation between the U.S. and Mexico for 4 subsequent programs. Each program has addressed environmental destruction in the border region resulting from the rise of the [[maquiladora]] industries, those who migrated to northern Mexico to work in the industries, the lack of infrastructure to accommodate the people, Mexico's lax regulations concerning all these factors, the resulting spillover into the U.S., and the U.S.'s own environmentally destructive tendencies. The programs were: IBEP (1992), Border XXI (1996), Border 2012 (2003) and Border 2020 (2012).<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Colin|title=1 U.S. – Mexico Cooperation for the Health of the Environment in the Border Region: A Policy History Analysis|url=https://www.academia.edu/2640698|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131113160840/http://www.academia.edu/2640698/U.S._-_Mexico_Cooperation_for_the_Health_of_the_Environment_in_the_Border_Region_A_Policy_History_Analysis|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 13, 2013}}</ref>
{{one source|section
| date = June 2018
}}
[[File:Mexico-US border at Tijuana.jpg|thumb|right|Mexico–U.S. border wall at Tijuana, Mexico]]
In 2006, during the presidency of George W. Bush, Congress approved Secure Fence Act which allowed the Department of Homeland Security to erect a border fence along the U.S.–Mexico border. Congress also approved a different law called the REAL ID Act which gave the Department of Homeland Security the approval to build the wall without taking into consideration the environmental and legal issues related to the wall. The U.S. Congress insisted that the act was passed for the sake of national security of the U.S.<ref name="Cohn2007">{{cite journal|last1=Cohn|first1=Jeffrey P.|title=The Environmental Impacts of a Border Fence|journal=BioScience|volume=57|issue=1|year=2007|pages=96|issn=1525-3244|doi=10.1641/B570116|jstor=10.1641/b570116|s2cid=84341799|doi-access=free}}</ref>
According to a delegation of Arizona park and refuge managers, wildlife biologists, and conservationists who studied the U.S. and Mexico border concluded that building a wall along the Mexico border would also have negative impacts on the natural environment in the region. They argued that the border wall would negatively affect the wildlife in the Sonoran Desert including plants and animals. Naturally, animals do not tend to stay in one place and instead, they expedite to various places for water, plants, and other means in order to survive. The wall would restrict animals to a specific territory and would reduce their chances of survival. According to Brian Segee, a staff attorney with Wildlife Activists says that except high flying birds, animals would not be able to move to other places because of the wall along the border. For instance, participants in this study argued that some species such as [[Peccary|javelinas]], [[ocelot]]s, and [[Sonoran pronghorn]] would not be able to freely move along the border areas. It would also restrict the movement of jaguars from Sierra Madre occidental forests to the southwestern parts of the U.S. According to Brian Nowicki, a conservation biologist at the [[Center for Biological Diversity]], there are 30 animal species living in the Arizona and Sonora that face danger.<ref name="Cohn2007" /> In 2021, an endangered [[Mexican gray wolf]] was stopped from crossing from New Mexico into Mexico by a section of border wall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/mexican-gray-wolf-migration-stopped-by-border-wall|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121231517/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/mexican-gray-wolf-migration-stopped-by-border-wall|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 21, 2022|title = An endangered wolf went in search of a mate. The border wall blocked him|website = [[National Geographic Society]]|date = January 21, 2022}}</ref>
==Transborder students==
{{more citations needed|date=May 2019}}
[[File:Nogales-Grand Avenue Port of Entry.jpg|thumb|left|Entrance into Mexico at Nogales, AZ ]]
Many schools near the border in America have students that live on the Mexican side of the border. These students are "transborder students", as they live in Mexico but are enrolled in the U.S. education system. There are thousands of elementary through high school students that cross the Mexican-American border. They are known to wake up in the early hours of the morning to make their way to the border, where they wait in long lines to cross into the U.S. After crossing the border, the students find a ride to school. Many students come to America for the opportunity, because it has a more developed and organized educational system. Students who go to school in America have a better chance of reaching higher education in the U.S. In many parts of Mexico, compulsory education ends at age sixteen. Many of the transborder students are natural-born U.S. citizens. Students that were born in America have the right to American education, even if they do not live in the U.S. In places like the San Diego and Tijuana border, it is much cheaper to live in Mexico. San Diego has a high cost of living and one of the highest student homeless rates in the country, so many families move to Tijuana because it is more affordable to raise a family.
In order to prevent Mexican children from illegally coming to America for education, some bordertown schools require official documentation (bills, mail, etc.) from students. This is to ensure that only students that are entitled to an education in the U.S. receive one.
In Brownsville, a city on the southern border of Texas, a court ruled that school districts cannot deny students education if they have the proper paperwork. Many transborder students who live in these districts with these requirements will use extended family members' addresses to prove their residency. Questions about the legitimacy of student residency have risen since the Trump administration took office in 2017, making it riskier to cross the border for education.
These transborder students also raise questions about the acquisition of healthcare, as most Mexican students who attend university in the U.S. who also have family across the border are known to use the Mexican healthcare system instead of U.S. or university sources.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Fernández|first1=Leticia|last2=Amastae|first2=Jon|date=September 1, 2006|title=Transborder use of medical services among Mexican American students in a U.S. border university|journal=Journal of Borderlands Studies|volume=21|issue=2|pages=77–87|doi=10.1080/08865655.2006.9695661|s2cid=143982920|issn=0886-5655}}</ref> The opposite case was also studied, seeking to find if U.S. students and citizens outsource their medical care from Mexican hospitals; however it was concluded that the use of, "cross-border healthcare diminishes significantly with English language acquisition."<ref name=":1" />
Also researched is the impact of changing education for those children who attended school in the U.S. prior to deportation, and are now readjusting to a new education system within Mexico. In one study, when repatriated children were asked about how their world perspectives were changed once they returned to Mexico, they spoke to three main areas, "shifting identities, learning and losing named language, and schooling across borders."<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Kleyn|first=Tatyana|date=April 3, 2017|title=Centering Transborder Students: Perspectives on Identity, Languaging and Schooling Between the U.S. and Mexico|journal=Multicultural Perspectives|volume=19|issue=2|pages=76–84|doi=10.1080/15210960.2017.1302336|s2cid=149362544|issn=1521-0960}}</ref> The most frequent point mentioned in terms of changing schooling is the difficulty to adapt to a system in which they are unfamiliar, in a named language they might have lost, and where there is minimal continuity in the methodology of teaching. It is suggested in this study that while the U.S. has a long history of teaching immigrant students, along with tried and tested assimilation programming to support foreign children in U.S. border schools, Mexican systems do not, making the change nearly impossible for newly deported students to learn.<ref name=":2" /> While the Mexican Secretariat of the Public has vowed to change the legislation surrounding this issue, bilingual education is still only awarded to expensive private schools.<ref name=":2" />
==See also==
{{Portal|Mexico|United States|Politics}}
* [[Indigenous conflicts on the Mexico–United States barrier]]
* [[2017 Mexico–United States diplomatic crisis]]
* [[Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005]]
* [[Border War (1910–19)]]
* [[Canada–United States border]]
* [[Illegal drug trade in the United States]]
* [[Illegal immigration to Mexico]]
* [[Illegal immigration to the United States]]
* [[List of municipalities (municipios) and counties on the Mexico–United States border]]
* [[Mexico–United States international park]]
* [[Mexico–United States relations]]
* [[Operation Jump Start]]
* [[Operation Phalanx (2010-2016)|Operation Phalanx (2010–2016)]]
* [[Roosevelt Reservation]]
* Spillover of the [[Mexican drug war]]
* [[Secure Fence Act of 2006]]
* [[Sexual assault of migrants from Latin America to the United States]]
* [[Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)]]
* [[United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
== References ==
{{refbegin|40em}}
* Arbelaez, Harvey, and Claudio Milman. "The New Business Environment of Latin America and the Caribbean". International Journal of Public Administration (2007): 553
* {{cite journal|last1=Arbelaez|first1=Harvey|last2=Milman|first2=Claudio|title=The new business environment of latin america and the caribbean|journal=International Journal of Public Administration|volume=23|issue=5–8|year=2000|pages=553–562|issn=0190-0692|doi=10.1080/01900690008525475|s2cid=154543297}}
* Kelly, Patricia, and Douglas Massey. "Borders for Whom? The Role of NAFTA in Mexico-U.S. Migration". The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political Science 610 (2007): 98–118.
* {{cite journal|last1=Fernández-Kelly|first1=Patricia|last2=Massey|first2=Douglas S.|title=Borders for Whom? The Role of NAFTA in Mexico-U.S. Migration|journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|volume=610|issue=1|year=2016|pages=98–118|issn=0002-7162|doi=10.1177/0002716206297449|s2cid=154846310}}
* [[Tom Miller (travel writer)|Miller, Tom]]. ''On the Border: Portraits of America's Southwestern Frontier'', 1981.
* Thompson, Olivia N. (2009). [http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/313 "Binational Water Management: Perspectives of Local Texas Officials in the U.S.–Mexico Border Region"]. Applied Research Projects. Texas State University. Paper 313.
* {{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Olivia N.|date=2009|title=Binational Water Management: Perspectives of Local Texas Officials in the U.S.–Mexico Border Region|url=https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/3758|journal=Applied Research Projects.|issue=Paper 313|hdl=10877/3758}}
* Andrew Becker and Agustin Armendariz. [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/22/california-border-crossing_n_1619067.html "California Border Crossing: San Ysidro Port of Entry Is the Busiest Land Border in the World"]. HuffPost social reading, article on California watch. (2012)
* Prampolini, Gaetano, and Annamaria Pinazzi (eds.). "The Shade of the Saguaro/La sombra del saguaro" Part IV 'About the Border{{'"}}. Firenze University Press [http://www.fupress.com/ Firenze University Press] (2013): 461–517.
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
* Feldman, Megan (October 16, 2008). [http://www.dallasobserver.com/news/border-town-6373408 "Border Town"]. ''[[Dallas Observer]]''.
* Jeremy Slack, Daniel E. Martínez, Scott Whiteford, eds. ''The Shadow of the Wall: Violence and Migration on the U.S.-Mexico Border''. University of Arizona Press, 2018. {{ISBN|978-0816535590}}.
==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170906171559/http://usmexico.org/ U.S.–Mexico Business Council]
* [https://www.cdc.gov/usmexicohealth/about-border-region.html About binational health – United States–Mexico Public Health – CDC]
* [http://www.borderstories.org/ Border Stories: a mosaic documentary on the U.S.–Mexico Border]
* [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41821.pdf Status of Mexican Trucks in the United States: Frequently Asked Questions] [[Congressional Research Service]]
* [http://library.uta.edu/usmexicowar/ A Continent Divided: The U.S.–Mexico War], Center for Greater Southwestern Studies, the University of Texas at Arlington
* [[Josh Begley (artist)|Josh Begley]], [https://theintercept.com/2016/10/26/best-of-luck-with-the-wall/ Best of Luck with the Wall] – a short film constructed from satellite imagery that traces the length of the border
* David Taylor, [http://www.kcet.org/arts/artbound/counties/san-diego/border-monuments-us-mexico.html The Journey to Border Monument Number 140]{{snd}}photographs and description of the obelisks that mark the border
* The Guardian, [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/feb/23/cut-in-two-travels-along-the-us-mexico-border-a-photo-essay The Guardian]{{snd}}photographs and feature-length film that follows the infrastructure of the border from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean
{{Borders of Mexico}}
{{Borders of the United States}}
{{Immigration to the United States}}
{{Mexico–United States relations}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Mexico–United States border| ]]
[[Category:Borders of Mexico|United States]]
[[Category:Borders of the United States]]
[[Category:International borders]]
[[Category:Geography of Arizona]]
[[Category:Geography of California]]
[[Category:Geography of New Mexico]]
[[Category:Geography of Texas]]'
|
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) |
'{{Short description|International border in North America}}
{{For|the physical barrier separating the two countries|Mexico–United States border wall{{!}}Mexico–United States barrier}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox border
| name = Mexico–United States border
| alt =
| caption = The border between [[Mexico]] and the [[United States]] spans six Mexican states and four U.S. states.
| territory1 = {{MEX}}
| territory2 = <br>{{USA}}
| length = {{convert|3145|km|sp=us}}
| enclaves =
| established =
| establishedreason =
| current = April 18, 1972
| currentreason =[[Boundary Treaty of 1970]]
| disestablished =
| disestablishedreason =
| treaties = [[Adams–Onís Treaty]], [[Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)|Treaty of Limits]], [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]], [[Gadsden Purchase]]
| notes =
}}
[[File:Border USA Mexico.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|The vast majority of the current border was decided after the [[Mexican–American War]] (1846–1848). Most of the border is settled on the Rio Grande River on the border of Texas and northeastern Mexico. To the left lies San Diego, California and on the right is Tijuana, Baja California. The building in the foreground on the San Diego side is a sewage treatment plant built to clean the [[Tijuana River]].]]
[[File:Plaque at Mexico United States border.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|A typical plaque constructed by the [[International Boundary and Water Commission]] and mounted at the exact location of the border]]
{{Mexico–United States border map|collapse=y}}
The '''Mexico–United States border''' ({{lang-es|frontera Estados Unidos–México}}) is an [[Border|international border]] separating [[Mexico]] and the [[United States]], extending from the [[Pacific Ocean]] in the west to the [[Gulf of Mexico]] in the east. The border traverses a variety of terrains, ranging from urban areas to deserts. The Mexico–U.S. border is the most frequently [[List of Mexico–United States border crossings|crossed]] border in the world with approximately 350 million documented crossings annually. [[Illegal immigration to the United States|Illegal crossing]] of the border to enter the United States has been a top issue in the States and is causing a [[Mexico–United States border crisis|border crisis]]. It is one of two international borders that the United States has, the other being the [[Canada–United States border]] to the north. It is the tenth-longest border between two countries in the world.
The total length of the continental border is {{convert|3,145|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}}. From the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the course of the [[Rio Grande|Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte)]] to the border crossing at [[Ciudad Juárez|Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua]], and [[El Paso, Texas]]. Westward from [[El Paso–Juárez]], it crosses vast tracts of the [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahuan]] and [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]] deserts to the [[Colorado River Delta]] and [[San Diego–Tijuana]], before reaching the Pacific Ocean.<ref name="us-ibwc-about">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ibwc.gov/About_Us/about_us.html |title=The International Boundary and Water Commission - Its Mission, Organization and Procedures for Solution of Boundary and Water Problems |access-date=September 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032356/http://www.ibwc.gov/About_Us/About_Us.html |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Four American states border Mexico: [[California]], [[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]] and [[Texas]]. One definition of [[Northern Mexico]] includes only the six Mexican states that border the U.S.: [[Baja California]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], [[Coahuila]], [[Nuevo León]], [[Sonora]] and [[Tamaulipas]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_DDre5B1lLcC&pg=PA175|title=Consuming Mexican Labor: From the Bracero Program to NAFTA|last1=Mize|first1=Ronald L.|last2=Swords|first2=Alicia C. S.|date=2010|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-0158-1|pages=175|language=en}}</ref>
==Geography==
[[File:Algodones sand-dune-fence.jpg|thumb|right|[[U.S. Border Patrol]] at Algodones Sand Dunes, California. The fence on the U.S.–Mexican border is a special construction of narrow, {{convert|15|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}} tall elements, that are movable vertically. This way, they can be lifted on top of the ever shifting sand dunes.]]
The Mexico–United States border extends {{convert|3,145|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}}, in addition to the maritime boundaries of {{convert|29|km|mi|abbr=on}} into the [[Pacific Ocean]] and {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}} into the [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref name="1970BT">{{cite web|url=http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/bi-51757.pdf|title=Treaty to Resolve Pending Boundary Differences and Maintain the Rio Grande and Colorado River as the International Boundary between the United States of America and México|date=November 23, 1970|access-date=December 7, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ssrn">{{cite journal|last=McCarthy|first=Robert J.|date=Spring 2011|title=Executive Authority, Adaptive Treaty Interpretation, and the International Boundary and Water Commission, U.S.–Mexico|journal=Water Law Review|pages=3–5|ssrn=1839903}}</ref> It is the tenth-longest border between two countries in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-with-the-longest-land-borders.html|title=Countries With the Longest Land Borders|website=WorldAtlas|date=August 2019|language=en|access-date=November 1, 2019}}</ref>
The Mexico–U.S. border begins at the [[Initial Point of Boundary Between U.S. and Mexico]], which is set one marine league (three [[nautical mile]]s) south of the southernmost point of [[San Diego Bay]]. The border then proceeds for {{convert|227|km|mi|abbr=on}} in a straight line towards the confluence of the [[Colorado River]] and [[Gila River]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sandiegohistory.org/journal/v54-1/pdf/Levanetz.pdf|title=A Compromised Country: Redefining the U.S.-Mexico Border|last=Levanetz|first=Joel|website=San Diego History Center|access-date=August 27, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The border continues southwards along the Colorado River for {{convert|39|km|mi|abbr=on|sp=us}}, until it reaches a point {{convert|20.|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}} south of the Gila River confluence. The border then follows a series of lines and [[Circle of latitude|parallels]] totaling {{convert|859|km|mi|abbr=on}}. First, it follows a straight line from the Colorado River to the intersection of the 31° 20′ parallel north and the [[111th meridian west]]. It then proceeds eastwards along the 31° 20′ parallel north up to a meridian {{convert|100.|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}} west of the point where the [[Rio Grande]] crosses the 31° 47′ parallel north,<ref name=":0" /> It then proceeds northwards along that meridian up to the 31° 47′ parallel north and then eastwards along that parallel until it meets the Rio Grande.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.library.pima.gov/content/gadsden-purchase/|title=Gadsden Purchase|website=Pima County Public Library|language=en-US|access-date=August 30, 2019}}</ref>
According to the [[International Boundary and Water Commission]],<ref name="us-ibwc-about"/> the continental border then follows the middle of the Rio Grande—according to the 1848 [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] between the two nations, "along the deepest channel" (also known as the [[thalweg]])—a distance of {{convert|2,020.|km|mi|abbr=on}} to its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibwc.gov/Files/US-Mx_Boundary_Map.pdf |title=United States Section Directive |access-date=November 11, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015035847/http://ibwc.gov/Files/US-Mx_Boundary_Map.pdf |archive-date=October 15, 2011 }}</ref> The Rio Grande frequently meanders along the Texas–Mexico border. As a result, the U.S. and Mexico have a treaty by which the Rio Grande is maintained as the border, with new cut-offs and islands being transferred to the other nation as necessary. The [[Boundary Treaty of 1970]] between Mexico and the U.S. settled all outstanding [[Territorial dispute|boundary disputes]] and uncertainties related to the Rio Grande border.
The [[U.S. state]]s along the border, from west to east, are [[California]], [[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]], and [[Texas]]. The [[Administrative divisions of Mexico|Mexican states]] along the border are [[Baja California]], [[Sonora]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], [[Coahuila]], [[Nuevo León]], and [[Tamaulipas]]. Among the U.S. states, Texas has the longest stretch of the border with Mexico, while California has the shortest. Among the states in Mexico, Chihuahua has the longest border with the U.S., while Nuevo León has the shortest. Along the border are 23 [[County (United States)|U.S. counties]] and 39 [[Municipalities of Mexico|Mexican municipalities]].
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140">
File:Patrolling Rio Grande @ Laredo.jpg|[[United States Border Patrol|Border Patrol]] patrolling the [[Rio Grande]] in an [[airboat]] in [[Laredo, Texas]]
File:USA Mexico border New Mexico.JPG|The start of the border fence in the state of New Mexico{{snd}}just west of El Paso, Texas
File:El Camino del Diablo, border patrol.jpg|U.S. Border Patrol helicopter along [[El Camino del Diablo]], Arizona–Sonora border, 2004
File:Mexican-American border at Nogales.jpg|Border between [[Nogales, Arizona]], on the left, and [[Nogales, Sonora]], on the right
File:US-Mexico-Nogales-Border.jpg|On the left: [[Nogales, Arizona]]; on the right, [[Nogales, Sonora]]
File:Borderbeachtj.jpg|Beach in Tijuana at the border in 2006
File:Border Patrol Vehicle near U.S. Mexico Border.jpg|A CBP Border Patrol vehicle sitting near Mexico–U.S. border
File:View of CBX bridge from parking lot on U.S. side.jpg|View of Cross Border Xpress (CBX) bridge from parking lot on U.S. side, with [[Tijuana Airport]] on the left and the CBX U.S. terminal on the right
</gallery>
==History==
=== Prior to the Mexican–American War ===
[[File:Mapa Mexico 1842.PNG|thumb|left|upright=1.4|Map of Mexico in 1842]]
In the mid-16th century, after the discovery of silver, settlers from various countries and backgrounds began to arrive in the area. This period of sparse settlement included colonizers from different backgrounds. The area was part of [[New Spain]]. In the early 19th century, the U.S. bought the lands known as the [[Louisiana Purchase]] from [[France]] and began to expand steadily westward.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/troublesomeborde00osca_0|url-access=registration|title=Troublesome Border|last=Martínez|first=Oscar J.|publisher=University of Arizona Press|year=1988|isbn=978-0-8165-1104-4|location=Tucson}}</ref>
After the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, the border between the U.S. and New Spain was not clearly defined. The border was established in the 1819 [[Adams–Onís Treaty]] between the U.S. and Spain, which specified a border in the vicinity of the western edge of the [[Mississippi River]] watershed. Mexico [[Mexican War of Independence|gained its independence]] from Spain, and the border was reaffirmed in the 1828 [[Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)|Treaty of Limits]].
Mexico attempted to create a buffer zone at the border that would prevent possible invasion from the north. The Mexican government encouraged thousands of their own citizens to settle in [[Coahuila y Tejas|the region]] that is now known as Texas and even offered inexpensive land to settlers from the U.S. in exchange for populating the area. The influx of people did not provide the defense that Mexico had hoped for and instead [[Mexican Texas|Texas]] [[Texas Declaration of Independence|declared]] its [[Republic of Texas|independence]] in 1836, which lasted until 1845 when the U.S. [[Texas annexation|annexed]] it.
=== Later history ===
{{See also|Rio Grande border disputes}}
[[File:ISS067-E-174541 El Paso and Juárez.jpg|thumb|[[El Paso, Texas]] (left) and [[Ciudad Juárez]], Chihuahua (right), taken on June 30, 2022, from the [[International Space Station]] with north oriented towards the bottom-left side. The Rio Grande appears as a thin line separating the two cities through the middle of the photograph. El Paso and Juarez make up the third largest U.S. international metroplex after [[Detroit–Windsor]] and [[San Diego–Tijuana]].]]
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and another treaty in 1884 were the agreements originally responsible for the settlement of the international border, both of which specified that the middle of the Rio Grande was the border, irrespective of any alterations in the channels or banks. The Rio Grande shifted south between 1852 and 1868, with the most radical shift in the river occurring after a flood in 1864. By 1873 the moving river-center border had cut off approximately {{convert|2.4|km2|acres|abbr=|sp=us}} of Mexican territory in the El Paso-Juarez area, in effect transferring the land to the U.S.. By a treaty negotiated in 1963, Mexico regained most of this land in what became known as the [[Chamizal dispute]] and transferred {{convert|1.07|km2|acres|abbr=on}} in return to the U.S. Border treaties are jointly administered by the [[International Boundary and Water Commission]] (IBWC), which was established in 1889 to maintain the border, allocate river waters between the two nations, and provide for flood control and water sanitation. Once viewed as a model of international cooperation, in recent decades the IBWC has been heavily criticized as an institutional anachronism, by-passed by modern social, environmental and political issues.<ref name="ssrn" /> In particular, jurisdictional issues regarding [[water right]]s in the [[Rio Grande Valley (Texas)|Rio Grande Valley]] have continued to cause tension between farmers along the border, according to Mexican political scientist [[Armand Peschard-Sverdrup]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peschard-Sverdrup |first1=Armand |title=U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Water Management: The Case of the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo |year=2003 |publisher=Center for Strategic & International Studies |isbn=978-0-89206-424-3 |edition=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Yardley |first1=Jim |title=Water Rights War Rages on Faltering Rio Grande|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/19/us/water-rights-war-rages-on-faltering-rio-grande.html |access-date=April 5, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=April 19, 2002}}</ref>
The economic development of the border region on the Mexican side of the border depended largely on its proximity to the U.S., because of its remoteness from commercial centers in Mexico. During the years of Mexican President [[Porfirio Díaz]], between 1876 and 1910, the border communities boomed because of close ties to the U.S. and the Mexican government's support for financial investments from the U.S.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195112283/page/433|title=Oxford History of Mexico|last=Hart|first=John M.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-511228-3|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195112283/page/433 433–466]|chapter=The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1920}}</ref> Railroads were built that connected the northern Mexican states more to the U.S. than to Mexico, and the population grew tremendously. The mining industry also developed, as did the U.S.'s control of it. By the early 20th century companies from the U.S. controlled 81% of the mining industry and had invested US$500 million in the Mexican economy overall, 25% of it in the border regions.<ref name="Lorey, David E 1999">{{cite book|title=The U.S.-Mexican Border in the Twentieth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/usmexicanborderi0000lore|url-access=registration|last=Lorey|first=David E.|publisher=Scholarly Resources, Inc.|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8420-2756-4|location=Wilmington}}</ref>
[[File:Border barrier near IBM 9.JPG|thumb|left|Vehicle barrier in the New Mexico desert, 2010]]
The U.S. [[Immigration Act of 1891]] authorized the implementation of inspection stations at ports of entry along the Mexican and Canadian borders. The U.S. [[Immigration Act of 1917]] required the passing of a literacy test and a head tax by Mexicans wanting to enter the U.S. legally; however, during [[World War I]], when labor shortages grew, the provisions were temporarily suspended. The U.S. [[Immigration Act of 1924]] established the [[U.S. Border Patrol]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1999|title=Some Events in the History of Mexico and the Border|journal=The Journal of American History|volume=86|issue=2|pages=453–454|doi=10.2307/2567039|jstor=2567039}}</ref>
The [[Mexican Revolution]], caused at least partially by animosity toward foreign ownership of Mexican properties, began in 1910. The revolution increased the political instability in Mexico but did not significantly slow U.S. investment. It did reduce economic development within Mexico, however, and the border regions reflected this. As the infrastructure of communities on the U.S. side continued to improve, the Mexican side began to fall behind in the construction and maintenance of important transportation networks and systems necessary to municipal development.<ref name="Lorey, David E 1999" />
Although the Mexican Revolution caused insecurity in Mexico, it also strained U.S.–Mexico relations. With the Mexican Revolution lasting for 10 years, ending in 1920, and World War I simultaneously occurring between 1914 and 1918, the division between the U.S. and Mexico began to polarize the two nations. [[Mexican Border War (1910–1919)|Constant battles and raids along the border]] made both authorities nervous about borderland security. The [[Zimmermann Telegram|Zimmerman Telegram]], a diplomatic cable sent by Germany but intercepted and decrypted by British intelligence, was meant to bait Mexico into war with the U.S. in order to reconquer what was taken from them during the Mexican-American War. This inspired the U.S. [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] to monitor suspicious activities and potential violence at the border.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sherman|first=John W.|date=Fall 2016|title=Fascist 'Gold Shirts' on the Río Grande: Borderlands Intrigue in the Time of Lázaro Cárdenas<!-- |disabled url, this link is utterly useless for anyone not inside byu. url=http://web.a.ebscohost.com.erl.lib.byu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=20&sid=bfddb08a-48ad-4e62-9fcf-0656cd14af09%40sdc-v-sessmgr01-->|journal=Journal of South Texas|volume=30|pages=8–21}}</ref> Within 10 years, frequent provocations caused border towns to transform into battlefields, which intensified transborder restrictions, brought federal soldiers to patrol the border, and caused the construction of fences and barriers between border towns. When the battles concluded, restrictions for crossing the border were relaxed and most soldiers were sent home; however, the fences remained as a physical reminder of the division between the two nations. As years passed, more fences and higher barriers were established as attentions focused on the boundary demarcation between the U.S. and Mexico.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Line in the Sand: A History of the Western U.S.-Mexico Border|url=https://archive.org/details/linesandhistoryw00john|url-access=limited|last=St. John|first=Rachel|publisher=Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-691-15613-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/linesandhistoryw00john/page/n16 4]}}</ref>
The first international bridge was the [[Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge]] built in 1910. The first barrier built by the U.S. was between 1909 and 1911 in California, the first barrier built by Mexico was likely in 1918; barriers were extended in the 1920s and 1940s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=John |first1=Rachel St |title=The Raging Controversy at the Border Began With This Incident 100 Years Ago |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/raging-controversy-border-began-100-years-ago-180969343/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref>
The [[Banco Convention of 1905]] between the U.S. and Mexico allowed, in the event of sudden changes in the course of the Rio Grande (as by flooding), for the border to be altered to follow the new course.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Convention_of_1905.pdf |title=Convention Between the United States and Mexico for the Elimination of the Bancos in the Rio Grande from the Effects of Article II of the Treaty of November 12, 1884 |date=June 5, 1907 |access-date=April 19, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009042029/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Convention_of_1905.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2015 }}</ref> The sudden changes often created ''bancos'' (land surrounded by bends in the river that became segregated from either country by a cutoff, often caused by rapid accretion or avulsion of the alluvial channel), especially in the lower Rio Grande Valley. When these bancos are created, the [[International Boundary and Water Commission]] investigates if land previously belonging to the U.S. or Mexico is to be considered on the other side of the border.<ref>{{cite web |last=Metz |first=Leon C. |date=June 12, 2010 |title=Bancos of the Rio Grande |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rnb08 |work=Handbook of Texas Online |publisher=Texas State Historical Association |access-date=July 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027194705/https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rnb08%29 |archive-date=October 27, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In all cases of these adjustments along the Rio Grande under the 1905 convention, which occurred on 37 different dates from 1910 to 1976, the transferred land was small (ranging from one to 646 acres) and uninhabited.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ibwc.gov/Treaties_Minutes/Minutes.html | title=IBWC Minutes | publisher=[[International Boundary and Water Commission]] | access-date=September 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=zTEHCtUumBXk.k-ueCthwuSNs | title=USA-Mexico Bancos Map | access-date=September 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Restless River, International Law and the Behavior of the Rio Grande |publisher=Texas Western Press |author=Mueller, Jerry E. |year=1975 |page=64 |isbn=978-0-87404-050-0}}</ref>
The Rio Grande Rectification Treaty of 1933 straightened and stabilized the river boundary through the highly developed El Paso-Juárez valley. Numerous parcels of land were transferred between the two countries during the construction period, 1935–1938. At the end, each nation had ceded an equal area of land to the other.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minutes 144|url=http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Min144.pdf|author=International Boundary and Water Commission|access-date=June 12, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308032837/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Min144.pdf|archive-date=March 8, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Minutes 158|url=http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Min158.pdf|author=International Boundary and Water Commission|access-date=June 12, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308033025/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Min158.pdf|archive-date=March 8, 2016}}</ref>
The [[Boundary Treaty of 1970]] transferred an area of Mexican territory to the U.S., near [[Presidio, Texas|Presidio]] and [[Hidalgo, Texas]], to build flood control channels. In exchange, the U.S. ceded other land to Mexico, including five parcels near Presidio, the [[Horcón Tract|Horcon Tract]] and Beaver Island near [[Roma, Texas]]. On November 24, 2009, the U.S. ceded 6 islands in the Rio Grande to Mexico. At the same time, Mexico ceded 3 islands and 2 bancos to the U.S. This transfer, which had been pending for 20 years, was the first application of Article III of the 1970 Boundary Treaty.<ref name="maritime">{{cite web | url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/oes/ocns/opa/c28187.htm | title=Maritime Boundaries | publisher=United States Department of State | access-date=August 19, 2018}}</ref><ref name="bancos">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Treaties_Minutes/Minutes.html |title=Minutes between the United States and Mexican Sections of the IBWC |publisher=[[International Boundary and Water Commission]] |access-date=January 6, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713015418/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Treaties_Minutes/Minutes.html |archive-date=July 13, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="minute315">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Joint_Report_315.pdf |title=Minute 315: Adoption of the Delineation of the International Boundary on the 2008 Aerial Photographic Mosaic of the Rio Grande |publisher=[[International Boundary and Water Commission]] |date=November 24, 2009 |access-date=June 13, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411202233/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Joint_Report_315.pdf |archive-date=April 11, 2016 }}</ref>
On March 27, 2023, at least 38 detained migrants (mostly from Central America) were killed—and dozens more injured—in [[Ciudad Juárez migrant center fire|a fire]] started in protest inside a locked and crowded detention center cell in northern Mexico, with motives ranging from pending deportation to overcrowding and lack of access to drinking water.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Linthicum |first1=Kate |last2=McDonnell |first2=Patrick J. |last3=Minjares |first3=Gabriela |date=March 28, 2023 |title=At least 38 migrants killed in a fire at a detention center in Mexico |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-03-28/mexico-border-dozens-dead-migrant-center-fire |access-date=March 29, 2023 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Border crossing checkpoints==
{{main list|List of Mexico–United States border crossings
}}
[[File:Borderwallbrownsvile.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Climbing the [[Mexico–United States barrier]] fence in [[Brownsville, Texas]]]]
The border separating Mexico and the U.S. is the most frequently crossed international boundary in the world,<ref name="BGTG">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hknZxFWtWnQC&pg=PA75|title=Retirement Without Borders: How to Retire Abroad{{snd}}in Mexico, France, Italy, Spain, Costa Rica, Panama, and Other Sunny, Foreign Places|last=Golson|first=Barry|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7432-9701-1|location=New York, New York|page=75|author2=Thia Golson|access-date=March 9, 2011}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aHYt0RNSDfgC&q=most%20frequently%20crossed%20border%20guinness&pg=PA457|title=Guinness World Records 2009|last=Glenday|first=Craig|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|year=2009|isbn=978-0-553-59256-6|page=457|access-date=March 9, 2011}}</ref> with approximately 350 million legal crossings taking place annually.<ref name="BGTG" /><ref name="google.com">{{cite news |title=US, Mexico open first new border crossing in 10 years |location=Washington |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jHLM81sN-H02Sf1CANZvBoE9mUwA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228012612/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jHLM81sN-H02Sf1CANZvBoE9mUwA |archive-date=February 28, 2014 |newspaper=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] |date=January 12, 2010 |access-date=December 3, 2012 |quote=The US–Mexico border is the busiest in the world, with approximately 350 million crossings per year. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmsu.edu/~bec/BEC/Readings/10.USMBHC-TheBorderAtAGlance.pdf |title=The United States–Mexico Border Region at a Glance |website=United States–Mexico Border Health Commission |publisher=New Mexico State University |access-date=December 3, 2012 |quote=In 2001, over 300 million two-way border crossings took place at the 43 POEs. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915105245/http://www.nmsu.edu/~bec/BEC/Readings/10.USMBHC-TheBorderAtAGlance.pdf |archive-date=September 15, 2012 }}</ref>
Border crossings take place by roads, pedestrian walkways, railroads and ferries. From west to east, below is a list of the border city "twinnings"; cross-border municipalities connected by one or more legal border crossings.
[[File:Bridge of the Americas (El Paso–Ciudad Juárez), June 2016.jpg|thumb|right|Going into Mexico from El Paso, Texas, U.S.]]
{{colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[San Diego|San Diego, California]] ([[San Ysidro, San Diego|San Ysidro]]) – [[Tijuana|Tijuana, Baja California]] ([[San Diego–Tijuana|San Diego–Tijuana Metro]])
* [[Cross Border Xpress|Cross Border Xpress, Otay Mesa, California]] – [[Tijuana International Airport|Tijuana International Airport, Baja California]]
* [[Otay Mesa, San Diego|Otay Mesa, California]] – [[Tijuana|Tijuana, Baja California]]
* [[Tecate, California]] – [[Tecate, Baja California]]
* [[Calexico, California]] – [[Mexicali, Baja California]]
* [[Andrade, California]] – [[Los Algodones, Baja California]]
* [[San Luis, Arizona]] – [[San Luis Río Colorado, Sonora]]
* [[Lukeville, Arizona]] – [[Sonoyta|Sonoyta, Sonora]]
* [[Sasabe, Arizona]] – [[Altar, Sonora]]
* [[Nogales, Arizona]] – [[Nogales, Sonora]]
* [[Naco, Arizona]] – [[Naco, Sonora]]
* [[Douglas, Arizona]] – [[Agua Prieta, Sonora]]
* [[Antelope Wells, New Mexico]] – [[El Berrendo, Chihuahua]]
* [[Columbus, New Mexico]] – [[Palomas, Chihuahua]]
* [[Santa Teresa, New Mexico]] – [[San Jerónimo, Chihuahua]]
* [[El Paso, Texas]] – [[Ciudad Juárez|Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua]] ([[El Paso-Juarez]])
* [[Fabens, Texas]] – [[Práxedis G. Guerrero, Chihuahua]] municipality
* [[Fort Hancock, Texas]] – [[Chihuahua (state)|El Porvenir, Chihuahua]]
* [[Presidio, Texas]] – [[Ojinaga, Chihuahua]]
* [[Brewster County, Texas|Heath Canyon, Texas]] – [[Coahuila|La Linda, Coahuila]] (''closed'')
* [[Del Rio, Texas]] – [[Ciudad Acuña|Ciudad Acuña, Coahuila]]
* [[Eagle Pass, Texas]] – [[Piedras Negras, Coahuila]]
* [[Laredo, Texas]] – [[Nuevo Laredo|Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas]]
* [[Laredo, Texas]] – [[Colombia, Nuevo León]]
* [[Falcon Heights, Texas]] – [[Falcon Dam|Presa Falcón, Tamaulipas]]
* [[Roma, Texas]] – [[Ciudad Miguel Alemán, Tamaulipas]]
* [[Rio Grande City, Texas]] – [[Ciudad Camargo, Tamaulipas]]
* [[Los Ebanos, Hidalgo County, Texas|Los Ebanos, Texas]] – [[Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Tamaulipas]]
* [[Mission, Texas]] – [[Reynosa, Tamaulipas]]
* [[Hidalgo, Texas]] – [[Reynosa, Tamaulipas]]
* [[Pharr, Texas]] – [[Reynosa, Tamaulipas]]
* [[Donna, Texas]] – [[Rio Bravo, Tamaulipas]]
* [[Progreso, Texas]] – [[Nuevo Progreso, Río Bravo, Tamaulipas|Nuevo Progreso, Tamaulipas]]
* [[Los Indios, Texas]] – [[Matamoros, Tamaulipas]]
* [[Brownsville, Texas]] – [[Matamoros, Tamaulipas]]
{{colend}}
The total population of the borderlands—defined as those [[County (United States)|counties]] and ''[[Municipalities of Mexico|municipios]]'' lining the border on either side—stands at some 12 million people.
=== Tijuana-San Ysidro border ===
[[File:CBP San Diego Operations - San Ysidro (28555925151).jpg|thumb|left|[[San Ysidro Port of Entry]] through vehicle]]
The [[San Ysidro Port of Entry]] is located between [[San Ysidro, San Diego|San Ysidro, California]] and [[Tijuana|Tijuana, Baja California]]. Approximately 50,000 vehicles and 25,000 pedestrians use this entry daily.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/gallery/2017/02/photo-gallery-san-ysidro-california-us-mexico-border-000710?slide=0|title=A Day at the Busiest Border Crossing in the World|website=POLITICO Magazine|date=February 16, 2017 |language=en|access-date=July 27, 2018}}</ref> In the U.S., [[Interstate 5 in California|I-5]] crosses directly to Tijuana, and the highway's southern terminus is this crossing. In 2005, more than 17 million vehicles and 50 million people entered the U.S. through [[San Ysidro]].<ref name="OECD2010">{{cite book|author=OECD|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_vRPU5LZcIC&pg=PA331|title=Regional Development Policies in OECD Countries|year=2010|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-08725-5|page=331}}</ref><ref name="Berndes">{{cite book|last=Berndes|first=Barry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h9ejDrOkkc4C&pg=PA227|title=The San Diegan – 41st Edition|publisher=The San Diegan|year=2009|isbn=978-1-890226-13-8|page=227}}</ref><ref name="Gaynor2009">{{cite book|last=Gaynor|first=Tim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Etodgf8bEGsC&pg=PA81|title=Midnight on the Line: The Secret Life of the U.S.–Mexico Border|date=2009|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4299-9462-0|page=81}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d08219.pdf|title=Border Security: Despite Progress, Weaknesses in Traveler Inspections Exist at Our Nation's Port of Entry|date=November 2007|publisher=United States Government Accountability Office|page=10|id=GAO-08-219|quote=and the busiest land crossing in the United States at San Ysidro, California, which processes over 17 million vehicles a year (see fig. 1);|access-date=September 8, 2014}}</ref> Among those who enter the U.S. through San Ysidro are ''transfronterizos'', American citizens who live in Mexico and attend school in the U.S.<ref>{{cite news|last=Brown|first=Patricia Leigh|date=January 16, 2012|title=Young U.S. Citizens in Mexico Brave Risks for American Schools|newspaper=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/17/us/young-us-citizens-in-mexico-up-early-to-learn-in-the-us.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|access-date=September 8, 2014}}</ref>
It has influenced the every day lifestyle of people that live in these [[border town]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/02/08/world/americas/before-the-wall-life-along-the-us-mexico-border.html|title=Before the Wall: Life Along the U.S.-Mexico Border|last=Ahmed|first=Azam|newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 8, 2017 |access-date=July 27, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Along the coast of Baja California, there are neighborhoods of Americans living in Tijuana, [[Rosarito Beach]], and [[Ensenada, Baja California|Ensenada]], whose residents commute to the U.S. daily to work.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yogerst|first1=Joe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fk3uzf9zSwAC&pg=PA341|title=Traveler's Companion California|last2=Mellin|first2=Maribeth|date=2002|publisher=Globe Pequot|isbn=978-0-7627-2203-7|page=341|access-date=September 8, 2014}}</ref> Additionally, many Mexicans also enter the U.S. to commute daily to work.<ref>{{cite book|last=Levine|first=Robert N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXq7CdAiQOQC&pg=PA190|title=A Geography Of Time: On Tempo, Culture, And The Pace Of Life|date=2008|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-7867-2253-2|page=190|access-date=September 8, 2014}}</ref> In 1999, 7.6% of the labor force of Tijuana was employed in San Diego.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mendoza|first1=Cristobal|title=Transboundary Policy Challenges in the Pacific Border Regions of North America|last2=Loucky|first2=James|date=2008|publisher=University of Calgary Press|isbn=978-1-55238-223-3|editor-last1=Alper|editor-first=Donald K.|page=55|chapter=Recent Trends in Mexico-U.S. Border Demographics|editor-last2=Day|editor-first2=John Chadwick|editor-last3=Loucky|editor-first3=James|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDc2r0SC5PIC&pg=PA55}}</ref>
[[File:San Diego San Ysidro 01.jpg|thumb|Entrance to Mexico from San Diego, California, United States of America]]
The average wait time to cross into the U.S. is approximately an hour.<ref name="MESA" /> The thousands of vehicles that transit through the border every day is causing air pollution in San Ysidro and Tijuana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/science-environment/san-ysidro-is-getting-a-clearer-look-at-just-how-polluted-it-is/|title=San Ysidro Is Getting a Clearer Look at Just How Polluted it is|date=April 23, 2018|work=Voice of San Diego|access-date=July 27, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> The emission of [[Carbon monoxide poisoning|carbon monoxide (CO)]] and other vehicle related air contaminants have been linked to health complications such as cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, birth outcomes, premature death, obesity, asthma and other respiratory diseases.<ref name="sandag">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sandag.org/uploads/publicationid/publicationid_1933_18945.pdf|title=Border Health Equity Transportation Study|date=February 27, 2015}}</ref> The high levels of traffic collusion and the extended wait times has affected the mental health, stress levels, and aggressive behavior of the people who cross frequently.<ref name="sandag" />
The San Ysidro border is heavily policed, separated by three walls, [[United States Border Patrol|border patrol]] agents and the [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/06/24/the-worlds-most-dangerous-borders/|title=The World's Most Dangerous Borders|website=Foreign Policy|date=June 24, 2011 |language=en|access-date=July 27, 2018}}</ref>
Tijuana is the next target for San Diegan developers because of its fast-growing economy, lower cost of living, cheap prices and proximity to San Diego.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.expatistan.com/cost-of-living/tijuana|title=Cost of Living in Tijuana, Mexico. Jul 2018 prices in Tijuana.|website=Expatistan, cost of living comparisons|language=en|access-date=July 27, 2018}}</ref> While this would benefit the tourist aspect of the city, it is damaging to low-income residents that will no longer be able to afford the cost of living in Tijuana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/karlazabludovsky/tijuana-wants-you-to-forget-everything-you-know-about-it|title=Tijuana Wants You To Forget Everything You Know About It|work=BuzzFeed News|access-date=July 27, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Tijuana is home to many deportees from the U.S., many who have lost everything and do not have an income to rely on and are now in a new city in which they have to quickly adapt in order to survive.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/dec/12/mexico-deportation-tijuana-trump-border|title=This is what the hours after being deported look like|last=Lakhani|first=Nina|date=December 12, 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=July 27, 2018|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> San Diego developers would bring many benefits to Tijuana, but deportees and the poor run the risk of being impacted by the [[gentrification]] of Tijuana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/border/small-san-diego-developers-see-a-new-frontier-in-tijuana/|title=San Diego Developers See a New Frontier in Tijuana|date=November 30, 2015|work=Voice of San Diego|access-date=July 27, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
===Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative===
{{main|Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative}}
[[Image:SanYsidroBorderCrossing.JPG|thumb|left|The San Ysidro border crossing between [[San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area|San Diego and Tijuana]]]]
In late 2006, the [[U.S. Department of Homeland Security]] (DHS) announced a rule regarding new identification requirements for U.S. citizens and international travelers entering the U.S. implemented on January 23, 2007. This final rule and first phase of the WHTI specifies nine forms of identification, one of which is required to enter the U.S. by air: a valid [[passport]]; a [[United States Passport Card|passport card]]; a state [[Driver's licenses in the United States#Enhanced driver's licenses|enhanced driver's license]] or state enhanced non-driver ID card (available in [[Michigan]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Vermont]], and [[Washington (state)|Washington]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.getyouhome.gov/html/lang_eng/eng_edl.html|title=WHTI: Enhanced Drivers License|website=Getyouhome.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215123453/http://www.getyouhome.gov/html/lang_eng/eng_edl.html|archive-date=February 15, 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=April 9, 2018}}</ref>) approved by the Secretary of Homeland Security; a trusted traveler program card ([[Global Entry]], [[NEXUS]], [[Free and Secure Trade|FAST]], or [[SENTRI]]); an enhanced tribal identification card; a Native American Tribal Photo Identification Card;
Form I-872 – American Indian Card; a valid Merchant Mariner Document when traveling in conjunction with official maritime business; or a valid U.S. military identification card when traveling on official orders.<ref>{{Citation|title=DHS Announces Final Western Hemisphere Air Travel|date=December 5, 2006|url=http://www.acte.org/resources/view_article.php?id=105|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216073223/http://www.acte.org/resources/view_article.php?id=105|url-status=dead|publisher=Association of Cotpotrate Travel Executives|access-date=December 2, 2007|archive-date=December 16, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative: The Basics|url=https://www.dhs.gov/xtrvlsec/crossingborders/whtibasics.shtm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226044426/https://www.dhs.gov/xtrvlsec/crossingborders/whtibasics.shtm|url-status=dead|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|access-date=December 2, 2007|archive-date=December 26, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative|date=January 13, 2008|url=https://travel.state.gov/travel/cbpmc/cbpmc_2223.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125092329/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cbpmc/cbpmc_2223.html|url-status=dead|publisher=U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs|access-date=January 12, 2007|archive-date=January 25, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmborder.com/travel_usa.html|title=Traveling to USA?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040911062821/http://www.nmborder.com/travel_usa.html|archive-date=September 11, 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In August 2015, Mexico began enforcing a rule that all foreign citizens that plan to stay in the country for more than seven days or are travelling on business will have to pay a 330 [[peso]]s ($21) fee and show their passport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/border-baja-california/sdut-mexico-opens-new-pedestrian-port-san-ysidro-2015aug19-story.html|title=New pedestrian crossing unveiled in Tijuana|last=Dibble|first=Sandra|website=Sandiegouniontribune.com|access-date=April 9, 2018|date=August 20, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0820/Why-it-s-Mexico-s-turn-to-tighten-the-US-border|title=Why it's Mexico's turn to tighten the US border|date=August 20, 2015|newspaper=[[Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=April 9, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/20/433155278/new-rules-go-into-effect-at-busy-u-s-mexico-border-crossing|title=New Rules Go Into Effect At Busy U.S.–Mexico Border Crossing|website=Npr.org|date=August 20, 2015|access-date=April 9, 2018|last1=Wagner|first1=Laura}}</ref>
===Veterinary inspections===
[[File:Mexico Baja California passport stamp.jpg|thumb|right|Passport stamp upon arrival in [[Tijuana, Baja California]] land border crossing]]
When animals are imported from one country to another, there is the possibility that diseases and parasites can move with them. Thus, most countries impose animal health regulations on the import of animals. Most animals imported to the U.S. must be accompanied by import permits obtained in advance from the [[United States Department of Agriculture|U.S. Department of Agriculture]]'s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) and/or health certification papers from the country of origin.
