==Service at Groton School== |
==Service at Groton School== |
||
The Choir of [[Groton School]], of [[Groton, Massachusetts|Groton]], [[Massachusetts]], USA, has been presenting a Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols since 1928, ten years after the service began at King's. Groton's is the oldest tenured Lessons and Carols service in the United States, and second oldest in the world. The school's first organist and choirmaster, Twining Lynes, is believed to have heard the service at King's, and shortly thereafter began the tradition with his choir at Groton. In 82 years, only |
The Choir of [[Groton School]], of [[Groton, Massachusetts|Groton]], [[Massachusetts]], USA, has been presenting a Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols since 1928, ten years after the service began at King's. Groton's is the oldest tenured Lessons and Carols service in the United States, and second oldest in the world. The school's first organist and choirmaster, Twining Lynes, is believed to have heard the service at King's, and shortly thereafter began the tradition with his choir at Groton. In 82 years, only six organists have presided over the Groton service – Lynes until 1941, Edward Gammons until 1973, Daniel Hathaway until 1976, Craig Smith through mid-2005, Michael Smith through mid-2011, and the current organist, Christopher Hampson.<ref>{{citation|title=Lessons & Carols|url=http://www.groton.org/student_life/chapel/lessons_carols|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/63nT1ec72|archivedate=9 December 2011|publisher=[[Groton School]]|accessdate=9 December 2011}}.</ref> |
||
==See also== |
==See also== |
||
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
Name of the user account (user_name) |
'68.184.16.247'
|
Page ID (page_id) |
274562
|
Page namespace (page_namespace) |
0
|
Page title without namespace (page_title) |
'Nine Lessons and Carols'
|
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle) |
'Nine Lessons and Carols'
|
Action (action) |
'edit'
|
Edit summary/reason (summary) |
'/* Service at Groton School */ '
|
Whether or not the edit is marked as minor (no longer in use) (minor_edit) |
false
|
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) |
'[[File:Peter Paul Rubens 009.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Adoration of the Magi|The Adoration of the Magi]]'' (1634) by [[Peter Paul Rubens]], which hangs behind the [[Altar#In Western Christian churches|altar]] in [[King's College Chapel, Cambridge]].]]
The Festival of '''Nine Lessons and Carols''' is a format for a service of [[Christian]] [[worship]] celebrating the birth of [[Jesus]] that is traditionally followed at [[Christmas]]. The story of the [[Original sin|fall of humanity]], the promise of the [[Messiah]], and the birth of Jesus is told in nine short [[Bible]] readings from Genesis, the prophetic books and the Gospels, interspersed with the singing of [[Christmas carol]]s, [[hymn]]s and choir music.
The format was based on an Order drawn up by [[Edward White Benson]], later [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] but at that time [[Bishop of Truro]], in [[Cornwall]], for use on [[Christmas Eve]] (24 December) 1880. Tradition says that he organized a 10 pm service on Christmas Eve in a temporary wooden shed serving as his [[Truro Cathedral|cathedral]] <ref>{{cite news|title=Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cornwall/content/articles/2005/12/16/faith_nine_lessons_feature.shtml|publisher=[[bbc.co.uk]]|date=16 December 2005}}</ref> and that a key purpose of the service was to keep men out of pubs on Christmas Eve.<ref>{{citation|author=Alex Webb|title=Choir that sings to the world|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/1703517.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=24 December 2001}}.</ref>
The original liturgy has since been adapted and used by other churches all over the world. Lessons and Carols most often occur in [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] churches, but also in some [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] [[parish]]es, and [[Presbyterian]] institutions. However numerous Christian churches have adopted this service, or a variation on this service, as part of their Christmas celebrations. In the UK, the service has become the standard format for schools' Christmas carol services.
The best-known version is broadcast annually from [[King's College, Cambridge]], on [[Christmas Eve]]. It features carols sung by the famous [[Choir of King's College, Cambridge]]. [[Groton School]] of [[Groton, Massachusetts]], has performed the festival longer than any institution other than King's, holding its first Lessons and Carols in 1928.
==Service at King's College, Cambridge==
[[File:King's College Chapel.jpg|thumb|upright|[[King's College Chapel, Cambridge|King's College Chapel]], photographed on 16 November 2006.]]