Veterinary inspections are often required, and are available only at designated ports;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ncie/portlist.html|title=Ports Designated for the Importation of Animals|publisher=Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202135654/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ncie/portlist.html|archive-date=February 2, 2007|access-date=October 5, 2011}}
</ref> advance contact with port veterinarians is recommended.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ncie/portvet.html|title=Port Veterinarian List|publisher=Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209004821/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ncie/portvet.html|archive-date=December 9, 2006|access-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref> Animals crossing the U.S.–Mexico border may have a country of origin other than the country where they present for inspection. Such animals include those from the U.S. that cross to Mexico and return, and animals from other countries that travel overland through Mexico or the U.S. before crossing the border.
[[File:Tijuana Border Traffic.jpg|thumb|left|Thousands of cars sit from fifteen minutes to two hours waiting to cross the border.<ref name="MESA">{{Cite news|url=http://www.otaymesa.org/border-waiting/|title=Border Wait Times and Border Crossing Statistics |work=otaymesa.org|access-date=July 27, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>]]
APHIS imposes precautions to keep out several equine diseases, including [[glanders]], [[Covering sickness|dourine]], [[equine infectious anemia]], [[Babesiosis|equine piroplasmosis]], [[Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus|Venezuelan equine encephalitis]], and [[contagious equine metritis]].<ref name="APHIS1997">{{cite web|url=http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3025/imphorse.html|title=Equine Importation|publisher=Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017004412/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/animals/animal_import/equine/equine_import_quarantine.shtml|archive-date=October 17, 2010|access-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref> APHIS also checks horses to prevent the introduction of [[tick]]s and other parasites. In the Lower Rio Grande Valley, U.S. Department of Agriculture inspectors look for horses and livestock that stray across the border carrying ticks. These animals are often called wetstock, and the inspectors are referred to as tickriders.<ref name="Miller2000">{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Tom |title=On the Border: Portraits of America's Southwestern Frontier |publisher=iUniverse |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8165-0943-0 |pages=72–73}}</ref>
Per APHIS, horses originating from Canada can enter the U.S. with a Canadian government veterinary health certificate and a negative test for EIA.<ref name="APHIS1997" /> Horses from Mexico must have a health certificate; pass negative tests for EIA, dourine, glanders, and EP at a USDA import center; and undergo precautionary treatments for external parasites at the port of entry. Horses from other Western Hemisphere countries must have the same tests as those from Mexico and, except for horses from [[Argentina]], must be held in quarantine for at least seven days as a check for VEE.
APHIS imposes similar testing and certification requirements on horses from other parts of the world but without the quarantine for VEE. These horses are held in quarantine—usually three days—or until tests are completed. Because the disease equine piroplasmosis (equine [[babesiosis]]) is endemic in Mexico but not established in the U.S.,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ca.uky.edu/gluck/q/2003/oct03/q_main.htm|title=Veterinary Science|website=Ca.uky.edu|access-date=April 9, 2018}}</ref> transportation of horses from Mexico to the U.S. requires evaluation of horses for the presence of this disease. A leading exception to this rule is the special waiver obtained by riders participating in the Cabalgata Binacional Villista (see [[cavalcade]]).
Import from the U.S. to Mexico requires evidence within the prior 45 days of freedom from EIA, among other requirements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/NCIE/iregs/animals/mx_eq_040406.pdf|title=Import health requirements of Mexico for horses (non slaughter) exported from the United States|date=December 2005|publisher=Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419233214/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/regulations/vs/iregs/animals/downloads/mx_eq.pdf|archive-date=April 19, 2009|access-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref>
==US security==
===Background===
[[File:Canyon, Rio Grande, Texas.jpeg|thumb|right|The [[Big Bend National Park]] is located at the border.]]
Data from the U.S. Border Patrol Agency's 2010 annual report shows that among the total number of border crossings without documentation from various countries into the U.S., 90% were from Mexico alone. In addition, there are more than 6 million undocumented Mexican nationals residing in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.nap.edu/read/13498/chapter/1#ii|title=Options for Estimating Illegal Entries at the U.S.–Mexico Border The National Academies Press|publisher=The National Academies Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-309-26426-6|location=Washington D.C.|language=en|doi=10.17226/13498}}</ref> The border has a very high rate of documented and undocumented migrant crossings every year. With such a high rate of people crossing annually to the U.S., the country has invested in several distinct security measures.
In 2010, President [[Barack Obama]] signed an [[appropriation bill]] which gave the [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection|Customs and Border Protection]], specifically the Border Patrol, 600 million dollars to implement and improve security. The U.S. government has invested many millions of dollars on [[United States border security concerns|border security]], although this has not stopped undocumented immigration in the U.S.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Martínez|first1=Ruben|title=Fortress America|journal=Index on Censorship|date=2004|volume=33|issue=3|pages=48–52|doi=10.1080/03064220408537373|s2cid=220990170}}</ref> In June 2018, the U.S. government announced installation of [[facial recognition system]] for monitoring immigrant activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jun/05/facial-recognition-us-mexico-border-crossing|title=US government to use facial recognition technology at Mexico border crossing|last=Levin|first=Sam|date=June 5, 2018|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=June 6, 2018}}</ref>
=== Border enforcement ===
{{See also|Illegal immigration to the United States}}
[[File:South Texas, Border Patrol Agents, McAllen Horse Patrol Unit.jpg|thumb|left|[[United States Border Patrol|Border Patrol]] agents in southern Texas in 2013]]
The Border Patrol was created in 1924 with its primary mission to detect and prevent the illegal entry of immigrants into the U.S. Together with other law enforcement officers, the Border Patrol maintains the U.S.' borderlands—regulating the flow of legal immigration and goods while patrolling for undocumented migrants and trafficking of people and contraband. The present strategy to enforce migration along the U.S.–Mexico border is by the means of "prevention through deterrence". Its primary goal is to completely prevent undocumented immigrants from entering the U.S. from Mexico rather than apprehending the unauthorized who are already in the country. As assertive as it was, "prevention through deterrence" was arguably unsuccessful, with a doubling in size of undocumented immigrants population during the two decades leading up to 2014.<ref name=":04">{{Cite journal|last=Ewing|first=Walter A.|date=2014|title=Enemy Territory: Immigration Enforcement in the US–Mexico Borderlands|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/jmighs2&i=198.|journal=Journal on Migration and Human Security|volume=2|issue=3|pages=198–222|via=HeinOnline|doi=10.14240/jmhs.v2i3.32|doi-broken-date=February 19, 2024 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="cbp.gov" />
In order to effectively enforce border protection, the U.S.' policies and regulations have looked to make border crossings more hazardous through the implementation of various operations, one of those being the "funnel effect". The tactic was meant to discourage migration from Mexico into the U.S. by forcing migrants to travel further around barriers where the terrain and weather are more risky, but the strategy was not as successful as initially planned.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Newell|first=Bryce Clayton|date=May 2016|title=Information seeking, technology use, and vulnerability among migrants at the United States–Mexico border|journal=Information Society|volume=32|issue=3|pages=176–191|doi=10.1080/01972243.2016.1153013|doi-access=free}}</ref> As a result, the effect funneled more immigrants to their death even with the assistance of [[Coyote (person)|coyotes]] (smugglers). Not only has this approach caused fatalities throughout the U.S.–Mexico border, but it has even stirred up a nuisance for documented immigrants and American citizens. There has been general concern about the Border Patrol and other agencies abusing their authority by racial profiling and conducting unwarranted searches outside the exception of the {{convert|25|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}} border zone, but still within the {{convert|100.|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}} border zone.
In 2012, Border Patrol agents made over 364,000 arrests of people illegally entering the country. Considerable success has been achieved in restoring integrity and safety to the border, by putting in place a border-control strategy. These include [[Operation Gatekeeper]] in [[San Diego]]; Operation Hold the Line in [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]]; Operation Rio Grande in [[McAllen, Texas|McAllen]]; Operation Safeguard in [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]]; and the Arizona Border Control Initiative along the Arizona border.<ref name="pulsamerica1" /><ref name="smithson1" /><ref name="cbp.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/along-us-borders/overview|title=Border Patrol Overview|website=cbp.gov}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
According to Vulliamy, one in five Mexican nationals will visit or work in the U.S. at one point in their lifetime.<ref name="Vulliamy2010">{{cite book|last=Vulliamy|first=Ed|url=https://archive.org/details/amexicawaralongb00vull|title=Amexica: War Along the Borderline|date=2010|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-0-374-10441-2}}</ref> As of 2010, the border is guarded by more than 20,000 Border Patrol agents, more than at any time in its history.<ref name="2010-06-fact sheet">{{cite web |last=U.S. Department of Homeland Security |title=Fact Sheet: Southwest Border Next Steps |date=June 23, 2010 |url=https://www.dhs.gov/ynews/releases/pr_1277310093825.shtm |access-date=August 6, 2010}}</ref> The border is paralleled by [[United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints|U.S. Border Patrol interior checkpoints]] on major roads generally between {{convert|25|and|75|mi|abbr=on|order=flip|km}} from the U.S. side of the border, and [[garitas]] generally within {{Convert|50.|km|abbr=on}} of the border on the Mexican side.<ref name="GAO2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05435.pdf|title=Border Patrol: Available Data on Interior Checkpoints Suggest Differences in Sector Performance|publisher=[[United States General Accounting Office]]|date=July 2005}}</ref><ref name="GAO2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09824.pdf|title=Border Patrol: Checkpoints Contribute to Border Patrol's Mission, but More Consistent Data Collection and Performance Measurement Could Improve Effectiveness|publisher=[[United States General Accounting Office]]|date=August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aduanas.sat.gob.mx/aduana_mexico/2007/RCGMCE/2007/Anexo_25.doc |author=Aduana Mexico|year= 2007|title= Aduanas 25 de las Reglas de Caracter General en Materia de Comercio Exterior para 2007|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224013954/http://www.aduanas.sat.gob.mx/aduana_mexico/2007/RCGMCE/2007/Anexo_25.doc |archive-date=February 24, 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Sinaloa Cartel Drug Tunnel.jpg|thumb|[[Illegal drug trade|Drug trafficking]] tunnel under the U.S.–Mexico border used by the [[Sinaloa Cartel]]]]
There are an estimated half a million [[Illegal entry|illegal entries]] into the U.S. each year.<ref name="GAO-06-770">{{cite web |url=http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06770.pdf |publisher=Government Accountability Office |title=Illegal Immigration – Border-Crossing Deaths Have Doubled Since 1995; Border Patrol's Efforts to Prevent Deaths Have Not Been Fully Evaluated |page=42 |date=August 2006}}</ref> Border Patrol activity is concentrated around border cities such as San Diego and El Paso which have extensive border fencing. This means that the flow of illegal immigrants is diverted into rural mountainous and desert areas, leading to several hundred [[Migrant deaths along the Mexico–United States border|migrant deaths along the Mexico–U.S. border]] of those attempting to cross into the U.S. from Mexico illegally and vice versa.<ref name="GAO-06-770" />
Undocumented labor contributes $395 billion to the economy every year. While the U.S. is in favor of immigration, the increase in undocumented immigration has given border-crossing a negative image. There are around 11.5 million undocumented workers in the U.S. today, and 87% of undocumented immigrants have been living in the U.S. for more than 7 years.<ref name="pulsamerica1">{{cite web|url=http://www.pulsamerica.co.uk/2013/07/the-u-s-mexico-border-under-the-economic-lens-and-in-the-historical-frame/|title=The U.S.–Mexico border: under the economic lens and in the historical frame|website=pulsamerica.co.uk|access-date=November 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006011832/http://www.pulsamerica.co.uk/2013/07/the-u-s-mexico-border-under-the-economic-lens-and-in-the-historical-frame/|archive-date=October 6, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Local economies that develop on the Mexican side capitalize not only on available skills but also on available, usually discarded, materials. Small businesses trade in clothes that are purchased by the pound and cardboard from the U.S. Some items, like the used tires found everywhere along the border, are made into certain items that support local economies and define a border.<ref name="smithson1">{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/bord/intro.html|title=Borders and Identity|website=smithsonianeducation.org}}</ref>
The [[Secure Fence Act of 2006]] was passed providing for the construction of {{convert|700.|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} of high-security fencing. Attempts to complete the construction of the [[Mexico–United States barrier]] have been challenged by the Mexican government and various U.S.–based organizations.
In January 2013, the [[Government Accountability Office]] released a report stating that the U.S. Border Patrol intercepted 61% of individuals illegally crossing the border in 2011, which translates to 208,813 individuals not apprehended.<ref name="JAN13GAO">{{cite news|first=Stephen|last= Dinan |title=Interceptions of immigrants stubbornly low |url=http://m.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jan/9/interceptions-immigrants-stubbornly-low/ |newspaper=Washington Times |date=January 9, 2013 |access-date=January 12, 2013}}</ref> 85,827 of the 208,813 would go on to illegally enter the U.S., while the rest returned to Mexico and other Central American countries.<ref name="JAN13GAO" /> The report also shows that the number of illegal border crossings has dropped.<ref name="JAN13GAO" />
{{Graph:Chart|width=900|height=200|type=rect|xAxisTitle=Fiscal Year (Years shown here: 1990–2017.|yAxisTitle=Apprehensions (in thousands)
|x=1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000, 2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2019,2020,2021
|y= 1049.321, 1077.876, 1145.574, 1212.886, 979.101, 1271.390, 1507.020, 1368.707, 1516.680, 1537.000, 1643.679, 1235.718, 929.809, 905.065, 1139.282, 1171.396, 1071.972, 858.638, 705.005, 540.865, 447.731, 327.577, 356.873, 414.397, 479.371, 331.333, 408.870, 303.916, 977.509, 458.088, 1734.686
|showValues=offset:4}}
The apprehensions per (fiscal) year are shown in the graph; they reached a maximum of over 1.643 million in the year 2000.<ref name="cbp">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2017-Dec/BP%20Southwest%20Border%20Sector%20Apps%20FY1960%20-%20FY2017.pdf|title=United States Border Patrol|access-date=June 27, 2018|archive-date=June 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624063409/https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2017-Dec/BP%20Southwest%20Border%20Sector%20Apps%20FY1960%20-%20FY2017.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Similar numbers had been reached in 1986 with over 1.615 million.<ref name="cbp" />
The increase of border security throughout the years has progressively made crossings at the U.S.–Mexico border more dangerous, which has developed a human rights crisis at the border. The number of migrant deaths occurring along the U.S.–Mexico border has dramatically increased since the implementation of the funnel effect.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Leif|date=November 2015|title=Material Interventions on the US-Mexico Border: Investigating a Sited Politics of Migrant Solidarity |journal=Antipode |volume=47|issue=5|pages=1244|doi=10.1111/anti.12151}}</ref> Along the Arizona-Mexico border, only seven migrant deaths were recorded in 1996; however, the remains of over 2,000 migrants were discovered from 2001 to 2012. Since the majority of deaths occur in rural areas, where extreme temperatures are common, it is likely the number of recorded deaths are far below the total. Because of the harsh, inaccessible terrain, human remains may not be found for years or ever.<ref>{{Cite SSRN|last=Martinez|first=Daniel E.|last2=Reineke|first2=Robin|last3=Rubio-Goldsmith|first3=Raquel|last4=Anderson|first4=Bruce E.|last5=Hess|first5=Gregory L.|last6=Parks|first6=Bruce O.|date=2013|title=A Continued Humanitarian Crisis at the Border: Undocumented Border Crosser Deaths Recorded by the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner, 1990–2012|ssrn=2633209}}</ref>
The [[Human Rights Watch]] cited on April 22, 2020, that a U.S.–Mexico border shutdown could be expected following the [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] public health emergency. According to HRW, the new rule introduced by the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] overlooks the fact that the U.S. is obligated to protect refugees from return to conditions threatening prosecution, as per treaties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/22/tell-trump-administration-protect-asylum-seekers|title=Tell the Trump Administration to Protect Asylum Seekers |access-date=April 22, 2020|website=Human Rights Watch|date=April 22, 2020 }}</ref>
President Joe Biden's border executive plan as the COVID-19 restrictions – known as Title 42 – expired in May 2023.
Under Title 42, which had been in effect since March 2020, many border crossers have been quickly deported to Mexico without a chance for asylum.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blake |first1=Michael |title=Border crossings top 10,000 daily as migrants seek US entry before Title 42 ends |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/biden-restricts-asylum-access-mexico-border-title-42-ends-2023-05-10/ |work=Reuters |date=2023}}</ref>
===Barrier===
{{main|Mexico–United States barrier}}
The U.S. government had plans in 2006, during the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush administration]], to erect a border fence along the Mexico–U.S. border. The controversial proposal included creating many individual fences. Almost {{Convert|600.|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} of fence were constructed, with each of the individual fences composed of steel and concrete.<ref name="Vulliamy2010" /> In between these fences are infrared cameras and sensors, National Guard soldiers, and SWAT teams on alert, giving rise to the term "virtual fence".<ref name="Vulliamy2010" /> Construction on the fence began in 2006, with each mile costing the U.S. government about $2.8 million.<ref name="Hodge, Roger D. 2012">{{cite journal|last=Hodge|first= Roger D. |title=Borderworld: How the U.S. Is Reengineering Homeland Security|url=http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2011-12/how-us-reengineering-homeland-security-borders|journal=Popular Science |volume=280 |issue= 1|year= 2012|pages= 56–81}}</ref> In 2010, the initiative was terminated because of costs, after having completed {{convert|640.|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} of either barrier fence or vehicle barriers, that were either new or had been rebuilt over older, inferior fencing. The [[Boeing]]-built SBI-net systems of using radar, watchtowers, and sensors (without a fence or physical barrier) were scrapped for being over budget, full of glitches, and far behind schedule.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/16/AR2010031603573.html|title=Work to cease on 'virtual fence' along U.S.–Mexico border|last=Hsu|first=Spencer S.|date=March 16, 2010|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="170">
File:US-Mexico border fence.jpg|The U.S.–Mexico border fence near [[El Paso]], [[Texas]]
File:BorderAtJacumba.jpg|Portion of border near [[Jacumba Hot Springs, California|Jacumba, California]], in 2003
File:BorderAtJacumba2.jpg|Portion of border near Jacumba, California, in 2009 with enhanced security
</gallery>
===Border incursions===
[[File:Pedestrian border crossing sign Tijuana Mexico.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Border for pedestrians in Tijuana, Baja California]]
According to the U.S. Border Patrol, apprehensions of Central Americans at the border reduced from 70,000 to 55,000 attempted illegal migrants from 2007 to 2011. Thereafter, the number of apprehensions increased dramatically to 95,000 in 2012, 150,000 in 2013 and 220,000 in 2014. The increased apprehensions could have been the result of improved border security or a dramatic rise in attempted crossings, or both.<ref name="officialstats">{{cite web |title=Statistics – SW Border apprehensions |url=https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/usbp-sw-border-apprehensions |website=www.cbp.gov |publisher=CBP – US Border patrol (Official website) |access-date=November 6, 2018}}</ref>
In the fiscal year of 2006, there were 29 confirmed border incursions by Mexican government officials, of which 17 were by armed individuals. Since 1996, there have been 253 incursions by Mexican government officials.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/20080109-1533-mexico-us-borderincursions.html |title=Report: Border Patrol confirms 29 incursions by Mexican officials into U.S. in 2007
|newspaper=San Diego Union Tribune |access-date=January 17, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEKUJGT2xr4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/pEKUJGT2xr4 |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |url-status=live| title=MSNBC report on Border incursion Oct 18 2007 |publisher=MSNBC |access-date=January 17, 2008}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11226144 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060318115739/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11226144/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 18, 2006 |title=Mexican incursions inflame border situation |publisher=MSNBC |access-date=January 17, 2008}}</ref> In 2014 the U.S. Department of Homeland Security informed California Representative [[Duncan D. Hunter]] that since 2004, there have been 300 documented border incursions, which resulted in 131 individuals being detained.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hunter.house.gov/press-release/dhs-hunter-more-300-border-incursions-mexican-military-and-law-enforcement-authoriti-0 |title=DHS to Hunter: More than 300 border incursions by Mexican military and law enforcement authorities since January 2004 |date=June 17, 2014 |website=Congressman Duncan Hunter |publisher=United States House of Representatives |access-date=June 17, 2014 |archive-date=July 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713105000/https://hunter.house.gov/press-release/dhs-hunter-more-300-border-incursions-mexican-military-and-law-enforcement-authoriti-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
On August 3, 2008, [[Mexican Armed Forces|Mexican military]] personnel crossed into Arizona from Mexico and encountered a U.S. Border Patrol agent, whom they held at gunpoint. The soldiers later returned to Mexico, as backup Border Patrol agents came to investigate.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://washingtontimes.com/news/2008/aug/06/soldiers-cross-into-us-hold-guns-to-agent/ |title=Border patrol agent held at gunpoint |work=Washington Times |date=August 8, 2008}}</ref>
===Disagreements over need for more resources===
Proponents of greater spending on the border argue that continuing the buildup is necessary because of increased violence and drug trafficking from Mexico spilling into the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|last=Potter|first=Mark|title=Debate rages over Mexico 'spillover violence' in U.S|date=March 15, 2012 |url=http://dailynightly.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/03/15/10701978-debate-rages-over-mexico-spillover-violence-in-us?lite|publisher=NBC News|access-date=September 24, 2012}}</ref> However, critics such as the [[Washington Office on Latin America]] have argued that the diminishing number of border crossings can only be partially attributed to U.S. security measures. Unintentional factors, such as a weakened U.S. economy in the wake of the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2008|2008 financial crisis]] and the [[Mexican drug war]] have made attempting illegal border crossings more risky and less rewarding.<ref name="Insightcrime">{{cite web |url=http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/further-buildup-on-us-mexico-border-unnecessary-report |title=Further Buildup on US–Mexico Border Unnecessary: Report |newspaper=[[InSight Crime]] |date=April 20, 2012 |access-date=December 7, 2014}}</ref>
In 2019, there have been humanitarian crises on the border because of lack of resources. Migrant children have specifically been affected.<ref name="roguerocket.com">Stenn, L. (June 25, 2019). Hundreds of Migrant Children Moved From Border Facility After Poor Conditions Exposed. Retrieved from https://roguerocket.com/2019/06/25/hundreds-of-migrant-children-moved-from-border-facility-after-poor-conditions-exposed/</ref> Democratic members of the House of Representatives introduced legislation that would aid the humanitarian crisis by giving $4.5 billion to emergency spending to address the humanitarian crisis at the border, with significant funding for priorities including legal assistance, food, water, and medical services, support services for unaccompanied children, alternatives to detention, and refugee services.<ref>House Democrats Introduce Emergency Border Supplemental. (June 21, 2019). Retrieved from https://appropriations.house.gov/news/press-releases/house-democrats-introduce-emergency-border-supplemental</ref>
Distribution of natural resources across the border has also been a major challenge, particularly for water use and water quality. Toxic sewage flowing into Mexico, and over-consumption of water from the Colorado River Basin and middle-lower Rio Grande have been central to the conflict. Large-scale infrastructure investments may be necessary to address the growing water and energy issues in this arid region.<ref name="Applied Energy 2021 p.">{{cite journal | title=Combatting water scarcity and economic distress along the US-Mexico border using renewable powered desalination | journal=Applied Energy | volume=291 | date=June 1, 2021 | issn=0306-2619 | doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116765 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261921002725 | access-date=July 2, 2021 | page=116765| last1=Roggenburg | first1=Michael | last2=Warsinger | first2=David M. | last3=Bocanegra Evans | first3=Humberto | last4=Castillo | first4=Luciano | s2cid=233583448 }}</ref>
=== Trump administration ===
[[File:2019 US Meixco Border Crossing apprehension (48036606282).jpg|thumb|U.S. Border Patrol agents review documents of individuals suspected of attempted illegal entry in 2019.]]
In 2016, Republican nominee for president [[Donald Trump]] proposed building a border wall to control immigration. He declared that, as president, he would force Mexico to pay all costs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/30/politics/donald-trump-enrique-pea-nieto-mexico/|title=Mexican president disputes Trump over border wall payment discussion|first1=Stephen|last1=Collinson|first2=Jeremy|last2=Diamond|website=CNN|date=September 1, 2016|access-date=October 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37243269|title=How realistic is Donald Trump's Mexico wall?|date=September 1, 2016|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=October 7, 2016}}</ref> On January 25, 2017, several days after his inauguration and two days in advance of a planned meeting in Washington, D.C., with Mexican President [[Enrique Peña Nieto]], new U.S. president Trump signed [[Executive Order 13767]] to enable the building of the wall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38740717|title=Trump orders wall to be built on Mexico border|date=January 26, 2017|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=January 26, 2017}}</ref> Peña Nieto denied that Mexico would pay for the wall and declined the meeting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38753826|title=Mexico: We will not pay for Trump border wall|date=January 26, 2017|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=January 26, 2017}}</ref> Shortly after, Trump announced that he intended to impose a 20% tariff on Mexican goods.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-mexico-idUSKBN15A1VF|title=Trump seeks 20 percent tax on Mexico goods to pay for wall, crisis deepens|date=January 26, 2017|website=Reuters|language=en-GB|access-date=January 26, 2017}}</ref> Mexico did not make any payments.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Baum |first1=Caroline |title=Forget what Donald Trump said: Tariffs are a tax on American consumers |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/forget-what-donald-trump-said-tariffs-are-a-tax-on-american-consumers-2019-03-06 |access-date=March 7, 2019 |website=MarketWatch |date=March 6, 2019}}</ref>
On September 20, 2017, [[Attorney General of California|California Attorney General]] [[Xavier Becerra]] filed a lawsuit alleging that the Trump administration has overstepped its powers in expediting construction of a border wall.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Patrick|last1=McGreevy|first2=Jazmine|last2=Ulloa|website=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-xavier-becerra-trump-wall-lawsuit-20170920-story.html|title=California again steps up to Trump, this time to stop the border wall|date=September 20, 2017|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>[[State of California Department of Justice]], September 20, 2017: [https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-becerra-constitution-rule-law-barriers-trump-border-wall ''Attorney General Becerra: Constitution, Rule of Law Barriers to Trump Border Wall''] (Press Release)</ref> As of the end of 2017, Mexico had not agreed to pay any amount toward the wall, no new tariffs on Mexican goods had been considered by the U.S. Congress,<ref name="payforwall">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/republicans-skeptical-about-paying-for-wall-as-trump-prepares-to-release-budget/2017/03/15/dd2b5848-099b-11e7-b77c-0047d15a24e0_story.html|title=Republicans skeptical about paying for wall as Trump releases budget|first1=Sean|last1=Sullivan|first2=Kelsey|last2=Snell|date=March 16, 2017|access-date=April 9, 2018|newspaper=Washington Post|url-access=limited}}</ref> the U.S. Congress had not appropriated funding for a wall, and no further wall construction had started beyond what was already planned during the [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]].<ref name="payforwall" />
In June 2018, the Trump administration established a [[Trump administration family separation policy|new policy of separating parents from their children at the Mexican border]]. People asking for asylum at official ports of entry were "being turned away and told there's no room for them now."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/6/5/17428640/border-families-asylum-illegal|title=Trump keeps making it harder for people to seek asylum legally|publisher=Vox|date=June 5, 2018|access-date=June 20, 2018}}</ref> The U.S. and Mexico mutually placed tariffs on each other's exports.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aleem |first1=Zeeshan |title=Trump hit Mexico with steel tariffs. Mexico is hitting back – and targeting Republicans|url=https://www.vox.com/world/2018/6/6/17433654/mexico-tariffs-us-goods-trump-trade |access-date=March 7, 2019 |website=Vox |date=June 6, 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Cerco fronterizo de H. Nogales y Nogales.jpg|thumb|left|Nogales border fence]]
On November 8, 2018, the Trump administration announced new rules to deny asylum to anyone who crosses into the U.S. illegally from any nation, at Trump's discretion. This was based on the Supreme Court decision of ''[[Trump v. Hawaii]]'' and the presidential powers of the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/08/us/politics/trump-asylum-seekers-executive-order.html | title= Trump Claims New Power to Bar Asylum for Immigrants Who Arrive Illegally | first = Michael | last = Shear | date = November 8, 2018 | access-date = December 21, 2018 | work = [[The New York Times]] | url-access = limited}}</ref> Trump signed a proclamation the next day to specify that people crossing the Mexican border illegally would not qualify for asylum; he called the march of migrants from Central America towards the U.S. a "crisis".<ref name="nytimes asylum 20181109">{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/09/us/politics/trump-asylum-seekers-executive-order.html | title= Trump Suspends Some Asylum Rights, Calling Illegal Immigration 'a Crisis' | first1 = Michael | last1= Shear | first2 = Eileen | last2= Sullivan | date= November 9, 2018 | access-date = December 21, 2018 | work =[[The New York Times]] | url-access = limited}}</ref> Civil rights groups strongly criticized the move, and several groups, including the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]], the [[American Civil Liberties Union]], and the [[Center for Constitutional Rights]], filed a lawsuit in the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California|U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California]] to challenge the proclamation.<ref name="nytimes asylum 20181109" /> Judge [[Jon S. Tigar]] ruled in favor of the advocacy groups on November 20, 2018, placing an injunction on the administration to delay implementation of the rule.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/20/us/judge-denies-trump-asylum-policy.html | title = Federal Judge Blocks Trump's Proclamation Targeting Some Asylum Seekers | first= Miriam | last= Jordan | date = November 20, 2018 | access-date= December 21, 2018 |work = [[The New York Times]] | url-access = limited}}</ref> The administration appealed to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|Ninth Circuit]], where a divided 2-1 panel ruled that the new asylum rules were inconsistent with existing law and upheld the injunction.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://apnews.com/1833470d0588418b9c686a61a5de662e | title = US appeals court won't immediately allow Trump asylum ban | date = December 7, 2018 | access-date = April 26, 2020 | website = AP News | first = Sudhin | last = Thanawala }}</ref> On December 21, 2018, the Supreme Court declined to hear the administration's challenge, leaving the injunction in place and preventing the asylum ban from being enforced.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/21/politics/supreme-court-upholds-block-on-trumps-asylum-ban/index.html | title= Supreme Court upholds block on Trump's asylum ban | first1= Caroline | last1= Kelly | first2 = Ariane | last2 = de Vogue | date= December 21, 2018 | access-date = December 21, 2018 | work = [[CNN]] }}</ref>
During the 2018 fiscal year, U.S. border agents arrested 107,212 people traveling in families, a record-high number. During the following five months (October 2018 through February 2019), that record was shattered by the arrest of 136,150 people traveling in families.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Border Patrol Southwest Border Apprehensions by Sector FY2018 |url=https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/usbp-sw-border-apprehensions |website=U.S. Customs and Border Protection |access-date=March 7, 2019}}</ref> On March 31, 2019, Trump threatened to close the border, cutting off trade between the countries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/04/01/trump-cutting-aid-closing-ports-border-patrol-stressed-migrant-families-released/3329728002/|title=Cutting aid and closing ports: Here's what's happening at the southern border|website=USA Today|language=en|access-date=April 1, 2019|first=Alan|last=Gomez|date=April 1, 2019}}</ref> On April 4, Trump said that instead he would give Mexico a year to stop illegal drugs from coming into the U.S. If this did not happen, he said tariffs on automobiles would be used first, and then closing of the border.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/04/04/border-trump-says-he-delay-sealing-off-southern-border-year/3353761002/|title=President Trump says he will delay closing the border with Mexico for a year|last1=Collins|first1=Michael|last2=Fritze|first2=John|last3=Jackson|first3=David|work=[[USA Today]]|date=April 4, 2019|access-date=April 26, 2020}}</ref>
==== Proposed wall ====
{{Main|Trump wall}}
[[File:United States-Mexico-border-wall-Progreso-Lakes-Texas.jpeg|thumb|right|U.S.–Mexico border wall, [[Progreso Lakes, Texas]]]]
While running for president, Trump estimated that a border wall would cost $8 to $12 billion<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Bennett |first1=Brian |last2=Berenson |first2=Tessa |last3=Abramson |first3=Alana |title=How Republicans Are Talking Trump Into Accepting a Smaller Border Wall Deal |url=https://time.com/5528673/donald-trump-congress-border-security-compromise-republicans/ |access-date=April 26, 2020 |magazine=Time |date=February 13, 2019}}</ref> and that he could force Mexico to pay for it. Cost estimates of the proposed wall vary widely. In early 2017, shortly after Trump took office, the DHS estimated the cost at $22 billion,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Greenwood |first1=Max |title=DHS report pegs cost of border wall at up to $21.6 billion: report |url=https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/318841-dhs-report-pegs-cost-of-border-wall-as-high-as-216-billion-report |access-date=March 7, 2019 |newspaper=The Hill |date=February 9, 2017}}</ref> while Democratic staff on the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee estimated $70 billion to build the wall and $150 million in annual maintenance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Carney |first1=Jordain |title=Senate Dems: Trump's border wall could cost nearly $70 billion |url=https://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/329359-senate-dems-trumps-border-wall-could-cost-nearly-70-billion |access-date=March 7, 2019 |newspaper=The Hill |date=April 18, 2017}}</ref> Significant [[cost overrun]]s and missed deadlines are common in government projects; in recent U.S. history, see, for example, the [[Big Dig]] and the [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner|Boeing Dreamliner]].
In the summer of 2017, four major construction companies planned to bid for the contract. The Customs and Border Protection agency budgeted $20 million to hire these companies to build half-million-dollar prototypes of the wall. At this time, Congress had only approved $341 million to maintain the existing wall; no funds had been allocated to build new sections of wall.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/us/mexico-wall-prototypes-trump.html |title=U.S. Moves to Build Prototypes for Mexican Border Wall |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |first=Ron |last=Nixon |date=August 31, 2017 |access-date=August 27, 2018 |url-access=limited}}</ref> The DHS recommended that the wall's height should be between {{cvt|18.|and|30.|ft|abbr=off|order=flip|sigfig=2}} and its depth should be up to {{cvt|6.|ft|order=flip}} to deter drug traffickers from building tunnels.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Wall: The real costs of a barrier between the United States and Mexico|first=Vanda|last=Felbab-Brown|date=August 2017|url=https://www.brookings.edu/essay/the-wall-the-real-costs-of-a-barrier-between-the-united-states-and-mexico/|website=The Brookings Institution|access-date=April 26, 2020}}</ref>
During the Trump administration, {{Convert|455|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}} were added to barrier between the two countries. The construction of the wall has been halted by President [[Joe Biden]] as he canceled the national emergency declaration, originally used by Trump.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Miroff|first1=Nick|last2=Hernandez|first2=Arelis R.|date=January 20, 2021|title=Biden orders a 'pause' on border wall construction, bringing crews to halt|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/biden-border-wall-executive-order/2021/01/20/5f472456-5b32-11eb-aaad-93988621dd28_story.html|access-date=October 25, 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
=== Biden administration ===
The U.S. Border Patrol detained more than 1.7 million migrants crossing the U.S.-Mexico border illegally in fiscal year 2021, the highest number ever recorded.<ref>{{cite news |title=Record high migrant detentions at US-Mexico border |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-59019791 |work=BBC News |date=October 23, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Situation at the southern border worse that you probably realize |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/immigration/581513-situation-at-the-southern-border-worse-that-you-probably-realize |work=The Hill |date=November 15, 2021}}</ref> A greater demographic diversity of southwest border apprehensions have been noted in 2021.<ref>Stef W. Kight. (January 30, 2022). "U.S. border draws migrants from Russia, Ukraine".
[https://www.axios.com/us-border-migrants-russia-ukraine-651b35ab-8cf1-480c-afe5-8961e9c98e45.html Axios website] Retrieved January 31, 2022.</ref>
On February 8, 2024, a group of 24 House Republicans wrote a letter<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter - PDF |url=https://weber.house.gov/uploadedfiles/border_letter_to_potus_final.pdf}}</ref> to urge President Biden not to federalize the Texas National Guard in the midst of Texas wanting to crack down on the spike of illegal immigration on the U.S.-Mexico border.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Timotija |first=Filip |date=February 8, 2024 |title=Republicans tell Biden not to take control of Texas National Guard amid standoff over border |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4456459-republicans-biden-not-take-control-texas-national-guard-border/ |access-date=February 9, 2024 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Humanitarian assistance along the border ===
[[File:Water Stations at Border.jpg|thumb|A volunteer from the Humane Border group is refilling water stations located on the desert of the U.S.-Mexico border.]]
Humanitarian groups such as Humane Borders, No More Deaths, and Samaritans provide water in order to reduce deaths of immigrants who are journeying through the Arizona desert.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|url=http://tucson.com/news/local/border/us-allows-new-water-stations-by-border/article_a8dc1191-74fc-5a8a-9ad0-409b7a1e8b65.html|title=US allows new water stations by border|last=Star|first=Brady McCombs Arizona Daily|work=Arizona Daily Star|access-date=April 6, 2018|language=en}}</ref> A policy passed in 2010 by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife federal agency allows water drums to be placed on roads of disturbed areas.<ref name="auto2" />
No More Deaths (''No Más Muertes'') is a [[non-governmental organization]] (NGO) headquartered in [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]] that is designed to assist in ending death and suffering of immigrants along the U.S.-Mexico border by upholding fundamental human rights. Elemental services of No More Deaths is to provide humanitarian assistance, giving food and first aid treatment, witness and respond to human rights abuses, encouraging humane immigration policy, and making phone calls to relatives of immigrants.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bird|first=Jo|date=November 2014|title=Human Rights on the US/Mexico Border<!-- |disabled url, this link is utterly useless for anyone who does not have access to ebscohosturl=http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=ec1dca85-5d92-4e29-8d58-31f9431edecb%40sdc-v-sessmgr05 -->|journal=Pandora's Box (1835-8624)|volume=21|pages=94–101}}</ref> Since its founding in 2004, No More Deaths has provided assistance to thousands of migrant border crossers; however the Border Patrol and other public land agencies near the U.S.–Mexico border have challenged the efforts of various humanitarian groups, by following immigrants to a medical volunteer camp and raiding it.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.statnews.com/2017/07/06/immigration-desert-clinic/|title=After Trump's immigration crackdown, a desert clinic tries to save lives without breaking the law|last=Boodman|first=Eric|date=July 6, 2017|work=STAT|access-date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> Humanitarian groups along the border have been tested by Border Patrol and other agencies, however the authority of the Trump administration has introduced a new tier of restriction through surveillance, harassment, and intimidation to border relief efforts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Sophie|date=October 2017|title=No More Deaths: Direct Aid in the US-Mexico Border Zone|journal=South Atlantic Quarterly|volume=116|pages=851–862|doi=10.1215/00382876-116-4-851}}</ref>
[[File:Tijuana-san diego border deaths.jpg|thumb|left|Memorial coffins on the US-Mexico barrier in Tijuana for those killed crossing the border fence]]
Incidence rates of HIV and tuberculosis are higher in border towns such as El Paso and Ciudad Juárez than at the national level in both countries. The Nuestra Casa Initiative tried to counter the health disparities by using a cross-border strategy that moved around an exhibit prominent in various museums and universities.<ref>Moya, Eva, et al.『Nuestra Casa: An Advocacy Initiative to Reduce Inequalities and Tuberculosis along the US–Mexico Border.』''International Public Health Journal'', vol. 8, no. 2, 2016, pp. 107–119.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moya, Eva |last2=Chavez-Baray, Silvia |last3=Wood, William W. |last4=Martinez, Omar |title=Nuestra Casa: An advocacy initiative to reduce inequalities and tuberculosis along the US–Mexico border |journal=International Public Health Journal |date=2016 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=107–119 |language=en |issn=1947-4989|pmid=30245778 |pmc=6150456 }}</ref> Similarly, special action groups as part of the Border Health Strategic Initiative created by the [[University of Arizona]] with other groups helped create a healthier Hispanic community in Arizona border towns by creating policy and infrastructure changes.<ref name="CohenMeister2016">{{cite journal|last1=Cohen|first1=Stuart J.|last2=Meister|first2=Joel S.|last3=deZapien|first3=Jill G.|title=Special Action Groups for Policy Change and Infrastructure Support to Foster Healthier Communities on the Arizona–Mexico Border|journal=Public Health Reports|volume=119|issue=1|year=2016|pages=40–47|issn=0033-3549|doi=10.1177/003335490411900110|pmid=15147648|pmc=1502256}}</ref> These groups provided humanitarian assistance to counter the prominence of Type 2 diabetes among the Hispanic community by acquiring a grant for new walking trails and encouraging public elementary schools to provide healthier food choices for students.<ref name="CohenMeister2016" />
Immigrants are considered easy targets by gang members, because they do not have the strength to resist aggressive offenders and end up left with nothing. In June 2018, [[United States Attorney General|U.S. Attorney General]] [[Jeff Sessions]] disqualified victims of gangs or domestic violence to be reasonable causes for asylum seekers.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Rhodan|first=Maya|date=November 2018|title=Give Me Shelter<!-- |disabled url, this link is utterly useless for anyone outside byu url=http://web.a.ebscohost.com.erl.lib.byu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=5&sid=bfddb08a-48ad-4e62-9fcf-0656cd14af09%40sdc-v-sessmgr01 -->|magazine=Time|volume=192|pages=36–41}}</ref>
[[File:BigBendMexicans.jpeg|thumb|right|Mexicans crossing the Río Grande face the [[Big Bend National Park]]]]
Not only do these Hispanic communities face health inequalities, but political inequalities as well.<ref>{{cite news|first=Suzanne|last=Gamboa|date=February 26, 2019|title=Racism, not a lack of assimilation, is the real problem facing Latinos in America|website=NBC News|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/racism-not-lack-assimilation-real-problem-facing-latinos-america-n974021}}</ref> The need for political change was so huge that it has encouraged Hispanic women to engage in activism at a local level. The Neighborhood Action Group in Chula Vista, California, is one of the groups that attracted the help of local Hispanic women to implement a feminist perspective in activism in spite of the social and economic obstacles as well as Assembly Bill No. 775, 2005 that prohibited children being used as interpreters.<ref name="BoscoAitken2011">{{cite journal|last1=Bosco|first1=Fernando J.|last2=Aitken|first2=Stuart C.|last3=Herman|first3=Thomas|title=Women and children in a neighborhood advocacy group: engaging community and refashioning citizenship at the United States–Mexico border|journal=Gender, Place & Culture|volume=18|issue=2|year=2011|pages=155–178|issn=0966-369X|doi=10.1080/0966369X.2010.551652|s2cid=144414124}}</ref> These humanitarian groups have implemented various strategies to pursue their goals that ultimately try to counter the number of immigrant deaths and abuses in immigrant detention even if it means the criminalization and higher levels of discrimination against them.<ref name="AndroffTavassoli2012">{{cite journal|last1=Androff|first1=D. K.|last2=Tavassoli|first2=K. Y.|title=Deaths in the Desert: The Human Rights Crisis on the U.S.–Mexico Border|journal=Social Work|volume=57|issue=2|year=2012|pages=165–173|issn=0037-8046|doi=10.1093/sw/sws034|url=https://asu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/deaths-in-the-desert-the-human-rights-crisis-on-the-us-mexico-bor|pmid=23038878}}</ref>
In Mexico, most humanitarian groups focus on assisting the deportees. As rates of deportation increase, "the deportation of many individuals is becoming more and more notable" in the streets of Mexico cities.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atencionsanmiguel.org/2018/02/16/new-organization-emerges-to-aid-deported-mexican-nationals/|title=New Organization Emerges to Aid Deported Mexican Nationals {{!}} San Miguel de Allende {{!}} Atención San Miguel|website=Atencionsanmiguel.org|language=en-US|access-date=April 6, 2018|archive-date=April 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407054208/http://www.atencionsanmiguel.org/2018/02/16/new-organization-emerges-to-aid-deported-mexican-nationals/|url-status=dead}}</ref> As a result, many humanitarian groups have formed in Mexican cities where undocumented individuals are deported such as [[Nogales, Sonora]]. The humanitarian groups consist of faith-based communities and primarily non-profit organizations that assist deportees, many of whom do not have any resources with them such as money, food, or family information, and who would otherwise become homeless and emotionally and psychologically devastated.<ref>{{Cite AV media|last=Burr|first=Pete|title=Kino Border Initiative – the church without frontiers|date=February 28, 2017|url=https://vimeo.com/206180020|access-date=April 6, 2018|via=[[Vimeo]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/content/humanitarianism-ground-humanitarian-aid-migrants-and-refugees-mexico|title=Humanitarianism from the ground: humanitarian aid to migrants and refugees in Mexico {{!}} Oxford Department of International Development|website=Qeh.ox.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=April 6, 2018|archive-date=April 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055211/http://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/content/humanitarianism-ground-humanitarian-aid-migrants-and-refugees-mexico|url-status=dead}}</ref> Contributing factors that might have caused them to be devastated can either be that they were separated from "their family members or the inability to work legally in the United States".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kinoborderinitiative.org|title=Kino Border Initiative – Iniciative Kino para la Frontera|website=Kino Border Initiative|language=en-US|access-date=April 6, 2018}}</ref> Therefore, the primary purpose of the humanitarian groups on the Mexico side of the border is to create a pathway for transitional support such as providing the deportees food, shelter, clothing, legal help and social services.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, there are humanitarian groups that provides meals and shelter to deportees according to their deportation documents. Humanitarian groups along the border in Mexico are El Comedor, Nazareth House, Camino Juntos, [[La 72]], and FM4: Paso Libre.
In June 2019, 300 migrant children were moved from a detention facility in [[Clint, Texas]], after a group of lawyers who visited reported unsafe and unsanitary conditions.<ref name="roguerocket.com" /> In the same month, the body of Óscar Alberto Martínez and his 23-month-old daughter, Angie Valeria, were found dead in the Rio Grande River. The family was from El Salvador, attempting to cross from Mexico into the U.S. near [[Brownsville, Texas]].<ref>{{cite news|first1=Christina|last1=Maxouris|first2=Steve|last2=Almasy|first3=Natalie|last3=Gallón|date=June 27, 2019|title=A woman watched her husband and daughter drown at the Mexican border, report says|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/26/politics/mexico-father-daughter-dead-rio-grande-wednesday/|website=CNN}}</ref> Gaining attention from the media, the House passed a bill, appropriating $4.5 billion for resources at the border.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Rebecca|last1=Shabad|first2=Leigh Ann|last2=Caldwell|date=June 25, 2019|title=House passes border funding bill to address humanitarian crisis|website=NBC News|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/house-passes-border-funding-bill-address-humanitarian-crisis-n1021511}}</ref>
==US border zone policies==
Per the [[Environmental issues along the Mexico–United States border#La Paz Agreement|La Paz Agreement]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/lapazagreement.pdf|title=La Paz Agreement|website=Epa.gov|access-date=April 9, 2018}}</ref> the official "border area" extends {{convert|100.|km|mi|abbr=on}} "on either side of the inland and maritime boundaries" from the Gulf of Mexico west into the Pacific Ocean. There is also a [[#100-mile border zone|100-mile border zone]].
===Secure Border Initiative===
{{One source section|date=June 2018}}
[[File:Defense.gov photo essay 060719-A-3715G-077.jpg|thumb|A U.S. [[Army National Guard]] member working with the U.S. Border Patrol in support of [[Operation Jump Start]], Arizona, July 2006]]
A National Border Patrol Strategic Plan was first developed in 1994; it was then updated in 2004 and 2012. In 2004, the updated strategy focused on command structures, intelligence and surveillance, enforcement and deployment of U.S. Border Patrol agents to better respond to threats at the border. The strategic planning led to broader policy development for the DHS which led to the [[Secure Border Initiative]] (SBI) in 2005 to secure U.S. borders and reduce illegal migration. The main components of SBI dealt with staffing concerns, removal capacity, surveillance and tactical infrastructure and interior enforcement.<ref name="Seghetti">{{cite journal|last1=Seghetti|first1=Lisa|title=Border Security: Immigration Enforcement Between Ports of Entry|journal=Congressional Research Service|date=December 31, 2014|url=https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/R42138.pdf}}</ref> The aim of this initiative is to overcome the limitations of physical barriers through the use of surveillance technologies known as "SBInet."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=April 15, 2010 |title=The Rise and Fall of the Secure Border Initiative's High-Tech Solution to Unauthorized Immigration |url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/rise-and-fall-secure-border-initiative%E2%80%99s-high-tech-solution-unauthorized-immigration |access-date=October 26, 2022 |website=American Immigration Council |language=en}}</ref> The SBInet technology has not worked as well as potentially intended, facing a number of technical issues that have limited its effectiveness.<ref name=":3" /> Part of the initiative also focused on increasing detention and removal capacity, with an objective to add an additional 2,000 beds to detentional facilities.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Fact Sheet:Secure Border Initiative |url=https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=440470 |access-date=October 26, 2022 |website=Homeland Security Digital Library |language=en-US}}</ref> With expansion of detention and removal capabilities this was also the objective to end the "catch and release" process that had been occurring previously.<ref name=":4" /> An additional component was "high consequence enforcement", which was not the subject of a formal public policy document. There was the allowance, historically, for voluntary returns of individuals apprehended at the border by Border Patrol agents. These voluntary returns, after the SBI of 2005, were limited to three "high consequence outcomes".<ref name="Seghetti" />
One "high consequence outcome" was formal removal, which meant the individual would be deemed ineligible for a visa for at least five years and subject to criminal charges if caught re-entering illegally. The [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952|Immigration and Nationality Act]] permitted aliens to be formally removed with "limited judicial processing" known as expedited removal. The DHS has expanded between 2002 and 2006, expedited removal for "certain aliens that entered within previous two weeks and were apprehended within {{convert|100.|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}} of the border".<ref name="Seghetti" />{{Page needed|date=March 2023}}
Another "high consequence outcome" is the increase in criminal charges. The DHS has also worked with the [[U.S. Department of Justice]] (DOJ) to increase the number of apprehended individuals crossing the border illegally who are charged with criminal offenses. Most of these cases are prosecuted under Operation Streamline.<ref name="Seghetti" /> The third "high consequence outcome" is known as remote repatriation. This is the return of apprehended Mexicans to remote locations by Border Patrol rather than the nearest Mexican port of entry.<ref name="Seghetti" />
===100-mile border zone===
{{main|Border search exception}}
{{more citations needed section|date=March 2015}}
[[File:USMC-10343.jpg|thumb|Members of the [[North Carolina Army National Guard]] monitoring the U.S.–Mexico border in southwest Arizona]]
The U.S. has established a {{Convert|100.|mi|km|abbr=on|adj=on|order=flip}} border zone which applies to all U.S. external borders including all coasts, in effect covering two-thirds of the U.S. population,<ref>{{Cite web|author=Catherine E. Shoichet|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/23/us/border-zone-immigration-checks/index.html|title=The US border is bigger than you think|publisher=CNN|date=May 24, 2018|access-date=July 16, 2018}}</ref> including a majority of the largest cities in the U.S. and several entire states (namely [[Connecticut]], [[Delaware]], [[Florida]], [[Hawaii]], [[Maine]], [[Michigan]], [[New Hampshire]], [[New Jersey]], and [[Rhode Island]]).<ref name="100mileborder" /> The border zone was established by the U.S. DOJ in its interpretation of the ''[[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952]]''.<ref name="100mileborder">{{cite journal|title=The Constitution in the 100-Mile Border Zone|journal=American Civil Liberties Union|url=https://www.aclu.org/immigrants-rights/constitution-100-mile-border-zone}}</ref> Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officials have authority to stop and search within this zone and are authorized to enter private property without a warrant within {{convert|25|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} of the border as well as establish checkpoints.<ref name="100mileborder" /><ref name="rickerd">{{cite journal|last1=Rickerd|first1=C.|title=Customs and Border Protection's (CBP's) 100-Mile Rule|journal=American Civil Liberties Union |url=https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/assets/13_08_01_aclu_100_mile_cbp_zone_final.pdf}}</ref>
The [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution]] protects against unreasonable [[search and seizure]]. However, under the border search exception, this protection does not fully apply at borders or border crossings (also known as ports of entry) or in the border zone. This means that much of the U.S. population is subject to CBP regulations including stop and search. There are some limits to CBP officials' ability to stop and search. For instance CBP officials are not allowed to pull anyone over without a reasonable suspicion of immigration violation or crime, or search vehicles without warrant or probable cause.<ref name="100mileborder" /> The [[ACLU]], however, found that CBP officials routinely ignore or misunderstand the limits of authority, and this is compounded by inadequate training, lack of oversight and failure to hold officials accountable for abuse—incidence of abuse is common.<ref name="100mileborder" />
===Operation Streamline===
[[File:Tucson Federal Courthouse.jpg|thumb|Federal courthouse in Tucson, Arizona, where Operation Streamline proceedings take place]]
[[Operation Streamline]] refers collectively to zero-tolerance policies implemented at the Mexico–U.S. border that seek to remove illegal immigrants through an expedited process if they have arrived with missing or fraudulent identification or have previously been convicted for an immigration crime.<ref name="Lydgate">{{cite journal|last1=Lydgate|first1=L.|title=Assembly-Line Justice: A Review of Operation Streamline|journal=California Law Review|date=2010|volume=98|issue=2|pages=481–544|jstor=20743978}}</ref> It was first implemented in Del Rio, Texas, in 2005.<ref name="Nazarian">{{cite journal|last1=Nazarian|first1=E.|title=Crossing Over: Assessing Operation Streamline and the Rights of Immigrant Criminal Defendants at the Border|journal=Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review|date=2011|volume=44|pages=1399–1430|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/lla44&collection=journals&page=1399|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623193834/https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Flla44&collection=journals&page=1399|archive-date=June 23, 2018|hdl=hein.journals/lla44|access-date=October 13, 2020|url-status=live}} [http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2761&context=llr Alt URL]</ref> The program has since expanded to four out of the five federal judicial districts on the U.S.–Mexico border: Yuma, Arizona; Laredo, Texas; Tucson, Arizona; and Rio Grande Valley, Texas.<ref name="Lydgate" /><ref name="Kerwin & McCabe">{{cite journal|last1=Kerwin|first1=D.|last2=McCabe|first2=K.|title=Arrested on Entry: Operation Streamline and the Prosecution of Immigration Crimes|date=April 29, 2010|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/arrested-entry-operation-streamline-and-prosecution-immigration-crimes|publisher=Migration Policy Institute }}</ref>
Previously, immigrants apprehended at the border were either given the option to voluntarily return to their home country or they were placed in civil immigration proceedings.<ref name="Lydgate" /> After Operation Streamline was implemented, nearly all people apprehended at the border who are suspected of having crossed illegally are subject to criminal prosecution.<ref name="Kerwin & McCabe" /> Defendants who are charged with crossing into the U.S. illegally are tried en masse to determine their guilt.<ref name="Nazarian" /> Defense attorneys often are responsible for representing up to 40 immigrants at once.<ref name="Nazarian" /> Around 99% of defendants in Operation Streamline proceedings plead guilty.<ref name="Lydgate" /> The defendants are charged with a [[misdemeanor]] if convicted of crossing the border illegally for the first time and a [[felony]] if it is a [[Recidivism|repeat offense]].<ref name="Nazarian" />
In December 2009, it was decided in ''United States v. Roblero-Solis'' that en masse judicial proceedings like those in Operation Streamline violated Rule 11 in the [[Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure]]. Rule 11 states that the court must determine that a guilty plea is voluntarily made by addressing the defendant personally in court. The ''Roblero-Solis'' case determined that "personally" means that the judge must address the defendant in a person-to-person manner. Though many courts have changed their procedures to adapt to the ruling, there are still forms of en masse trials practiced at the border.<ref name="Nazarian" />
[[File:ICE Arrest.jpg|thumb|[[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement|ICE ERO]] officers deporting a man wanted for two murders in Mexico]]
Proponents of Operation Streamline claim that the harsher prosecution has been an important factor in deterring immigrants from crossing the border illegally. Apprehensions have decreased in certain sectors after 2005, which is seen as a sign of success. For example, the Del Rio sector saw a decline from 2005 to 2009 of 75% (from 68,510 to 17,082). Similarly, apprehensions declined in Yuma by 95% (from 138,438 to 6,951) from 2006 to 2009.<ref name="Kerwin & McCabe" />
Criticisms of Operation Streamline point to the program's heavy use of federal court and enforcement resources as a negative aspect.<ref name="Kerwin & McCabe" /> In addition, the prosecution of all illegal border crossings takes the focus away from prosecuting more serious crimes.<ref name="Kerwin & McCabe" /> They claim that the program's cost is too high for the effectiveness of the work it is accomplishing.<ref name="Nazarian" /> In response to the claim that Operation Streamline is an effective deterrent, critics of the program claim that the incentives to cross the border in order to work or be with family are much stronger.<ref name="Nazarian" />
==Environment==
{{More|Environmental issues along the Mexico–United States border}}
The Agreement on Cooperation for the Protection and Improvement of the Environment in the Border Area, known as the ''La Paz Agreement'', was signed into law on August 14, 1983, and became enforceable on February 16, 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.epa.gov/Border2012/docs/LaPazAgreement.pdf|title = Agreement on Cooperation for the Protection and Improvement of the Environment in the Border Area|year=1983 |access-date = December 2, 2014|publisher = US Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> This agreement to protect the environment is the political foundation between the U.S. and Mexico for 4 subsequent programs. Each program has addressed environmental destruction in the border region resulting from the rise of the [[maquiladora]] industries, those who migrated to northern Mexico to work in the industries, the lack of infrastructure to accommodate the people, Mexico's lax regulations concerning all these factors, the resulting spillover into the U.S., and the U.S.'s own environmentally destructive tendencies. The programs were: IBEP (1992), Border XXI (1996), Border 2012 (2003) and Border 2020 (2012).<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Colin|title=1 U.S. – Mexico Cooperation for the Health of the Environment in the Border Region: A Policy History Analysis|url=https://www.academia.edu/2640698|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131113160840/http://www.academia.edu/2640698/U.S._-_Mexico_Cooperation_for_the_Health_of_the_Environment_in_the_Border_Region_A_Policy_History_Analysis|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 13, 2013}}</ref>
{{one source|section
| date = June 2018
}}
[[File:Mexico-US border at Tijuana.jpg|thumb|right|Mexico–U.S. border wall at Tijuana, Mexico]]
In 2006, during the presidency of George W. Bush, Congress approved Secure Fence Act which allowed the Department of Homeland Security to erect a border fence along the U.S.–Mexico border. Congress also approved a different law called the REAL ID Act which gave the Department of Homeland Security the approval to build the wall without taking into consideration the environmental and legal issues related to the wall. The U.S. Congress insisted that the act was passed for the sake of national security of the U.S.<ref name="Cohn2007">{{cite journal|last1=Cohn|first1=Jeffrey P.|title=The Environmental Impacts of a Border Fence|journal=BioScience|volume=57|issue=1|year=2007|pages=96|issn=1525-3244|doi=10.1641/B570116|jstor=10.1641/b570116|s2cid=84341799|doi-access=free}}</ref>
According to a delegation of Arizona park and refuge managers, wildlife biologists, and conservationists who studied the U.S. and Mexico border concluded that building a wall along the Mexico border would also have negative impacts on the natural environment in the region. They argued that the border wall would negatively affect the wildlife in the Sonoran Desert including plants and animals. Naturally, animals do not tend to stay in one place and instead, they expedite to various places for water, plants, and other means in order to survive. The wall would restrict animals to a specific territory and would reduce their chances of survival. According to Brian Segee, a staff attorney with Wildlife Activists says that except high flying birds, animals would not be able to move to other places because of the wall along the border. For instance, participants in this study argued that some species such as [[Peccary|javelinas]], [[ocelot]]s, and [[Sonoran pronghorn]] would not be able to freely move along the border areas. It would also restrict the movement of jaguars from Sierra Madre occidental forests to the southwestern parts of the U.S. According to Brian Nowicki, a conservation biologist at the [[Center for Biological Diversity]], there are 30 animal species living in the Arizona and Sonora that face danger.<ref name="Cohn2007" /> In 2021, an endangered [[Mexican gray wolf]] was stopped from crossing from New Mexico into Mexico by a section of border wall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/mexican-gray-wolf-migration-stopped-by-border-wall|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121231517/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/mexican-gray-wolf-migration-stopped-by-border-wall|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 21, 2022|title = An endangered wolf went in search of a mate. The border wall blocked him|website = [[National Geographic Society]]|date = January 21, 2022}}</ref>
==Transborder students==
{{more citations needed|date=May 2019}}
[[File:Nogales-Grand Avenue Port of Entry.jpg|thumb|left|Entrance into Mexico at Nogales, AZ ]]
Many schools near the border in America have students that live on the Mexican side of the border. These students are "transborder students", as they live in Mexico but are enrolled in the U.S. education system. There are thousands of elementary through high school students that cross the Mexican-American border. They are known to wake up in the early hours of the morning to make their way to the border, where they wait in long lines to cross into the U.S. After crossing the border, the students find a ride to school. Many students come to America for the opportunity, because it has a more developed and organized educational system. Students who go to school in America have a better chance of reaching higher education in the U.S. In many parts of Mexico, compulsory education ends at age sixteen. Many of the transborder students are natural-born U.S. citizens. Students that were born in America have the right to American education, even if they do not live in the U.S. In places like the San Diego and Tijuana border, it is much cheaper to live in Mexico. San Diego has a high cost of living and one of the highest student homeless rates in the country, so many families move to Tijuana because it is more affordable to raise a family.
In order to prevent Mexican children from illegally coming to America for education, some bordertown schools require official documentation (bills, mail, etc.) from students. This is to ensure that only students that are entitled to an education in the U.S. receive one.
In Brownsville, a city on the southern border of Texas, a court ruled that school districts cannot deny students education if they have the proper paperwork. Many transborder students who live in these districts with these requirements will use extended family members' addresses to prove their residency. Questions about the legitimacy of student residency have risen since the Trump administration took office in 2017, making it riskier to cross the border for education.
These transborder students also raise questions about the acquisition of healthcare, as most Mexican students who attend university in the U.S. who also have family across the border are known to use the Mexican healthcare system instead of U.S. or university sources.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Fernández|first1=Leticia|last2=Amastae|first2=Jon|date=September 1, 2006|title=Transborder use of medical services among Mexican American students in a U.S. border university|journal=Journal of Borderlands Studies|volume=21|issue=2|pages=77–87|doi=10.1080/08865655.2006.9695661|s2cid=143982920|issn=0886-5655}}</ref> The opposite case was also studied, seeking to find if U.S. students and citizens outsource their medical care from Mexican hospitals; however it was concluded that the use of, "cross-border healthcare diminishes significantly with English language acquisition."<ref name=":1" />
Also researched is the impact of changing education for those children who attended school in the U.S. prior to deportation, and are now readjusting to a new education system within Mexico. In one study, when repatriated children were asked about how their world perspectives were changed once they returned to Mexico, they spoke to three main areas, "shifting identities, learning and losing named language, and schooling across borders."<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Kleyn|first=Tatyana|date=April 3, 2017|title=Centering Transborder Students: Perspectives on Identity, Languaging and Schooling Between the U.S. and Mexico|journal=Multicultural Perspectives|volume=19|issue=2|pages=76–84|doi=10.1080/15210960.2017.1302336|s2cid=149362544|issn=1521-0960}}</ref> The most frequent point mentioned in terms of changing schooling is the difficulty to adapt to a system in which they are unfamiliar, in a named language they might have lost, and where there is minimal continuity in the methodology of teaching. It is suggested in this study that while the U.S. has a long history of teaching immigrant students, along with tried and tested assimilation programming to support foreign children in U.S. border schools, Mexican systems do not, making the change nearly impossible for newly deported students to learn.<ref name=":2" /> While the Mexican Secretariat of the Public has vowed to change the legislation surrounding this issue, bilingual education is still only awarded to expensive private schools.<ref name=":2" />
==See also==
{{Portal|Mexico|United States|Politics}}
* [[Indigenous conflicts on the Mexico–United States barrier]]
* [[2017 Mexico–United States diplomatic crisis]]
* [[Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005]]
* [[Border War (1910–19)]]
* [[Canada–United States border]]
* [[Illegal drug trade in the United States]]
* [[Illegal immigration to Mexico]]
* [[Illegal immigration to the United States]]
* [[List of municipalities (municipios) and counties on the Mexico–United States border]]
* [[Mexico–United States international park]]
* [[Mexico–United States relations]]
* [[Operation Jump Start]]
* [[Operation Phalanx (2010-2016)|Operation Phalanx (2010–2016)]]
* [[Roosevelt Reservation]]
* Spillover of the [[Mexican drug war]]
* [[Secure Fence Act of 2006]]
* [[Sexual assault of migrants from Latin America to the United States]]
* [[Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)]]
* [[United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
== References ==
{{refbegin|40em}}
* Arbelaez, Harvey, and Claudio Milman. "The New Business Environment of Latin America and the Caribbean". International Journal of Public Administration (2007): 553
* {{cite journal|last1=Arbelaez|first1=Harvey|last2=Milman|first2=Claudio|title=The new business environment of latin america and the caribbean|journal=International Journal of Public Administration|volume=23|issue=5–8|year=2000|pages=553–562|issn=0190-0692|doi=10.1080/01900690008525475|s2cid=154543297}}
* Kelly, Patricia, and Douglas Massey. "Borders for Whom? The Role of NAFTA in Mexico-U.S. Migration". The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political Science 610 (2007): 98–118.
* {{cite journal|last1=Fernández-Kelly|first1=Patricia|last2=Massey|first2=Douglas S.|title=Borders for Whom? The Role of NAFTA in Mexico-U.S. Migration|journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|volume=610|issue=1|year=2016|pages=98–118|issn=0002-7162|doi=10.1177/0002716206297449|s2cid=154846310}}
* [[Tom Miller (travel writer)|Miller, Tom]]. ''On the Border: Portraits of America's Southwestern Frontier'', 1981.
* Thompson, Olivia N. (2009). [http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/313 "Binational Water Management: Perspectives of Local Texas Officials in the U.S.–Mexico Border Region"]. Applied Research Projects. Texas State University. Paper 313.
* {{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Olivia N.|date=2009|title=Binational Water Management: Perspectives of Local Texas Officials in the U.S.–Mexico Border Region|url=https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/3758|journal=Applied Research Projects.|issue=Paper 313|hdl=10877/3758}}
* Andrew Becker and Agustin Armendariz. [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/22/california-border-crossing_n_1619067.html "California Border Crossing: San Ysidro Port of Entry Is the Busiest Land Border in the World"]. HuffPost social reading, article on California watch. (2012)
* Prampolini, Gaetano, and Annamaria Pinazzi (eds.). "The Shade of the Saguaro/La sombra del saguaro" Part IV 'About the Border{{'"}}. Firenze University Press [http://www.fupress.com/ Firenze University Press] (2013): 461–517.
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
* Feldman, Megan (October 16, 2008). [http://www.dallasobserver.com/news/border-town-6373408 "Border Town"]. ''[[Dallas Observer]]''.
* Jeremy Slack, Daniel E. Martínez, Scott Whiteford, eds. ''The Shadow of the Wall: Violence and Migration on the U.S.-Mexico Border''. University of Arizona Press, 2018. {{ISBN|978-0816535590}}.
==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170906171559/http://usmexico.org/ U.S.–Mexico Business Council]
* [https://www.cdc.gov/usmexicohealth/about-border-region.html About binational health – United States–Mexico Public Health – CDC]
* [http://www.borderstories.org/ Border Stories: a mosaic documentary on the U.S.–Mexico Border]
* [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41821.pdf Status of Mexican Trucks in the United States: Frequently Asked Questions] [[Congressional Research Service]]
* [http://library.uta.edu/usmexicowar/ A Continent Divided: The U.S.–Mexico War], Center for Greater Southwestern Studies, the University of Texas at Arlington
* [[Josh Begley (artist)|Josh Begley]], [https://theintercept.com/2016/10/26/best-of-luck-with-the-wall/ Best of Luck with the Wall] – a short film constructed from satellite imagery that traces the length of the border
* David Taylor, [http://www.kcet.org/arts/artbound/counties/san-diego/border-monuments-us-mexico.html The Journey to Border Monument Number 140]{{snd}}photographs and description of the obelisks that mark the border
* The Guardian, [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/feb/23/cut-in-two-travels-along-the-us-mexico-border-a-photo-essay The Guardian]{{snd}}photographs and feature-length film that follows the infrastructure of the border from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean
{{Borders of Mexico}}
{{Borders of the United States}}
{{Immigration to the United States}}
{{Mexico–United States relations}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Mexico–United States border| ]]
[[Category:Borders of Mexico|United States]]
[[Category:Borders of the United States]]
[[Category:International borders]]
[[Category:Geography of Arizona]]
[[Category:Geography of California]]
[[Category:Geography of New Mexico]]
[[Category:Geography of Texas]]'
|
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) |
'@@ -62,10 +62,4 @@
Mexico attempted to create a buffer zone at the border that would prevent possible invasion from the north. The Mexican government encouraged thousands of their own citizens to settle in [[Coahuila y Tejas|the region]] that is now known as Texas and even offered inexpensive land to settlers from the U.S. in exchange for populating the area. The influx of people did not provide the defense that Mexico had hoped for and instead [[Mexican Texas|Texas]] [[Texas Declaration of Independence|declared]] its [[Republic of Texas|independence]] in 1836, which lasted until 1845 when the U.S. [[Texas annexation|annexed]] it.
-
-=== Establishment of current border ===
-[[File:San Diego-Tijuana JPLLandsat.jpg|thumb|right|[[San Diego]] together with [[Tijuana]] creates the bi-national [[San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area]]]]
-The constant conflicts in the Texas region in the mid-19th century eventually led to the [[Mexican–American War]], which began in 1846 and ended in 1848 with the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]]. In the terms of the peace treaty, Mexico lost more than {{convert|2,500,000|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=|sp=us}} of land, 55%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=26|title=Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo|year=1848|website=Ourdocuments.gov|access-date=December 6, 2014}}</ref> of its territory, including all of what is today [[California]], [[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]], [[Utah]], [[Nevada]] and parts of what is [[Colorado]], [[Wyoming]], [[Kansas]], and [[Oklahoma]]. In addition, all disputes over Texas and the disputed territory between Rio Grande and [[Rio Nueces]] were abandoned.
-
-Five years later, the [[Gadsden Purchase]] completed the creation of the current U.S.–Mexico border. The purchase was initially to accommodate a planned [[Transcontinental railroad|railway right-of-way]]. These purchases left approximately 300,000 people living in the once disputed lands, many of whom were Mexican nationals. Following the establishment of the current border, several towns sprang up along this boundary, and many of the Mexican citizens were given free land in the northern regions of Mexico in exchange for returning and repopulating the area.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Late Great Mexican Border: Reports from a Disappearing Line|publisher=Cinco Puntos Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-938317-24-1|editor1-last=Byrd|editor1-first=Bobby|location=El Paso|editor2-last=Mississippi|editor2-first=Susannah}}</ref>
=== Later history ===
'
|
New page size (new_size) |
125956
|
Old page size (old_size) |
127783
|
Size change in edit (edit_delta) |
-1827
|
Lines added in edit (added_lines) |
[]
|
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) |
[
0 => '',
1 => '=== Establishment of current border ===',
2 => '[[File:San Diego-Tijuana JPLLandsat.jpg|thumb|right|[[San Diego]] together with [[Tijuana]] creates the bi-national [[San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area]]]]',
3 => 'The constant conflicts in the Texas region in the mid-19th century eventually led to the [[Mexican–American War]], which began in 1846 and ended in 1848 with the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]]. In the terms of the peace treaty, Mexico lost more than {{convert|2,500,000|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=|sp=us}} of land, 55%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=26|title=Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo|year=1848|website=Ourdocuments.gov|access-date=December 6, 2014}}</ref> of its territory, including all of what is today [[California]], [[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]], [[Utah]], [[Nevada]] and parts of what is [[Colorado]], [[Wyoming]], [[Kansas]], and [[Oklahoma]]. In addition, all disputes over Texas and the disputed territory between Rio Grande and [[Rio Nueces]] were abandoned.',
4 => '',
5 => 'Five years later, the [[Gadsden Purchase]] completed the creation of the current U.S.–Mexico border. The purchase was initially to accommodate a planned [[Transcontinental railroad|railway right-of-way]]. These purchases left approximately 300,000 people living in the once disputed lands, many of whom were Mexican nationals. Following the establishment of the current border, several towns sprang up along this boundary, and many of the Mexican citizens were given free land in the northern regions of Mexico in exchange for returning and repopulating the area.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Late Great Mexican Border: Reports from a Disappearing Line|publisher=Cinco Puntos Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-938317-24-1|editor1-last=Byrd|editor1-first=Bobby|location=El Paso|editor2-last=Mississippi|editor2-first=Susannah}}</ref>'
]
|
All external links added in the edit (added_links) |
[]
|
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) |
[
0 => 'http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=26'
]
|
All external links in the new text (all_links) |
[
0 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032356/http://www.ibwc.gov/About_Us/About_Us.html',
1 => 'http://www.ibwc.gov/About_Us/about_us.html',
2 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=_DDre5B1lLcC&pg=PA175',
3 => 'http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/bi-51757.pdf',
4 => 'https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1839903',
5 => 'https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-with-the-longest-land-borders.html',
6 => 'https://sandiegohistory.org/journal/v54-1/pdf/Levanetz.pdf',
7 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111015035847/http://ibwc.gov/Files/US-Mx_Boundary_Map.pdf',
8 => 'http://www.ibwc.gov/Files/US-Mx_Boundary_Map.pdf',
9 => 'https://www.library.pima.gov/content/gadsden-purchase/',
10 => 'https://archive.org/details/troublesomeborde00osca_0',
11 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/19/us/water-rights-war-rages-on-faltering-rio-grande.html',
12 => 'https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195112283/page/433',
13 => 'https://archive.org/details/usmexicanborderi0000lore',
14 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2567039',
15 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/2567039',
16 => 'https://archive.org/details/linesandhistoryw00john',
17 => 'https://archive.org/details/linesandhistoryw00john/page/n16',
18 => 'https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/raging-controversy-border-began-100-years-ago-180969343/',
19 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151009042029/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Convention_of_1905.pdf',
20 => 'http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Convention_of_1905.pdf',
21 => 'https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rnb08',
22 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161027194705/https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rnb08)',
23 => 'https://www.ibwc.gov/Treaties_Minutes/Minutes.html',
24 => 'http://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=zTEHCtUumBXk.k-ueCthwuSNs',
25 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160308032837/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Min144.pdf',
26 => 'http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Min144.pdf',
27 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160308033025/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Min158.pdf',
28 => 'http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Min158.pdf',
29 => 'https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/oes/ocns/opa/c28187.htm',
30 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150713015418/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Treaties_Minutes/Minutes.html',
31 => 'http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Treaties_Minutes/Minutes.html',
32 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160411202233/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Joint_Report_315.pdf',
33 => 'http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Joint_Report_315.pdf',
34 => 'https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-03-28/mexico-border-dozens-dead-migrant-center-fire',
35 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=hknZxFWtWnQC&pg=PA75',
36 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=aHYt0RNSDfgC&q=most%20frequently%20crossed%20border%20guinness&pg=PA457',
37 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140228012612/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jHLM81sN-H02Sf1CANZvBoE9mUwA',
38 => 'https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jHLM81sN-H02Sf1CANZvBoE9mUwA',
39 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120915105245/http://www.nmsu.edu/~bec/BEC/Readings/10.USMBHC-TheBorderAtAGlance.pdf',
40 => 'http://www.nmsu.edu/~bec/BEC/Readings/10.USMBHC-TheBorderAtAGlance.pdf',
41 => 'https://www.politico.com/magazine/gallery/2017/02/photo-gallery-san-ysidro-california-us-mexico-border-000710?slide=0',
42 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=7_vRPU5LZcIC&pg=PA331',
43 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=h9ejDrOkkc4C&pg=PA227',
44 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Etodgf8bEGsC&pg=PA81',
45 => 'http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d08219.pdf',
46 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/17/us/young-us-citizens-in-mexico-up-early-to-learn-in-the-us.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0',
47 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/02/08/world/americas/before-the-wall-life-along-the-us-mexico-border.html',
48 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=fk3uzf9zSwAC&pg=PA341',
49 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=IXq7CdAiQOQC&pg=PA190',
50 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=KDc2r0SC5PIC&pg=PA55',
51 => 'http://www.otaymesa.org/border-waiting/',
52 => 'https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/science-environment/san-ysidro-is-getting-a-clearer-look-at-just-how-polluted-it-is/',
53 => 'https://www.sandag.org/uploads/publicationid/publicationid_1933_18945.pdf',
54 => 'https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/06/24/the-worlds-most-dangerous-borders/',
55 => 'https://www.expatistan.com/cost-of-living/tijuana',
56 => 'https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/karlazabludovsky/tijuana-wants-you-to-forget-everything-you-know-about-it',
57 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/dec/12/mexico-deportation-tijuana-trump-border',
58 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077',
59 => 'https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/border/small-san-diego-developers-see-a-new-frontier-in-tijuana/',
60 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120215123453/http://www.getyouhome.gov/html/lang_eng/eng_edl.html',
61 => 'http://www.getyouhome.gov/html/lang_eng/eng_edl.html',
62 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20071216073223/http://www.acte.org/resources/view_article.php?id=105',
63 => 'http://www.acte.org/resources/view_article.php?id=105',
64 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20071226044426/https://www.dhs.gov/xtrvlsec/crossingborders/whtibasics.shtm',
65 => 'https://www.dhs.gov/xtrvlsec/crossingborders/whtibasics.shtm',
66 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070125092329/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cbpmc/cbpmc_2223.html',
67 => 'https://travel.state.gov/travel/cbpmc/cbpmc_2223.html',
68 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20040911062821/http://www.nmborder.com/travel_usa.html',
69 => 'http://www.nmborder.com/travel_usa.html',
70 => 'http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/border-baja-california/sdut-mexico-opens-new-pedestrian-port-san-ysidro-2015aug19-story.html',
71 => 'http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0820/Why-it-s-Mexico-s-turn-to-tighten-the-US-border',
72 => 'https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/20/433155278/new-rules-go-into-effect-at-busy-u-s-mexico-border-crossing',
73 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070202135654/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ncie/portlist.html',
74 => 'http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ncie/portlist.html',
75 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20061209004821/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ncie/portvet.html',
76 => 'http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ncie/portvet.html',
77 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20101017004412/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/animals/animal_import/equine/equine_import_quarantine.shtml',
78 => 'http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3025/imphorse.html',
79 => 'http://www.ca.uky.edu/gluck/q/2003/oct03/q_main.htm',
80 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090419233214/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/regulations/vs/iregs/animals/downloads/mx_eq.pdf',
81 => 'http://www.aphis.usda.gov/NCIE/iregs/animals/mx_eq_040406.pdf',
82 => 'https://www.nap.edu/read/13498/chapter/1#ii',
83 => 'https://doi.org/10.17226%2F13498',
84 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03064220408537373',
85 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220990170',
86 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jun/05/facial-recognition-us-mexico-border-crossing',
87 => 'https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/jmighs2&i=198.',
88 => 'https://doi.org/10.14240%2Fjmhs.v2i3.32',
89 => 'https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/along-us-borders/overview',
90 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01972243.2016.1153013',
91 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20181006011832/http://www.pulsamerica.co.uk/2013/07/the-u-s-mexico-border-under-the-economic-lens-and-in-the-historical-frame/',
92 => 'http://www.pulsamerica.co.uk/2013/07/the-u-s-mexico-border-under-the-economic-lens-and-in-the-historical-frame/',
93 => 'http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/bord/intro.html',
94 => 'https://archive.org/details/amexicawaralongb00vull',
95 => 'https://www.dhs.gov/ynews/releases/pr_1277310093825.shtm',
96 => 'http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05435.pdf',
97 => 'http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09824.pdf',
98 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120224013954/http://www.aduanas.sat.gob.mx/aduana_mexico/2007/RCGMCE/2007/Anexo_25.doc',
99 => 'http://www.aduanas.sat.gob.mx/aduana_mexico/2007/RCGMCE/2007/Anexo_25.doc',
100 => 'http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06770.pdf',
101 => 'http://m.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jan/9/interceptions-immigrants-stubbornly-low/',
102 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180624063409/https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2017-Dec/BP%20Southwest%20Border%20Sector%20Apps%20FY1960%20-%20FY2017.pdf',
103 => 'https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2017-Dec/BP%20Southwest%20Border%20Sector%20Apps%20FY1960%20-%20FY2017.pdf',
104 => 'https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fanti.12151',
105 => 'https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2633209',
106 => 'https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/22/tell-trump-administration-protect-asylum-seekers',
107 => 'https://www.reuters.com/world/us/biden-restricts-asylum-access-mexico-border-title-42-ends-2023-05-10/',
108 => 'http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2011-12/how-us-reengineering-homeland-security-borders',
109 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/16/AR2010031603573.html',
110 => 'https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/usbp-sw-border-apprehensions',
111 => 'http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/20080109-1533-mexico-us-borderincursions.html',
112 => 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEKUJGT2xr4',
113 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/pEKUJGT2xr4',
114 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060318115739/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11226144/',
115 => 'http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11226144',
116 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190713105000/https://hunter.house.gov/press-release/dhs-hunter-more-300-border-incursions-mexican-military-and-law-enforcement-authoriti-0',
117 => 'http://hunter.house.gov/press-release/dhs-hunter-more-300-border-incursions-mexican-military-and-law-enforcement-authoriti-0',
118 => 'http://washingtontimes.com/news/2008/aug/06/soldiers-cross-into-us-hold-guns-to-agent/',
119 => 'http://dailynightly.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/03/15/10701978-debate-rages-over-mexico-spillover-violence-in-us?lite',
120 => 'http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/further-buildup-on-us-mexico-border-unnecessary-report',
121 => 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261921002725',
122 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2021.116765',
123 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0306-2619',
124 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233583448',
125 => 'http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/30/politics/donald-trump-enrique-pea-nieto-mexico/',
126 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37243269',
127 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38740717',
128 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38753826',
129 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-mexico-idUSKBN15A1VF',
130 => 'https://www.marketwatch.com/story/forget-what-donald-trump-said-tariffs-are-a-tax-on-american-consumers-2019-03-06',
131 => 'https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-xavier-becerra-trump-wall-lawsuit-20170920-story.html',
132 => 'https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-becerra-constitution-rule-law-barriers-trump-border-wall',
133 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/republicans-skeptical-about-paying-for-wall-as-trump-prepares-to-release-budget/2017/03/15/dd2b5848-099b-11e7-b77c-0047d15a24e0_story.html',
134 => 'https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/6/5/17428640/border-families-asylum-illegal',
135 => 'https://www.vox.com/world/2018/6/6/17433654/mexico-tariffs-us-goods-trump-trade',
136 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/08/us/politics/trump-asylum-seekers-executive-order.html',
137 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/09/us/politics/trump-asylum-seekers-executive-order.html',
138 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/20/us/judge-denies-trump-asylum-policy.html',
139 => 'https://apnews.com/1833470d0588418b9c686a61a5de662e',
140 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/21/politics/supreme-court-upholds-block-on-trumps-asylum-ban/index.html',
141 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/04/01/trump-cutting-aid-closing-ports-border-patrol-stressed-migrant-families-released/3329728002/',
142 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/04/04/border-trump-says-he-delay-sealing-off-southern-border-year/3353761002/',
143 => 'https://time.com/5528673/donald-trump-congress-border-security-compromise-republicans/',
144 => 'https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/318841-dhs-report-pegs-cost-of-border-wall-as-high-as-216-billion-report',
145 => 'https://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/329359-senate-dems-trumps-border-wall-could-cost-nearly-70-billion',
146 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/us/mexico-wall-prototypes-trump.html',
147 => 'https://www.brookings.edu/essay/the-wall-the-real-costs-of-a-barrier-between-the-united-states-and-mexico/',
148 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/biden-border-wall-executive-order/2021/01/20/5f472456-5b32-11eb-aaad-93988621dd28_story.html',
149 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286',
150 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-59019791',
151 => 'https://thehill.com/opinion/immigration/581513-situation-at-the-southern-border-worse-that-you-probably-realize',
152 => 'https://www.axios.com/us-border-migrants-russia-ukraine-651b35ab-8cf1-480c-afe5-8961e9c98e45.html',
153 => 'https://weber.house.gov/uploadedfiles/border_letter_to_potus_final.pdf',
154 => 'https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4456459-republicans-biden-not-take-control-texas-national-guard-border/',
155 => 'http://tucson.com/news/local/border/us-allows-new-water-stations-by-border/article_a8dc1191-74fc-5a8a-9ad0-409b7a1e8b65.html',
156 => 'https://www.statnews.com/2017/07/06/immigration-desert-clinic/',
157 => 'https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00382876-116-4-851',
158 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6150456',
159 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1947-4989',
160 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30245778',
161 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1502256',
162 => 'https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003335490411900110',
163 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-3549',
164 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15147648',
165 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/racism-not-lack-assimilation-real-problem-facing-latinos-america-n974021',
166 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0966369X.2010.551652',
167 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0966-369X',
168 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144414124',
169 => 'https://asu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/deaths-in-the-desert-the-human-rights-crisis-on-the-us-mexico-bor',
170 => 'https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsw%2Fsws034',
171 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-8046',
172 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23038878',
173 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180407054208/http://www.atencionsanmiguel.org/2018/02/16/new-organization-emerges-to-aid-deported-mexican-nationals/',
174 => 'http://www.atencionsanmiguel.org/2018/02/16/new-organization-emerges-to-aid-deported-mexican-nationals/',
175 => 'https://vimeo.com/206180020',
176 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055211/http://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/content/humanitarianism-ground-humanitarian-aid-migrants-and-refugees-mexico',
177 => 'http://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/content/humanitarianism-ground-humanitarian-aid-migrants-and-refugees-mexico',
178 => 'https://www.kinoborderinitiative.org/',
179 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/26/politics/mexico-father-daughter-dead-rio-grande-wednesday/',
180 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/house-passes-border-funding-bill-address-humanitarian-crisis-n1021511',
181 => 'https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/lapazagreement.pdf',
182 => 'https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/R42138.pdf',
183 => 'https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/rise-and-fall-secure-border-initiative%E2%80%99s-high-tech-solution-unauthorized-immigration',
184 => 'https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=440470',
185 => 'https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/23/us/border-zone-immigration-checks/index.html',
186 => 'https://www.aclu.org/immigrants-rights/constitution-100-mile-border-zone',
187 => 'https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/assets/13_08_01_aclu_100_mile_cbp_zone_final.pdf',
188 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/20743978',
189 => 'http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/lla44&collection=journals&page=1399',
190 => 'https://hdl.handle.net/hein.journals%2Flla44',
191 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180623193834/https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/lla44&collection=journals&page=1399',
192 => 'http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2761&context=llr',
193 => 'http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/arrested-entry-operation-streamline-and-prosecution-immigration-crimes',
194 => 'http://www.epa.gov/Border2012/docs/LaPazAgreement.pdf',
195 => 'https://archive.today/20131113160840/http://www.academia.edu/2640698/U.S._-_Mexico_Cooperation_for_the_Health_of_the_Environment_in_the_Border_Region_A_Policy_History_Analysis',
196 => 'https://www.academia.edu/2640698',
197 => 'https://doi.org/10.1641%2FB570116',
198 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1525-3244',
199 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1641/b570116',
200 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84341799',
201 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220121231517/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/mexican-gray-wolf-migration-stopped-by-border-wall',
202 => 'https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/mexican-gray-wolf-migration-stopped-by-border-wall',
203 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08865655.2006.9695661',
204 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0886-5655',
205 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143982920',
206 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15210960.2017.1302336',
207 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1521-0960',
208 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149362544',
209 => 'https://roguerocket.com/2019/06/25/hundreds-of-migrant-children-moved-from-border-facility-after-poor-conditions-exposed/',
210 => 'https://appropriations.house.gov/news/press-releases/house-democrats-introduce-emergency-border-supplemental',
211 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057263#identifiers',
212 => 'https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22',
213 => 'https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1',
214 => 'https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks',
215 => 'https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22+-wikipedia',
216 => 'https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22',
217 => 'https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22&acc=on&wc=on',
218 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01900690008525475',
219 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-0692',
220 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154543297',
221 => 'https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716206297449',
222 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7162',
223 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154846310',
224 => 'http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/313',
225 => 'https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/3758',
226 => 'https://hdl.handle.net/10877%2F3758',
227 => 'https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/22/california-border-crossing_n_1619067.html',
228 => 'http://www.fupress.com/',
229 => 'http://www.dallasobserver.com/news/border-town-6373408',
230 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170906171559/http://usmexico.org/',
231 => 'https://www.cdc.gov/usmexicohealth/about-border-region.html',
232 => 'http://www.borderstories.org/',
233 => 'https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41821.pdf',
234 => 'http://library.uta.edu/usmexicowar/',
235 => 'https://theintercept.com/2016/10/26/best-of-luck-with-the-wall/',
236 => 'http://www.kcet.org/arts/artbound/counties/san-diego/border-monuments-us-mexico.html',
237 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/feb/23/cut-in-two-travels-along-the-us-mexico-border-a-photo-essay',