The first Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at [[King's College, Cambridge]], was held on [[Christmas Eve]] in 1918. It was conceived by [[Eric Milner-White]], the [[Dean (religion)|Dean]] of the College, whose experience as an [[Chaplain#Military|army chaplain]] had led him to believe that more imaginative worship was needed by the [[Church of England]]. The order of service was adapted from the order created by Benson for Truro Cathedral 38 years earlier, based on an idea from the future [[Bishop of Edinburgh]], George Henry Somerset Walpole.<ref name="King's College Chapel: History">{{citation|title=Nine lessons and carols: History of the service|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/history.html|publisher=[[King's College Chapel, Cambridge|King's College Chapel]]|accessdate=2008-03-09}}.</ref>
The music at the first service at King's was directed by [[Arthur Henry Mann]], who was the [[organist]] from 1876 to 1929. The choir had 16 [[boy soprano|trebles]] as specified in statutes laid down by [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]], and until 1927 the men's voices were provided by [[choral scholar]]s and [[lay clerk]]s. Today, 14 [[undergraduate]]s from the [[Choir of King's College, Cambridge]], sing the men's parts.<ref name="King's College Chapel: History"/>
The service was first broadcast by the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] in 1928 and, except for 1930, has been broadcast every year since, even throughout [[World War II]] despite the [[stained glass]] having been removed from the Chapel and the lack of heating. For security reasons, the name "King's" was not mentioned during wartime broadcasts.<ref name="King's College Chapel: History"/> During the 1930s the BBC began broadcasting the service on its overseas programmes, and it is estimated that each year there are millions of listeners worldwide who listen to it live on the [[BBC World Service]]. Domestically, the service is broadcast live on [[BBC Radio 4]], and a recorded broadcast is made on Christmas Day on [[BBC Radio 3]].<ref name="King's College Chapel: History"/> In the USA since 1979, the broadcast has been heard live on public radio stations affiliated with American Public Media, and most stations broadcast a repeat on Christmas Day. From 1963, the service was periodically filmed for television broadcast in the UK.<ref>{{citation|title=History of A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/events/chapel-services/nine-lessons/history.html|publisher=[[King's College, Cambridge]]|accessdate=2010-12-25}}.</ref> Presently each year, a programme entitled ''Carols from King's'' which is pre-recorded in early or mid-December is shown on Christmas Eve in the UK on [[BBC Two]] and [[BBC Four]]. The programme is weighted more heavily in favour of carols sung by the choir, with only seven readings in total, not all of which are from the Bible.
===Order of service===
The format of the first Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols did not differ substantially from the one known today. The order of the lessons was revised in 1919, and since that time the service has always begun with the hymn "[[Once In Royal David's City|Once in Royal David's City]]".<ref name="King's College Chapel: History"/> These days the first verse is sung unaccompanied by a solo boy chorister. To avoid putting him under undue stress, the chorister is not told that he will be singing the solo until immediately before the service is to begin.<ref>{{citation|author=Peter Kingston|title=The world's greatest carol event|url=http://education.guardian.co.uk/schools/story/0,,2231099,00.html|newspaper=[[The Guardian]] (EducationGuardian)|date=21 December 2007}}.</ref>
The Nine Lessons, which are the same every year, are read by representatives of the college and of the [[Cambridge|City of Cambridge]] from the 1611 [[Authorized King James Version]] of the Bible in the following order: a chorister, a choral scholar, a representative of Cambridge churches, a representative of the City of Cambridge, a representative of King's College's [[Eton College|sister college at Eton]], the Chaplain, the Director of Music, a [[Fellow#Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin|fellow]] of the College, and the [[Provost (education)|Provost]] of the College. The singing is divided into "carols" which are sung by the Choir of King's College, Cambridge, and "hymns" sung by the Choir and congregation. Since 1982 the current Director of Music, [[Stephen Cleobury]], has commissioned a new carol each year on behalf of the College for the Choir. The carols vary from year to year, although some music is repeated. The service ends with the hymn "[[Hark! The Herald Angels Sing]]". The following is from the service in 2008.<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2008">{{citation|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2008|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/assets/1/1d/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols2008.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|date=24 December 2008|accessdate=2008-12-25}}. For the songs sung in earlier years, see "[[List of carols performed at the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College Chapel, Cambridge]]".</ref>
*Organ Preludes
:*[[Processional hymn|Processional Hymn]]: "[[Once In Royal David's City|Once in Royal David's City]]" – words by [[Cecil Frances Humphreys Alexander]]; melody by [[H.J. Gauntlett]], harmonized by H.J. Gauntlett and A.H. Mann; [[descant]] by [[Stephen Cleobury]].