238 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563353305171',
239 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85139917',
240 => 'https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00578223',
241 => 'https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00582333'
]
|
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) |
[
0 => 'https://www.cdc.gov/usmexicohealth/about-border-region.html',
1 => 'https://www.nap.edu/read/13498/chapter/1#ii',
2 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jun/05/facial-recognition-us-mexico-border-crossing',
3 => 'http://www.pulsamerica.co.uk/2013/07/the-u-s-mexico-border-under-the-economic-lens-and-in-the-historical-frame/',
4 => 'http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/bord/intro.html',
5 => 'https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/along-us-borders/overview',
6 => 'https://www.dhs.gov/ynews/releases/pr_1277310093825.shtm',
7 => 'http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05435.pdf',
8 => 'http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09824.pdf',
9 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120224013954/http://www.aduanas.sat.gob.mx/aduana_mexico/2007/RCGMCE/2007/Anexo_25.doc',
10 => 'http://www.aduanas.sat.gob.mx/aduana_mexico/2007/RCGMCE/2007/Anexo_25.doc',
11 => 'http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06770.pdf',
12 => 'http://m.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jan/9/interceptions-immigrants-stubbornly-low/',
13 => 'https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2017-Dec/BP%20Southwest%20Border%20Sector%20Apps%20FY1960%20-%20FY2017.pdf',
14 => 'http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/20080109-1533-mexico-us-borderincursions.html',
15 => 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEKUJGT2xr4',
16 => 'http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11226144',
17 => 'http://hunter.house.gov/press-release/dhs-hunter-more-300-border-incursions-mexican-military-and-law-enforcement-authoriti-0',
18 => 'http://washingtontimes.com/news/2008/aug/06/soldiers-cross-into-us-hold-guns-to-agent/',
19 => 'http://dailynightly.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/03/15/10701978-debate-rages-over-mexico-spillover-violence-in-us?lite',
20 => 'http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/further-buildup-on-us-mexico-border-unnecessary-report',
21 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37243269',
22 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38740717',
23 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38753826',
24 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-mexico-idUSKBN15A1VF',
25 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/republicans-skeptical-about-paying-for-wall-as-trump-prepares-to-release-budget/2017/03/15/dd2b5848-099b-11e7-b77c-0047d15a24e0_story.html',
26 => 'https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-becerra-constitution-rule-law-barriers-trump-border-wall',
27 => 'https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/6/5/17428640/border-families-asylum-illegal',
28 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/us/mexico-wall-prototypes-trump.html',
29 => 'http://tucson.com/news/local/border/us-allows-new-water-stations-by-border/article_a8dc1191-74fc-5a8a-9ad0-409b7a1e8b65.html',
30 => 'https://asu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/deaths-in-the-desert-the-human-rights-crisis-on-the-us-mexico-bor',
31 => 'http://www.atencionsanmiguel.org/2018/02/16/new-organization-emerges-to-aid-deported-mexican-nationals/',
32 => 'https://vimeo.com/206180020',
33 => 'http://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/content/humanitarianism-ground-humanitarian-aid-migrants-and-refugees-mexico',
34 => 'https://www.kinoborderinitiative.org/',
35 => 'https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/R42138.pdf',
36 => 'https://www.aclu.org/immigrants-rights/constitution-100-mile-border-zone',
37 => 'https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/assets/13_08_01_aclu_100_mile_cbp_zone_final.pdf',
38 => 'https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/23/us/border-zone-immigration-checks/index.html',
39 => 'http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2761&context=llr',
40 => 'http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/lla44&collection=journals&page=1399',
41 => 'http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/arrested-entry-operation-streamline-and-prosecution-immigration-crimes',
42 => 'http://www.epa.gov/Border2012/docs/LaPazAgreement.pdf',
43 => 'https://www.academia.edu/2640698',
44 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120215123453/http://www.getyouhome.gov/html/lang_eng/eng_edl.html',
45 => 'http://www.getyouhome.gov/html/lang_eng/eng_edl.html',
46 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20071216073223/http://www.acte.org/resources/view_article.php?id=105',
47 => 'http://www.acte.org/resources/view_article.php?id=105',
48 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20071226044426/https://www.dhs.gov/xtrvlsec/crossingborders/whtibasics.shtm',
49 => 'https://www.dhs.gov/xtrvlsec/crossingborders/whtibasics.shtm',
50 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070125092329/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cbpmc/cbpmc_2223.html',
51 => 'https://travel.state.gov/travel/cbpmc/cbpmc_2223.html',
52 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20040911062821/http://www.nmborder.com/travel_usa.html',
53 => 'http://www.nmborder.com/travel_usa.html',
54 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=7_vRPU5LZcIC&pg=PA331',
55 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=h9ejDrOkkc4C&pg=PA227',
56 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Etodgf8bEGsC&pg=PA81',
57 => 'http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d08219.pdf',
58 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/17/us/young-us-citizens-in-mexico-up-early-to-learn-in-the-us.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0',
59 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=fk3uzf9zSwAC&pg=PA341',
60 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=IXq7CdAiQOQC&pg=PA190',
61 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=KDc2r0SC5PIC&pg=PA55',
62 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/16/AR2010031603573.html',
63 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070202135654/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ncie/portlist.html',
64 => 'http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ncie/portlist.html',
65 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20061209004821/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ncie/portvet.html',
66 => 'http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ncie/portvet.html',
67 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20101017004412/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/animals/animal_import/equine/equine_import_quarantine.shtml',
68 => 'http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3025/imphorse.html',
69 => 'http://www.ca.uky.edu/gluck/q/2003/oct03/q_main.htm',
70 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090419233214/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/regulations/vs/iregs/animals/downloads/mx_eq.pdf',
71 => 'http://www.aphis.usda.gov/NCIE/iregs/animals/mx_eq_040406.pdf',
72 => 'http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/border-baja-california/sdut-mexico-opens-new-pedestrian-port-san-ysidro-2015aug19-story.html',
73 => 'http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0820/Why-it-s-Mexico-s-turn-to-tighten-the-US-border',
74 => 'https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/20/433155278/new-rules-go-into-effect-at-busy-u-s-mexico-border-crossing',
75 => 'https://www.brookings.edu/essay/the-wall-the-real-costs-of-a-barrier-between-the-united-states-and-mexico/',
76 => 'http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/313',
77 => 'https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/3758',
78 => 'http://www.dallasobserver.com/news/border-town-6373408',
79 => 'http://www.borderstories.org/',
80 => 'https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41821.pdf',
81 => 'http://library.uta.edu/usmexicowar/',
82 => 'https://theintercept.com/2016/10/26/best-of-luck-with-the-wall/',
83 => 'http://www.kcet.org/arts/artbound/counties/san-diego/border-monuments-us-mexico.html',
84 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/feb/23/cut-in-two-travels-along-the-us-mexico-border-a-photo-essay',
85 => 'http://www.fupress.com/',
86 => 'https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/usbp-sw-border-apprehensions',
87 => 'https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/jmighs2&i=198.',
88 => 'https://www.statnews.com/2017/07/06/immigration-desert-clinic/',
89 => 'https://www.politico.com/magazine/gallery/2017/02/photo-gallery-san-ysidro-california-us-mexico-border-000710?slide=0',
90 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/02/08/world/americas/before-the-wall-life-along-the-us-mexico-border.html',
91 => 'https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/science-environment/san-ysidro-is-getting-a-clearer-look-at-just-how-polluted-it-is/',
92 => 'https://www.sandag.org/uploads/publicationid/publicationid_1933_18945.pdf',
93 => 'https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/karlazabludovsky/tijuana-wants-you-to-forget-everything-you-know-about-it',
94 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/dec/12/mexico-deportation-tijuana-trump-border',
95 => 'https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/border/small-san-diego-developers-see-a-new-frontier-in-tijuana/',
96 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/08/us/politics/trump-asylum-seekers-executive-order.html',
97 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/09/us/politics/trump-asylum-seekers-executive-order.html',
98 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/20/us/judge-denies-trump-asylum-policy.html',
99 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/21/politics/supreme-court-upholds-block-on-trumps-asylum-ban/index.html',
100 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140228012612/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jHLM81sN-H02Sf1CANZvBoE9mUwA',
101 => 'https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jHLM81sN-H02Sf1CANZvBoE9mUwA',
102 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032356/http://www.ibwc.gov/About_Us/About_Us.html',
103 => 'http://www.ibwc.gov/About_Us/about_us.html',
104 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111015035847/http://ibwc.gov/Files/US-Mx_Boundary_Map.pdf',
105 => 'http://www.ibwc.gov/Files/US-Mx_Boundary_Map.pdf',
106 => 'https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/lapazagreement.pdf',
107 => 'https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22&acc=on&wc=on',
108 => 'https://www.vox.com/world/2018/6/6/17433654/mexico-tariffs-us-goods-trump-trade',
109 => 'https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/318841-dhs-report-pegs-cost-of-border-wall-as-high-as-216-billion-report',
110 => 'https://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/329359-senate-dems-trumps-border-wall-could-cost-nearly-70-billion',
111 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/04/01/trump-cutting-aid-closing-ports-border-patrol-stressed-migrant-families-released/3329728002/',
112 => 'https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/06/24/the-worlds-most-dangerous-borders/',
113 => 'https://www.expatistan.com/cost-of-living/tijuana',
114 => 'https://roguerocket.com/2019/06/25/hundreds-of-migrant-children-moved-from-border-facility-after-poor-conditions-exposed/',
115 => 'https://appropriations.house.gov/news/press-releases/house-democrats-introduce-emergency-border-supplemental',
116 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/racism-not-lack-assimilation-real-problem-facing-latinos-america-n974021',
117 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/house-passes-border-funding-bill-address-humanitarian-crisis-n1021511',
118 => 'https://archive.org/details/amexicawaralongb00vull',
119 => 'https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-with-the-longest-land-borders.html',
120 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060318115739/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11226144/',
121 => 'https://archive.today/20131113160840/http://www.academia.edu/2640698/U.S._-_Mexico_Cooperation_for_the_Health_of_the_Environment_in_the_Border_Region_A_Policy_History_Analysis',
122 => 'http://www.otaymesa.org/border-waiting/',
123 => 'https://sandiegohistory.org/journal/v54-1/pdf/Levanetz.pdf',
124 => 'https://www.library.pima.gov/content/gadsden-purchase/',
125 => 'http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=26',
126 => 'https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195112283/page/433',
127 => 'https://archive.org/details/usmexicanborderi0000lore',
128 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120915105245/http://www.nmsu.edu/~bec/BEC/Readings/10.USMBHC-TheBorderAtAGlance.pdf',
129 => 'http://www.nmsu.edu/~bec/BEC/Readings/10.USMBHC-TheBorderAtAGlance.pdf',
130 => 'https://archive.org/details/troublesomeborde00osca_0',
131 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20181006011832/http://www.pulsamerica.co.uk/2013/07/the-u-s-mexico-border-under-the-economic-lens-and-in-the-historical-frame/',
132 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170906171559/http://usmexico.org/',
133 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/19/us/water-rights-war-rages-on-faltering-rio-grande.html',
134 => 'https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-xavier-becerra-trump-wall-lawsuit-20170920-story.html',
135 => 'https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/22/california-border-crossing_n_1619067.html',
136 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/26/politics/mexico-father-daughter-dead-rio-grande-wednesday/',
137 => 'http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/30/politics/donald-trump-enrique-pea-nieto-mexico/',
138 => 'https://apnews.com/1833470d0588418b9c686a61a5de662e',
139 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/04/04/border-trump-says-he-delay-sealing-off-southern-border-year/3353761002/',
140 => 'https://time.com/5528673/donald-trump-congress-border-security-compromise-republicans/',
141 => 'https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/22/tell-trump-administration-protect-asylum-seekers',
142 => 'https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/raging-controversy-border-began-100-years-ago-180969343/',
143 => 'https://archive.org/details/linesandhistoryw00john',
144 => 'https://archive.org/details/linesandhistoryw00john/page/n16',
145 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=hknZxFWtWnQC&pg=PA75',
146 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180623193834/https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/lla44&collection=journals&page=1399',
147 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057263#identifiers',
148 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151009042029/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Convention_of_1905.pdf',
149 => 'http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Convention_of_1905.pdf',
150 => 'https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rnb08',
151 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161027194705/https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rnb08)',
152 => 'https://www.ibwc.gov/Treaties_Minutes/Minutes.html',
153 => 'http://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=zTEHCtUumBXk.k-ueCthwuSNs',
154 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160308032837/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Min144.pdf',
155 => 'http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Min144.pdf',
156 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160308033025/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Min158.pdf',
157 => 'http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Min158.pdf',
158 => 'https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/oes/ocns/opa/c28187.htm',
159 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150713015418/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Treaties_Minutes/Minutes.html',
160 => 'http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Treaties_Minutes/Minutes.html',
161 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160411202233/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Joint_Report_315.pdf',
162 => 'http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Joint_Report_315.pdf',
163 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=aHYt0RNSDfgC&q=most%20frequently%20crossed%20border%20guinness&pg=PA457',
164 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220990170',
165 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144414124',
166 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84341799',
167 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154543297',
168 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154846310',
169 => 'https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00578223',
170 => 'https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00582333',
171 => 'https://www.marketwatch.com/story/forget-what-donald-trump-said-tariffs-are-a-tax-on-american-consumers-2019-03-06',
172 => 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261921002725',
173 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/biden-border-wall-executive-order/2021/01/20/5f472456-5b32-11eb-aaad-93988621dd28_story.html',
174 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-59019791',
175 => 'https://thehill.com/opinion/immigration/581513-situation-at-the-southern-border-worse-that-you-probably-realize',
176 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/pEKUJGT2xr4',
177 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233583448',
178 => 'https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/mexican-gray-wolf-migration-stopped-by-border-wall',
179 => 'https://www.axios.com/us-border-migrants-russia-ukraine-651b35ab-8cf1-480c-afe5-8961e9c98e45.html',
180 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180407054208/http://www.atencionsanmiguel.org/2018/02/16/new-organization-emerges-to-aid-deported-mexican-nationals/',
181 => 'https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/rise-and-fall-secure-border-initiative%E2%80%99s-high-tech-solution-unauthorized-immigration',
182 => 'https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=440470',
183 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143982920',
184 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149362544',
185 => 'https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1839903',
186 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2567039',
187 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/2567039',
188 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077',
189 => 'https://doi.org/10.17226%2F13498',
190 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03064220408537373',
191 => 'https://doi.org/10.14240%2Fjmhs.v2i3.32',
192 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01972243.2016.1153013',
193 => 'https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fanti.12151',
194 => 'https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2633209',
195 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2021.116765',
196 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0306-2619',
197 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286',
198 => 'https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00382876-116-4-851',
199 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6150456',
200 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1947-4989',
201 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30245778',
202 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1502256',
203 => 'https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003335490411900110',
204 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-3549',
205 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15147648',
206 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0966369X.2010.551652',
207 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0966-369X',
208 => 'https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsw%2Fsws034',
209 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-8046',
210 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23038878',
211 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/20743978',
212 => 'https://hdl.handle.net/hein.journals%2Flla44',
213 => 'https://doi.org/10.1641%2FB570116',
214 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1525-3244',
215 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1641/b570116',
216 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08865655.2006.9695661',
217 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0886-5655',
218 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15210960.2017.1302336',
219 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1521-0960',
220 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01900690008525475',
221 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-0692',
222 => 'https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716206297449',
223 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7162',
224 => 'https://hdl.handle.net/10877%2F3758',
225 => 'https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-03-28/mexico-border-dozens-dead-migrant-center-fire',
226 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=_DDre5B1lLcC&pg=PA175',
227 => 'http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/bi-51757.pdf',
228 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85139917',
229 => 'https://www.reuters.com/world/us/biden-restricts-asylum-access-mexico-border-title-42-ends-2023-05-10/',
230 => 'https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22',
231 => 'https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1',
232 => 'https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks',
233 => 'https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22+-wikipedia',
234 => 'https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22',
235 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180624063409/https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2017-Dec/BP%20Southwest%20Border%20Sector%20Apps%20FY1960%20-%20FY2017.pdf',
236 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190713105000/https://hunter.house.gov/press-release/dhs-hunter-more-300-border-incursions-mexican-military-and-law-enforcement-authoriti-0',
237 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055211/http://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/content/humanitarianism-ground-humanitarian-aid-migrants-and-refugees-mexico',
238 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220121231517/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/mexican-gray-wolf-migration-stopped-by-border-wall',
239 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563353305171',
240 => 'https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4456459-republicans-biden-not-take-control-texas-national-guard-border/',
241 => 'https://weber.house.gov/uploadedfiles/border_letter_to_potus_final.pdf',
242 => 'http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2011-12/how-us-reengineering-homeland-security-borders'
]
|
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) |
'<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">International border in North America</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the physical barrier separating the two countries, see <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_wall" title="Mexico–United States border wall">Mexico–United States barrier</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1229112069">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ededed">Mexico–United States border</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entities</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">3,145 kilometers (1,954 mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current shape</th><td class="infobox-data">April 18, 1972<br /><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Treaty_of_1970" title="Boundary Treaty of 1970">Boundary Treaty of 1970</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treaties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limits_(Mexico%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)">Treaty of Limits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Border_USA_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Border_USA_Mexico.jpg/310px-Border_USA_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Border_USA_Mexico.jpg/465px-Border_USA_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Border_USA_Mexico.jpg/620px-Border_USA_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2475" /></a><figcaption>The vast majority of the current border was decided after the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> (1846–1848). Most of the border is settled on the Rio Grande River on the border of Texas and northeastern Mexico. To the left lies San Diego, California and on the right is Tijuana, Baja California. The building in the foreground on the San Diego side is a sewage treatment plant built to clean the <a href="/wiki/Tijuana_River" title="Tijuana River">Tijuana River</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_at_Mexico_United_States_border.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Plaque_at_Mexico_United_States_border.svg/310px-Plaque_at_Mexico_United_States_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Plaque_at_Mexico_United_States_border.svg/465px-Plaque_at_Mexico_United_States_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Plaque_at_Mexico_United_States_border.svg/620px-Plaque_at_Mexico_United_States_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>A typical plaque constructed by the <a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" title="International Boundary and Water Commission">International Boundary and Water Commission</a> and mounted at the exact location of the border</figcaption></figure>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1223359917">.mw-parser-output .RMbox{box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12),0 3px 1px -2px rgba(0,0,0,.2)}.mw-parser-output .RMinline{float:none;width:100%;margin:0;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.routemap{padding:0;border:0;border-collapse:collapse;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2;margin:auto}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMcollapse{margin:0;border-collapse:collapse;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMreplace{margin:0;border-collapse:collapse;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;bottom:0}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMsi{display:inline;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMir{padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMl1{padding:0 3px!important;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMr1{padding:0 3px!important;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMl{padding:0!important;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMr{padding:0!important;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMl4{padding:0 3px 0 0!important;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMr4{padding:0 0 0 3px!important;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.routemap>tbody>tr{line-height:1}.mw-parser-output table.routemap>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.RMcollapse>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.RMreplace>tbody>tr>td{padding:0;width:auto;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .RMir>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:0;height:20px;min-height:20px}.mw-parser-output .RMir img{height:initial!important;max-width:initial!important}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMov{position:relative}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMov .RMic,.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMov .RMtx{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMtx{line-height:20px;height:20px;min-height:20px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMsp{height:20px;min-height:20px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMtx>abbr,.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMtx>div{line-height:.975;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMts{font-size:90%;transform:scaleX(.89)}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMf_{height:5px;min-height:5px;width:20px;min-width:20px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMfm{height:100%;min-height:100%;width:4px;min-width:4px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMo{width:2.5px;min-width:2.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMc{width:5px;min-width:5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMoc{width:7.5px;min-width:7.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMd{width:10px;min-width:10px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMod{width:12.5px;min-width:12.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMcd{width:15px;min-width:15px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMocd{width:17.5px;min-width:17.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_{width:20px;min-width:20px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_o{width:22.5px;min-width:22.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_c{width:25px;min-width:25px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_oc{width:27.5px;min-width:27.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_d{width:30px;min-width:30px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_od{width:32.5px;min-width:32.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_cd{width:35px;min-width:35px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_ocd{width:37.5px;min-width:37.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMb{width:40px;min-width:40px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMcb{width:45px;min-width:45px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMdb{width:50px;min-width:50px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMcdb{width:55px;min-width:55px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_b{width:60px;min-width:60px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_cb{width:65px;min-width:65px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_db{width:70px;min-width:70px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_cdb{width:75px;min-width:75px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMs{width:80px;min-width:80px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMds{width:90px;min-width:90px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_s{width:100px;min-width:100px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_ds{width:110px;min-width:110px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMbs{width:120px;min-width:120px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMdbs{width:130px;min-width:130px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_bs{width:140px;min-width:140px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_dbs{width:150px;min-width:150px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMw{width:160px;min-width:160px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_w{width:180px;min-width:180px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMbw{width:200px;min-width:200px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_bw{width:220px;min-width:220px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMsw{width:240px;min-width:240px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_sw{width:260px;min-width:260px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMbsw{width:280px;min-width:280px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_bsw{width:300px;min-width:300px}.mw-parser-output .RMsplit{font-weight:inherit;color:inherit;background:transparent;margin-top:-3px;margin-bottom:-3px;width:initial!important;box-sizing:initial;display:inline-table;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMl>.RMsplit,.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMr>.RMsplit{font-size:90%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox{background:inherit!important;color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox img{filter:contrast(0.4)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets a abbr{color:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox th{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-bottom:solid 1px #be2d2c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox small{color:white}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox img{filter:contrast(0.4)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets a abbr{color:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox{background:inherit!important;color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox th{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-bottom:solid 1px #be2d2c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox small{color:white}}</style>
<table class="collapsible collapsed RMbox" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="float:right;clear:right;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1em;margin-left:1em;empty-cells:show;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;background:#F9F9F9;">
<tbody><tr>
<th style="color:#FFF;background:#27404E;text-align:center;padding:5px"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:left;margin-right:5px;white-space:nowrap"><ul class="navbar-brackets" style="font-size:113.63636363636%;color:#FFF"><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_map" title="Template:Mexico–United States border map"><abbr title="View this template" style="font-size:113.63636363636%;color:#FFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_map" title="Template talk:Mexico–United States border map"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="font-size:113.63636363636%;color:#FFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico–United States border map"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="font-size:113.63636363636%;color:#FFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="margin-left:55px"><div style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:55px;font-size:113.63636363636%">Mexico–United States border</div></div>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="line-height:normal;padding:4px 5px"><div class="selfreference noprint" style="text-align:right;font-size:97%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Railway_line_legend" title="Template:Railway line legend">Legend</a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0px 6px 6px">
<table class="nogrid routemap" style="font-size:107.95454545455%">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WDOCKSm"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg/20px-BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg/30px-BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg/40px-BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WDOCKSm; GRZa"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/BSicon_GRZa.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/BSicon_GRZa.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/BSicon_GRZa.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WDOCKSm; GRZa"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg/20px-BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg/30px-BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg/40px-BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WDOCKSm"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg/20px-BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg/30px-BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg/40px-BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/El_Chaparral" title="El Chaparral">El Chaparral</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP4q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP4q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_RP4q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP4q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_RP4q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP4q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_RP4q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP4q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro_Port_of_Entry" title="San Ysidro Port of Entry">San Ysidro Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STRq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STRq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/20px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/30px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/40px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_and_Arizona_Eastern_Railway" title="San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway">San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="FLUGg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FLUGg.svg/20px-BSicon_FLUGg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FLUGg.svg/30px-BSicon_FLUGg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FLUGg.svg/40px-BSicon_FLUGg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="REq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="REq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BSicon_REq.svg/20px-BSicon_REq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BSicon_REq.svg/30px-BSicon_REq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BSicon_REq.svg/40px-BSicon_REq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cross_Border_Xpress" title="Cross Border Xpress">Cross Border Xpress</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP4q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP4q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_RP4q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP4q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_RP4q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP4q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_RP4q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP4q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Otay_Mesa_Port_of_Entry" title="Otay Mesa Port of Entry">Otay Mesa Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tecate_Port_of_Entry" title="Tecate Port of Entry">Tecate Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exSTRq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exSTRq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BSicon_exSTRq.svg/20px-BSicon_exSTRq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BSicon_exSTRq.svg/30px-BSicon_exSTRq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BSicon_exSTRq.svg/40px-BSicon_exSTRq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_and_Arizona_Eastern_Railway" title="San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway">San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Calexico_West_Port_of_Entry" title="Calexico West Port of Entry">Calexico West Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STRq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STRq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/20px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/30px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/40px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2">Calexico Subdivision (<a href="/wiki/Ferromex" title="Ferromex">Ferromex</a> / <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">UP</a>)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Calexico_East_Port_of_Entry" title="Calexico East Port of Entry">Calexico East Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Andrade_Port_of_Entry" title="Andrade Port of Entry">Andrade Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER+l; exGRZaq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BSicon_exGRZaq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZaq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BSicon_exGRZaq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZaq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BSicon_exGRZaq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZaq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER+l; exGRZaq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER+l; exGRZaq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_WASSER%2Bl.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER%2Bl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_WASSER%2Bl.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER%2Bl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_WASSER%2Bl.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER%2Bl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERq; exGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERq; exGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> <div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1223359917"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERq; exGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERq; exGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERr; exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERr; exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERr; exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/BSicon_WASSERr.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSERr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/BSicon_WASSERr.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSERr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/BSicon_WASSERr.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSERr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1223359917"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Port_of_Entry" title="San Luis Port of Entry">San Luis Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_II_Port_of_Entry" title="San Luis II Port of Entry">San Luis II Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lukeville_Port_of_Entry" title="Lukeville Port of Entry">Lukeville Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sasabe_Port_of_Entry" title="Sasabe Port of Entry">Sasabe Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nogales-Mariposa_Port_of_Entry" title="Nogales-Mariposa Port of Entry">Nogales-Mariposa Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nogales-Grand_Avenue_Port_of_Entry" title="Nogales-Grand Avenue Port of Entry">Nogales-Grand Avenue Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STRq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STRq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/20px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/30px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/40px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2">Nogales Subdivision (<a href="/wiki/Ferromex" title="Ferromex">Ferromex</a> / <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">UP</a>)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="REq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="REq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BSicon_REq.svg/20px-BSicon_REq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BSicon_REq.svg/30px-BSicon_REq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BSicon_REq.svg/40px-BSicon_REq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nogales-Morley_Gate_Port_of_Entry" title="Nogales-Morley Gate Port of Entry">Nogales-Morley Gate Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Naco_Arizona_Port_of_Entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Naco Arizona Port of Entry">Naco Arizona Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Port_of_Entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Port of Entry">Douglas Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exGRZaq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exGRZaq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BSicon_exGRZaq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZaq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BSicon_exGRZaq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZaq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BSicon_exGRZaq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZaq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1223359917"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1223359917"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Antelope_Wells_Port_of_Entry" title="Antelope Wells Port of Entry">Antelope Wells Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Columbus_New_Mexico_Port_of_Entry" title="Columbus New Mexico Port of Entry">Columbus New Mexico Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Teresa_Port_of_Entry" title="Santa Teresa Port of Entry">Santa Teresa Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER+l; exGRZaq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BSicon_exGRZaq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZaq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BSicon_exGRZaq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZaq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BSicon_exGRZaq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZaq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER+l; exGRZaq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER+l; exGRZaq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_WASSER%2Bl.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER%2Bl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_WASSER%2Bl.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER%2Bl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_WASSER%2Bl.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER%2Bl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERq; exGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERq; exGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> <div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1223359917"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/20px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/30px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/40px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ferromex" title="Ferromex">Ferromex</a> / <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">UP</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/El_Paso_PDN_Port_of_Entry" title="El Paso PDN Port of Entry">El Paso PDN Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/20px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/30px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/40px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ferromex" title="Ferromex">Ferromex</a> / <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">UP</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/El_Paso_Stanton_Street_Port_of_Entry" title="El Paso Stanton Street Port of Entry">El Paso Stanton Street Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/El_Paso_BOTA_Port_of_Entry" title="El Paso BOTA Port of Entry">El Paso BOTA Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/El_Paso_Ysleta_Port_of_Entry" title="El Paso Ysleta Port of Entry">El Paso Ysleta Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Serna_Port_of_Entry" title="Marcelino Serna Port of Entry">Marcelino Serna Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hancock_Port_of_Entry" title="Fort Hancock Port of Entry">Fort Hancock Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Presidio_Texas_Port_of_Entry" title="Presidio Texas Port of Entry">Presidio Texas Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exhKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exhKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BSicon_exhKRZWaeq.svg/20px-BSicon_exhKRZWaeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BSicon_exhKRZWaeq.svg/30px-BSicon_exhKRZWaeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BSicon_exhKRZWaeq.svg/40px-BSicon_exhKRZWaeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Presidio%E2%80%93Ojinaga_International_Rail_Bridge" title="Presidio–Ojinaga International Rail Bridge">Presidio–Ojinaga International Rail Bridge</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1223359917"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Boquillas_Port_of_Entry" title="Boquillas Port of Entry">Boquillas Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WDOCKS; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WDOCKS; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/BSicon_WDOCKS.svg/20px-BSicon_WDOCKS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/BSicon_WDOCKS.svg/30px-BSicon_WDOCKS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/BSicon_WDOCKS.svg/40px-BSicon_WDOCKS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Amistad_Reservoir" title="Amistad Reservoir">Amistad Reservoir</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Amistad_Dam_Port_of_Entry" title="Amistad Dam Port of Entry">Amistad Dam Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Del_Rio_Texas_Port_of_Entry" title="Del Rio Texas Port of Entry">Del Rio Texas Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Pass_Port_of_Entry" title="Eagle Pass Port of Entry">Eagle Pass Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Pass_Camino_Real_Port_of_Entry" title="Eagle Pass Camino Real Port of Entry">Eagle Pass Camino Real Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/20px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/30px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/40px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_International_Railroad_Bridge_(Eagle_Pass%E2%80%93Piedras_Negras)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Pacific International Railroad Bridge (Eagle Pass–Piedras Negras)">Union Pacific International Railroad Bridge</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1223359917"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Laredo_Colombia_Solidarity_Port_of_Entry" title="Laredo Colombia Solidarity Port of Entry">Laredo Colombia Solidarity Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1223359917"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Laredo_World_Trade_Port_of_Entry" title="Laredo World Trade Port of Entry">Laredo World Trade Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/20px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/30px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/40px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Texas_Mexican_Railway_International_Bridge" title="Texas Mexican Railway International Bridge">Texas Mexican Railway International Bridge</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Laredo_Convent_Avenue_Port_of_Entry" title="Laredo Convent Avenue Port of Entry">Laredo Convent Avenue Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Laredo_Juarez%E2%80%93Lincoln_Port_of_Entry" title="Laredo Juarez–Lincoln Port of Entry">Laredo Juarez–Lincoln Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WDOCKS; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WDOCKS; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/BSicon_WDOCKS.svg/20px-BSicon_WDOCKS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/BSicon_WDOCKS.svg/30px-BSicon_WDOCKS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/BSicon_WDOCKS.svg/40px-BSicon_WDOCKS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Falcon_International_Reservoir" title="Falcon International Reservoir">Falcon International Reservoir</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Dam_Port_of_Entry" title="Falcon Dam Port of Entry">Falcon Dam Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Roma_Texas_Port_of_Entry" title="Roma Texas Port of Entry">Roma Texas Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_City_Port_of_Entry" title="Rio Grande City Port of Entry">Rio Grande City Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; exBOOT; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/BSicon_exBOOT.svg/20px-BSicon_exBOOT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/BSicon_exBOOT.svg/30px-BSicon_exBOOT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/BSicon_exBOOT.svg/40px-BSicon_exBOOT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; exBOOT; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; exBOOT; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Los_Ebanos_Port_of_Entry" title="Los Ebanos Port of Entry">Los Ebanos Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Anzalduas_Port_of_Entry" title="Anzalduas Port of Entry">Anzalduas Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_Texas_Port_of_Entry" title="Hidalgo Texas Port of Entry">Hidalgo Texas Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharr_Texas_Port_of_Entry" title="Pharr Texas Port of Entry">Pharr Texas Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Donna_Texas_Port_of_Entry" title="Donna Texas Port of Entry">Donna Texas Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Progreso_Texas_Port_of_Entry" title="Progreso Texas Port of Entry">Progreso Texas Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Los_Indios_Texas_Port_of_Entry" title="Los Indios Texas Port of Entry">Los Indios Texas Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/20px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/30px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/40px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2">West Rail Bypass International Bridge
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/20px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/30px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/40px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Brownsville_%26_Matamoros_International_Bridge" title="Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge">Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Brownsville_%E2%80%93_B%26M_Port_of_Entry" title="Brownsville – B&M Port of Entry">Brownsville – B&M Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Brownsville_Gateway_Port_of_Entry" title="Brownsville Gateway Port of Entry">Brownsville Gateway Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Brownsville_%E2%80%93_Veterans_Port_of_Entry" title="Brownsville – Veterans Port of Entry">Brownsville – Veterans Port of Entry</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="RMl" colspan="2">
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WDOCKSm"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg/20px-BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg/30px-BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg/40px-BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WDOCKSm; GRZe"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/BSicon_GRZe.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/BSicon_GRZe.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/BSicon_GRZe.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WDOCKSm; GRZe"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg/20px-BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg/30px-BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg/40px-BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WDOCKSm"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg/20px-BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg/30px-BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg/40px-BSicon_WDOCKSm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0 3px 0 0;">
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td class="RMl1">
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td class="RMr1">
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td style="padding:0 0 0 3px;">
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>Mexico–United States border</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">frontera Estados Unidos–México</i>) is an <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">international border</a> separating <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, extending from the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> in the east. The border traverses a variety of terrains, ranging from urban areas to deserts. The Mexico–U.S. border is the most frequently <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crossings" title="List of Mexico–United States border crossings">crossed</a> border in the world with approximately 350 million documented crossings annually. <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal crossing</a> of the border to enter the United States has been a top issue in the States and is causing a <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">border crisis</a>. It is one of two international borders that the United States has, the other being the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a> to the north. It is the tenth-longest border between two countries in the world.
</p><p>The total length of the continental border is 3,145 kilometers (1,954 miles). From the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the course of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte)</a> to the border crossing at <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ciudad Juárez">Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua</a>, and <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a>. Westward from <a href="/wiki/El_Paso%E2%80%93Ju%C3%A1rez" title="El Paso–Juárez">El Paso–Juárez</a>, it crosses vast tracts of the <a href="/wiki/Chihuahuan_Desert" title="Chihuahuan Desert">Chihuahuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran</a> deserts to the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Delta" title="Colorado River Delta">Colorado River Delta</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Diego%E2%80%93Tijuana" title="San Diego–Tijuana">San Diego–Tijuana</a>, before reaching the Pacific Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-us-ibwc-about_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-us-ibwc-about-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>Four American states border Mexico: <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. One definition of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a> includes only the six Mexican states that border the U.S.: <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Prior_to_the_Mexican–American_War"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Prior to the Mexican–American War</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Later_history"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Later history</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Border_crossing_checkpoints"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Border crossing checkpoints</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Tijuana-San_Ysidro_border"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Tijuana-San Ysidro border</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Western_Hemisphere_Travel_Initiative"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Veterinary_inspections"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Veterinary inspections</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#US_security"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">US security</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Border_enforcement"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Border enforcement</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Barrier"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Barrier</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Border_incursions"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Border incursions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Disagreements_over_need_for_more_resources"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Disagreements over need for more resources</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Trump_administration"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Trump administration</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Proposed_wall"><span class="tocnumber">4.6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Proposed wall</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Biden_administration"><span class="tocnumber">4.7</span> <span class="toctext">Biden administration</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Humanitarian_assistance_along_the_border"><span class="tocnumber">4.8</span> <span class="toctext">Humanitarian assistance along the border</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#US_border_zone_policies"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">US border zone policies</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Secure_Border_Initiative"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Secure Border Initiative</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#100-mile_border_zone"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">100-mile border zone</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Operation_Streamline"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Operation Streamline</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Environment"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Environment</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Transborder_students"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Transborder students</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algodones_sand-dune-fence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Algodones_sand-dune-fence.jpg/220px-Algodones_sand-dune-fence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Algodones_sand-dune-fence.jpg/330px-Algodones_sand-dune-fence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Algodones_sand-dune-fence.jpg/440px-Algodones_sand-dune-fence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/U.S._Border_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Border Patrol">U.S. Border Patrol</a> at Algodones Sand Dunes, California. The fence on the U.S.–Mexican border is a special construction of narrow, 4.6 m (15 ft) tall elements, that are movable vertically. This way, they can be lifted on top of the ever shifting sand dunes.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Mexico–United States border extends 3,145 kilometers (1,954 miles), in addition to the maritime boundaries of 29 km (18 mi) into the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> and 19 km (12 mi) into the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1970BT_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1970BT-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ssrn_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssrn-4">[4]</a></sup> It is the tenth-longest border between two countries in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Mexico–U.S. border begins at the <a href="/wiki/Initial_Point_of_Boundary_Between_U.S._and_Mexico" title="Initial Point of Boundary Between U.S. and Mexico">Initial Point of Boundary Between U.S. and Mexico</a>, which is set one marine league (three <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a>) south of the southernmost point of <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Bay" title="San Diego Bay">San Diego Bay</a>. The border then proceeds for 227 km (141 mi) in a straight line towards the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gila_River" title="Gila River">Gila River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a></sup> The border continues southwards along the Colorado River for 39 km (24 mi), until it reaches a point 32 km (20 mi) south of the Gila River confluence. The border then follows a series of lines and <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_latitude" title="Circle of latitude">parallels</a> totaling 859 km (534 mi). First, it follows a straight line from the Colorado River to the intersection of the 31° 20′ parallel north and the <a href="/wiki/111th_meridian_west" title="111th meridian west">111th meridian west</a>. It then proceeds eastwards along the 31° 20′ parallel north up to a meridian 161 km (100 mi) west of the point where the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> crosses the 31° 47′ parallel north,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a></sup> It then proceeds northwards along that meridian up to the 31° 47′ parallel north and then eastwards along that parallel until it meets the Rio Grande.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" title="International Boundary and Water Commission">International Boundary and Water Commission</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-us-ibwc-about_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-us-ibwc-about-1">[1]</a></sup> the continental border then follows the middle of the Rio Grande—according to the 1848 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a> between the two nations, "along the deepest channel" (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Thalweg" title="Thalweg">thalweg</a>)—a distance of 2,020 km (1,255 mi) to its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a></sup> The Rio Grande frequently meanders along the Texas–Mexico border. As a result, the U.S. and Mexico have a treaty by which the Rio Grande is maintained as the border, with new cut-offs and islands being transferred to the other nation as necessary. The <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Treaty_of_1970" title="Boundary Treaty of 1970">Boundary Treaty of 1970</a> between Mexico and the U.S. settled all outstanding <a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">boundary disputes</a> and uncertainties related to the Rio Grande border.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> along the border, from west to east, are <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mexico" title="Administrative divisions of Mexico">Mexican states</a> along the border are <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a>. Among the U.S. states, Texas has the longest stretch of the border with Mexico, while California has the shortest. Among the states in Mexico, Chihuahua has the longest border with the U.S., while Nuevo León has the shortest. Along the border are 23 <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">U.S. counties</a> and 39 <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico" title="Municipalities of Mexico">Mexican municipalities</a>.
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patrolling_Rio_Grande_@_Laredo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Border Patrol patrolling the Rio Grande in an airboat in Laredo, Texas"><img alt="Border Patrol patrolling the Rio Grande in an airboat in Laredo, Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Patrolling_Rio_Grande_%40_Laredo.jpg/280px-Patrolling_Rio_Grande_%40_Laredo.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Patrolling_Rio_Grande_%40_Laredo.jpg/420px-Patrolling_Rio_Grande_%40_Laredo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Patrolling_Rio_Grande_%40_Laredo.jpg/560px-Patrolling_Rio_Grande_%40_Laredo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol" title="United States Border Patrol">Border Patrol</a> patrolling the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Airboat" title="Airboat">airboat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo, Texas</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Mexico_border_New_Mexico.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The start of the border fence in the state of New Mexico – just west of El Paso, Texas"><img alt="The start of the border fence in the state of New Mexico – just west of El Paso, Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/USA_Mexico_border_New_Mexico.JPG/280px-USA_Mexico_border_New_Mexico.JPG" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/USA_Mexico_border_New_Mexico.JPG/420px-USA_Mexico_border_New_Mexico.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/USA_Mexico_border_New_Mexico.JPG/560px-USA_Mexico_border_New_Mexico.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The start of the border fence in the state of New Mexico – just west of El Paso, Texas</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Camino_del_Diablo,_border_patrol.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. Border Patrol helicopter along El Camino del Diablo, Arizona–Sonora border, 2004"><img alt="U.S. Border Patrol helicopter along El Camino del Diablo, Arizona–Sonora border, 2004" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/El_Camino_del_Diablo%2C_border_patrol.jpg/280px-El_Camino_del_Diablo%2C_border_patrol.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/El_Camino_del_Diablo%2C_border_patrol.jpg/420px-El_Camino_del_Diablo%2C_border_patrol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/El_Camino_del_Diablo%2C_border_patrol.jpg/560px-El_Camino_del_Diablo%2C_border_patrol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">U.S. Border Patrol helicopter along <a href="/wiki/El_Camino_del_Diablo" title="El Camino del Diablo">El Camino del Diablo</a>, Arizona–Sonora border, 2004</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexican-American_border_at_Nogales.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Border between Nogales, Arizona, on the left, and Nogales, Sonora, on the right"><img alt="Border between Nogales, Arizona, on the left, and Nogales, Sonora, on the right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mexican-American_border_at_Nogales.jpg/315px-Mexican-American_border_at_Nogales.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mexican-American_border_at_Nogales.jpg/473px-Mexican-American_border_at_Nogales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mexican-American_border_at_Nogales.jpg/630px-Mexican-American_border_at_Nogales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Border between <a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Arizona" title="Nogales, Arizona">Nogales, Arizona</a>, on the left, and <a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nogales, Sonora">Nogales, Sonora</a>, on the right</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-Mexico-Nogales-Border.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="On the left: Nogales, Arizona; on the right, Nogales, Sonora"><img alt="On the left: Nogales, Arizona; on the right, Nogales, Sonora" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/US-Mexico-Nogales-Border.jpg/157px-US-Mexico-Nogales-Border.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/US-Mexico-Nogales-Border.jpg/236px-US-Mexico-Nogales-Border.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/US-Mexico-Nogales-Border.jpg/315px-US-Mexico-Nogales-Border.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">On the left: <a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Arizona" title="Nogales, Arizona">Nogales, Arizona</a>; on the right, <a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nogales, Sonora">Nogales, Sonora</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Borderbeachtj.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beach in Tijuana at the border in 2006"><img alt="Beach in Tijuana at the border in 2006" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Borderbeachtj.jpg/280px-Borderbeachtj.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Borderbeachtj.jpg/420px-Borderbeachtj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Borderbeachtj.jpg/560px-Borderbeachtj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Beach in Tijuana at the border in 2006</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 251.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 249.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Border_Patrol_Vehicle_near_U.S._Mexico_Border.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A CBP Border Patrol vehicle sitting near Mexico–U.S. border"><img alt="A CBP Border Patrol vehicle sitting near Mexico–U.S. border" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Border_Patrol_Vehicle_near_U.S._Mexico_Border.jpg/374px-Border_Patrol_Vehicle_near_U.S._Mexico_Border.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Border_Patrol_Vehicle_near_U.S._Mexico_Border.jpg/560px-Border_Patrol_Vehicle_near_U.S._Mexico_Border.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Border_Patrol_Vehicle_near_U.S._Mexico_Border.jpg/747px-Border_Patrol_Vehicle_near_U.S._Mexico_Border.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">A CBP Border Patrol vehicle sitting near Mexico–U.S. border</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 424.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 422.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_CBX_bridge_from_parking_lot_on_U.S._side.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Cross Border Xpress (CBX) bridge from parking lot on U.S. side, with Tijuana Airport on the left and the CBX U.S. terminal on the right"><img alt="View of Cross Border Xpress (CBX) bridge from parking lot on U.S. side, with Tijuana Airport on the left and the CBX U.S. terminal on the right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/View_of_CBX_bridge_from_parking_lot_on_U.S._side.jpg/634px-View_of_CBX_bridge_from_parking_lot_on_U.S._side.jpg" decoding="async" width="423" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/View_of_CBX_bridge_from_parking_lot_on_U.S._side.jpg/951px-View_of_CBX_bridge_from_parking_lot_on_U.S._side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/View_of_CBX_bridge_from_parking_lot_on_U.S._side.jpg/1268px-View_of_CBX_bridge_from_parking_lot_on_U.S._side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="636" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">View of Cross Border Xpress (CBX) bridge from parking lot on U.S. side, with <a href="/wiki/Tijuana_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijuana Airport">Tijuana Airport</a> on the left and the CBX U.S. terminal on the right</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span id="Prior_to_the_Mexican.E2.80.93American_War"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Prior_to_the_Mexican–American_War">Prior to the Mexican–American War</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prior to the Mexican–American War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_Mexico_1842.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mapa_Mexico_1842.PNG/310px-Mapa_Mexico_1842.PNG" decoding="async" width="310" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mapa_Mexico_1842.PNG/465px-Mapa_Mexico_1842.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mapa_Mexico_1842.PNG/620px-Mapa_Mexico_1842.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1669" data-file-height="1518" /></a><figcaption>Map of Mexico in 1842</figcaption></figure>
<p>In the mid-16th century, after the discovery of silver, settlers from various countries and backgrounds began to arrive in the area. This period of sparse settlement included colonizers from different backgrounds. The area was part of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>. In the early 19th century, the U.S. bought the lands known as the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and began to expand steadily westward.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>After the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, the border between the U.S. and New Spain was not clearly defined. The border was established in the 1819 <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a> between the U.S. and Spain, which specified a border in the vicinity of the western edge of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> watershed. Mexico <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">gained its independence</a> from Spain, and the border was reaffirmed in the 1828 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limits_(Mexico%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)">Treaty of Limits</a>.
</p><p>Mexico attempted to create a buffer zone at the border that would prevent possible invasion from the north. The Mexican government encouraged thousands of their own citizens to settle in <a href="/wiki/Coahuila_y_Tejas" title="Coahuila y Tejas">the region</a> that is now known as Texas and even offered inexpensive land to settlers from the U.S. in exchange for populating the area. The influx of people did not provide the defense that Mexico had hoped for and instead <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Texas" title="Mexican Texas">Texas</a> <a href="/wiki/Texas_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Texas Declaration of Independence">declared</a> its <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">independence</a> in 1836, which lasted until 1845 when the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">annexed</a> it.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Later_history">Later history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_border_disputes" title="Rio Grande border disputes">Rio Grande border disputes</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS067-E-174541_El_Paso_and_Ju%C3%A1rez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ISS067-E-174541_El_Paso_and_Ju%C3%A1rez.jpg/220px-ISS067-E-174541_El_Paso_and_Ju%C3%A1rez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ISS067-E-174541_El_Paso_and_Ju%C3%A1rez.jpg/330px-ISS067-E-174541_El_Paso_and_Ju%C3%A1rez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ISS067-E-174541_El_Paso_and_Ju%C3%A1rez.jpg/440px-ISS067-E-174541_El_Paso_and_Ju%C3%A1rez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ciudad Juárez">Ciudad Juárez</a>, Chihuahua (right), taken on June 30, 2022, from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> with north oriented towards the bottom-left side. The Rio Grande appears as a thin line separating the two cities through the middle of the photograph. El Paso and Juarez make up the third largest U.S. international metroplex after <a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Windsor" title="Detroit–Windsor">Detroit–Windsor</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Diego%E2%80%93Tijuana" title="San Diego–Tijuana">San Diego–Tijuana</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and another treaty in 1884 were the agreements originally responsible for the settlement of the international border, both of which specified that the middle of the Rio Grande was the border, irrespective of any alterations in the channels or banks. The Rio Grande shifted south between 1852 and 1868, with the most radical shift in the river occurring after a flood in 1864. By 1873 the moving river-center border had cut off approximately 2.4 square kilometers (590 acres) of Mexican territory in the El Paso-Juarez area, in effect transferring the land to the U.S.. By a treaty negotiated in 1963, Mexico regained most of this land in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Chamizal_dispute" title="Chamizal dispute">Chamizal dispute</a> and transferred 1.07 km<sup>2</sup> (260 acres) in return to the U.S. Border treaties are jointly administered by the <a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" title="International Boundary and Water Commission">International Boundary and Water Commission</a> (IBWC), which was established in 1889 to maintain the border, allocate river waters between the two nations, and provide for flood control and water sanitation. Once viewed as a model of international cooperation, in recent decades the IBWC has been heavily criticized as an institutional anachronism, by-passed by modern social, environmental and political issues.<sup id="cite_ref-ssrn_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssrn-4">[4]</a></sup> In particular, jurisdictional issues regarding <a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">water rights</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_Valley_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Grande Valley (Texas)">Rio Grande Valley</a> have continued to cause tension between farmers along the border, according to Mexican political scientist <a href="/wiki/Armand_Peschard-Sverdrup" title="Armand Peschard-Sverdrup">Armand Peschard-Sverdrup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>The economic development of the border region on the Mexican side of the border depended largely on its proximity to the U.S., because of its remoteness from commercial centers in Mexico. During the years of Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a>, between 1876 and 1910, the border communities boomed because of close ties to the U.S. and the Mexican government's support for financial investments from the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> Railroads were built that connected the northern Mexican states more to the U.S. than to Mexico, and the population grew tremendously. The mining industry also developed, as did the U.S.'s control of it. By the early 20th century companies from the U.S. controlled 81% of the mining industry and had invested US$500 million in the Mexican economy overall, 25% of it in the border regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorey,_David_E_1999_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorey,_David_E_1999-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Border_barrier_near_IBM_9.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Border_barrier_near_IBM_9.JPG/220px-Border_barrier_near_IBM_9.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Border_barrier_near_IBM_9.JPG/330px-Border_barrier_near_IBM_9.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Border_barrier_near_IBM_9.JPG/440px-Border_barrier_near_IBM_9.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Vehicle barrier in the New Mexico desert, 2010</figcaption></figure>
<p>The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1891" title="Immigration Act of 1891">Immigration Act of 1891</a> authorized the implementation of inspection stations at ports of entry along the Mexican and Canadian borders. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act of 1917</a> required the passing of a literacy test and a head tax by Mexicans wanting to enter the U.S. legally; however, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, when labor shortages grew, the provisions were temporarily suspended. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a> established the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Border_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Border Patrol">U.S. Border Patrol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>, caused at least partially by animosity toward foreign ownership of Mexican properties, began in 1910. The revolution increased the political instability in Mexico but did not significantly slow U.S. investment. It did reduce economic development within Mexico, however, and the border regions reflected this. As the infrastructure of communities on the U.S. side continued to improve, the Mexican side began to fall behind in the construction and maintenance of important transportation networks and systems necessary to municipal development.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorey,_David_E_1999_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorey,_David_E_1999-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>Although the Mexican Revolution caused insecurity in Mexico, it also strained U.S.–Mexico relations. With the Mexican Revolution lasting for 10 years, ending in 1920, and World War I simultaneously occurring between 1914 and 1918, the division between the U.S. and Mexico began to polarize the two nations. <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919)" title="Mexican Border War (1910–1919)">Constant battles and raids along the border</a> made both authorities nervous about borderland security. The <a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_Telegram" title="Zimmermann Telegram">Zimmerman Telegram</a>, a diplomatic cable sent by Germany but intercepted and decrypted by British intelligence, was meant to bait Mexico into war with the U.S. in order to reconquer what was taken from them during the Mexican-American War. This inspired the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> to monitor suspicious activities and potential violence at the border.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> Within 10 years, frequent provocations caused border towns to transform into battlefields, which intensified transborder restrictions, brought federal soldiers to patrol the border, and caused the construction of fences and barriers between border towns. When the battles concluded, restrictions for crossing the border were relaxed and most soldiers were sent home; however, the fences remained as a physical reminder of the division between the two nations. As years passed, more fences and higher barriers were established as attentions focused on the boundary demarcation between the U.S. and Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first international bridge was the <a href="/wiki/Brownsville_%26_Matamoros_International_Bridge" title="Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge">Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge</a> built in 1910. The first barrier built by the U.S. was between 1909 and 1911 in California, the first barrier built by Mexico was likely in 1918; barriers were extended in the 1920s and 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Banco_Convention_of_1905" title="Banco Convention of 1905">Banco Convention of 1905</a> between the U.S. and Mexico allowed, in the event of sudden changes in the course of the Rio Grande (as by flooding), for the border to be altered to follow the new course.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> The sudden changes often created <i>bancos</i> (land surrounded by bends in the river that became segregated from either country by a cutoff, often caused by rapid accretion or avulsion of the alluvial channel), especially in the lower Rio Grande Valley. When these bancos are created, the <a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" title="International Boundary and Water Commission">International Boundary and Water Commission</a> investigates if land previously belonging to the U.S. or Mexico is to be considered on the other side of the border.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> In all cases of these adjustments along the Rio Grande under the 1905 convention, which occurred on 37 different dates from 1910 to 1976, the transferred land was small (ranging from one to 646 acres) and uninhabited.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Rio Grande Rectification Treaty of 1933 straightened and stabilized the river boundary through the highly developed El Paso-Juárez valley. Numerous parcels of land were transferred between the two countries during the construction period, 1935–1938. At the end, each nation had ceded an equal area of land to the other.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Treaty_of_1970" title="Boundary Treaty of 1970">Boundary Treaty of 1970</a> transferred an area of Mexican territory to the U.S., near <a href="/wiki/Presidio,_Texas" title="Presidio, Texas">Presidio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo,_Texas" title="Hidalgo, Texas">Hidalgo, Texas</a>, to build flood control channels. In exchange, the U.S. ceded other land to Mexico, including five parcels near Presidio, the <a href="/wiki/Horc%C3%B3n_Tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Horcón Tract">Horcon Tract</a> and Beaver Island near <a href="/wiki/Roma,_Texas" title="Roma, Texas">Roma, Texas</a>. On November 24, 2009, the U.S. ceded 6 islands in the Rio Grande to Mexico. At the same time, Mexico ceded 3 islands and 2 bancos to the U.S. This transfer, which had been pending for 20 years, was the first application of Article III of the 1970 Boundary Treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-maritime_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maritime-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bancos_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bancos-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-minute315_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minute315-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>On March 27, 2023, at least 38 detained migrants (mostly from Central America) were killed—and dozens more injured—in <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez_migrant_center_fire" title="Ciudad Juárez migrant center fire">a fire</a> started in protest inside a locked and crowded detention center cell in northern Mexico, with motives ranging from pending deportation to overcrowding and lack of access to drinking water.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Border_crossing_checkpoints">Border crossing checkpoints</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Border crossing checkpoints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crossings" title="List of Mexico–United States border crossings">List of Mexico–United States border crossings</a>.</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borderwallbrownsvile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Borderwallbrownsvile.jpg/170px-Borderwallbrownsvile.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Borderwallbrownsvile.jpg/255px-Borderwallbrownsvile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Borderwallbrownsvile.jpg/340px-Borderwallbrownsvile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Climbing the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico–United States barrier">Mexico–United States barrier</a> fence in <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville, Texas</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The border separating Mexico and the U.S. is the most frequently crossed international boundary in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-BGTG_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGTG-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-30">[30]</a></sup> with approximately 350 million legal crossings taking place annually.<sup id="cite_ref-BGTG_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGTG-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google.com_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google.com-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>Border crossings take place by roads, pedestrian walkways, railroads and ferries. From west to east, below is a list of the border city "twinnings"; cross-border municipalities connected by one or more legal border crossings.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_of_the_Americas_(El_Paso%E2%80%93Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez),_June_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bridge_of_the_Americas_%28El_Paso%E2%80%93Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez%29%2C_June_2016.jpg/220px-Bridge_of_the_Americas_%28El_Paso%E2%80%93Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez%29%2C_June_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bridge_of_the_Americas_%28El_Paso%E2%80%93Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez%29%2C_June_2016.jpg/330px-Bridge_of_the_Americas_%28El_Paso%E2%80%93Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez%29%2C_June_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bridge_of_the_Americas_%28El_Paso%E2%80%93Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez%29%2C_June_2016.jpg/440px-Bridge_of_the_Americas_%28El_Paso%E2%80%93Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez%29%2C_June_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5754" data-file-height="3328" /></a><figcaption>Going into Mexico from El Paso, Texas, U.S.</figcaption></figure>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego, California</a> (<a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro,_San_Diego" title="San Ysidro, San Diego">San Ysidro</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Tijuana" title="Tijuana">Tijuana, Baja California</a> (<a href="/wiki/San_Diego%E2%80%93Tijuana" title="San Diego–Tijuana">San Diego–Tijuana Metro</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cross_Border_Xpress" title="Cross Border Xpress">Cross Border Xpress, Otay Mesa, California</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tijuana_International_Airport" title="Tijuana International Airport">Tijuana International Airport, Baja California</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Otay_Mesa,_San_Diego" title="Otay Mesa, San Diego">Otay Mesa, California</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tijuana" title="Tijuana">Tijuana, Baja California</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tecate,_California" title="Tecate, California">Tecate, California</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tecate,_Baja_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Tecate, Baja California">Tecate, Baja California</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Calexico,_California" title="Calexico, California">Calexico, California</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mexicali,_Baja_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexicali, Baja California">Mexicali, Baja California</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andrade,_California" title="Andrade, California">Andrade, California</a> – <a href="/wiki/Los_Algodones,_Baja_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Algodones, Baja California">Los Algodones, Baja California</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis,_Arizona" title="San Luis, Arizona">San Luis, Arizona</a> – <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_R%C3%ADo_Colorado,_Sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="San Luis Río Colorado, Sonora">San Luis Río Colorado, Sonora</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lukeville,_Arizona" title="Lukeville, Arizona">Lukeville, Arizona</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sonoyta" title="Sonoyta">Sonoyta, Sonora</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sasabe,_Arizona" title="Sasabe, Arizona">Sasabe, Arizona</a> – <a href="/wiki/Altar,_Sonora" title="Altar, Sonora">Altar, Sonora</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Arizona" title="Nogales, Arizona">Nogales, Arizona</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nogales, Sonora">Nogales, Sonora</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naco,_Arizona" title="Naco, Arizona">Naco, Arizona</a> – <a href="/wiki/Naco,_Sonora" title="Naco, Sonora">Naco, Sonora</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Arizona" title="Douglas, Arizona">Douglas, Arizona</a> – <a href="/wiki/Agua_Prieta,_Sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Agua Prieta, Sonora">Agua Prieta, Sonora</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antelope_Wells,_New_Mexico" title="Antelope Wells, New Mexico">Antelope Wells, New Mexico</a> – <a href="/wiki/El_Berrendo,_Chihuahua" title="El Berrendo, Chihuahua">El Berrendo, Chihuahua</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_New_Mexico" title="Columbus, New Mexico">Columbus, New Mexico</a> – <a href="/wiki/Palomas,_Chihuahua" class="mw-redirect" title="Palomas, Chihuahua">Palomas, Chihuahua</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Teresa,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Teresa, New Mexico">Santa Teresa, New Mexico</a> – <a href="/wiki/San_Jer%C3%B3nimo,_Chihuahua" title="San Jerónimo, Chihuahua">San Jerónimo, Chihuahua</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ciudad Juárez">Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua</a> (<a href="/wiki/El_Paso-Juarez" class="mw-redirect" title="El Paso-Juarez">El Paso-Juarez</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fabens,_Texas" title="Fabens, Texas">Fabens, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A1xedis_G._Guerrero,_Chihuahua" class="mw-redirect" title="Práxedis G. Guerrero, Chihuahua">Práxedis G. Guerrero, Chihuahua</a> municipality</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hancock,_Texas" title="Fort Hancock, Texas">Fort Hancock, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">El Porvenir, Chihuahua</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presidio,_Texas" title="Presidio, Texas">Presidio, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ojinaga,_Chihuahua" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojinaga, Chihuahua">Ojinaga, Chihuahua</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_County,_Texas" title="Brewster County, Texas">Heath Canyon, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">La Linda, Coahuila</a> (<i>closed</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Del_Rio,_Texas" title="Del Rio, Texas">Del Rio, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Acu%C3%B1a" title="Ciudad Acuña">Ciudad Acuña, Coahuila</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Pass,_Texas" title="Eagle Pass, Texas">Eagle Pass, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Piedras_Negras,_Coahuila" title="Piedras Negras, Coahuila">Piedras Negras, Coahuila</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Laredo" title="Nuevo Laredo">Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Colombia,_Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Colombia, Nuevo León">Colombia, Nuevo León</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heights,_Texas" title="Falcon Heights, Texas">Falcon Heights, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Dam" title="Falcon Dam">Presa Falcón, Tamaulipas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roma,_Texas" title="Roma, Texas">Roma, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Miguel_Alem%C3%A1n,_Tamaulipas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciudad Miguel Alemán, Tamaulipas">Ciudad Miguel Alemán, Tamaulipas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_City,_Texas" title="Rio Grande City, Texas">Rio Grande City, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Camargo,_Tamaulipas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciudad Camargo, Tamaulipas">Ciudad Camargo, Tamaulipas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Los_Ebanos,_Hidalgo_County,_Texas" title="Los Ebanos, Hidalgo County, Texas">Los Ebanos, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_D%C3%ADaz_Ordaz,_Tamaulipas" title="Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Tamaulipas">Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Tamaulipas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mission,_Texas" title="Mission, Texas">Mission, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Reynosa,_Tamaulipas" class="mw-redirect" title="Reynosa, Tamaulipas">Reynosa, Tamaulipas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hidalgo,_Texas" title="Hidalgo, Texas">Hidalgo, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Reynosa,_Tamaulipas" class="mw-redirect" title="Reynosa, Tamaulipas">Reynosa, Tamaulipas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pharr,_Texas" title="Pharr, Texas">Pharr, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Reynosa,_Tamaulipas" class="mw-redirect" title="Reynosa, Tamaulipas">Reynosa, Tamaulipas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Donna,_Texas" title="Donna, Texas">Donna, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rio_Bravo,_Tamaulipas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Bravo, Tamaulipas">Rio Bravo, Tamaulipas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Progreso,_Texas" title="Progreso, Texas">Progreso, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Progreso,_R%C3%ADo_Bravo,_Tamaulipas" title="Nuevo Progreso, Río Bravo, Tamaulipas">Nuevo Progreso, Tamaulipas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Los_Indios,_Texas" title="Los Indios, Texas">Los Indios, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Matamoros,_Tamaulipas" title="Matamoros, Tamaulipas">Matamoros, Tamaulipas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Matamoros,_Tamaulipas" title="Matamoros, Tamaulipas">Matamoros, Tamaulipas</a></li></ul>
</div>
<p>The total population of the borderlands—defined as those <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico" title="Municipalities of Mexico">municipios</a></i> lining the border on either side—stands at some 12 million people.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tijuana-San_Ysidro_border">Tijuana-San Ysidro border</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tijuana-San Ysidro border"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBP_San_Diego_Operations_-_San_Ysidro_(28555925151).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/CBP_San_Diego_Operations_-_San_Ysidro_%2828555925151%29.jpg/220px-CBP_San_Diego_Operations_-_San_Ysidro_%2828555925151%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/CBP_San_Diego_Operations_-_San_Ysidro_%2828555925151%29.jpg/330px-CBP_San_Diego_Operations_-_San_Ysidro_%2828555925151%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/CBP_San_Diego_Operations_-_San_Ysidro_%2828555925151%29.jpg/440px-CBP_San_Diego_Operations_-_San_Ysidro_%2828555925151%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6480" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro_Port_of_Entry" title="San Ysidro Port of Entry">San Ysidro Port of Entry</a> through vehicle</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro_Port_of_Entry" title="San Ysidro Port of Entry">San Ysidro Port of Entry</a> is located between <a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro,_San_Diego" title="San Ysidro, San Diego">San Ysidro, California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tijuana" title="Tijuana">Tijuana, Baja California</a>. Approximately 50,000 vehicles and 25,000 pedestrians use this entry daily.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> In the U.S., <a href="/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California" title="Interstate 5 in California">I-5</a> crosses directly to Tijuana, and the highway's southern terminus is this crossing. In 2005, more than 17 million vehicles and 50 million people entered the U.S. through <a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro" class="mw-redirect" title="San Ysidro">San Ysidro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OECD2010_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD2010-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berndes_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berndes-35">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gaynor2009_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaynor2009-36">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> Among those who enter the U.S. through San Ysidro are <i>transfronterizos</i>, American citizens who live in Mexico and attend school in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup>
</p><p>It has influenced the every day lifestyle of people that live in these <a href="/wiki/Border_town" title="Border town">border towns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> Along the coast of Baja California, there are neighborhoods of Americans living in Tijuana, <a href="/wiki/Rosarito_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosarito Beach">Rosarito Beach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ensenada,_Baja_California" title="Ensenada, Baja California">Ensenada</a>, whose residents commute to the U.S. daily to work.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> Additionally, many Mexicans also enter the U.S. to commute daily to work.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> In 1999, 7.6% of the labor force of Tijuana was employed in San Diego.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Diego_San_Ysidro_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/San_Diego_San_Ysidro_01.jpg/220px-San_Diego_San_Ysidro_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/San_Diego_San_Ysidro_01.jpg/330px-San_Diego_San_Ysidro_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/San_Diego_San_Ysidro_01.jpg/440px-San_Diego_San_Ysidro_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4516" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to Mexico from San Diego, California, United States of America</figcaption></figure>
<p>The average wait time to cross into the U.S. is approximately an hour.<sup id="cite_ref-MESA_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MESA-43">[43]</a></sup> The thousands of vehicles that transit through the border every day is causing air pollution in San Ysidro and Tijuana.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> The emission of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">carbon monoxide (CO)</a> and other vehicle related air contaminants have been linked to health complications such as cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, birth outcomes, premature death, obesity, asthma and other respiratory diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-sandag_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandag-45">[45]</a></sup> The high levels of traffic collusion and the extended wait times has affected the mental health, stress levels, and aggressive behavior of the people who cross frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-sandag_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandag-45">[45]</a></sup>
The San Ysidro border is heavily policed, separated by three walls, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol" title="United States Border Patrol">border patrol</a> agents and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tijuana is the next target for San Diegan developers because of its fast-growing economy, lower cost of living, cheap prices and proximity to San Diego.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> While this would benefit the tourist aspect of the city, it is damaging to low-income residents that will no longer be able to afford the cost of living in Tijuana.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> Tijuana is home to many deportees from the U.S., many who have lost everything and do not have an income to rely on and are now in a new city in which they have to quickly adapt in order to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> San Diego developers would bring many benefits to Tijuana, but deportees and the poor run the risk of being impacted by the <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a> of Tijuana.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Western_Hemisphere_Travel_Initiative">Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere_Travel_Initiative" title="Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative">Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SanYsidroBorderCrossing.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/SanYsidroBorderCrossing.JPG/220px-SanYsidroBorderCrossing.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/SanYsidroBorderCrossing.JPG/330px-SanYsidroBorderCrossing.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/SanYsidroBorderCrossing.JPG/440px-SanYsidroBorderCrossing.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2531" data-file-height="1864" /></a><figcaption>The San Ysidro border crossing between <a href="/wiki/San_Diego%E2%80%93Tijuana_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area">San Diego and Tijuana</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>In late 2006, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Homeland Security">U.S. Department of Homeland Security</a> (DHS) announced a rule regarding new identification requirements for U.S. citizens and international travelers entering the U.S. implemented on January 23, 2007. This final rule and first phase of the WHTI specifies nine forms of identification, one of which is required to enter the U.S. by air: a valid <a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">passport</a>; a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Passport_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Passport Card">passport card</a>; a state <a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_licenses_in_the_United_States#Enhanced_driver's_licenses" title="Driver's licenses in the United States">enhanced driver's license</a> or state enhanced non-driver ID card (available in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup>) approved by the Secretary of Homeland Security; a trusted traveler program card (<a href="/wiki/Global_Entry" title="Global Entry">Global Entry</a>, <a href="/wiki/NEXUS" title="NEXUS">NEXUS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_and_Secure_Trade" title="Free and Secure Trade">FAST</a>, or <a href="/wiki/SENTRI" title="SENTRI">SENTRI</a>); an enhanced tribal identification card; a Native American Tribal Photo Identification Card;
Form I-872 – American Indian Card; a valid Merchant Mariner Document when traveling in conjunction with official maritime business; or a valid U.S. military identification card when traveling on official orders.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup>
</p><p>In August 2015, Mexico began enforcing a rule that all foreign citizens that plan to stay in the country for more than seven days or are travelling on business will have to pay a 330 <a href="/wiki/Peso" title="Peso">pesos</a> ($21) fee and show their passport.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Veterinary_inspections">Veterinary inspections</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Veterinary inspections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_Baja_California_passport_stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mexico_Baja_California_passport_stamp.jpg/220px-Mexico_Baja_California_passport_stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mexico_Baja_California_passport_stamp.jpg/330px-Mexico_Baja_California_passport_stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Mexico_Baja_California_passport_stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Passport stamp upon arrival in <a href="/wiki/Tijuana,_Baja_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijuana, Baja California">Tijuana, Baja California</a> land border crossing</figcaption></figure>
<p>When animals are imported from one country to another, there is the possibility that diseases and parasites can move with them. Thus, most countries impose animal health regulations on the import of animals. Most animals imported to the U.S. must be accompanied by import permits obtained in advance from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a>'s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) and/or health certification papers from the country of origin.
</p><p>Veterinary inspections are often required, and are available only at designated ports;<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup> advance contact with port veterinarians is recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> Animals crossing the U.S.–Mexico border may have a country of origin other than the country where they present for inspection. Such animals include those from the U.S. that cross to Mexico and return, and animals from other countries that travel overland through Mexico or the U.S. before crossing the border.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tijuana_Border_Traffic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tijuana_Border_Traffic.jpg/220px-Tijuana_Border_Traffic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tijuana_Border_Traffic.jpg/330px-Tijuana_Border_Traffic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tijuana_Border_Traffic.jpg/440px-Tijuana_Border_Traffic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Thousands of cars sit from fifteen minutes to two hours waiting to cross the border.<sup id="cite_ref-MESA_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MESA-43">[43]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>APHIS imposes precautions to keep out several equine diseases, including <a href="/wiki/Glanders" title="Glanders">glanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Covering_sickness" title="Covering sickness">dourine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equine_infectious_anemia" title="Equine infectious anemia">equine infectious anemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babesiosis" title="Babesiosis">equine piroplasmosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_equine_encephalitis_virus" title="Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus">Venezuelan equine encephalitis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Contagious_equine_metritis" title="Contagious equine metritis">contagious equine metritis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-APHIS1997_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APHIS1997-61">[61]</a></sup> APHIS also checks horses to prevent the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">ticks</a> and other parasites. In the Lower Rio Grande Valley, U.S. Department of Agriculture inspectors look for horses and livestock that stray across the border carrying ticks. These animals are often called wetstock, and the inspectors are referred to as tickriders.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2000_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2000-62">[62]</a></sup>
</p><p>Per APHIS, horses originating from Canada can enter the U.S. with a Canadian government veterinary health certificate and a negative test for EIA.<sup id="cite_ref-APHIS1997_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APHIS1997-61">[61]</a></sup> Horses from Mexico must have a health certificate; pass negative tests for EIA, dourine, glanders, and EP at a USDA import center; and undergo precautionary treatments for external parasites at the port of entry. Horses from other Western Hemisphere countries must have the same tests as those from Mexico and, except for horses from <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, must be held in quarantine for at least seven days as a check for VEE.
</p><p>APHIS imposes similar testing and certification requirements on horses from other parts of the world but without the quarantine for VEE. These horses are held in quarantine—usually three days—or until tests are completed. Because the disease equine piroplasmosis (equine <a href="/wiki/Babesiosis" title="Babesiosis">babesiosis</a>) is endemic in Mexico but not established in the U.S.,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> transportation of horses from Mexico to the U.S. requires evaluation of horses for the presence of this disease. A leading exception to this rule is the special waiver obtained by riders participating in the Cabalgata Binacional Villista (see <a href="/wiki/Cavalcade" title="Cavalcade">cavalcade</a>).
</p><p>Import from the U.S. to Mexico requires evidence within the prior 45 days of freedom from EIA, among other requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="US_security">US security</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: US security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canyon,_Rio_Grande,_Texas.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Canyon%2C_Rio_Grande%2C_Texas.jpeg/220px-Canyon%2C_Rio_Grande%2C_Texas.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Canyon%2C_Rio_Grande%2C_Texas.jpeg/330px-Canyon%2C_Rio_Grande%2C_Texas.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Canyon%2C_Rio_Grande%2C_Texas.jpeg/440px-Canyon%2C_Rio_Grande%2C_Texas.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_National_Park" title="Big Bend National Park">Big Bend National Park</a> is located at the border.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Data from the U.S. Border Patrol Agency's 2010 annual report shows that among the total number of border crossings without documentation from various countries into the U.S., 90% were from Mexico alone. In addition, there are more than 6 million undocumented Mexican nationals residing in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> The border has a very high rate of documented and undocumented migrant crossings every year. With such a high rate of people crossing annually to the U.S., the country has invested in several distinct security measures.
</p><p>In 2010, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> signed an <a href="/wiki/Appropriation_bill" title="Appropriation bill">appropriation bill</a> which gave the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">Customs and Border Protection</a>, specifically the Border Patrol, 600 million dollars to implement and improve security. The U.S. government has invested many millions of dollars on <a href="/wiki/United_States_border_security_concerns" class="mw-redirect" title="United States border security concerns">border security</a>, although this has not stopped undocumented immigration in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup> In June 2018, the U.S. government announced installation of <a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">facial recognition system</a> for monitoring immigrant activities.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Border_enforcement">Border enforcement</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Border enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration to the United States</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Texas,_Border_Patrol_Agents,_McAllen_Horse_Patrol_Unit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/South_Texas%2C_Border_Patrol_Agents%2C_McAllen_Horse_Patrol_Unit.jpg/220px-South_Texas%2C_Border_Patrol_Agents%2C_McAllen_Horse_Patrol_Unit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/South_Texas%2C_Border_Patrol_Agents%2C_McAllen_Horse_Patrol_Unit.jpg/330px-South_Texas%2C_Border_Patrol_Agents%2C_McAllen_Horse_Patrol_Unit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/South_Texas%2C_Border_Patrol_Agents%2C_McAllen_Horse_Patrol_Unit.jpg/440px-South_Texas%2C_Border_Patrol_Agents%2C_McAllen_Horse_Patrol_Unit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol" title="United States Border Patrol">Border Patrol</a> agents in southern Texas in 2013</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Border Patrol was created in 1924 with its primary mission to detect and prevent the illegal entry of immigrants into the U.S. Together with other law enforcement officers, the Border Patrol maintains the U.S.' borderlands—regulating the flow of legal immigration and goods while patrolling for undocumented migrants and trafficking of people and contraband. The present strategy to enforce migration along the U.S.–Mexico border is by the means of "prevention through deterrence". Its primary goal is to completely prevent undocumented immigrants from entering the U.S. from Mexico rather than apprehending the unauthorized who are already in the country. As assertive as it was, "prevention through deterrence" was arguably unsuccessful, with a doubling in size of undocumented immigrants population during the two decades leading up to 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-68">[68]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cbp.gov_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbp.gov-69">[69]</a></sup>
</p><p>In order to effectively enforce border protection, the U.S.' policies and regulations have looked to make border crossings more hazardous through the implementation of various operations, one of those being the "funnel effect". The tactic was meant to discourage migration from Mexico into the U.S. by forcing migrants to travel further around barriers where the terrain and weather are more risky, but the strategy was not as successful as initially planned.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup> As a result, the effect funneled more immigrants to their death even with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Coyote_(person)" title="Coyote (person)">coyotes</a> (smugglers). Not only has this approach caused fatalities throughout the U.S.–Mexico border, but it has even stirred up a nuisance for documented immigrants and American citizens. There has been general concern about the Border Patrol and other agencies abusing their authority by racial profiling and conducting unwarranted searches outside the exception of the 40 km (25 mi) border zone, but still within the 161 km (100 mi) border zone.
</p><p>In 2012, Border Patrol agents made over 364,000 arrests of people illegally entering the country. Considerable success has been achieved in restoring integrity and safety to the border, by putting in place a border-control strategy. These include <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gatekeeper" title="Operation Gatekeeper">Operation Gatekeeper</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>; Operation Hold the Line in <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a>; Operation Rio Grande in <a href="/wiki/McAllen,_Texas" title="McAllen, Texas">McAllen</a>; Operation Safeguard in <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a>; and the Arizona Border Control Initiative along the Arizona border.<sup id="cite_ref-pulsamerica1_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulsamerica1-71">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smithson1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithson1-72">[72]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cbp.gov_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbp.gov-69">[69]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to Vulliamy, one in five Mexican nationals will visit or work in the U.S. at one point in their lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-Vulliamy2010_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vulliamy2010-73">[73]</a></sup> As of 2010, the border is guarded by more than 20,000 Border Patrol agents, more than at any time in its history.<sup id="cite_ref-2010-06-fact_sheet_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010-06-fact_sheet-74">[74]</a></sup> The border is paralleled by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol_interior_checkpoints" title="United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints">U.S. Border Patrol interior checkpoints</a> on major roads generally between 40 and 121 km (25 and 75 mi) from the U.S. side of the border, and <a href="/wiki/Garitas" title="Garitas">garitas</a> generally within 50 km (31 mi) of the border on the Mexican side.<sup id="cite_ref-GAO2005_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAO2005-75">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GAO2009_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAO2009-76">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg/220px-Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg/330px-Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg/440px-Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Drug trafficking</a> tunnel under the U.S.–Mexico border used by the <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa_Cartel" title="Sinaloa Cartel">Sinaloa Cartel</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>There are an estimated half a million <a href="/wiki/Illegal_entry" title="Illegal entry">illegal entries</a> into the U.S. each year.<sup id="cite_ref-GAO-06-770_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAO-06-770-78">[78]</a></sup> Border Patrol activity is concentrated around border cities such as San Diego and El Paso which have extensive border fencing. This means that the flow of illegal immigrants is diverted into rural mountainous and desert areas, leading to several hundred <a href="/wiki/Migrant_deaths_along_the_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Migrant deaths along the Mexico–United States border">migrant deaths along the Mexico–U.S. border</a> of those attempting to cross into the U.S. from Mexico illegally and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-GAO-06-770_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAO-06-770-78">[78]</a></sup>
</p><p>Undocumented labor contributes $395 billion to the economy every year. While the U.S. is in favor of immigration, the increase in undocumented immigration has given border-crossing a negative image. There are around 11.5 million undocumented workers in the U.S. today, and 87% of undocumented immigrants have been living in the U.S. for more than 7 years.<sup id="cite_ref-pulsamerica1_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulsamerica1-71">[71]</a></sup> Local economies that develop on the Mexican side capitalize not only on available skills but also on available, usually discarded, materials. Small businesses trade in clothes that are purchased by the pound and cardboard from the U.S. Some items, like the used tires found everywhere along the border, are made into certain items that support local economies and define a border.<sup id="cite_ref-smithson1_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithson1-72">[72]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Secure_Fence_Act_of_2006" title="Secure Fence Act of 2006">Secure Fence Act of 2006</a> was passed providing for the construction of 1,127 km (700 mi) of high-security fencing. Attempts to complete the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico–United States barrier">Mexico–United States barrier</a> have been challenged by the Mexican government and various U.S.–based organizations.
</p><p>In January 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a> released a report stating that the U.S. Border Patrol intercepted 61% of individuals illegally crossing the border in 2011, which translates to 208,813 individuals not apprehended.<sup id="cite_ref-JAN13GAO_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAN13GAO-79">[79]</a></sup> 85,827 of the 208,813 would go on to illegally enter the U.S., while the rest returned to Mexico and other Central American countries.<sup id="cite_ref-JAN13GAO_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAN13GAO-79">[79]</a></sup> The report also shows that the number of illegal border crossings has dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-JAN13GAO_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAN13GAO-79">[79]</a></sup>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The apprehensions per (fiscal) year are shown in the graph; they reached a maximum of over 1.643 million in the year 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-cbp_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbp-80">[80]</a></sup> Similar numbers had been reached in 1986 with over 1.615 million.<sup id="cite_ref-cbp_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbp-80">[80]</a></sup>
</p><p>The increase of border security throughout the years has progressively made crossings at the U.S.–Mexico border more dangerous, which has developed a human rights crisis at the border. The number of migrant deaths occurring along the U.S.–Mexico border has dramatically increased since the implementation of the funnel effect.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup> Along the Arizona-Mexico border, only seven migrant deaths were recorded in 1996; however, the remains of over 2,000 migrants were discovered from 2001 to 2012. Since the majority of deaths occur in rural areas, where extreme temperatures are common, it is likely the number of recorded deaths are far below the total. Because of the harsh, inaccessible terrain, human remains may not be found for years or ever.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> cited on April 22, 2020, that a U.S.–Mexico border shutdown could be expected following the <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus disease 2019">COVID-19</a> public health emergency. According to HRW, the new rule introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a> overlooks the fact that the U.S. is obligated to protect refugees from return to conditions threatening prosecution, as per treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup>
President Joe Biden's border executive plan as the COVID-19 restrictions – known as Title 42 – expired in May 2023.
Under Title 42, which had been in effect since March 2020, many border crossers have been quickly deported to Mexico without a chance for asylum.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Barrier">Barrier</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Barrier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico–United States barrier">Mexico–United States barrier</a></div>
<p>The U.S. government had plans in 2006, during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a>, to erect a border fence along the Mexico–U.S. border. The controversial proposal included creating many individual fences. Almost 966 km (600 mi) of fence were constructed, with each of the individual fences composed of steel and concrete.<sup id="cite_ref-Vulliamy2010_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vulliamy2010-73">[73]</a></sup> In between these fences are infrared cameras and sensors, National Guard soldiers, and SWAT teams on alert, giving rise to the term "virtual fence".<sup id="cite_ref-Vulliamy2010_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vulliamy2010-73">[73]</a></sup> Construction on the fence began in 2006, with each mile costing the U.S. government about $2.8 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodge,_Roger_D._2012_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodge,_Roger_D._2012-85">[85]</a></sup> In 2010, the initiative was terminated because of costs, after having completed 1,030 km (640 mi) of either barrier fence or vehicle barriers, that were either new or had been rebuilt over older, inferior fencing. The <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>-built SBI-net systems of using radar, watchtowers, and sensors (without a fence or physical barrier) were scrapped for being over budget, full of glitches, and far behind schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-Mexico_border_fence.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The U.S.–Mexico border fence near El Paso, Texas"><img alt="The U.S.–Mexico border fence near El Paso, Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/US-Mexico_border_fence.jpg/340px-US-Mexico_border_fence.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/US-Mexico_border_fence.jpg/511px-US-Mexico_border_fence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/US-Mexico_border_fence.jpg/680px-US-Mexico_border_fence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The U.S.–Mexico border fence near <a href="/wiki/El_Paso" class="mw-redirect" title="El Paso">El Paso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BorderAtJacumba.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portion of border near Jacumba, California, in 2003"><img alt="Portion of border near Jacumba, California, in 2003" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/BorderAtJacumba.jpg/340px-BorderAtJacumba.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/BorderAtJacumba.jpg/511px-BorderAtJacumba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/BorderAtJacumba.jpg/680px-BorderAtJacumba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Portion of border near <a href="/wiki/Jacumba_Hot_Springs,_California" title="Jacumba Hot Springs, California">Jacumba, California</a>, in 2003</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 292.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 290.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BorderAtJacumba2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portion of border near Jacumba, California, in 2009 with enhanced security"><img alt="Portion of border near Jacumba, California, in 2009 with enhanced security" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BorderAtJacumba2.jpg/436px-BorderAtJacumba2.jpg" decoding="async" width="291" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BorderAtJacumba2.jpg/655px-BorderAtJacumba2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BorderAtJacumba2.jpg/872px-BorderAtJacumba2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Portion of border near Jacumba, California, in 2009 with enhanced security</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Border_incursions">Border incursions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Border incursions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedestrian_border_crossing_sign_Tijuana_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pedestrian_border_crossing_sign_Tijuana_Mexico.jpg/170px-Pedestrian_border_crossing_sign_Tijuana_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pedestrian_border_crossing_sign_Tijuana_Mexico.jpg/255px-Pedestrian_border_crossing_sign_Tijuana_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pedestrian_border_crossing_sign_Tijuana_Mexico.jpg/340px-Pedestrian_border_crossing_sign_Tijuana_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Border for pedestrians in Tijuana, Baja California</figcaption></figure>
<p>According to the U.S. Border Patrol, apprehensions of Central Americans at the border reduced from 70,000 to 55,000 attempted illegal migrants from 2007 to 2011. Thereafter, the number of apprehensions increased dramatically to 95,000 in 2012, 150,000 in 2013 and 220,000 in 2014. The increased apprehensions could have been the result of improved border security or a dramatic rise in attempted crossings, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-officialstats_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialstats-87">[87]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the fiscal year of 2006, there were 29 confirmed border incursions by Mexican government officials, of which 17 were by armed individuals. Since 1996, there have been 253 incursions by Mexican government officials.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup> In 2014 the U.S. Department of Homeland Security informed California Representative <a href="/wiki/Duncan_D._Hunter" title="Duncan D. Hunter">Duncan D. Hunter</a> that since 2004, there have been 300 documented border incursions, which resulted in 131 individuals being detained.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup>
</p><p>On August 3, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Armed_Forces" title="Mexican Armed Forces">Mexican military</a> personnel crossed into Arizona from Mexico and encountered a U.S. Border Patrol agent, whom they held at gunpoint. The soldiers later returned to Mexico, as backup Border Patrol agents came to investigate.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Disagreements_over_need_for_more_resources">Disagreements over need for more resources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Disagreements over need for more resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Proponents of greater spending on the border argue that continuing the buildup is necessary because of increased violence and drug trafficking from Mexico spilling into the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup> However, critics such as the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Office_on_Latin_America" title="Washington Office on Latin America">Washington Office on Latin America</a> have argued that the diminishing number of border crossings can only be partially attributed to U.S. security measures. Unintentional factors, such as a weakened U.S. economy in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">2008 financial crisis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a> have made attempting illegal border crossings more risky and less rewarding.<sup id="cite_ref-Insightcrime_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Insightcrime-94">[94]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2019, there have been humanitarian crises on the border because of lack of resources. Migrant children have specifically been affected.<sup id="cite_ref-roguerocket.com_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roguerocket.com-95">[95]</a></sup> Democratic members of the House of Representatives introduced legislation that would aid the humanitarian crisis by giving $4.5 billion to emergency spending to address the humanitarian crisis at the border, with significant funding for priorities including legal assistance, food, water, and medical services, support services for unaccompanied children, alternatives to detention, and refugee services.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup>
</p><p>Distribution of natural resources across the border has also been a major challenge, particularly for water use and water quality. Toxic sewage flowing into Mexico, and over-consumption of water from the Colorado River Basin and middle-lower Rio Grande have been central to the conflict. Large-scale infrastructure investments may be necessary to address the growing water and energy issues in this arid region.<sup id="cite_ref-Applied_Energy_2021_p._97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Applied_Energy_2021_p.-97">[97]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Trump_administration">Trump administration</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Trump administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_US_Mexico_Border_Crossing_apprehension_(48036606282).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/2019_US_Mexico_Border_Crossing_apprehension_%2848036606282%29.jpg/220px-2019_US_Mexico_Border_Crossing_apprehension_%2848036606282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/2019_US_Mexico_Border_Crossing_apprehension_%2848036606282%29.jpg/330px-2019_US_Mexico_Border_Crossing_apprehension_%2848036606282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/2019_US_Mexico_Border_Crossing_apprehension_%2848036606282%29.jpg/440px-2019_US_Mexico_Border_Crossing_apprehension_%2848036606282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2634" data-file-height="1756" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Border Patrol agents review documents of individuals suspected of attempted illegal entry in 2019.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 2016, Republican nominee for president <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> proposed building a border wall to control immigration. He declared that, as president, he would force Mexico to pay all costs.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup> On January 25, 2017, several days after his inauguration and two days in advance of a planned meeting in Washington, D.C., with Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto" title="Enrique Peña Nieto">Enrique Peña Nieto</a>, new U.S. president Trump signed <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13767" title="Executive Order 13767">Executive Order 13767</a> to enable the building of the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup> Peña Nieto denied that Mexico would pay for the wall and declined the meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup> Shortly after, Trump announced that he intended to impose a 20% tariff on Mexican goods.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup> Mexico did not make any payments.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup>
</p><p>On September 20, 2017, <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_California" title="Attorney General of California">California Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Becerra" title="Xavier Becerra">Xavier Becerra</a> filed a lawsuit alleging that the Trump administration has overstepped its powers in expediting construction of a border wall.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup> As of the end of 2017, Mexico had not agreed to pay any amount toward the wall, no new tariffs on Mexican goods had been considered by the U.S. Congress,<sup id="cite_ref-payforwall_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payforwall-106">[106]</a></sup> the U.S. Congress had not appropriated funding for a wall, and no further wall construction had started beyond what was already planned during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-payforwall_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payforwall-106">[106]</a></sup>
</p><p>In June 2018, the Trump administration established a <a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">new policy of separating parents from their children at the Mexican border</a>. People asking for asylum at official ports of entry were "being turned away and told there's no room for them now."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup> The U.S. and Mexico mutually placed tariffs on each other's exports.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerco_fronterizo_de_H._Nogales_y_Nogales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cerco_fronterizo_de_H._Nogales_y_Nogales.jpg/220px-Cerco_fronterizo_de_H._Nogales_y_Nogales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cerco_fronterizo_de_H._Nogales_y_Nogales.jpg/330px-Cerco_fronterizo_de_H._Nogales_y_Nogales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cerco_fronterizo_de_H._Nogales_y_Nogales.jpg/440px-Cerco_fronterizo_de_H._Nogales_y_Nogales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Nogales border fence</figcaption></figure>
<p>On November 8, 2018, the Trump administration announced new rules to deny asylum to anyone who crosses into the U.S. illegally from any nation, at Trump's discretion. This was based on the Supreme Court decision of <i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._Hawaii" title="Trump v. Hawaii">Trump v. Hawaii</a></i> and the presidential powers of the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup> Trump signed a proclamation the next day to specify that people crossing the Mexican border illegally would not qualify for asylum; he called the march of migrants from Central America towards the U.S. a "crisis".<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_asylum_20181109_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_asylum_20181109-110">[110]</a></sup> Civil rights groups strongly criticized the move, and several groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Constitutional_Rights" title="Center for Constitutional Rights">Center for Constitutional Rights</a>, filed a lawsuit in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of California">U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California</a> to challenge the proclamation.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_asylum_20181109_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_asylum_20181109-110">[110]</a></sup> Judge <a href="/wiki/Jon_S._Tigar" title="Jon S. Tigar">Jon S. Tigar</a> ruled in favor of the advocacy groups on November 20, 2018, placing an injunction on the administration to delay implementation of the rule.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup> The administration appealed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">Ninth Circuit</a>, where a divided 2-1 panel ruled that the new asylum rules were inconsistent with existing law and upheld the injunction.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup> On December 21, 2018, the Supreme Court declined to hear the administration's challenge, leaving the injunction in place and preventing the asylum ban from being enforced.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the 2018 fiscal year, U.S. border agents arrested 107,212 people traveling in families, a record-high number. During the following five months (October 2018 through February 2019), that record was shattered by the arrest of 136,150 people traveling in families.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup> On March 31, 2019, Trump threatened to close the border, cutting off trade between the countries.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup> On April 4, Trump said that instead he would give Mexico a year to stop illegal drugs from coming into the U.S. If this did not happen, he said tariffs on automobiles would be used first, and then closing of the border.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Proposed_wall">Proposed wall</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Proposed wall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trump_wall" title="Trump wall">Trump wall</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States-Mexico-border-wall-Progreso-Lakes-Texas.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/United_States-Mexico-border-wall-Progreso-Lakes-Texas.jpeg/220px-United_States-Mexico-border-wall-Progreso-Lakes-Texas.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/United_States-Mexico-border-wall-Progreso-Lakes-Texas.jpeg/330px-United_States-Mexico-border-wall-Progreso-Lakes-Texas.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/United_States-Mexico-border-wall-Progreso-Lakes-Texas.jpeg/440px-United_States-Mexico-border-wall-Progreso-Lakes-Texas.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>U.S.–Mexico border wall, <a href="/wiki/Progreso_Lakes,_Texas" title="Progreso Lakes, Texas">Progreso Lakes, Texas</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>While running for president, Trump estimated that a border wall would cost $8 to $12 billion<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup> and that he could force Mexico to pay for it. Cost estimates of the proposed wall vary widely. In early 2017, shortly after Trump took office, the DHS estimated the cost at $22 billion,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup> while Democratic staff on the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee estimated $70 billion to build the wall and $150 million in annual maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup> Significant <a href="/wiki/Cost_overrun" title="Cost overrun">cost overruns</a> and missed deadlines are common in government projects; in recent U.S. history, see, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Big_Dig" title="Big Dig">Big Dig</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamliner" title="Boeing 787 Dreamliner">Boeing Dreamliner</a>.
</p><p>In the summer of 2017, four major construction companies planned to bid for the contract. The Customs and Border Protection agency budgeted $20 million to hire these companies to build half-million-dollar prototypes of the wall. At this time, Congress had only approved $341 million to maintain the existing wall; no funds had been allocated to build new sections of wall.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup> The DHS recommended that the wall's height should be between 5.5 and 9.1 m (18 and 30 ft) and its depth should be up to 1.8 m (6 ft) to deter drug traffickers from building tunnels.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the Trump administration, 732 km (455 mi) were added to barrier between the two countries. The construction of the wall has been halted by President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> as he canceled the national emergency declaration, originally used by Trump.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Biden_administration">Biden administration</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Biden administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The U.S. Border Patrol detained more than 1.7 million migrants crossing the U.S.-Mexico border illegally in fiscal year 2021, the highest number ever recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup> A greater demographic diversity of southwest border apprehensions have been noted in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></sup>
</p><p>On February 8, 2024, a group of 24 House Republicans wrote a letter<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></sup> to urge President Biden not to federalize the Texas National Guard in the midst of Texas wanting to crack down on the spike of illegal immigration on the U.S.-Mexico border.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Humanitarian_assistance_along_the_border">Humanitarian assistance along the border</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Humanitarian assistance along the border"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_Stations_at_Border.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Water_Stations_at_Border.jpg/220px-Water_Stations_at_Border.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Water_Stations_at_Border.jpg/330px-Water_Stations_at_Border.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Water_Stations_at_Border.jpg/440px-Water_Stations_at_Border.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>A volunteer from the Humane Border group is refilling water stations located on the desert of the U.S.-Mexico border.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Humanitarian groups such as Humane Borders, No More Deaths, and Samaritans provide water in order to reduce deaths of immigrants who are journeying through the Arizona desert.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-128">[128]</a></sup> A policy passed in 2010 by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife federal agency allows water drums to be placed on roads of disturbed areas.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-128">[128]</a></sup>
</p><p>No More Deaths (<i>No Más Muertes</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organization</a> (NGO) headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a> that is designed to assist in ending death and suffering of immigrants along the U.S.-Mexico border by upholding fundamental human rights. Elemental services of No More Deaths is to provide humanitarian assistance, giving food and first aid treatment, witness and respond to human rights abuses, encouraging humane immigration policy, and making phone calls to relatives of immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></sup> Since its founding in 2004, No More Deaths has provided assistance to thousands of migrant border crossers; however the Border Patrol and other public land agencies near the U.S.–Mexico border have challenged the efforts of various humanitarian groups, by following immigrants to a medical volunteer camp and raiding it.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></sup> Humanitarian groups along the border have been tested by Border Patrol and other agencies, however the authority of the Trump administration has introduced a new tier of restriction through surveillance, harassment, and intimidation to border relief efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tijuana-san_diego_border_deaths.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Tijuana-san_diego_border_deaths.jpg/220px-Tijuana-san_diego_border_deaths.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Tijuana-san_diego_border_deaths.jpg/330px-Tijuana-san_diego_border_deaths.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Tijuana-san_diego_border_deaths.jpg/440px-Tijuana-san_diego_border_deaths.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Memorial coffins on the US-Mexico barrier in Tijuana for those killed crossing the border fence</figcaption></figure>
<p>Incidence rates of HIV and tuberculosis are higher in border towns such as El Paso and Ciudad Juárez than at the national level in both countries. The Nuestra Casa Initiative tried to counter the health disparities by using a cross-border strategy that moved around an exhibit prominent in various museums and universities.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup> Similarly, special action groups as part of the Border Health Strategic Initiative created by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a> with other groups helped create a healthier Hispanic community in Arizona border towns by creating policy and infrastructure changes.<sup id="cite_ref-CohenMeister2016_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CohenMeister2016-134">[134]</a></sup> These groups provided humanitarian assistance to counter the prominence of Type 2 diabetes among the Hispanic community by acquiring a grant for new walking trails and encouraging public elementary schools to provide healthier food choices for students.<sup id="cite_ref-CohenMeister2016_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CohenMeister2016-134">[134]</a></sup>
</p><p>Immigrants are considered easy targets by gang members, because they do not have the strength to resist aggressive offenders and end up left with nothing. In June 2018, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">U.S. Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Jeff Sessions</a> disqualified victims of gangs or domestic violence to be reasonable causes for asylum seekers.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BigBendMexicans.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/BigBendMexicans.jpeg/220px-BigBendMexicans.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/BigBendMexicans.jpeg/330px-BigBendMexicans.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/BigBendMexicans.jpeg/440px-BigBendMexicans.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Mexicans crossing the Río Grande face the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_National_Park" title="Big Bend National Park">Big Bend National Park</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Not only do these Hispanic communities face health inequalities, but political inequalities as well.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></sup> The need for political change was so huge that it has encouraged Hispanic women to engage in activism at a local level. The Neighborhood Action Group in Chula Vista, California, is one of the groups that attracted the help of local Hispanic women to implement a feminist perspective in activism in spite of the social and economic obstacles as well as Assembly Bill No. 775, 2005 that prohibited children being used as interpreters.<sup id="cite_ref-BoscoAitken2011_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoscoAitken2011-137">[137]</a></sup> These humanitarian groups have implemented various strategies to pursue their goals that ultimately try to counter the number of immigrant deaths and abuses in immigrant detention even if it means the criminalization and higher levels of discrimination against them.<sup id="cite_ref-AndroffTavassoli2012_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndroffTavassoli2012-138">[138]</a></sup>
</p><p>In Mexico, most humanitarian groups focus on assisting the deportees. As rates of deportation increase, "the deportation of many individuals is becoming more and more notable" in the streets of Mexico cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-139">[139]</a></sup> As a result, many humanitarian groups have formed in Mexican cities where undocumented individuals are deported such as <a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nogales, Sonora">Nogales, Sonora</a>. The humanitarian groups consist of faith-based communities and primarily non-profit organizations that assist deportees, many of whom do not have any resources with them such as money, food, or family information, and who would otherwise become homeless and emotionally and psychologically devastated.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></sup> Contributing factors that might have caused them to be devastated can either be that they were separated from "their family members or the inability to work legally in the United States".<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></sup> Therefore, the primary purpose of the humanitarian groups on the Mexico side of the border is to create a pathway for transitional support such as providing the deportees food, shelter, clothing, legal help and social services.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-139">[139]</a></sup> In addition, there are humanitarian groups that provides meals and shelter to deportees according to their deportation documents. Humanitarian groups along the border in Mexico are El Comedor, Nazareth House, Camino Juntos, <a href="/wiki/La_72" title="La 72">La 72</a>, and FM4: Paso Libre.
</p><p>In June 2019, 300 migrant children were moved from a detention facility in <a href="/wiki/Clint,_Texas" title="Clint, Texas">Clint, Texas</a>, after a group of lawyers who visited reported unsafe and unsanitary conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-roguerocket.com_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roguerocket.com-95">[95]</a></sup> In the same month, the body of Óscar Alberto Martínez and his 23-month-old daughter, Angie Valeria, were found dead in the Rio Grande River. The family was from El Salvador, attempting to cross from Mexico into the U.S. near <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville, Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></sup> Gaining attention from the media, the House passed a bill, appropriating $4.5 billion for resources at the border.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="US_border_zone_policies">US border zone policies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: US border zone policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Per the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_along_the_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border#La_Paz_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues along the Mexico–United States border">La Paz Agreement</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></sup> the official "border area" extends 100 km (62 mi) "on either side of the inland and maritime boundaries" from the Gulf of Mexico west into the Pacific Ocean. There is also a <a href="#100-mile_border_zone">100-mile border zone</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Secure_Border_Initiative">Secure Border Initiative</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Secure Border Initiative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely upon a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border##" title="Talk:Mexico–United States border">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit">improve this article</a> by introducing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to additional sources at this section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_060719-A-3715G-077.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Defense.gov_photo_essay_060719-A-3715G-077.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_060719-A-3715G-077.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Defense.gov_photo_essay_060719-A-3715G-077.jpg/330px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_060719-A-3715G-077.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Defense.gov_photo_essay_060719-A-3715G-077.jpg/440px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_060719-A-3715G-077.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>A U.S. <a href="/wiki/Army_National_Guard" title="Army National Guard">Army National Guard</a> member working with the U.S. Border Patrol in support of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Jump_Start" title="Operation Jump Start">Operation Jump Start</a>, Arizona, July 2006</figcaption></figure>
<p>A National Border Patrol Strategic Plan was first developed in 1994; it was then updated in 2004 and 2012. In 2004, the updated strategy focused on command structures, intelligence and surveillance, enforcement and deployment of U.S. Border Patrol agents to better respond to threats at the border. The strategic planning led to broader policy development for the DHS which led to the <a href="/wiki/Secure_Border_Initiative" title="Secure Border Initiative">Secure Border Initiative</a> (SBI) in 2005 to secure U.S. borders and reduce illegal migration. The main components of SBI dealt with staffing concerns, removal capacity, surveillance and tactical infrastructure and interior enforcement.<sup id="cite_ref-Seghetti_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seghetti-146">[146]</a></sup> The aim of this initiative is to overcome the limitations of physical barriers through the use of surveillance technologies known as "SBInet."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-147">[147]</a></sup> The SBInet technology has not worked as well as potentially intended, facing a number of technical issues that have limited its effectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-147">[147]</a></sup> Part of the initiative also focused on increasing detention and removal capacity, with an objective to add an additional 2,000 beds to detentional facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-148">[148]</a></sup> With expansion of detention and removal capabilities this was also the objective to end the "catch and release" process that had been occurring previously.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-148">[148]</a></sup> An additional component was "high consequence enforcement", which was not the subject of a formal public policy document. There was the allowance, historically, for voluntary returns of individuals apprehended at the border by Border Patrol agents. These voluntary returns, after the SBI of 2005, were limited to three "high consequence outcomes".<sup id="cite_ref-Seghetti_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seghetti-146">[146]</a></sup>
</p><p>One "high consequence outcome" was formal removal, which meant the individual would be deemed ineligible for a visa for at least five years and subject to criminal charges if caught re-entering illegally. The <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act</a> permitted aliens to be formally removed with "limited judicial processing" known as expedited removal. The DHS has expanded between 2002 and 2006, expedited removal for "certain aliens that entered within previous two weeks and were apprehended within 161 km (100 mi) of the border".<sup id="cite_ref-Seghetti_146-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seghetti-146">[146]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Another "high consequence outcome" is the increase in criminal charges. The DHS has also worked with the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a> (DOJ) to increase the number of apprehended individuals crossing the border illegally who are charged with criminal offenses. Most of these cases are prosecuted under Operation Streamline.<sup id="cite_ref-Seghetti_146-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seghetti-146">[146]</a></sup> The third "high consequence outcome" is known as remote repatriation. This is the return of apprehended Mexicans to remote locations by Border Patrol rather than the nearest Mexican port of entry.<sup id="cite_ref-Seghetti_146-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seghetti-146">[146]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="100-mile_border_zone">100-mile border zone</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 100-mile border zone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Border_search_exception" title="Border search exception">Border search exception</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Special:EditPage/Mexico–United States border">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USMC-10343.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/USMC-10343.jpg/220px-USMC-10343.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/USMC-10343.jpg/330px-USMC-10343.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/USMC-10343.jpg/440px-USMC-10343.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Army_National_Guard" title="North Carolina Army National Guard">North Carolina Army National Guard</a> monitoring the U.S.–Mexico border in southwest Arizona</figcaption></figure>
<p>The U.S. has established a 161 km (100 mi) border zone which applies to all U.S. external borders including all coasts, in effect covering two-thirds of the U.S. population,<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></sup> including a majority of the largest cities in the U.S. and several entire states (namely <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-100mileborder_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100mileborder-150">[150]</a></sup> The border zone was established by the U.S. DOJ in its interpretation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-100mileborder_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100mileborder-150">[150]</a></sup> Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officials have authority to stop and search within this zone and are authorized to enter private property without a warrant within 40 km (25 mi) of the border as well as establish checkpoints.<sup id="cite_ref-100mileborder_150-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100mileborder-150">[150]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rickerd_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rickerd-151">[151]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution</a> protects against unreasonable <a href="/wiki/Search_and_seizure" title="Search and seizure">search and seizure</a>. However, under the border search exception, this protection does not fully apply at borders or border crossings (also known as ports of entry) or in the border zone. This means that much of the U.S. population is subject to CBP regulations including stop and search. There are some limits to CBP officials' ability to stop and search. For instance CBP officials are not allowed to pull anyone over without a reasonable suspicion of immigration violation or crime, or search vehicles without warrant or probable cause.<sup id="cite_ref-100mileborder_150-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100mileborder-150">[150]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/ACLU" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLU">ACLU</a>, however, found that CBP officials routinely ignore or misunderstand the limits of authority, and this is compounded by inadequate training, lack of oversight and failure to hold officials accountable for abuse—incidence of abuse is common.<sup id="cite_ref-100mileborder_150-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100mileborder-150">[150]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Operation_Streamline">Operation Streamline</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Operation Streamline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tucson_Federal_Courthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tucson_Federal_Courthouse.jpg/220px-Tucson_Federal_Courthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tucson_Federal_Courthouse.jpg/330px-Tucson_Federal_Courthouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tucson_Federal_Courthouse.jpg/440px-Tucson_Federal_Courthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2434" data-file-height="2875" /></a><figcaption>Federal courthouse in Tucson, Arizona, where Operation Streamline proceedings take place</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/wiki/Operation_Streamline" title="Operation Streamline">Operation Streamline</a> refers collectively to zero-tolerance policies implemented at the Mexico–U.S. border that seek to remove illegal immigrants through an expedited process if they have arrived with missing or fraudulent identification or have previously been convicted for an immigration crime.<sup id="cite_ref-Lydgate_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lydgate-152">[152]</a></sup> It was first implemented in Del Rio, Texas, in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-Nazarian_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nazarian-153">[153]</a></sup> The program has since expanded to four out of the five federal judicial districts on the U.S.–Mexico border: Yuma, Arizona; Laredo, Texas; Tucson, Arizona; and Rio Grande Valley, Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-Lydgate_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lydgate-152">[152]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kerwin_&_McCabe_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerwin_&_McCabe-154">[154]</a></sup>
</p><p>Previously, immigrants apprehended at the border were either given the option to voluntarily return to their home country or they were placed in civil immigration proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-Lydgate_152-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lydgate-152">[152]</a></sup> After Operation Streamline was implemented, nearly all people apprehended at the border who are suspected of having crossed illegally are subject to criminal prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-Kerwin_&_McCabe_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerwin_&_McCabe-154">[154]</a></sup> Defendants who are charged with crossing into the U.S. illegally are tried en masse to determine their guilt.<sup id="cite_ref-Nazarian_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nazarian-153">[153]</a></sup> Defense attorneys often are responsible for representing up to 40 immigrants at once.<sup id="cite_ref-Nazarian_153-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nazarian-153">[153]</a></sup> Around 99% of defendants in Operation Streamline proceedings plead guilty.<sup id="cite_ref-Lydgate_152-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lydgate-152">[152]</a></sup> The defendants are charged with a <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanor</a> if convicted of crossing the border illegally for the first time and a <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a> if it is a <a href="/wiki/Recidivism" title="Recidivism">repeat offense</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nazarian_153-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nazarian-153">[153]</a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2009, it was decided in <i>United States v. Roblero-Solis</i> that en masse judicial proceedings like those in Operation Streamline violated Rule 11 in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Rules_of_Criminal_Procedure" title="Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure">Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure</a>. Rule 11 states that the court must determine that a guilty plea is voluntarily made by addressing the defendant personally in court. The <i>Roblero-Solis</i> case determined that "personally" means that the judge must address the defendant in a person-to-person manner. Though many courts have changed their procedures to adapt to the ruling, there are still forms of en masse trials practiced at the border.<sup id="cite_ref-Nazarian_153-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nazarian-153">[153]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICE_Arrest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ICE_Arrest.jpg/220px-ICE_Arrest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ICE_Arrest.jpg/330px-ICE_Arrest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ICE_Arrest.jpg/440px-ICE_Arrest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE ERO</a> officers deporting a man wanted for two murders in Mexico</figcaption></figure>
<p>Proponents of Operation Streamline claim that the harsher prosecution has been an important factor in deterring immigrants from crossing the border illegally. Apprehensions have decreased in certain sectors after 2005, which is seen as a sign of success. For example, the Del Rio sector saw a decline from 2005 to 2009 of 75% (from 68,510 to 17,082). Similarly, apprehensions declined in Yuma by 95% (from 138,438 to 6,951) from 2006 to 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Kerwin_&_McCabe_154-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerwin_&_McCabe-154">[154]</a></sup>
</p><p>Criticisms of Operation Streamline point to the program's heavy use of federal court and enforcement resources as a negative aspect.<sup id="cite_ref-Kerwin_&_McCabe_154-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerwin_&_McCabe-154">[154]</a></sup> In addition, the prosecution of all illegal border crossings takes the focus away from prosecuting more serious crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-Kerwin_&_McCabe_154-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerwin_&_McCabe-154">[154]</a></sup> They claim that the program's cost is too high for the effectiveness of the work it is accomplishing.<sup id="cite_ref-Nazarian_153-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nazarian-153">[153]</a></sup> In response to the claim that Operation Streamline is an effective deterrent, critics of the program claim that the incentives to cross the border in order to work or be with family are much stronger.<sup id="cite_ref-Nazarian_153-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nazarian-153">[153]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Environment">Environment</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_along_the_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues along the Mexico–United States border">Environmental issues along the Mexico–United States border</a></div>
<p>The Agreement on Cooperation for the Protection and Improvement of the Environment in the Border Area, known as the <i>La Paz Agreement</i>, was signed into law on August 14, 1983, and became enforceable on February 16, 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></sup> This agreement to protect the environment is the political foundation between the U.S. and Mexico for 4 subsequent programs. Each program has addressed environmental destruction in the border region resulting from the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Maquiladora" title="Maquiladora">maquiladora</a> industries, those who migrated to northern Mexico to work in the industries, the lack of infrastructure to accommodate the people, Mexico's lax regulations concerning all these factors, the resulting spillover into the U.S., and the U.S.'s own environmentally destructive tendencies. The programs were: IBEP (1992), Border XXI (1996), Border 2012 (2003) and Border 2020 (2012).<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section
<b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border##" title="Talk:Mexico–United States border">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22">"Mexico–United States border"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico-US_border_at_Tijuana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mexico-US_border_at_Tijuana.jpg/220px-Mexico-US_border_at_Tijuana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mexico-US_border_at_Tijuana.jpg/330px-Mexico-US_border_at_Tijuana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mexico-US_border_at_Tijuana.jpg/440px-Mexico-US_border_at_Tijuana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5916" data-file-height="3434" /></a><figcaption>Mexico–U.S. border wall at Tijuana, Mexico</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 2006, during the presidency of George W. Bush, Congress approved Secure Fence Act which allowed the Department of Homeland Security to erect a border fence along the U.S.–Mexico border. Congress also approved a different law called the REAL ID Act which gave the Department of Homeland Security the approval to build the wall without taking into consideration the environmental and legal issues related to the wall. The U.S. Congress insisted that the act was passed for the sake of national security of the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn2007_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn2007-157">[157]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to a delegation of Arizona park and refuge managers, wildlife biologists, and conservationists who studied the U.S. and Mexico border concluded that building a wall along the Mexico border would also have negative impacts on the natural environment in the region. They argued that the border wall would negatively affect the wildlife in the Sonoran Desert including plants and animals. Naturally, animals do not tend to stay in one place and instead, they expedite to various places for water, plants, and other means in order to survive. The wall would restrict animals to a specific territory and would reduce their chances of survival. According to Brian Segee, a staff attorney with Wildlife Activists says that except high flying birds, animals would not be able to move to other places because of the wall along the border. For instance, participants in this study argued that some species such as <a href="/wiki/Peccary" title="Peccary">javelinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocelot" title="Ocelot">ocelots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_pronghorn" title="Sonoran pronghorn">Sonoran pronghorn</a> would not be able to freely move along the border areas. It would also restrict the movement of jaguars from Sierra Madre occidental forests to the southwestern parts of the U.S. According to Brian Nowicki, a conservation biologist at the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Biological_Diversity" title="Center for Biological Diversity">Center for Biological Diversity</a>, there are 30 animal species living in the Arizona and Sonora that face danger.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn2007_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn2007-157">[157]</a></sup> In 2021, an endangered <a href="/wiki/Mexican_gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican gray wolf">Mexican gray wolf</a> was stopped from crossing from New Mexico into Mexico by a section of border wall.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Transborder_students">Transborder students</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Transborder students"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Special:EditPage/Mexico–United States border">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22">"Mexico–United States border"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nogales-Grand_Avenue_Port_of_Entry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nogales-Grand_Avenue_Port_of_Entry.jpg/220px-Nogales-Grand_Avenue_Port_of_Entry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nogales-Grand_Avenue_Port_of_Entry.jpg/330px-Nogales-Grand_Avenue_Port_of_Entry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nogales-Grand_Avenue_Port_of_Entry.jpg/440px-Nogales-Grand_Avenue_Port_of_Entry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>Entrance into Mexico at Nogales, AZ</figcaption></figure>
<p>Many schools near the border in America have students that live on the Mexican side of the border. These students are "transborder students", as they live in Mexico but are enrolled in the U.S. education system. There are thousands of elementary through high school students that cross the Mexican-American border. They are known to wake up in the early hours of the morning to make their way to the border, where they wait in long lines to cross into the U.S. After crossing the border, the students find a ride to school. Many students come to America for the opportunity, because it has a more developed and organized educational system. Students who go to school in America have a better chance of reaching higher education in the U.S. In many parts of Mexico, compulsory education ends at age sixteen. Many of the transborder students are natural-born U.S. citizens. Students that were born in America have the right to American education, even if they do not live in the U.S. In places like the San Diego and Tijuana border, it is much cheaper to live in Mexico. San Diego has a high cost of living and one of the highest student homeless rates in the country, so many families move to Tijuana because it is more affordable to raise a family.
</p><p>In order to prevent Mexican children from illegally coming to America for education, some bordertown schools require official documentation (bills, mail, etc.) from students. This is to ensure that only students that are entitled to an education in the U.S. receive one.
</p><p>In Brownsville, a city on the southern border of Texas, a court ruled that school districts cannot deny students education if they have the proper paperwork. Many transborder students who live in these districts with these requirements will use extended family members' addresses to prove their residency. Questions about the legitimacy of student residency have risen since the Trump administration took office in 2017, making it riskier to cross the border for education.
</p><p>These transborder students also raise questions about the acquisition of healthcare, as most Mexican students who attend university in the U.S. who also have family across the border are known to use the Mexican healthcare system instead of U.S. or university sources.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-159">[159]</a></sup> The opposite case was also studied, seeking to find if U.S. students and citizens outsource their medical care from Mexican hospitals; however it was concluded that the use of, "cross-border healthcare diminishes significantly with English language acquisition."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-159">[159]</a></sup>
</p><p>Also researched is the impact of changing education for those children who attended school in the U.S. prior to deportation, and are now readjusting to a new education system within Mexico. In one study, when repatriated children were asked about how their world perspectives were changed once they returned to Mexico, they spoke to three main areas, "shifting identities, learning and losing named language, and schooling across borders."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-160">[160]</a></sup> The most frequent point mentioned in terms of changing schooling is the difficulty to adapt to a system in which they are unfamiliar, in a named language they might have lost, and where there is minimal continuity in the methodology of teaching. It is suggested in this study that while the U.S. has a long history of teaching immigrant students, along with tried and tested assimilation programming to support foreign children in U.S. border schools, Mexican systems do not, making the change nearly impossible for newly deported students to learn.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-160">[160]</a></sup> While the Mexican Secretariat of the Public has vowed to change the legislation surrounding this issue, bilingual education is still only awarded to expensive private schools.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_160-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-160">[160]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214689105">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .portalbox{background:transparent}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .pane{background:transparent}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright">
<li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_conflicts_on_the_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_barrier" title="Indigenous conflicts on the Mexico–United States barrier">Indigenous conflicts on the Mexico–United States barrier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_diplomatic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Mexico–United States diplomatic crisis">2017 Mexico–United States diplomatic crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Border_Protection,_Anti-terrorism,_and_Illegal_Immigration_Control_Act_of_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005">Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Border_War_(1910%E2%80%9319)" class="mw-redirect" title="Border War (1910–19)">Border War (1910–19)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Illegal drug trade in the United States">Illegal drug trade in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Mexico" title="Illegal immigration to Mexico">Illegal immigration to Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration to the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_(municipios)_and_counties_on_the_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" class="mw-redirect" title="List of municipalities (municipios) and counties on the Mexico–United States border">List of municipalities (municipios) and counties on the Mexico–United States border</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_international_park" title="Mexico–United States international park">Mexico–United States international park</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mexico–United States relations">Mexico–United States relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jump_Start" title="Operation Jump Start">Operation Jump Start</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phalanx_(2010-2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Phalanx (2010-2016)">Operation Phalanx (2010–2016)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Reservation" title="Roosevelt Reservation">Roosevelt Reservation</a></li>
<li>Spillover of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Fence_Act_of_2006" title="Secure Fence Act of 2006">Secure Fence Act of 2006</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault_of_migrants_from_Latin_America_to_the_United_States" title="Sexual assault of migrants from Latin America to the United States">Sexual assault of migrants from Latin America to the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limits_(Mexico%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)">Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol_interior_checkpoints" title="United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints">United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-us-ibwc-about-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-us-ibwc-about_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-us-ibwc-about_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032356/http://www.ibwc.gov/About_Us/About_Us.html">"The International Boundary and Water Commission - Its Mission, Organization and Procedures for Solution of Boundary and Water Problems"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibwc.gov/About_Us/about_us.html">the original</a> on September 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+International+Boundary+and+Water+Commission+-+Its+Mission%2C+Organization+and+Procedures+for+Solution+of+Boundary+and+Water+Problems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibwc.gov%2FAbout_Us%2Fabout_us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMizeSwords2010" class="citation book cs1">Mize, Ronald L.; Swords, Alicia C. S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_DDre5B1lLcC&pg=PA175"><i>Consuming Mexican Labor: From the Bracero Program to NAFTA</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0158-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0158-1"><bdi>978-1-4426-0158-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consuming+Mexican+Labor%3A+From+the+Bracero+Program+to+NAFTA&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-0158-1&rft.aulast=Mize&rft.aufirst=Ronald+L.&rft.au=Swords%2C+Alicia+C.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_DDre5B1lLcC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-1970BT-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1970BT_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/bi-51757.pdf">"Treaty to Resolve Pending Boundary Differences and Maintain the Rio Grande and Colorado River as the International Boundary between the United States of America and México"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. November 23, 1970<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+to+Resolve+Pending+Boundary+Differences+and+Maintain+the+Rio+Grande+and+Colorado+River+as+the+International+Boundary+between+the+United+States+of+America+and+M%C3%A9xico&rft.date=1970-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaolex.fao.org%2Fdocs%2Fpdf%2Fbi-51757.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ssrn-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ssrn_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssrn_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2011" class="citation journal cs1">McCarthy, Robert J. (Spring 2011). "Executive Authority, Adaptive Treaty Interpretation, and the International Boundary and Water Commission, U.S.–Mexico". <i>Water Law Review</i>: 3–5. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1839903">1839903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Executive+Authority%2C+Adaptive+Treaty+Interpretation%2C+and+the+International+Boundary+and+Water+Commission%2C+U.S.%E2%80%93Mexico&rft.ssn=spring&rft.pages=3-5&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1839903%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-with-the-longest-land-borders.html">"Countries With the Longest Land Borders"</a>. <i>WorldAtlas</i>. August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=Countries+With+the+Longest+Land+Borders&rft.date=2019-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fcountries-with-the-longest-land-borders.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLevanetz" class="citation web cs1">Levanetz, Joel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sandiegohistory.org/journal/v54-1/pdf/Levanetz.pdf">"A Compromised Country: Redefining the U.S.-Mexico Border"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>San Diego History Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Diego+History+Center&rft.atitle=A+Compromised+Country%3A+Redefining+the+U.S.-Mexico+Border&rft.aulast=Levanetz&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsandiegohistory.org%2Fjournal%2Fv54-1%2Fpdf%2FLevanetz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111015035847/http://ibwc.gov/Files/US-Mx_Boundary_Map.pdf">"United States Section Directive"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibwc.gov/Files/US-Mx_Boundary_Map.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Section+Directive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibwc.gov%2FFiles%2FUS-Mx_Boundary_Map.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.library.pima.gov/content/gadsden-purchase/">"Gadsden Purchase"</a>. <i>Pima County Public Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pima+County+Public+Library&rft.atitle=Gadsden+Purchase&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.pima.gov%2Fcontent%2Fgadsden-purchase%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez1988" class="citation book cs1">Martínez, Oscar J. (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/troublesomeborde00osca_0"><i>Troublesome Border</i></a></span>. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-1104-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-1104-4"><bdi>978-0-8165-1104-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Troublesome+Border&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-1104-4&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.aufirst=Oscar+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftroublesomeborde00osca_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPeschard-Sverdrup2003" class="citation book cs1">Peschard-Sverdrup, Armand (2003). <i>U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Water Management: The Case of the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo</i> (1 ed.). Center for Strategic & International Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89206-424-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89206-424-3"><bdi>978-0-89206-424-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.-Mexico+Transboundary+Water+Management%3A+The+Case+of+the+Rio+Grande%2FRio+Bravo&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Center+for+Strategic+%26+International+Studies&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-89206-424-3&rft.aulast=Peschard-Sverdrup&rft.aufirst=Armand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFYardley2002" class="citation news cs1">Yardley, Jim (April 19, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/19/us/water-rights-war-rages-on-faltering-rio-grande.html">"Water Rights War Rages on Faltering Rio Grande"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Water+Rights+War+Rages+on+Faltering+Rio+Grande&rft.date=2002-04-19&rft.aulast=Yardley&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F04%2F19%2Fus%2Fwater-rights-war-rages-on-faltering-rio-grande.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHart2000" class="citation book cs1">Hart, John M. (2000). "The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1920". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195112283/page/433"><i>Oxford History of Mexico</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195112283/page/433">433–466</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511228-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511228-3"><bdi>978-0-19-511228-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mexican+Revolution%2C+1910%E2%80%931920&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+Mexico&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=433-466&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511228-3&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195112283%2Fpage%2F433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Lorey,_David_E_1999-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lorey,_David_E_1999_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorey,_David_E_1999_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLorey1999" class="citation book cs1">Lorey, David E. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/usmexicanborderi0000lore"><i>The U.S.-Mexican Border in the Twentieth Century</i></a></span>. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2756-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2756-4"><bdi>978-0-8420-2756-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.-Mexican+Border+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Wilmington&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8420-2756-4&rft.aulast=Lorey&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fusmexicanborderi0000lore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Some Events in the History of Mexico and the Border". <i>The Journal of American History</i>. <b>86</b> (2): 453–454. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2567039">10.2307/2567039</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2567039">2567039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Some+Events+in+the+History+of+Mexico+and+the+Border&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=453-454&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2567039&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2567039%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sherman, John W. (Fall 2016). "Fascist 'Gold Shirts' on the Río Grande: Borderlands Intrigue in the Time of Lázaro Cárdenas". <i>Journal of South Texas</i>. <b>30</b>: 8–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+South+Texas&rft.atitle=Fascist+%27Gold+Shirts%27+on+the+R%C3%ADo+Grande%3A+Borderlands+Intrigue+in+the+Time+of+L%C3%A1zaro+C%C3%A1rdenas&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=8-21&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSt._John2011" class="citation book cs1">St. John, Rachel (2011). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/linesandhistoryw00john"><i>Line in the Sand: A History of the Western U.S.-Mexico Border</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/linesandhistoryw00john/page/n16">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15613-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15613-2"><bdi>978-0-691-15613-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Line+in+the+Sand%3A+A+History+of+the+Western+U.S.-Mexico+Border&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Princeton%2C+NJ%3A+Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15613-2&rft.aulast=St.+John&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flinesandhistoryw00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJohn" class="citation web cs1">John, Rachel St. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/raging-controversy-border-began-100-years-ago-180969343/">"The Raging Controversy at the Border Began With This Incident 100 Years Ago"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Raging+Controversy+at+the+Border+Began+With+This+Incident+100+Years+Ago&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Rachel+St&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fraging-controversy-border-began-100-years-ago-180969343%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151009042029/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Convention_of_1905.pdf">"Convention Between the United States and Mexico for the Elimination of the Bancos in the Rio Grande from the Effects of Article II of the Treaty of November 12, 1884"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. June 5, 1907. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Convention_of_1905.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Convention+Between+the+United+States+and+Mexico+for+the+Elimination+of+the+Bancos+in+the+Rio+Grande+from+the+Effects+of+Article+II+of+the+Treaty+of+November+12%2C+1884&rft.date=1907-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibwc.state.gov%2FFiles%2FConvention_of_1905.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMetz2010" class="citation web cs1">Metz, Leon C. (June 12, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rnb08">"Bancos of the Rio Grande"</a>. <i>Handbook of Texas Online</i>. Texas State Historical Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161027194705/https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rnb08%29">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Texas+Online&rft.atitle=Bancos+of+the+Rio+Grande&rft.date=2010-06-12&rft.aulast=Metz&rft.aufirst=Leon+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Frnb08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibwc.gov/Treaties_Minutes/Minutes.html">"IBWC Minutes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" title="International Boundary and Water Commission">International Boundary and Water Commission</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBWC+Minutes&rft.pub=International+Boundary+and+Water+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibwc.gov%2FTreaties_Minutes%2FMinutes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=zTEHCtUumBXk.k-ueCthwuSNs">"USA-Mexico Bancos Map"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USA-Mexico+Bancos+Map&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fd%2Fedit%3Fmid%3DzTEHCtUumBXk.k-ueCthwuSNs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMueller,_Jerry_E.1975" class="citation book cs1">Mueller, Jerry E. (1975). <i>Restless River, International Law and the Behavior of the Rio Grande</i>. Texas Western Press. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87404-050-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87404-050-0"><bdi>978-0-87404-050-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restless+River%2C+International+Law+and+the+Behavior+of+the+Rio+Grande&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Texas+Western+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-87404-050-0&rft.au=Mueller%2C+Jerry+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" class="citation web cs1">International Boundary and Water Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308032837/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Min144.pdf">"Minutes 144"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Min144.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 8, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minutes+144&rft.au=International+Boundary+and+Water+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibwc.state.gov%2FFiles%2FMinutes%2FMin144.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" class="citation web cs1">International Boundary and Water Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308033025/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Min158.pdf">"Minutes 158"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Min158.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 8, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minutes+158&rft.au=International+Boundary+and+Water+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibwc.state.gov%2FFiles%2FMinutes%2FMin158.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-maritime-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maritime_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/oes/ocns/opa/c28187.htm">"Maritime Boundaries"</a>. United States Department of State<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maritime+Boundaries&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fe%2Foes%2Focns%2Fopa%2Fc28187.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bancos-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bancos_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713015418/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Treaties_Minutes/Minutes.html">"Minutes between the United States and Mexican Sections of the IBWC"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" title="International Boundary and Water Commission">International Boundary and Water Commission</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibwc.state.gov/Treaties_Minutes/Minutes.html">the original</a> on July 13, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minutes+between+the+United+States+and+Mexican+Sections+of+the+IBWC&rft.pub=International+Boundary+and+Water+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibwc.state.gov%2FTreaties_Minutes%2FMinutes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-minute315-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-minute315_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411202233/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Joint_Report_315.pdf">"Minute 315: Adoption of the Delineation of the International Boundary on the 2008 Aerial Photographic Mosaic of the Rio Grande"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" title="International Boundary and Water Commission">International Boundary and Water Commission</a>. November 24, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Joint_Report_315.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 11, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minute+315%3A+Adoption+of+the+Delineation+of+the+International+Boundary+on+the+2008+Aerial+Photographic+Mosaic+of+the+Rio+Grande&rft.pub=International+Boundary+and+Water+Commission&rft.date=2009-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibwc.state.gov%2FFiles%2FMinutes%2FJoint_Report_315.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLinthicumMcDonnellMinjares2023" class="citation web cs1">Linthicum, Kate; McDonnell, Patrick J.; Minjares, Gabriela (March 28, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-03-28/mexico-border-dozens-dead-migrant-center-fire">"At least 38 migrants killed in a fire at a detention center in Mexico"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=At+least+38+migrants+killed+in+a+fire+at+a+detention+center+in+Mexico&rft.date=2023-03-28&rft.aulast=Linthicum&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.au=McDonnell%2C+Patrick+J.&rft.au=Minjares%2C+Gabriela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld-nation%2Fstory%2F2023-03-28%2Fmexico-border-dozens-dead-migrant-center-fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BGTG-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BGTG_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGTG_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGolsonThia_Golson2008" class="citation book cs1">Golson, Barry; Thia Golson (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hknZxFWtWnQC&pg=PA75"><i>Retirement Without Borders: How to Retire Abroad – in Mexico, France, Italy, Spain, Costa Rica, Panama, and Other Sunny, Foreign Places</i></a>. New York, New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-9701-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-9701-1"><bdi>978-0-7432-9701-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Retirement+Without+Borders%3A+How+to+Retire+Abroad+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3Bin+Mexico%2C+France%2C+Italy%2C+Spain%2C+Costa+Rica%2C+Panama%2C+and+Other+Sunny%2C+Foreign+Places&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-9701-1&rft.aulast=Golson&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=Thia+Golson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhknZxFWtWnQC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-auto-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGlenday2009" class="citation book cs1">Glenday, Craig (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aHYt0RNSDfgC&q=most%20frequently%20crossed%20border%20guinness&pg=PA457"><i>Guinness World Records 2009</i></a>. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 457. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-59256-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-59256-6"><bdi>978-0-553-59256-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+World+Records+2009&rft.pages=457&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-553-59256-6&rft.aulast=Glenday&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaHYt0RNSDfgC%26q%3Dmost%2520frequently%2520crossed%2520border%2520guinness%26pg%3DPA457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-google.com-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google.com_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228012612/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jHLM81sN-H02Sf1CANZvBoE9mUwA">"US, Mexico open first new border crossing in 10 years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">AFP</a></i>. Washington. January 12, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jHLM81sN-H02Sf1CANZvBoE9mUwA">the original</a> on February 28, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2012</span>. <q>The US–Mexico border is the busiest in the world, with approximately 350 million crossings per year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AFP&rft.atitle=US%2C+Mexico+open+first+new+border+crossing+in+10+years&rft.date=2010-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5jHLM81sN-H02Sf1CANZvBoE9mUwA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915105245/http://www.nmsu.edu/~bec/BEC/Readings/10.USMBHC-TheBorderAtAGlance.pdf">"The United States–Mexico Border Region at a Glance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United States–Mexico Border Health Commission</i>. New Mexico State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmsu.edu/~bec/BEC/Readings/10.USMBHC-TheBorderAtAGlance.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2012</span>. <q>In 2001, over 300 million two-way border crossings took place at the 43 POEs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States%E2%80%93Mexico+Border+Health+Commission&rft.atitle=The+United+States%E2%80%93Mexico+Border+Region+at+a+Glance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmsu.edu%2F~bec%2FBEC%2FReadings%2F10.USMBHC-TheBorderAtAGlance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/magazine/gallery/2017/02/photo-gallery-san-ysidro-california-us-mexico-border-000710?slide=0">"A Day at the Busiest Border Crossing in the World"</a>. <i>POLITICO Magazine</i>. February 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Day+at+the+Busiest+Border+Crossing+in+the+World&rft.date=2017-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fgallery%2F2017%2F02%2Fphoto-gallery-san-ysidro-california-us-mexico-border-000710%3Fslide%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-OECD2010-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OECD2010_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFOECD2010" class="citation book cs1">OECD (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_vRPU5LZcIC&pg=PA331"><i>Regional Development Policies in OECD Countries</i></a>. OECD Publishing. p. 331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-08725-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-08725-5"><bdi>978-92-64-08725-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regional+Development+Policies+in+OECD+Countries&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-92-64-08725-5&rft.au=OECD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7_vRPU5LZcIC%26pg%3DPA331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Berndes-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berndes_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBerndes2009" class="citation book cs1">Berndes, Barry (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h9ejDrOkkc4C&pg=PA227"><i>The San Diegan – 41st Edition</i></a>. The San Diegan. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890226-13-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-890226-13-8"><bdi>978-1-890226-13-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+San+Diegan+%E2%80%93+41st+Edition&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=The+San+Diegan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-890226-13-8&rft.aulast=Berndes&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh9ejDrOkkc4C%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Gaynor2009-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gaynor2009_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGaynor2009" class="citation book cs1">Gaynor, Tim (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Etodgf8bEGsC&pg=PA81"><i>Midnight on the Line: The Secret Life of the U.S.–Mexico Border</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-9462-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-9462-0"><bdi>978-1-4299-9462-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Midnight+on+the+Line%3A+The+Secret+Life+of+the+U.S.%E2%80%93Mexico+Border&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-9462-0&rft.aulast=Gaynor&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEtodgf8bEGsC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d08219.pdf"><i>Border Security: Despite Progress, Weaknesses in Traveler Inspections Exist at Our Nation's Port of Entry</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Government Accountability Office. November 2007. p. 10. GAO-08-219<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2014</span>. <q>and the busiest land crossing in the United States at San Ysidro, California, which processes over 17 million vehicles a year (see fig. 1);</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Border+Security%3A+Despite+Progress%2C+Weaknesses+in+Traveler+Inspections+Exist+at+Our+Nation%27s+Port+of+Entry&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Accountability+Office&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gao.gov%2Fnew.items%2Fd08219.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2012" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Patricia Leigh (January 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/17/us/young-us-citizens-in-mexico-up-early-to-learn-in-the-us.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">"Young U.S. Citizens in Mexico Brave Risks for American Schools"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Young+U.S.+Citizens+in+Mexico+Brave+Risks+for+American+Schools&rft.date=2012-01-16&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Leigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F01%2F17%2Fus%2Fyoung-us-citizens-in-mexico-up-early-to-learn-in-the-us.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2017" class="citation news cs1">Ahmed, Azam (February 8, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/02/08/world/americas/before-the-wall-life-along-the-us-mexico-border.html">"Before the Wall: Life Along the U.S.-Mexico Border"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Before+the+Wall%3A+Life+Along+the+U.S.-Mexico+Border&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Azam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2017%2F02%2F08%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fbefore-the-wall-life-along-the-us-mexico-border.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFYogerstMellin2002" class="citation book cs1">Yogerst, Joe; Mellin, Maribeth (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fk3uzf9zSwAC&pg=PA341"><i>Traveler's Companion California</i></a>. Globe Pequot. p. 341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-2203-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-2203-7"><bdi>978-0-7627-2203-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traveler%27s+Companion+California&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-2203-7&rft.aulast=Yogerst&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.au=Mellin%2C+Maribeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfk3uzf9zSwAC%26pg%3DPA341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2008" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Robert N. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IXq7CdAiQOQC&pg=PA190"><i>A Geography Of Time: On Tempo, Culture, And The Pace Of Life</i></a>. Basic Books. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-2253-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-2253-2"><bdi>978-0-7867-2253-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Geography+Of+Time%3A+On+Tempo%2C+Culture%2C+And+The+Pace+Of+Life&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-2253-2&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Robert+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIXq7CdAiQOQC%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMendozaLoucky2008" class="citation book cs1">Mendoza, Cristobal; Loucky, James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KDc2r0SC5PIC&pg=PA55">"Recent Trends in Mexico-U.S. Border Demographics"</a>. In Alper, Donald K.; Day, John Chadwick; Loucky, James (eds.). <i>Transboundary Policy Challenges in the Pacific Border Regions of North America</i>. University of Calgary Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55238-223-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55238-223-3"><bdi>978-1-55238-223-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recent+Trends+in+Mexico-U.S.+Border+Demographics&rft.btitle=Transboundary+Policy+Challenges+in+the+Pacific+Border+Regions+of+North+America&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=University+of+Calgary+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55238-223-3&rft.aulast=Mendoza&rft.aufirst=Cristobal&rft.au=Loucky%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKDc2r0SC5PIC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MESA-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MESA_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MESA_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.otaymesa.org/border-waiting/">"Border Wait Times and Border Crossing Statistics"</a>. <i>otaymesa.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=otaymesa.org&rft.atitle=Border+Wait+Times+and+Border+Crossing+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.otaymesa.org%2Fborder-waiting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/science-environment/san-ysidro-is-getting-a-clearer-look-at-just-how-polluted-it-is/">"San Ysidro Is Getting a Clearer Look at Just How Polluted it is"</a>. <i>Voice of San Diego</i>. April 23, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+San+Diego&rft.atitle=San+Ysidro+Is+Getting+a+Clearer+Look+at+Just+How+Polluted+it+is&rft.date=2018-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voiceofsandiego.org%2Ftopics%2Fscience-environment%2Fsan-ysidro-is-getting-a-clearer-look-at-just-how-polluted-it-is%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-sandag-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sandag_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sandag_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandag.org/uploads/publicationid/publicationid_1933_18945.pdf">"Border Health Equity Transportation Study"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. February 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Border+Health+Equity+Transportation+Study&rft.date=2015-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandag.org%2Fuploads%2Fpublicationid%2Fpublicationid_1933_18945.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/06/24/the-worlds-most-dangerous-borders/">"The World's Most Dangerous Borders"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i>. June 24, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Most+Dangerous+Borders&rft.date=2011-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2011%2F06%2F24%2Fthe-worlds-most-dangerous-borders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.expatistan.com/cost-of-living/tijuana">"Cost of Living in Tijuana, Mexico. Jul 2018 prices in Tijuana"</a>. <i>Expatistan, cost of living comparisons</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Expatistan%2C+cost+of+living+comparisons&rft.atitle=Cost+of+Living+in+Tijuana%2C+Mexico.+Jul+2018+prices+in+Tijuana.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.expatistan.com%2Fcost-of-living%2Ftijuana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/karlazabludovsky/tijuana-wants-you-to-forget-everything-you-know-about-it">"Tijuana Wants You To Forget Everything You Know About It"</a>. <i>BuzzFeed News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BuzzFeed+News&rft.atitle=Tijuana+Wants+You+To+Forget+Everything+You+Know+About+It&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeednews.com%2Farticle%2Fkarlazabludovsky%2Ftijuana-wants-you-to-forget-everything-you-know-about-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLakhani2017" class="citation news cs1">Lakhani, Nina (December 12, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/dec/12/mexico-deportation-tijuana-trump-border">"This is what the hours after being deported look like"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=This+is+what+the+hours+after+being+deported+look+like&rft.date=2017-12-12&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Lakhani&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Finequality%2F2017%2Fdec%2F12%2Fmexico-deportation-tijuana-trump-border&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/border/small-san-diego-developers-see-a-new-frontier-in-tijuana/">"San Diego Developers See a New Frontier in Tijuana"</a>. <i>Voice of San Diego</i>. November 30, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+San+Diego&rft.atitle=San+Diego+Developers+See+a+New+Frontier+in+Tijuana&rft.date=2015-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voiceofsandiego.org%2Fborder%2Fsmall-san-diego-developers-see-a-new-frontier-in-tijuana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215123453/http://www.getyouhome.gov/html/lang_eng/eng_edl.html">"WHTI: Enhanced Drivers License"</a>. <i>Getyouhome.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getyouhome.gov/html/lang_eng/eng_edl.html">the original</a> on February 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Getyouhome.gov&rft.atitle=WHTI%3A+Enhanced+Drivers+License&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.getyouhome.gov%2Fhtml%2Flang_eng%2Feng_edl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216073223/http://www.acte.org/resources/view_article.php?id=105"><i>DHS Announces Final Western Hemisphere Air Travel</i></a>, Association of Cotpotrate Travel Executives, December 5, 2006, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acte.org/resources/view_article.php?id=105">the original</a> on December 16, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DHS+Announces+Final+Western+Hemisphere+Air+Travel&rft.pub=Association+of+Cotpotrate+Travel+Executives&rft.date=2006-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acte.org%2Fresources%2Fview_article.php%3Fid%3D105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071226044426/https://www.dhs.gov/xtrvlsec/crossingborders/whtibasics.shtm"><i>Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative: The Basics</i></a>, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/xtrvlsec/crossingborders/whtibasics.shtm">the original</a> on December 26, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Hemisphere+Travel+Initiative%3A+The+Basics&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Homeland+Security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fxtrvlsec%2Fcrossingborders%2Fwhtibasics.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070125092329/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cbpmc/cbpmc_2223.html"><i>Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative</i></a>, U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, January 13, 2008, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travel.state.gov/travel/cbpmc/cbpmc_2223.html">the original</a> on January 25, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Hemisphere+Travel+Initiative&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State%2C+Bureau+of+Consular+Affairs&rft.date=2008-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftravel.state.gov%2Ftravel%2Fcbpmc%2Fcbpmc_2223.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040911062821/http://www.nmborder.com/travel_usa.html">"Traveling to USA?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmborder.com/travel_usa.html">the original</a> on September 11, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traveling+to+USA%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmborder.com%2Ftravel_usa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDibble2015" class="citation web cs1">Dibble, Sandra (August 20, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/border-baja-california/sdut-mexico-opens-new-pedestrian-port-san-ysidro-2015aug19-story.html">"New pedestrian crossing unveiled in Tijuana"</a>. <i>Sandiegouniontribune.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sandiegouniontribune.com&rft.atitle=New+pedestrian+crossing+unveiled+in+Tijuana&rft.date=2015-08-20&rft.aulast=Dibble&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegouniontribune.com%2Fnews%2Fborder-baja-california%2Fsdut-mexico-opens-new-pedestrian-port-san-ysidro-2015aug19-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0820/Why-it-s-Mexico-s-turn-to-tighten-the-US-border">"Why it's Mexico's turn to tighten the US border"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Science Monitor">Christian Science Monitor</a></i>. August 20, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Why+it%27s+Mexico%27s+turn+to+tighten+the+US+border&rft.date=2015-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FUSA-Update%2F2015%2F0820%2FWhy-it-s-Mexico-s-turn-to-tighten-the-US-border&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2015" class="citation news cs1">Wagner, Laura (August 20, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/20/433155278/new-rules-go-into-effect-at-busy-u-s-mexico-border-crossing">"New Rules Go Into Effect At Busy U.S.–Mexico Border Crossing"</a>. <i>Npr.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Npr.org&rft.atitle=New+Rules+Go+Into+Effect+At+Busy+U.S.%E2%80%93Mexico+Border+Crossing&rft.date=2015-08-20&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2015%2F08%2F20%2F433155278%2Fnew-rules-go-into-effect-at-busy-u-s-mexico-border-crossing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202135654/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ncie/portlist.html">"Ports Designated for the Importation of Animals"</a>. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ncie/portlist.html">the original</a> on February 2, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ports+Designated+for+the+Importation+of+Animals&rft.pub=Animal+and+Plant+Health+Inspection+Service+%28APHIS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aphis.usda.gov%2Fvs%2Fncie%2Fportlist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061209004821/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ncie/portvet.html">"Port Veterinarian List"</a>. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ncie/portvet.html">the original</a> on December 9, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Port+Veterinarian+List&rft.pub=Animal+and+Plant+Health+Inspection+Service+%28APHIS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aphis.usda.gov%2Fvs%2Fncie%2Fportvet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-APHIS1997-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-APHIS1997_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APHIS1997_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101017004412/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/animals/animal_import/equine/equine_import_quarantine.shtml">"Equine Importation"</a>. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3025/imphorse.html">the original</a> on October 17, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Equine+Importation&rft.pub=Animal+and+Plant+Health+Inspection+Service+%28APHIS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpermanent.access.gpo.gov%2Flps3025%2Fimphorse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Miller2000-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller2000_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2000" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Tom (2000). <i>On the Border: Portraits of America's Southwestern Frontier</i>. iUniverse. pp. 72–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-0943-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-0943-0"><bdi>978-0-8165-0943-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Border%3A+Portraits+of+America%27s+Southwestern+Frontier&rft.pages=72-73&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-0943-0&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ca.uky.edu/gluck/q/2003/oct03/q_main.htm">"Veterinary Science"</a>. <i>Ca.uky.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ca.uky.edu&rft.atitle=Veterinary+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ca.uky.edu%2Fgluck%2Fq%2F2003%2Foct03%2Fq_main.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090419233214/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/regulations/vs/iregs/animals/downloads/mx_eq.pdf">"Import health requirements of Mexico for horses (non slaughter) exported from the United States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). December 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/NCIE/iregs/animals/mx_eq_040406.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 19, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Import+health+requirements+of+Mexico+for+horses+%28non+slaughter%29+exported+from+the+United+States&rft.pub=Animal+and+Plant+Health+Inspection+Service+%28APHIS%29&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aphis.usda.gov%2FNCIE%2Firegs%2Fanimals%2Fmx_eq_040406.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/read/13498/chapter/1#ii"><i>Options for Estimating Illegal Entries at the U.S.–Mexico Border The National Academies Press</i></a>. Washington D.C.: The National Academies Press. 2013. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F13498">10.17226/13498</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-26426-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-26426-6"><bdi>978-0-309-26426-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Options+for+Estimating+Illegal+Entries+at+the+U.S.%E2%80%93Mexico+Border+The+National+Academies+Press&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=The+National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F13498&rft.isbn=978-0-309-26426-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fread%2F13498%2Fchapter%2F1%23ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez2004" class="citation journal cs1">Martínez, Ruben (2004). "Fortress America". <i>Index on Censorship</i>. <b>33</b> (3): 48–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03064220408537373">10.1080/03064220408537373</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220990170">220990170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Index+on+Censorship&rft.atitle=Fortress+America&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=48-52&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03064220408537373&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220990170%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.aufirst=Ruben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2018" class="citation web cs1">Levin, Sam (June 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jun/05/facial-recognition-us-mexico-border-crossing">"US government to use facial recognition technology at Mexico border crossing"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=US+government+to+use+facial+recognition+technology+at+Mexico+border+crossing&rft.date=2018-06-05&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2018%2Fjun%2F05%2Ffacial-recognition-us-mexico-border-crossing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:04-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:04_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEwing2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ewing, Walter A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/jmighs2&i=198.">"Enemy Territory: Immigration Enforcement in the US–Mexico Borderlands"</a>. <i>Journal on Migration and Human Security</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 198–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14240%2Fjmhs.v2i3.32">10.14240/jmhs.v2i3.32</a></span> (inactive February 19, 2024) – via HeinOnline.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+on+Migration+and+Human+Security&rft.atitle=Enemy+Territory%3A+Immigration+Enforcement+in+the+US%E2%80%93Mexico+Borderlands&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=198-222&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14240%2Fjmhs.v2i3.32&rft.aulast=Ewing&rft.aufirst=Walter+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FP%3Fh%3Dhein.journals%2Fjmighs2%26i%3D198.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_February_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2024">link</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-cbp.gov-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbp.gov_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbp.gov_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/along-us-borders/overview">"Border Patrol Overview"</a>. <i>cbp.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cbp.gov&rft.atitle=Border+Patrol+Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbp.gov%2Fborder-security%2Falong-us-borders%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNewell2016" class="citation journal cs1">Newell, Bryce Clayton (May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01972243.2016.1153013">"Information seeking, technology use, and vulnerability among migrants at the United States–Mexico border"</a>. <i>Information Society</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 176–191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01972243.2016.1153013">10.1080/01972243.2016.1153013</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Society&rft.atitle=Information+seeking%2C+technology+use%2C+and+vulnerability+among+migrants+at+the+United+States%E2%80%93Mexico+border&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=176-191&rft.date=2016-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01972243.2016.1153013&rft.aulast=Newell&rft.aufirst=Bryce+Clayton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F01972243.2016.1153013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-pulsamerica1-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pulsamerica1_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pulsamerica1_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006011832/http://www.pulsamerica.co.uk/2013/07/the-u-s-mexico-border-under-the-economic-lens-and-in-the-historical-frame/">"The U.S.–Mexico border: under the economic lens and in the historical frame"</a>. <i>pulsamerica.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pulsamerica.co.uk/2013/07/the-u-s-mexico-border-under-the-economic-lens-and-in-the-historical-frame/">the original</a> on October 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pulsamerica.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+U.S.%E2%80%93Mexico+border%3A+under+the+economic+lens+and+in+the+historical+frame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pulsamerica.co.uk%2F2013%2F07%2Fthe-u-s-mexico-border-under-the-economic-lens-and-in-the-historical-frame%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-smithson1-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smithson1_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smithson1_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/bord/intro.html">"Borders and Identity"</a>. <i>smithsonianeducation.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=smithsonianeducation.org&rft.atitle=Borders+and+Identity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianeducation.org%2Fmigrations%2Fbord%2Fintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Vulliamy2010-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vulliamy2010_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vulliamy2010_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vulliamy2010_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVulliamy2010" class="citation book cs1">Vulliamy, Ed (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amexicawaralongb00vull"><i>Amexica: War Along the Borderline</i></a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-10441-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-10441-2"><bdi>978-0-374-10441-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amexica%3A+War+Along+the+Borderline&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-374-10441-2&rft.aulast=Vulliamy&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famexicawaralongb00vull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2010-06-fact_sheet-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2010-06-fact_sheet_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Department_of_Homeland_Security2010" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Department of Homeland Security (June 23, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/ynews/releases/pr_1277310093825.shtm">"Fact Sheet: Southwest Border Next Steps"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact+Sheet%3A+Southwest+Border+Next+Steps&rft.date=2010-06-23&rft.au=U.S.+Department+of+Homeland+Security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fynews%2Freleases%2Fpr_1277310093825.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GAO2005-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GAO2005_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05435.pdf">"Border Patrol: Available Data on Interior Checkpoints Suggest Differences in Sector Performance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_General_Accounting_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States General Accounting Office">United States General Accounting Office</a>. July 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Border+Patrol%3A+Available+Data+on+Interior+Checkpoints+Suggest+Differences+in+Sector+Performance&rft.pub=United+States+General+Accounting+Office&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gao.gov%2Fnew.items%2Fd05435.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GAO2009-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GAO2009_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09824.pdf">"Border Patrol: Checkpoints Contribute to Border Patrol's Mission, but More Consistent Data Collection and Performance Measurement Could Improve Effectiveness"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_General_Accounting_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States General Accounting Office">United States General Accounting Office</a>. August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Border+Patrol%3A+Checkpoints+Contribute+to+Border+Patrol%27s+Mission%2C+but+More+Consistent+Data+Collection+and+Performance+Measurement+Could+Improve+Effectiveness&rft.pub=United+States+General+Accounting+Office&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gao.gov%2Fnew.items%2Fd09824.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAduana_Mexico2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aduana Mexico (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224013954/http://www.aduanas.sat.gob.mx/aduana_mexico/2007/RCGMCE/2007/Anexo_25.doc">"Aduanas 25 de las Reglas de Caracter General en Materia de Comercio Exterior para 2007"</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aduanas.sat.gob.mx/aduana_mexico/2007/RCGMCE/2007/Anexo_25.doc">the original</a> on February 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aduanas+25+de+las+Reglas+de+Caracter+General+en+Materia+de+Comercio+Exterior+para+2007&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Aduana+Mexico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aduanas.sat.gob.mx%2Faduana_mexico%2F2007%2FRCGMCE%2F2007%2FAnexo_25.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GAO-06-770-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GAO-06-770_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GAO-06-770_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06770.pdf">"Illegal Immigration – Border-Crossing Deaths Have Doubled Since 1995; Border Patrol's Efforts to Prevent Deaths Have Not Been Fully Evaluated"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Government Accountability Office. August 2006. p. 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Illegal+Immigration+%E2%80%93+Border-Crossing+Deaths+Have+Doubled+Since+1995%3B+Border+Patrol%27s+Efforts+to+Prevent+Deaths+Have+Not+Been+Fully+Evaluated&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Government+Accountability+Office&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gao.gov%2Fnew.items%2Fd06770.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-JAN13GAO-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JAN13GAO_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JAN13GAO_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JAN13GAO_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDinan2013" class="citation news cs1">Dinan, Stephen (January 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jan/9/interceptions-immigrants-stubbornly-low/">"Interceptions of immigrants stubbornly low"</a>. <i>Washington Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Interceptions+of+immigrants+stubbornly+low&rft.date=2013-01-09&rft.aulast=Dinan&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2Fjan%2F9%2Finterceptions-immigrants-stubbornly-low%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-cbp-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbp_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbp_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180624063409/https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2017-Dec/BP%20Southwest%20Border%20Sector%20Apps%20FY1960%20-%20FY2017.pdf">"United States Border Patrol"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2017-Dec/BP%20Southwest%20Border%20Sector%20Apps%20FY1960%20-%20FY2017.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Border+Patrol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbp.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fassets%2Fdocuments%2F2017-Dec%2FBP%2520Southwest%2520Border%2520Sector%2520Apps%2520FY1960%2520-%2520FY2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Leif (November 2015). "Material Interventions on the US-Mexico Border: Investigating a Sited Politics of Migrant Solidarity". <i>Antipode</i>. <b>47</b> (5): 1244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fanti.12151">10.1111/anti.12151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antipode&rft.atitle=Material+Interventions+on+the+US-Mexico+Border%3A+Investigating+a+Sited+Politics+of+Migrant+Solidarity&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1244&rft.date=2015-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fanti.12151&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Leif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMartinezReinekeRubio-GoldsmithAnderson2013" class="citation ssrn cs1">Martinez, Daniel E.; Reineke, Robin; Rubio-Goldsmith, Raquel; Anderson, Bruce E.; Hess, Gregory L.; Parks, Bruce O. (2013). "A Continued Humanitarian Crisis at the Border: Undocumented Border Crosser Deaths Recorded by the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner, 1990–2012". <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2633209">2633209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=A+Continued+Humanitarian+Crisis+at+the+Border%3A+Undocumented+Border+Crosser+Deaths+Recorded+by+the+Pima+County+Office+of+the+Medical+Examiner%2C+1990%E2%80%932012&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2633209%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=Daniel+E.&rft.au=Reineke%2C+Robin&rft.au=Rubio-Goldsmith%2C+Raquel&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Bruce+E.&rft.au=Hess%2C+Gregory+L.&rft.au=Parks%2C+Bruce+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/22/tell-trump-administration-protect-asylum-seekers">"Tell the Trump Administration to Protect Asylum Seekers"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. April 22, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Tell+the+Trump+Administration+to+Protect+Asylum+Seekers&rft.date=2020-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2020%2F04%2F22%2Ftell-trump-administration-protect-asylum-seekers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBlake2023" class="citation news cs1">Blake, Michael (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us/biden-restricts-asylum-access-mexico-border-title-42-ends-2023-05-10/">"Border crossings top 10,000 daily as migrants seek US entry before Title 42 ends"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Border+crossings+top+10%2C000+daily+as+migrants+seek+US+entry+before+Title+42+ends&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fus%2Fbiden-restricts-asylum-access-mexico-border-title-42-ends-2023-05-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hodge,_Roger_D._2012-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hodge,_Roger_D._2012_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHodge2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hodge, Roger D. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2011-12/how-us-reengineering-homeland-security-borders">"Borderworld: How the U.S. Is Reengineering Homeland Security"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>. <b>280</b> (1): 56–81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=Borderworld%3A+How+the+U.S.+Is+Reengineering+Homeland+Security&rft.volume=280&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=56-81&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsci.com%2Ftechnology%2Farticle%2F2011-12%2Fhow-us-reengineering-homeland-security-borders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHsu2010" class="citation news cs1">Hsu, Spencer S. (March 16, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/16/AR2010031603573.html">"Work to cease on 'virtual fence' along U.S.–Mexico border"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Work+to+cease+on+%27virtual+fence%27+along+U.S.%E2%80%93Mexico+border&rft.date=2010-03-16&rft.aulast=Hsu&rft.aufirst=Spencer+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F03%2F16%2FAR2010031603573.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-officialstats-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-officialstats_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/usbp-sw-border-apprehensions">"Statistics – SW Border apprehensions"</a>. <i>www.cbp.gov</i>. CBP – US Border patrol (Official website)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbp.gov&rft.atitle=Statistics+%E2%80%93+SW+Border+apprehensions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbp.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Fstats%2Fusbp-sw-border-apprehensions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/20080109-1533-mexico-us-borderincursions.html">"Report: Border Patrol confirms 29 incursions by Mexican officials into U.S. in 2007"</a>. <i>San Diego Union Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Diego+Union+Tribune&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Border+Patrol+confirms+29+incursions+by+Mexican+officials+into+U.S.+in+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.signonsandiego.com%2Fnews%2Fmexico%2F20080109-1533-mexico-us-borderincursions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEKUJGT2xr4">"MSNBC report on Border incursion Oct 18 2007"</a>. MSNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/pEKUJGT2xr4">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MSNBC+report+on+Border+incursion+Oct+18+2007&rft.pub=MSNBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DpEKUJGT2xr4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060318115739/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11226144/">"Mexican incursions inflame border situation"</a>. MSNBC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11226144">the original</a> on March 18, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexican+incursions+inflame+border+situation&rft.pub=MSNBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F11226144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190713105000/https://hunter.house.gov/press-release/dhs-hunter-more-300-border-incursions-mexican-military-and-law-enforcement-authoriti-0">"DHS to Hunter: More than 300 border incursions by Mexican military and law enforcement authorities since January 2004"</a>. <i>Congressman Duncan Hunter</i>. United States House of Representatives. June 17, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hunter.house.gov/press-release/dhs-hunter-more-300-border-incursions-mexican-military-and-law-enforcement-authoriti-0">the original</a> on July 13, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congressman+Duncan+Hunter&rft.atitle=DHS+to+Hunter%3A+More+than+300+border+incursions+by+Mexican+military+and+law+enforcement+authorities+since+January+2004&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhunter.house.gov%2Fpress-release%2Fdhs-hunter-more-300-border-incursions-mexican-military-and-law-enforcement-authoriti-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://washingtontimes.com/news/2008/aug/06/soldiers-cross-into-us-hold-guns-to-agent/">"Border patrol agent held at gunpoint"</a>. <i>Washington Times</i>. August 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Border+patrol+agent+held+at+gunpoint&rft.date=2008-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwashingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2Faug%2F06%2Fsoldiers-cross-into-us-hold-guns-to-agent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2012" class="citation web cs1">Potter, Mark (March 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dailynightly.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/03/15/10701978-debate-rages-over-mexico-spillover-violence-in-us?lite">"Debate rages over Mexico 'spillover violence' in U.S"</a>. NBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Debate+rages+over+Mexico+%27spillover+violence%27+in+U.S&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2012-03-15&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdailynightly.nbcnews.com%2F_news%2F2012%2F03%2F15%2F10701978-debate-rages-over-mexico-spillover-violence-in-us%3Flite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Insightcrime-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Insightcrime_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/further-buildup-on-us-mexico-border-unnecessary-report">"Further Buildup on US–Mexico Border Unnecessary: Report"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InSight_Crime" title="InSight Crime">InSight Crime</a></i>. April 20, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InSight+Crime&rft.atitle=Further+Buildup+on+US%E2%80%93Mexico+Border+Unnecessary%3A+Report&rft.date=2012-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insightcrime.org%2Fnews-analysis%2Ffurther-buildup-on-us-mexico-border-unnecessary-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-roguerocket.com-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roguerocket.com_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roguerocket.com_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenn, L. (June 25, 2019). Hundreds of Migrant Children Moved From Border Facility After Poor Conditions Exposed. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://roguerocket.com/2019/06/25/hundreds-of-migrant-children-moved-from-border-facility-after-poor-conditions-exposed/">https://roguerocket.com/2019/06/25/hundreds-of-migrant-children-moved-from-border-facility-after-poor-conditions-exposed/</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">House Democrats Introduce Emergency Border Supplemental. (June 21, 2019). Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://appropriations.house.gov/news/press-releases/house-democrats-introduce-emergency-border-supplemental">https://appropriations.house.gov/news/press-releases/house-democrats-introduce-emergency-border-supplemental</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Applied_Energy_2021_p.-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Applied_Energy_2021_p._97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRoggenburgWarsingerBocanegra_EvansCastillo2021" class="citation journal cs1">Roggenburg, Michael; Warsinger, David M.; Bocanegra Evans, Humberto; Castillo, Luciano (June 1, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261921002725">"Combatting water scarcity and economic distress along the US-Mexico border using renewable powered desalination"</a>. <i>Applied Energy</i>. <b>291</b>: 116765. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2021.116765">10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116765</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0306-2619">0306-2619</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233583448">233583448</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Energy&rft.atitle=Combatting+water+scarcity+and+economic+distress+along+the+US-Mexico+border+using+renewable+powered+desalination&rft.volume=291&rft.pages=116765&rft.date=2021-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233583448%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0306-2619&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2021.116765&rft.aulast=Roggenburg&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Warsinger%2C+David+M.&rft.au=Bocanegra+Evans%2C+Humberto&rft.au=Castillo%2C+Luciano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0306261921002725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsonDiamond2016" class="citation web cs1">Collinson, Stephen; Diamond, Jeremy (September 1, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/30/politics/donald-trump-enrique-pea-nieto-mexico/">"Mexican president disputes Trump over border wall payment discussion"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Mexican+president+disputes+Trump+over+border+wall+payment+discussion&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft.aulast=Collinson&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Diamond%2C+Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F08%2F30%2Fpolitics%2Fdonald-trump-enrique-pea-nieto-mexico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37243269">"How realistic is Donald Trump's Mexico wall?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. September 1, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+realistic+is+Donald+Trump%27s+Mexico+wall%3F&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-37243269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38740717">"Trump orders wall to be built on Mexico border"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. January 26, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Trump+orders+wall+to+be+built+on+Mexico+border&rft.date=2017-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-38740717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38753826">"Mexico: We will not pay for Trump border wall"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. January 26, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mexico%3A+We+will+not+pay+for+Trump+border+wall&rft.date=2017-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-38753826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-mexico-idUSKBN15A1VF">"Trump seeks 20 percent tax on Mexico goods to pay for wall, crisis deepens"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. January 26, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Trump+seeks+20+percent+tax+on+Mexico+goods+to+pay+for+wall%2C+crisis+deepens&rft.date=2017-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-trump-mexico-idUSKBN15A1VF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBaum2019" class="citation web cs1">Baum, Caroline (March 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marketwatch.com/story/forget-what-donald-trump-said-tariffs-are-a-tax-on-american-consumers-2019-03-06">"Forget what Donald Trump said: Tariffs are a tax on American consumers"</a>. <i>MarketWatch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MarketWatch&rft.atitle=Forget+what+Donald+Trump+said%3A+Tariffs+are+a+tax+on+American+consumers&rft.date=2019-03-06&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwatch.com%2Fstory%2Fforget-what-donald-trump-said-tariffs-are-a-tax-on-american-consumers-2019-03-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMcGreevyUlloa2017" class="citation news cs1">McGreevy, Patrick; Ulloa, Jazmine (September 20, 2017). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-xavier-becerra-trump-wall-lawsuit-20170920-story.html">"California again steps up to Trump, this time to stop the border wall"</a></span>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=California+again+steps+up+to+Trump%2C+this+time+to+stop+the+border+wall&rft.date=2017-09-20&rft.aulast=McGreevy&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Ulloa%2C+Jazmine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fpolitics%2Fla-pol-ca-xavier-becerra-trump-wall-lawsuit-20170920-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/State_of_California_Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="State of California Department of Justice">State of California Department of Justice</a>, September 20, 2017: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-becerra-constitution-rule-law-barriers-trump-border-wall"><i>Attorney General Becerra: Constitution, Rule of Law Barriers to Trump Border Wall</i></a> (Press Release)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-payforwall-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-payforwall_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-payforwall_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSullivanSnell2017" class="citation news cs1">Sullivan, Sean; Snell, Kelsey (March 16, 2017). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/republicans-skeptical-about-paying-for-wall-as-trump-prepares-to-release-budget/2017/03/15/dd2b5848-099b-11e7-b77c-0047d15a24e0_story.html">"Republicans skeptical about paying for wall as Trump releases budget"</a></span>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Republicans+skeptical+about+paying+for+wall+as+Trump+releases+budget&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft.au=Snell%2C+Kelsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpowerpost%2Frepublicans-skeptical-about-paying-for-wall-as-trump-prepares-to-release-budget%2F2017%2F03%2F15%2Fdd2b5848-099b-11e7-b77c-0047d15a24e0_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/6/5/17428640/border-families-asylum-illegal">"Trump keeps making it harder for people to seek asylum legally"</a>. Vox. June 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trump+keeps+making+it+harder+for+people+to+seek+asylum+legally&rft.pub=Vox&rft.date=2018-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fpolicy-and-politics%2F2018%2F6%2F5%2F17428640%2Fborder-families-asylum-illegal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAleem2018" class="citation news cs1">Aleem, Zeeshan (June 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/world/2018/6/6/17433654/mexico-tariffs-us-goods-trump-trade">"Trump hit Mexico with steel tariffs. Mexico is hitting back – and targeting Republicans"</a>. <i>Vox</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Trump+hit+Mexico+with+steel+tariffs.+Mexico+is+hitting+back+%E2%80%93+and+targeting+Republicans&rft.date=2018-06-06&rft.aulast=Aleem&rft.aufirst=Zeeshan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2F6%2F6%2F17433654%2Fmexico-tariffs-us-goods-trump-trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShear2018" class="citation web cs1">Shear, Michael (November 8, 2018). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/08/us/politics/trump-asylum-seekers-executive-order.html">"Trump Claims New Power to Bar Asylum for Immigrants Who Arrive Illegally"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump+Claims+New+Power+to+Bar+Asylum+for+Immigrants+Who+Arrive+Illegally&rft.date=2018-11-08&rft.aulast=Shear&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F11%2F08%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-asylum-seekers-executive-order.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nytimes_asylum_20181109-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_asylum_20181109_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_asylum_20181109_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShearSullivan2018" class="citation web cs1">Shear, Michael; Sullivan, Eileen (November 9, 2018). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/09/us/politics/trump-asylum-seekers-executive-order.html">"Trump Suspends Some Asylum Rights, Calling Illegal Immigration 'a Crisis'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump+Suspends+Some+Asylum+Rights%2C+Calling+Illegal+Immigration+%27a+Crisis%27&rft.date=2018-11-09&rft.aulast=Shear&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+Eileen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F11%2F09%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-asylum-seekers-executive-order.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2018" class="citation web cs1">Jordan, Miriam (November 20, 2018). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/20/us/judge-denies-trump-asylum-policy.html">"Federal Judge Blocks Trump's Proclamation Targeting Some Asylum Seekers"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Federal+Judge+Blocks+Trump%27s+Proclamation+Targeting+Some+Asylum+Seekers&rft.date=2018-11-20&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F11%2F20%2Fus%2Fjudge-denies-trump-asylum-policy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFThanawala2018" class="citation web cs1">Thanawala, Sudhin (December 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/1833470d0588418b9c686a61a5de662e">"US appeals court won't immediately allow Trump asylum ban"</a>. <i>AP News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=US+appeals+court+won%27t+immediately+allow+Trump+asylum+ban&rft.date=2018-12-07&rft.aulast=Thanawala&rft.aufirst=Sudhin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2F1833470d0588418b9c686a61a5de662e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKellyde_Vogue2018" class="citation web cs1">Kelly, Caroline; de Vogue, Ariane (December 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/21/politics/supreme-court-upholds-block-on-trumps-asylum-ban/index.html">"Supreme Court upholds block on Trump's asylum ban"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+upholds+block+on+Trump%27s+asylum+ban&rft.date=2018-12-21&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft.au=de+Vogue%2C+Ariane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F12%2F21%2Fpolitics%2Fsupreme-court-upholds-block-on-trumps-asylum-ban%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/usbp-sw-border-apprehensions">"U.S. Border Patrol Southwest Border Apprehensions by Sector FY2018"</a>. <i>U.S. Customs and Border Protection</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Customs+and+Border+Protection&rft.atitle=U.S.+Border+Patrol+Southwest+Border+Apprehensions+by+Sector+FY2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbp.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Fstats%2Fusbp-sw-border-apprehensions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGomez2019" class="citation news cs1">Gomez, Alan (April 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/04/01/trump-cutting-aid-closing-ports-border-patrol-stressed-migrant-families-released/3329728002/">"Cutting aid and closing ports: Here's what's happening at the southern border"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Cutting+aid+and+closing+ports%3A+Here%27s+what%27s+happening+at+the+southern+border&rft.date=2019-04-01&rft.aulast=Gomez&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F04%2F01%2Ftrump-cutting-aid-closing-ports-border-patrol-stressed-migrant-families-released%2F3329728002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsFritzeJackson2019" class="citation news cs1">Collins, Michael; Fritze, John; Jackson, David (April 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/04/04/border-trump-says-he-delay-sealing-off-southern-border-year/3353761002/">"President Trump says he will delay closing the border with Mexico for a year"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=President+Trump+says+he+will+delay+closing+the+border+with+Mexico+for+a+year&rft.date=2019-04-04&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Fritze%2C+John&rft.au=Jackson%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F04%2F04%2Fborder-trump-says-he-delay-sealing-off-southern-border-year%2F3353761002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBennettBerensonAbramson2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Bennett, Brian; Berenson, Tessa; Abramson, Alana (February 13, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5528673/donald-trump-congress-border-security-compromise-republicans/">"How Republicans Are Talking Trump Into Accepting a Smaller Border Wall Deal"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=How+Republicans+Are+Talking+Trump+Into+Accepting+a+Smaller+Border+Wall+Deal&rft.date=2019-02-13&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Berenson%2C+Tessa&rft.au=Abramson%2C+Alana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5528673%2Fdonald-trump-congress-border-security-compromise-republicans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood2017" class="citation news cs1">Greenwood, Max (February 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/318841-dhs-report-pegs-cost-of-border-wall-as-high-as-216-billion-report">"DHS report pegs cost of border wall at up to $21.6 billion: report"</a>. <i>The Hill</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=DHS+report+pegs+cost+of+border+wall+at+up+to+%2421.6+billion%3A+report&rft.date=2017-02-09&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fbusiness-a-lobbying%2F318841-dhs-report-pegs-cost-of-border-wall-as-high-as-216-billion-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCarney2017" class="citation news cs1">Carney, Jordain (April 18, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/329359-senate-dems-trumps-border-wall-could-cost-nearly-70-billion">"Senate Dems: Trump's border wall could cost nearly $70 billion"</a>. <i>The Hill</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Senate+Dems%3A+Trump%27s+border+wall+could+cost+nearly+%2470+billion&rft.date=2017-04-18&rft.aulast=Carney&rft.aufirst=Jordain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fblogs%2Ffloor-action%2Fsenate%2F329359-senate-dems-trumps-border-wall-could-cost-nearly-70-billion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNixon2017" class="citation news cs1">Nixon, Ron (August 31, 2017). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/us/mexico-wall-prototypes-trump.html">"U.S. Moves to Build Prototypes for Mexican Border Wall"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Moves+to+Build+Prototypes+for+Mexican+Border+Wall&rft.date=2017-08-31&rft.aulast=Nixon&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F08%2F31%2Fus%2Fmexico-wall-prototypes-trump.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFelbab-Brown2017" class="citation web cs1">Felbab-Brown, Vanda (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/essay/the-wall-the-real-costs-of-a-barrier-between-the-united-states-and-mexico/">"The Wall: The real costs of a barrier between the United States and Mexico"</a>. <i>The Brookings Institution</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Brookings+Institution&rft.atitle=The+Wall%3A+The+real+costs+of+a+barrier+between+the+United+States+and+Mexico&rft.date=2017-08&rft.aulast=Felbab-Brown&rft.aufirst=Vanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fessay%2Fthe-wall-the-real-costs-of-a-barrier-between-the-united-states-and-mexico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMiroffHernandez2021" class="citation news cs1">Miroff, Nick; Hernandez, Arelis R. (January 20, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/biden-border-wall-executive-order/2021/01/20/5f472456-5b32-11eb-aaad-93988621dd28_story.html">"Biden orders a 'pause' on border wall construction, bringing crews to halt"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Biden+orders+a+%27pause%27+on+border+wall+construction%2C+bringing+crews+to+halt&rft.date=2021-01-20&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Miroff&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Hernandez%2C+Arelis+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Fbiden-border-wall-executive-order%2F2021%2F01%2F20%2F5f472456-5b32-11eb-aaad-93988621dd28_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-59019791">"Record high migrant detentions at US-Mexico border"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. October 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Record+high+migrant+detentions+at+US-Mexico+border&rft.date=2021-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-59019791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/opinion/immigration/581513-situation-at-the-southern-border-worse-that-you-probably-realize">"Situation at the southern border worse that you probably realize"</a>. <i>The Hill</i>. November 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Situation+at+the+southern+border+worse+that+you+probably+realize&rft.date=2021-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fopinion%2Fimmigration%2F581513-situation-at-the-southern-border-worse-that-you-probably-realize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stef W. Kight. (January 30, 2022). "U.S. border draws migrants from Russia, Ukraine".
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/us-border-migrants-russia-ukraine-651b35ab-8cf1-480c-afe5-8961e9c98e45.html">Axios website</a> Retrieved January 31, 2022.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weber.house.gov/uploadedfiles/border_letter_to_potus_final.pdf">"Letter - PDF"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+-+PDF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweber.house.gov%2Fuploadedfiles%2Fborder_letter_to_potus_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTimotija2024" class="citation web cs1">Timotija, Filip (February 8, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4456459-republicans-biden-not-take-control-texas-national-guard-border/">"Republicans tell Biden not to take control of Texas National Guard amid standoff over border"</a>. <i>The Hill</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Republicans+tell+Biden+not+to+take+control+of+Texas+National+Guard+amid+standoff+over+border&rft.date=2024-02-08&rft.aulast=Timotija&rft.aufirst=Filip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fhouse%2F4456459-republicans-biden-not-take-control-texas-national-guard-border%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-auto2-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStar" class="citation news cs1">Star, Brady McCombs Arizona Daily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tucson.com/news/local/border/us-allows-new-water-stations-by-border/article_a8dc1191-74fc-5a8a-9ad0-409b7a1e8b65.html">"US allows new water stations by border"</a>. <i>Arizona Daily Star</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=US+allows+new+water+stations+by+border&rft.aulast=Star&rft.aufirst=Brady+McCombs+Arizona+Daily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftucson.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fborder%2Fus-allows-new-water-stations-by-border%2Farticle_a8dc1191-74fc-5a8a-9ad0-409b7a1e8b65.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBird2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bird, Jo (November 2014). "Human Rights on the US/Mexico Border". <i>Pandora's Box (1835-8624)</i>. <b>21</b>: 94–101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pandora%27s+Box+%281835-8624%29&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+on+the+US%2FMexico+Border&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=94-101&rft.date=2014-11&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Jo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBoodman2017" class="citation news cs1">Boodman, Eric (July 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statnews.com/2017/07/06/immigration-desert-clinic/">"After Trump's immigration crackdown, a desert clinic tries to save lives without breaking the law"</a>. <i>STAT</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=STAT&rft.atitle=After+Trump%27s+immigration+crackdown%2C+a+desert+clinic+tries+to+save+lives+without+breaking+the+law&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft.aulast=Boodman&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statnews.com%2F2017%2F07%2F06%2Fimmigration-desert-clinic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2017" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Sophie (October 2017). "No More Deaths: Direct Aid in the US-Mexico Border Zone". <i>South Atlantic Quarterly</i>. <b>116</b>: 851–862. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00382876-116-4-851">10.1215/00382876-116-4-851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Atlantic+Quarterly&rft.atitle=No+More+Deaths%3A+Direct+Aid+in+the+US-Mexico+Border+Zone&rft.volume=116&rft.pages=851-862&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00382876-116-4-851&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moya, Eva, et al.『Nuestra Casa: An Advocacy Initiative to Reduce Inequalities and Tuberculosis along the US–Mexico Border.』<i>International Public Health Journal</i>, vol. 8, no. 2, 2016, pp. 107–119.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMoya,_EvaChavez-Baray,_SilviaWood,_William_W.Martinez,_Omar2016" class="citation journal cs1">Moya, Eva; Chavez-Baray, Silvia; Wood, William W.; Martinez, Omar (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6150456">"Nuestra Casa: An advocacy initiative to reduce inequalities and tuberculosis along the US–Mexico border"</a>. <i>International Public Health Journal</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 107–119. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1947-4989">1947-4989</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6150456">6150456</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30245778">30245778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Public+Health+Journal&rft.atitle=Nuestra+Casa%3A+An+advocacy+initiative+to+reduce+inequalities+and+tuberculosis+along+the+US%E2%80%93Mexico+border&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=107-119&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6150456%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1947-4989&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30245778&rft.au=Moya%2C+Eva&rft.au=Chavez-Baray%2C+Silvia&rft.au=Wood%2C+William+W.&rft.au=Martinez%2C+Omar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6150456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CohenMeister2016-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CohenMeister2016_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CohenMeister2016_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCohenMeisterdeZapien2016" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Stuart J.; Meister, Joel S.; deZapien, Jill G. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1502256">"Special Action Groups for Policy Change and Infrastructure Support to Foster Healthier Communities on the Arizona–Mexico Border"</a>. <i>Public Health Reports</i>. <b>119</b> (1): 40–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003335490411900110">10.1177/003335490411900110</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-3549">0033-3549</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1502256">1502256</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15147648">15147648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Health+Reports&rft.atitle=Special+Action+Groups+for+Policy+Change+and+Infrastructure+Support+to+Foster+Healthier+Communities+on+the+Arizona%E2%80%93Mexico+Border&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-47&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1502256%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0033-3549&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15147648&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F003335490411900110&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Stuart+J.&rft.au=Meister%2C+Joel+S.&rft.au=deZapien%2C+Jill+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1502256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRhodan2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Rhodan, Maya (November 2018). "Give Me Shelter". <i>Time</i>. Vol. 192. pp. 36–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Give+Me+Shelter&rft.volume=192&rft.pages=36-41&rft.date=2018-11&rft.aulast=Rhodan&rft.aufirst=Maya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGamboa2019" class="citation news cs1">Gamboa, Suzanne (February 26, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/racism-not-lack-assimilation-real-problem-facing-latinos-america-n974021">"Racism, not a lack of assimilation, is the real problem facing Latinos in America"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Racism%2C+not+a+lack+of+assimilation%2C+is+the+real+problem+facing+Latinos+in+America&rft.date=2019-02-26&rft.aulast=Gamboa&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Flatino%2Fracism-not-lack-assimilation-real-problem-facing-latinos-america-n974021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BoscoAitken2011-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BoscoAitken2011_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBoscoAitkenHerman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bosco, Fernando J.; Aitken, Stuart C.; Herman, Thomas (2011). "Women and children in a neighborhood advocacy group: engaging community and refashioning citizenship at the United States–Mexico border". <i>Gender, Place & Culture</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 155–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0966369X.2010.551652">10.1080/0966369X.2010.551652</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0966-369X">0966-369X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144414124">144414124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender%2C+Place+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=Women+and+children+in+a+neighborhood+advocacy+group%3A+engaging+community+and+refashioning+citizenship+at+the+United+States%E2%80%93Mexico+border&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155-178&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144414124%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0966-369X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0966369X.2010.551652&rft.aulast=Bosco&rft.aufirst=Fernando+J.&rft.au=Aitken%2C+Stuart+C.&rft.au=Herman%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AndroffTavassoli2012-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AndroffTavassoli2012_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAndroffTavassoli2012" class="citation journal cs1">Androff, D. K.; Tavassoli, K. Y. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/deaths-in-the-desert-the-human-rights-crisis-on-the-us-mexico-bor">"Deaths in the Desert: The Human Rights Crisis on the U.S.–Mexico Border"</a>. <i>Social Work</i>. <b>57</b> (2): 165–173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsw%2Fsws034">10.1093/sw/sws034</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-8046">0037-8046</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23038878">23038878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Work&rft.atitle=Deaths+in+the+Desert%3A+The+Human+Rights+Crisis+on+the+U.S.%E2%80%93Mexico+Border&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165-173&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0037-8046&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23038878&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fsw%2Fsws034&rft.aulast=Androff&rft.aufirst=D.+K.&rft.au=Tavassoli%2C+K.+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasu.pure.elsevier.com%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fdeaths-in-the-desert-the-human-rights-crisis-on-the-us-mexico-bor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:02-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180407054208/http://www.atencionsanmiguel.org/2018/02/16/new-organization-emerges-to-aid-deported-mexican-nationals/">"New Organization Emerges to Aid Deported Mexican Nationals | San Miguel de Allende | Atención San Miguel"</a>. <i>Atencionsanmiguel.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atencionsanmiguel.org/2018/02/16/new-organization-emerges-to-aid-deported-mexican-nationals/">the original</a> on April 7, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atencionsanmiguel.org&rft.atitle=New+Organization+Emerges+to+Aid+Deported+Mexican+Nationals+%7C+San+Miguel+de+Allende+%7C+Atenci%C3%B3n+San+Miguel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atencionsanmiguel.org%2F2018%2F02%2F16%2Fnew-organization-emerges-to-aid-deported-mexican-nationals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBurr2017" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Burr, Pete (February 28, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/206180020"><i>Kino Border Initiative – the church without frontiers</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2018</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Vimeo" title="Vimeo">Vimeo</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kino+Border+Initiative+%E2%80%93+the+church+without+frontiers&rft.date=2017-02-28&rft.aulast=Burr&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F206180020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055211/http://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/content/humanitarianism-ground-humanitarian-aid-migrants-and-refugees-mexico">"Humanitarianism from the ground: humanitarian aid to migrants and refugees in Mexico | Oxford Department of International Development"</a>. <i>Qeh.ox.ac.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/content/humanitarianism-ground-humanitarian-aid-migrants-and-refugees-mexico">the original</a> on April 7, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Qeh.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Humanitarianism+from+the+ground%3A+humanitarian+aid+to+migrants+and+refugees+in+Mexico+%7C+Oxford+Department+of+International+Development&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qeh.ox.ac.uk%2Fcontent%2Fhumanitarianism-ground-humanitarian-aid-migrants-and-refugees-mexico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kinoborderinitiative.org">"Kino Border Initiative – Iniciative Kino para la Frontera"</a>. <i>Kino Border Initiative</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kino+Border+Initiative&rft.atitle=Kino+Border+Initiative+%E2%80%93+Iniciative+Kino+para+la+Frontera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kinoborderinitiative.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMaxourisAlmasyGallón2019" class="citation news cs1">Maxouris, Christina; Almasy, Steve; Gallón, Natalie (June 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/26/politics/mexico-father-daughter-dead-rio-grande-wednesday/">"A woman watched her husband and daughter drown at the Mexican border, report says"</a>. <i>CNN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=A+woman+watched+her+husband+and+daughter+drown+at+the+Mexican+border%2C+report+says&rft.date=2019-06-27&rft.aulast=Maxouris&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft.au=Almasy%2C+Steve&rft.au=Gall%C3%B3n%2C+Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F06%2F26%2Fpolitics%2Fmexico-father-daughter-dead-rio-grande-wednesday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShabadCaldwell2019" class="citation news cs1">Shabad, Rebecca; Caldwell, Leigh Ann (June 25, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/house-passes-border-funding-bill-address-humanitarian-crisis-n1021511">"House passes border funding bill to address humanitarian crisis"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=House+passes+border+funding+bill+to+address+humanitarian+crisis&rft.date=2019-06-25&rft.aulast=Shabad&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft.au=Caldwell%2C+Leigh+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcongress%2Fhouse-passes-border-funding-bill-address-humanitarian-crisis-n1021511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/lapazagreement.pdf">"La Paz Agreement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Epa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Epa.gov&rft.atitle=La+Paz+Agreement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsites%2Fproduction%2Ffiles%2F2015-09%2Fdocuments%2Flapazagreement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Seghetti-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seghetti_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seghetti_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seghetti_146-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seghetti_146-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seghetti_146-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSeghetti2014" class="citation journal cs1">Seghetti, Lisa (December 31, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/R42138.pdf">"Border Security: Immigration Enforcement Between Ports of Entry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Congressional Research Service</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.atitle=Border+Security%3A+Immigration+Enforcement+Between+Ports+of+Entry&rft.date=2014-12-31&rft.aulast=Seghetti&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fhomesec%2FR42138.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:3-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/rise-and-fall-secure-border-initiative%E2%80%99s-high-tech-solution-unauthorized-immigration">"The Rise and Fall of the Secure Border Initiative's High-Tech Solution to Unauthorized Immigration"</a>. <i>American Immigration Council</i>. April 15, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Immigration+Council&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Secure+Border+Initiative%27s+High-Tech+Solution+to+Unauthorized+Immigration&rft.date=2010-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanimmigrationcouncil.org%2Fresearch%2Frise-and-fall-secure-border-initiative%25E2%2580%2599s-high-tech-solution-unauthorized-immigration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:4-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_148-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_148-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=440470">"Fact Sheet:Secure Border Initiative"</a>. <i>Homeland Security Digital Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Homeland+Security+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Fact+Sheet%3ASecure+Border+Initiative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsdl.org%2F%3Fview%26did%3D440470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_E._Shoichet2018" class="citation web cs1">Catherine E. Shoichet (May 24, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/23/us/border-zone-immigration-checks/index.html">"The US border is bigger than you think"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+US+border+is+bigger+than+you+think&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2018-05-24&rft.au=Catherine+E.+Shoichet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2018%2F05%2F23%2Fus%2Fborder-zone-immigration-checks%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-100mileborder-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-100mileborder_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-100mileborder_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-100mileborder_150-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-100mileborder_150-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-100mileborder_150-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/immigrants-rights/constitution-100-mile-border-zone">"The Constitution in the 100-Mile Border Zone"</a>. <i>American Civil Liberties Union</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Civil+Liberties+Union&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+in+the+100-Mile+Border+Zone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclu.org%2Fimmigrants-rights%2Fconstitution-100-mile-border-zone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rickerd-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rickerd_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRickerd" class="citation journal cs1">Rickerd, C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/assets/13_08_01_aclu_100_mile_cbp_zone_final.pdf">"Customs and Border Protection's (CBP's) 100-Mile Rule"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Civil Liberties Union</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Civil+Liberties+Union&rft.atitle=Customs+and+Border+Protection%27s+%28CBP%27s%29+100-Mile+Rule&rft.aulast=Rickerd&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclu.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fassets%2F13_08_01_aclu_100_mile_cbp_zone_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Lydgate-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lydgate_152-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lydgate_152-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lydgate_152-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lydgate_152-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLydgate2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lydgate, L. (2010). "Assembly-Line Justice: A Review of Operation Streamline". <i>California Law Review</i>. <b>98</b> (2): 481–544. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20743978">20743978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Assembly-Line+Justice%3A+A+Review+of+Operation+Streamline&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=481-544&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20743978%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lydgate&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Nazarian-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nazarian_153-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nazarian_153-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nazarian_153-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nazarian_153-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nazarian_153-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nazarian_153-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nazarian_153-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNazarian2011" class="citation journal cs1">Nazarian, E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/lla44&collection=journals&page=1399">"Crossing Over: Assessing Operation Streamline and the Rights of Immigrant Criminal Defendants at the Border"</a>. <i>Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review</i>. <b>44</b>: 1399–1430. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/hein.journals%2Flla44">hein.journals/lla44</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180623193834/https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Flla44&collection=journals&page=1399">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Loyola+of+Los+Angeles+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Crossing+Over%3A+Assessing+Operation+Streamline+and+the+Rights+of+Immigrant+Criminal+Defendants+at+the+Border&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=1399-1430&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2Fhein.journals%2Flla44&rft.aulast=Nazarian&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Flla44%26collection%3Djournals%26page%3D1399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2761&context=llr">Alt URL</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kerwin_&_McCabe-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kerwin_&_McCabe_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kerwin_&_McCabe_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kerwin_&_McCabe_154-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kerwin_&_McCabe_154-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kerwin_&_McCabe_154-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKerwinMcCabe2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kerwin, D.; McCabe, K. (April 29, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/arrested-entry-operation-streamline-and-prosecution-immigration-crimes">"Arrested on Entry: Operation Streamline and the Prosecution of Immigration Crimes"</a>. Migration Policy Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arrested+on+Entry%3A+Operation+Streamline+and+the+Prosecution+of+Immigration+Crimes&rft.date=2010-04-29&rft.aulast=Kerwin&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=McCabe%2C+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationpolicy.org%2Farticle%2Farrested-entry-operation-streamline-and-prosecution-immigration-crimes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/Border2012/docs/LaPazAgreement.pdf">"Agreement on Cooperation for the Protection and Improvement of the Environment in the Border Area"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. US Environmental Protection Agency. 1983<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agreement+on+Cooperation+for+the+Protection+and+Improvement+of+the+Environment+in+the+Border+Area&rft.pub=US+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=1983&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2FBorder2012%2Fdocs%2FLaPazAgreement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Colin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131113160840/http://www.academia.edu/2640698/U.S._-_Mexico_Cooperation_for_the_Health_of_the_Environment_in_the_Border_Region_A_Policy_History_Analysis">"1 U.S.  – Mexico Cooperation for the Health of the Environment in the Border Region: A Policy History Analysis"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2640698">the original</a> on November 13, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1+U.S.+%E2%80%93+Mexico+Cooperation+for+the+Health+of+the+Environment+in+the+Border+Region%3A+A+Policy+History+Analysis&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2640698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cohn2007-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohn2007_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohn2007_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCohn2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cohn, Jeffrey P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1641%2FB570116">"The Environmental Impacts of a Border Fence"</a>. <i>BioScience</i>. <b>57</b> (1): 96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1641%2FB570116">10.1641/B570116</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1525-3244">1525-3244</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1641/b570116">10.1641/b570116</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84341799">84341799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=The+Environmental+Impacts+of+a+Border+Fence&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=96&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1525-3244&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84341799%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1641%2Fb570116%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1641%2FB570116&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1641%252FB570116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121231517/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/mexican-gray-wolf-migration-stopped-by-border-wall">"An endangered wolf went in search of a mate. The border wall blocked him"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a></i>. January 21, 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/mexican-gray-wolf-migration-stopped-by-border-wall">the original</a> on January 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Society&rft.atitle=An+endangered+wolf+went+in+search+of+a+mate.+The+border+wall+blocked+him&rft.date=2022-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fanimals%2Farticle%2Fmexican-gray-wolf-migration-stopped-by-border-wall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_159-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_159-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFernándezAmastae2006" class="citation journal cs1">Fernández, Leticia; Amastae, Jon (September 1, 2006). "Transborder use of medical services among Mexican American students in a U.S. border university". <i>Journal of Borderlands Studies</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 77–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08865655.2006.9695661">10.1080/08865655.2006.9695661</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0886-5655">0886-5655</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143982920">143982920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Borderlands+Studies&rft.atitle=Transborder+use+of+medical+services+among+Mexican+American+students+in+a+U.S.+border+university&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=77-87&rft.date=2006-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143982920%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0886-5655&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08865655.2006.9695661&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Leticia&rft.au=Amastae%2C+Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:2-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_160-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKleyn2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kleyn, Tatyana (April 3, 2017). "Centering Transborder Students: Perspectives on Identity, Languaging and Schooling Between the U.S. and Mexico". <i>Multicultural Perspectives</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 76–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15210960.2017.1302336">10.1080/15210960.2017.1302336</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1521-0960">1521-0960</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149362544">149362544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Multicultural+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Centering+Transborder+Students%3A+Perspectives+on+Identity%2C+Languaging+and+Schooling+Between+the+U.S.+and+Mexico&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=76-84&rft.date=2017-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149362544%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1521-0960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15210960.2017.1302336&rft.aulast=Kleyn&rft.aufirst=Tatyana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em">
<ul><li>Arbelaez, Harvey, and Claudio Milman. "The New Business Environment of Latin America and the Caribbean". International Journal of Public Administration (2007): 553</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFArbelaezMilman2000" class="citation journal cs1">Arbelaez, Harvey; Milman, Claudio (2000). "The new business environment of latin america and the caribbean". <i>International Journal of Public Administration</i>. <b>23</b> (5–8): 553–562. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01900690008525475">10.1080/01900690008525475</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-0692">0190-0692</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154543297">154543297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Public+Administration&rft.atitle=The+new+business+environment+of+latin+america+and+the+caribbean&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=5%E2%80%938&rft.pages=553-562&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154543297%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0190-0692&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01900690008525475&rft.aulast=Arbelaez&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.au=Milman%2C+Claudio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Kelly, Patricia, and Douglas Massey. "Borders for Whom? The Role of NAFTA in Mexico-U.S. Migration". The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political Science 610 (2007): 98–118.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFernández-KellyMassey2016" class="citation journal cs1">Fernández-Kelly, Patricia; Massey, Douglas S. (2016). "Borders for Whom? The Role of NAFTA in Mexico-U.S. Migration". <i>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. <b>610</b> (1): 98–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716206297449">10.1177/0002716206297449</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7162">0002-7162</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154846310">154846310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Borders+for+Whom%3F+The+Role+of+NAFTA+in+Mexico-U.S.+Migration&rft.volume=610&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=98-118&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154846310%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0002-7162&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002716206297449&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Kelly&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Massey%2C+Douglas+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Miller_(travel_writer)" title="Tom Miller (travel writer)">Miller, Tom</a>. <i>On the Border: Portraits of America's Southwestern Frontier</i>, 1981.</li>
<li>Thompson, Olivia N. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/313">"Binational Water Management: Perspectives of Local Texas Officials in the U.S.–Mexico Border Region"</a>. Applied Research Projects. Texas State University. Paper 313.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Olivia N. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/3758">"Binational Water Management: Perspectives of Local Texas Officials in the U.S.–Mexico Border Region"</a>. <i>Applied Research Projects.</i> (Paper 313). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10877%2F3758">10877/3758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Research+Projects.&rft.atitle=Binational+Water+Management%3A+Perspectives+of+Local+Texas+Officials+in+the+U.S.%E2%80%93Mexico+Border+Region&rft.issue=Paper+313&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10877%2F3758&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Olivia+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.txstate.edu%2Fhandle%2F10877%2F3758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Andrew Becker and Agustin Armendariz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/22/california-border-crossing_n_1619067.html">"California Border Crossing: San Ysidro Port of Entry Is the Busiest Land Border in the World"</a>. HuffPost social reading, article on California watch. (2012)</li>
<li>Prampolini, Gaetano, and Annamaria Pinazzi (eds.). "The Shade of the Saguaro/La sombra del saguaro" Part IV 'About the Border<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>". Firenze University Press <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fupress.com/">Firenze University Press</a> (2013): 461–517.</li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>Feldman, Megan (October 16, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dallasobserver.com/news/border-town-6373408">"Border Town"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Observer" title="Dallas Observer">Dallas Observer</a></i>.</li>
<li>Jeremy Slack, Daniel E. Martínez, Scott Whiteford, eds. <i>The Shadow of the Wall: Violence and Migration on the U.S.-Mexico Border</i>. University of Arizona Press, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816535590" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816535590">978-0816535590</a>.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217611005">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style>
<div class="side-box-flex">
<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mexico-United_States_border" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mexico-United States border"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Mexico-United States border</span></a>.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906171559/http://usmexico.org/">U.S.–Mexico Business Council</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/usmexicohealth/about-border-region.html">About binational health – United States–Mexico Public Health – CDC</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.borderstories.org/">Border Stories: a mosaic documentary on the U.S.–Mexico Border</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41821.pdf">Status of Mexican Trucks in the United States: Frequently Asked Questions</a> <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.uta.edu/usmexicowar/">A Continent Divided: The U.S.–Mexico War</a>, Center for Greater Southwestern Studies, the University of Texas at Arlington</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Begley_(artist)" title="Josh Begley (artist)">Josh Begley</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2016/10/26/best-of-luck-with-the-wall/">Best of Luck with the Wall</a> – a short film constructed from satellite imagery that traces the length of the border</li>
<li>David Taylor, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kcet.org/arts/artbound/counties/san-diego/border-monuments-us-mexico.html">The Journey to Border Monument Number 140</a> – photographs and description of the obelisks that mark the border</li>
<li>The Guardian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/feb/23/cut-in-two-travels-along-the-us-mexico-border-a-photo-essay">The Guardian</a> – photographs and feature-length film that follows the infrastructure of the border from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean</li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1228936124">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Borders_of_Mexico" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Mexico" title="Template:Borders of Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Borders_of_Mexico" title="Template talk:Borders of Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Borders_of_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Borders of Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Borders_of_Mexico" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Mexico" title="Borders of Mexico">Borders of Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belize%E2%80%93Mexico_border" title="Belize–Mexico border">Belize</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93Mexico_border" title="Guatemala–Mexico border">Guatemala</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228936124"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Borders_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Borders of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Borders_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Borders of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Borders_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Borders of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Borders_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_United_States" title="Borders of the United States">Borders of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexico</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maritime:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_Maritime_Boundary_Agreement" title="Cuba–United States Maritime Boundary Agreement">Cuba</a></li>
<li>New Zealand
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_Maritime_Boundary_Treaty" title="Cook Islands–United States Maritime Boundary Treaty">Cook Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Niue%E2%80%93United_States_Maritime_Boundary_Treaty" title="Niue–United States Maritime Boundary Treaty">Niue</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/USSR%E2%80%93USA_Maritime_Boundary_Agreement" title="USSR–USA Maritime Boundary Agreement">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1993_United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_Maritime_Boundary_Treaties" title="1993 United Kingdom–United States Maritime Boundary Treaties">United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Venezuela_Maritime_Boundary_Treaty" title="United States–Venezuela Maritime Boundary Treaty">Venezuela</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228936124"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_the_United_States_and_related_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Template:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_the_United_States_and_related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration to the United States</a> and related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Relevant colonial era,<br />United States and<br />international laws</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonial era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_in_the_American_Colonies" title="Nationality law in the American Colonies">Nationality law in the American Colonies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Act_1740" title="Plantation Act 1740">Plantation Act 1740</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">Naturalization Act 1790</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1795" title="Naturalization Act of 1795">1795</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1798" title="Naturalization Act of 1798">1798</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Law_of_1802" title="Naturalization Law of 1802">Naturalization Law 1802</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_to_Encourage_Immigration" title="An Act to Encourage Immigration">Act to Encourage Immigration (1864)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment (1868)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" title="Naturalization Act of 1870">Naturalization Act 1870</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" title="Page Act of 1875">Page Act (1875)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1882" title="Immigration Act of 1882">Immigration Act of 1882</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion (1882)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Act_(1888)" title="Scott Act (1888)">Scott Act (1888)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1891" title="Immigration Act of 1891">Immigration Act of 1891</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geary_Act" title="Geary Act">Geary Act (1892)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1900–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1903" title="Immigration Act of 1903">Immigration Act 1903</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1906" title="Naturalization Act of 1906">Naturalization Act 1906</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1907" title="Immigration Act of 1907">Immigration Act 1907</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1918" title="Immigration Act of 1918">Immigration Act 1918</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act" title="Emergency Quota Act">Emergency Quota Act (1921)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Act" title="Cable Act">Cable Act (1922)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act 1924</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Repatriation_Act" title="Filipino Repatriation Act">Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_Act_of_1940" title="Nationality Act of 1940">Nationality Act of 1940</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_Program" title="Bracero Program">Bracero Program (1942–1964)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson_Act" title="Magnuson Act">Magnuson Act (1943)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/War_Brides_Act" title="War Brides Act">War Brides Act (1945)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Fianc%C3%A9es_and_Fianc%C3%A9s_Act" title="Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act">Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luce%E2%80%93Celler_Act" title="Luce–Celler Act">Luce–Celler Act (1946)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1950–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention relating to the Status of Refugees">UN Refugee Convention (1951)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act 1952</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">1965</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_212(f)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 212(f)">Section 212(f)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_287(g)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g)">Section 287(g)</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_Act" title="Refugee Act">Refugee Act (1980)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986" title="Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986">Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_Homecoming_Act" title="American Homecoming Act">American Homecoming Act (1989)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1990" title="Immigration Act of 1990">Immigration Act 1990</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Technical_Corrections_Act_of_1994" title="Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act of 1994">Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996" title="Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996">Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Adjustment_and_Central_American_Relief_Act" title="Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act">Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_and_Workforce_Improvement_Act" title="American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act">American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_in_the_21st_Century_Act" title="American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act">American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Immigration_Family_Equity_Act" title="Legal Immigration Family Equity Act">Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/H-1B_Visa_Reform_Act_of_2004" title="H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004">H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Real_ID_Act" title="Real ID Act">Real ID Act (2005)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Fence_Act_of_2006" title="Secure Fence Act of 2006">Secure Fence Act (2006)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">DACA (2012)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">Executive Order 13769 (2017)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780" title="Executive Order 13780">Executive Order 13780 (2017)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ending_Discriminatory_Bans_on_Entry_to_The_United_States" title="Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States">Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visas and policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Visa policy of the United States">Visa policy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_residence_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent residence (United States)">Permanent residence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Visa_Waiver_Program" title="Visa Waiver Program">Visa Waiver Program</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_protected_status" title="Temporary protected status">Temporary protected status</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_the_United_States" title="Asylum in the United States">Asylum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_Immigrant_Visa" title="Diversity Immigrant Visa">Green Card Lottery</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Minors_Program" title="Central American Minors Program">Central American Minors</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/US-VISIT" class="mw-redirect" title="US-VISIT">US-VISIT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Security_Advisory_Opinion" title="Security Advisory Opinion">Security Advisory Opinion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/E-Verify" title="E-Verify">E-Verify</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Origins_Formula" title="National Origins Formula">National Origins Formula</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Expedited_removal" title="Expedited removal">Expedited removal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration detention in the United States">Detention</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Family immigration detention in the United States">Family</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unaccompanied_Alien_Children" title="Unaccompanied Alien Children">Unaccompanied children</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">Trump administration family separation policy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Government<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Border_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Border Patrol">U.S. Border Patrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/BORTAC" title="BORTAC">BORTAC</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service">Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_for_Immigration_Review" title="Executive Office for Immigration Review">Executive Office for Immigration Review</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Immigration_Appeals" title="Board of Immigration Appeals">Board of Immigration Appeals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Refugee_Resettlement" title="Office of Refugee Resettlement">Office of Refugee Resettlement</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_immigration_and_naturalization_case_law" title="Category:United States immigration and naturalization case law">Supreme Court cases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark"><i>US v. Wong Kim Ark</i> (1898)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ozawa_v._United_States" title="Ozawa v. United States"><i>Ozawa v. US</i> (1922)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind" title="United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind"><i>US v. Bhagat Singh Thind</i> (1923)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Brignoni-Ponce" title="United States v. Brignoni-Ponce"><i>US v. Brignoni-Ponce</i> (1975)</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Zadvydas_v._Davis" title="Zadvydas v. Davis">Zadvydas v. Davis</a></i> (2001)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce_v._Whiting" title="Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting"><i>Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting</i> (2011)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Barton_v._Barr" title="Barton v. Barr"><i>Barton v. Barr</i> (2020)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California"><i>DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.</i></a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Wolf_v._Vidal" title="Wolf v. Vidal">Wolf v. Vidal</a></i> (2020)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Niz-Chavez_v._Garland" title="Niz-Chavez v. Garland"><i>Niz-Chavez v. Garland</i> (2021)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanchez_v._Mayorkas" title="Sanchez v. Mayorkas"><i>Sanchez v. Mayorkas</i> (2021)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_v._Mu%C3%B1oz" title="Department of State v. Muñoz"><i>Department of State v. Muñoz (2024)</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related issues<br />and events</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests" title="2006 United States immigration reform protests">2006 protests</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_County,_Texas" title="Brooks County, Texas">Brooks County, Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_migrant_caravans" title="Central American migrant caravans">Central American migrant caravans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_illegal_immigrants_in_the_United_States" title="Economic impact of illegal immigrants in the United States">Economic impact</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Effects of immigration to the United States">Effects</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">Eugenics in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guest_worker_program" title="Guest worker program">Guest worker program</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/People_smuggling" title="People smuggling">Human smuggling</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coyotaje" class="mw-redirect" title="Coyotaje">Coyotaje</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reform" title="Immigration reform">Immigration reform</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_deported_or_removed_from_the_United_States" title="List of people deported or removed from the United States">List of people deported from the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexico-United_States_border_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico-United States border crisis">Mexico-United States border crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_wall" title="Mexico–United States border wall">Mexico–United States border wall</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shortage#add_Labor_shortage" title="Shortage">Labor shortage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/March_for_America" title="March for America">March for America</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrant_population_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrant population of the United States">Illegal immigrant population</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_immigration_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse immigration in the United States">Reverse immigration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2014_American_immigration_crisis" title="2014 American immigration crisis">Unaccompanied minors from Central America</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexico–United States border</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol_interior_checkpoints" title="United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints">United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/DREAM_Act" title="DREAM Act">DREAM Act (2001–2010)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Border_Protection,_Anti-terrorism_and_Illegal_Immigration_Control_Act_of_2005" title="Border Protection, Anti-terrorism and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005">H.R. 4437 (2005)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secure_America_and_Orderly_Immigration_Act" title="Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act">McCain–Kennedy (2005)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2006" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Security_Through_Regularized_Immigration_and_a_Vibrant_Economy_Act_of_2007" title="Security Through Regularized Immigration and a Vibrant Economy Act of 2007">STRIVE Act (2007)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2007" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_American_Families_Act" title="Uniting American Families Act">Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security,_Economic_Opportunity,_and_Immigration_Modernization_Act_of_2013" title="Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013">Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_SAFE_Act_of_2015" title="American SAFE Act of 2015">SAFE Act (2015)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RAISE_Act" title="RAISE Act">RAISE Act (2017)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/US_Citizenship_Act_of_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="US Citizenship Act of 2021">US Citizenship Act of 2021</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigration stations<br />and points of entry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Island_Immigration_Station" title="Angel Island Immigration Station">Angel Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Clinton" title="Castle Clinton">Castle Garden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_Boston_Immigration_Station" title="East Boston Immigration Station">East Boston</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Otay_Mesa_Port_of_Entry" title="Otay Mesa Port of Entry">Otay Mesa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro_Port_of_Entry" title="San Ysidro Port of Entry">San Ysidro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan%27s_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Sullivan's Island, South Carolina">Sullivan's Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Avenue_Immigration_Station" title="Washington Avenue Immigration Station">Washington Avenue</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wetback" title="Operation Wetback">"Wetback" (1954)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peter_Pan" title="Operation Peter Pan">"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Babylift" title="Operation Babylift">"Babylift" (1975)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gatekeeper" title="Operation Gatekeeper">"Gatekeeper" (1994)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Endgame" title="Operation Endgame">"Endgame" (2003–2012)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Front_Line" title="Operation Front Line">"Front Line" (2004–2005)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Streamline" title="Operation Streamline">"Streamline" (2005–present)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Return_to_Sender" title="Operation Return to Sender">"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jump_Start" title="Operation Jump Start">"Jump Start" (2006–2008)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phalanx_(2010-2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Phalanx (2010-2016)">"Phalanx" (2010–2016)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faithful_Patriot" title="Operation Faithful Patriot">"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_DREAM_Act" title="California DREAM Act">California DREAM Act (2006–2010)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_SB_1070" title="Arizona SB 1070">Arizona SB 1070 (2010)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_HB_56" title="Alabama HB 56">Alabama HB 56 (2011)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Non-governmental<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Border_Recon" title="Arizona Border Recon">Arizona Border Recon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/California_Coalition_for_Immigration_Reform" title="California Coalition for Immigration Reform">California Coalition for Immigration Reform</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CASA_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="CASA of Maryland">CASA of Maryland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">Center for Immigration Studies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Migration_Studies_of_New_York" title="Center for Migration Studies of New York">Center for Migration Studies of New York</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Humane_Immigrant_Rights_of_Los_Angeles" title="Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles">Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform" title="Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform">Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Community_Change" title="Community Change">Community Change</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">Federation for American Immigration Reform</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Improve_The_Dream" title="Improve The Dream">Improve The Dream</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexica_Movement" title="Mexica Movement">Mexica Movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_Without_Borders" title="Mexicans Without Borders">Mexicans Without Borders</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Policy_Institute" title="Migration Policy Institute">Migration Policy Institute</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Civil_Defense_Corps" title="Minuteman Civil Defense Corps">Minuteman Civil Defense Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Project" title="Minuteman Project">Minuteman Project</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Forum" title="National Immigration Forum">National Immigration Forum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Korean_American_Service_%26_Education_Consortium" title="National Korean American Service & Education Consortium">National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Negative_Population_Growth" title="Negative Population Growth">Negative Population Growth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/No_More_Deaths" title="No More Deaths">No More Deaths</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Save_Our_State" title="Save Our State">Save Our State</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Compact" title="Utah Compact">Utah Compact</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borderland_(TV_series)" title="Borderland (TV series)">Borderland (TV series)</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Missing_in_Brooks_County" title="Missing in Brooks County">Missing in Brooks County</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228936124"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Mexico&#124;link=Mexico_Mexico–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Mexico–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Mexico–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Mexico&#124;link=Mexico_Mexico–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mexico–United States relations">Mexico–United States relations</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Mexico,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Mexico, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Mexico, Washington, D.C.</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Mexico_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Mexico to the United States">Ambassadors of Mexico to the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Mexico_City" title="Embassy of the United States, Mexico City">Embassy of the United States, Mexico City</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Mexico" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Mexico">Ambassadors of the United States to Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_Mexico,_Dallas" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate General of Mexico, Dallas">Consulate General of Mexico, Dallas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_Mexico_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Mission of Mexico to the United Nations">Permanent Mission of Mexico to the United Nations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_Mexico_to_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="Permanent Mission of Mexico to the Organization of American States">Permanent Mission of Mexico to the Organization of American States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Western_Hemisphere_Affairs" title="Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs">Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limits_(Mexico%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)">Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/McLane%E2%80%93Ocampo_Treaty" title="McLane–Ocampo Treaty">McLane–Ocampo Treaty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" title="International Boundary and Water Commission">International Boundary and Water Commission</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_Wastewater_Treatment_Plant" title="International Boundary Wastewater Treatment Plant">International Boundary Wastewater Treatment Plant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_dispute" title="Colorado River dispute">Colorado River dispute</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Banco_Convention_of_1905" title="Banco Convention of 1905">Banco Convention of 1905</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/De_la_Huerta%E2%80%93Lamont_Treaty" title="De la Huerta–Lamont Treaty">De la Huerta–Lamont Treaty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saavedra_Lamas_Treaty" title="Saavedra Lamas Treaty">Saavedra Lamas Treaty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico_Convention_relating_to_the_Final_Adjustment_of_Certain_Unsettled_Claims" title="United States–Mexico Convention relating to the Final Adjustment of Certain Unsettled Claims">United States–Mexico Convention relating to the Final Adjustment of Certain Unsettled Claims</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracero program">Bracero program</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_Selection_Process" title="Bracero Selection Process">Bracero Selection Process</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Treaty_of_1970" title="Boundary Treaty of 1970">Boundary Treaty of 1970</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Border_Governors_Conference" title="Border Governors Conference">Border Governors Conference</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Protection_of_Commerce_and_Investments_from_Foreign_Policies_that_Contravene_International_Law" title="Law of Protection of Commerce and Investments from Foreign Policies that Contravene International Law">Law of Protection of Commerce and Investments from Foreign Policies that Contravene International Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_response_to_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Mexican response to Hurricane Katrina">Mexican response to Hurricane Katrina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_visits_to_Mexico" title="United States presidential visits to Mexico">United States presidential visits to Mexico</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_upon_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="United States declaration of war upon Mexico">United States declaration of war upon Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Mexico_City" title="Battle for Mexico City">Battle for Mexico City</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spot_Resolutions" title="Spot Resolutions">Spot Resolutions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Velasco" title="Treaties of Velasco">Treaties of Velasco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cahuenga" title="Treaty of Cahuenga">Treaty of Cahuenga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Botiller_v._Dominguez" title="Botiller v. Dominguez">Botiller v. Dominguez</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista_(Mexico)" title="Reconquista (Mexico)">Reconquista (Mexico)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_Mexican_Boundary_Commission" title="United States and Mexican Boundary Commission">United States and Mexican Boundary Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_Mexican_Boundary_Survey" title="United States and Mexican Boundary Survey">United States and Mexican Boundary Survey</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_affair" title="Crawford affair">Crawford affair</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution">United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919)" title="Mexican Border War (1910–1919)">Mexican Border War (1910–1919)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tampico_Affair" title="Tampico Affair">Tampico Affair</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">United States occupation of Veracruz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ypiranga_incident" title="Ypiranga incident">Ypiranga incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition" title="Pancho Villa Expedition">Pancho Villa Expedition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/De_la_Huerta%E2%80%93Lamont_Treaty" title="De la Huerta–Lamont Treaty">De la Huerta–Lamont Treaty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bucareli_Treaty" title="Bucareli Treaty">Bucareli Treaty</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamizal_dispute" title="Chamizal dispute">Chamizal dispute</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Cart_War" title="Texas Cart War">Texas Cart War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cortina_Troubles" title="Cortina Troubles">Cortina Troubles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Repatriation" title="Mexican Repatriation">Mexican Repatriation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wetback" title="Operation Wetback">Operation Wetback</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_v._Mendoza-Martinez" title="Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez">Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tuna-Dolphin_GATT_Case_(I_and_II)" title="Tuna-Dolphin GATT Case (I and II)">Tuna-Dolphin GATT Case (I and II)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Brignoni-Ponce" title="United States v. Brignoni-Ponce">United States v. Brignoni-Ponce</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kiki_Camarena" title="Kiki Camarena">Kiki Camarena</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sosa_v._Alvarez-Machain" title="Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain">Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Mark_Kilroy" title="Murder of Mark Kilroy">Murder of Mark Kilroy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Verdugo-Urquidez" title="United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez">United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Alvarez-Machain" title="United States v. Alvarez-Machain">United States v. Alvarez-Machain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eunique_v._Powell" title="Eunique v. Powell">Eunique v. Powell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1999_Matamoros_standoff" title="1999 Matamoros standoff">1999 Matamoros standoff</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Avena_case" title="Avena case">Avena case</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gunrunner" title="Project Gunrunner">Project Gunrunner</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATF_gunwalking_scandal" title="ATF gunwalking scandal">ATF gunwalking scandal</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/US_Mexico_Trade_Dispute_-_Stainless_Steel_Sheets_and_Coils_dumping" title="US Mexico Trade Dispute - Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils dumping">US Mexico Trade Dispute - Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils dumping</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lopez_v._Gonzales" title="Lopez v. Gonzales">Lopez v. Gonzales</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Medell%C3%ADn" title="José Medellín">José Medellín</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_v._Texas" title="Medellín v. Texas">Medellín v. Texas</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Leal_Garcia" title="Humberto Leal Garcia">Humberto Leal Garcia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leal_Garcia_v._Texas" title="Leal Garcia v. Texas">Leal Garcia v. Texas</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Zapata" title="Jaime Zapata">Jaime Zapata</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2011_Matamoros_mass_kidnapping" title="2011 Matamoros mass kidnapping">2011 Matamoros mass kidnapping</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Jos%C3%A9_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Shooting of José Rodríguez">Shooting of José Rodríguez</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_sugarcane_trade_dispute" title="Mexico–United States sugarcane trade dispute">Mexico–United States sugarcane trade dispute</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_Air_Conditioner_move_to_Mexico" title="Carrier Air Conditioner move to Mexico">Carrier Air Conditioner move to Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13767" title="Executive Order 13767">Executive Order 13767</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_migrant_caravans" title="Central American migrant caravans">Central American migrant caravans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Mesa" title="Hernandez v. Mesa">Hernandez v. Mesa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Claudia_G%C3%B3mez_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Killing of Claudia Gómez González">Killing of Claudia Gómez González</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" title="2019 El Paso shooting">2019 El Paso shooting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2022_San_Antonio_migrant_deaths" title="2022 San Antonio migrant deaths">2022 San Antonio migrant deaths</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2023_Matamoros_kidnappings" title="2023 Matamoros kidnappings">2023 Matamoros kidnappings</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Military relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">Second French intervention in Mexico</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mexico_City" title="Siege of Mexico City">Siege of Mexico City</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_Initiative" title="Mérida Initiative">Mérida Initiative</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexico–United States border</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico–United States barrier">Mexico–United States barrier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration to the United States</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gatekeeper" title="Operation Gatekeeper">Operation Gatekeeper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Mexico–United States border crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Project" title="Minuteman Project">Minuteman Project</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Salsa" title="Minuteman Salsa">Minuteman Salsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ranch_Rescue" title="Ranch Rescue">Ranch Rescue</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trump_wall" title="Trump wall">Trump wall</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Fence_Act_of_2006" title="Secure Fence Act of 2006">Secure Fence Act of 2006</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jump_Start" title="Operation Jump Start">Operation Jump Start</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Emergency_Concerning_the_Southern_Border_of_the_United_States" title="National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States">National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_border_disputes" title="Rio Grande border disputes">Rio Grande border disputes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_conflicts_on_the_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_barrier" title="Indigenous conflicts on the Mexico–United States barrier">Indigenous conflicts on the Mexico–United States barrier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_along_the_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues along the Mexico–United States border">Environmental issues</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_deaths_along_the_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Migrant deaths along the Mexico–United States border">Migrant deaths</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Border_Environment_Cooperation_Commission" title="Border Environment Cooperation Commission">Border Environment Cooperation Commission</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_Activism_At_The_Border" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence and Activism At The Border">Violence and Activism At The Border</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_soccer_rivalry" title="Mexico–United States soccer rivalry">Mexico–United States soccer rivalry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Puerto_Rico_boxing_rivalry" title="Mexico–Puerto Rico boxing rivalry">Mexico–Puerto Rico boxing rivalry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Republic_of_Texas_relations" title="Mexico–Republic of Texas relations">Mexico–Republic of Texas relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_extradition_relations_with_Mexico" title="United States extradition relations with Mexico">United States extradition relations with Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agua_Prieta_pipeline" title="Agua Prieta pipeline">Agua Prieta pipeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_Baja_Pipeline" title="North Baja Pipeline">North Baja Pipeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American-Mexican_Claims_Commission" title="American-Mexican Claims Commission">American-Mexican Claims Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/La_Antorcha_de_la_Amistad" title="La Antorcha de la Amistad">La Antorcha de la Amistad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_Media_Project" title="Chiapas Media Project">Chiapas Media Project</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Directo_a_M%C3%A9xico" title="Directo a México">Directo a México</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Mexico" title="Exclusive economic zone of Mexico">Exclusive economic zone of Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_the_United_States" title="Exclusive economic zone of the United States">Exclusive economic zone of the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">Filibuster (military)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_international_park" title="Mexico–United States international park">Mexico–United States international park</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Development_Bank" title="North American Development Bank">North American Development Bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere_Travel_Initiative" title="Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative">Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Virginia_Colony" title="New Virginia Colony">New Virginia Colony</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maquiladora" title="Maquiladora">Maquiladora</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second-tier_Mexican_sugar" title="Second-tier Mexican sugar">Second-tier Mexican sugar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%B1orita_M%C3%A9xico_U.S." title="Señorita México U.S.">Señorita México U.S.</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Mexico–United States relations">Category:Mexico–United States relations</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228936124"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057263#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563353305171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85139917">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00578223">Japan</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00582333">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>'
|
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) |
false
|
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) |
'1720086186'
|