*[[Bidding-prayer|Bidding Prayer]]
:*Carol: "If Ye would Hear the Angels Sing" – words by D. Greenwell; music by P. Tranchell
*'''First Lesson from [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 3: 8–15; 17–19'''
:*Carol: "Remember, O Thou Man" – words, 16th century; music by [[Thomas Ravenscroft]]
:*Carol: "[[Adam lay ybounden]]" – words, 15th century; music by [[Boris Ord]]
*'''Second Lesson from Genesis 22: 15–18'''
:*Carol: "[[Angels from the Realms of Glory]]" – words by [[James Montgomery]]; music, old French tune arranged by [[Philip Ledger|Philip S. Ledger]]
:*Carol: "[[In Dulci Jubilo]]" – words, 14th century German; music by [[Hieronymus Praetorius]]
*'''Third Lesson from [[Isaiah]] 9: 2; 6–7'''
:*Carol: "Nowell Sing We Now All and Some" – words and music medieval, edited by John Stevens
:*Hymn: "[[Unto Us is Born a Son]]" – words, 15th century Latin, translated by G.R. Woodward; music from ''[[Piae Cantiones]]'' arranged by [[David Willcocks|David V. Willcocks]]
*'''Fourth Lesson from Isaiah 11: 1–3a; 4a; 6–9'''
:*Carol: "[[The Lamb]]" – words by [[William Blake]]; music by [[John Tavener]]
:*Carol: "[[Es ist ein Ros entsprungen|A Spotless Rose is Blowing]]" – words, 15th century German, translated by C. Winkworth; music by Philip S. Ledger
*'''Fifth Lesson from the [[Gospel of Luke]] 1: 26–35; 38'''
:*Carol: "[[I Sing of a Maiden]]" – words, 15th century; music by [[Lennox Berkeley]]
:*Carol: "The Night when She First Gave Birth" ("Mary") – words by [[Bertolt Brecht]], translated by [[Michael Hamburger]]; music by [[Dominic Muldowney]]
*'''Sixth Lesson from Luke 2: 1; 3–7'''
:*Carol: "Sweet Baby, Sleep! What Ails My Dear?" ("Wither's Rocking Hymn)" – words by [[George Wither]]; music by [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]]
:*Carol: "What Sweeter Music can We Bring" – words by [[Robert Herrick (poet)|Robert Herrick]]; music by [[John Rutter]]
*'''Seventh Lesson from Luke 2: 8–16'''
:*Carol: "[[Infant Holy, Infant Lowly]]" – words, Polish traditional, translated by Edith M.G. Reed; music arranged by Stephen Cleobury
:*Hymn: "[[God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen|God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen]]" – English traditional; arranged by David V. Willcocks
*'''Eighth Lesson from the [[Gospel of Matthew]] 2: 1–12'''
:*Carol: "Illuminare Jerusalem" – words adapted from the Bannatyne manuscript in John and Winifred MacQueen, ''A Choice of Scottish Verse, 1470–1570'' (1972); music by [[Judith Weir]]
:*Carol: "Glory, Alleluia to the Christ Child" – words, 17th century; music by A. Bullard
*'''Ninth Lesson from the [[Gospel of John]] 1: 1–14'''
:*Hymn: "[[Adeste Fideles|O Come, All Ye Faithful]]" ("Adeste Fideles") – words, 18th century Latin, translated by [[Frederick Oakeley]]; melody by [[John Francis Wade]], arranged by Stephen Cleobury
*[[Collect]] and Blessing
:*Hymn: "[[Hark! The Herald Angels Sing]]" – words by [[Charles Wesley]] and [[George Whitefield]]; music by [[Felix Mendelssohn]]; descant by Stephen Cleobury
*Organ Voluntaries: "[[In Dulci Jubilo]]" (BWV 729) by [[Johann Sebastian Bach]],『[[La nativité du seigneur|Dieu Parmi Nous]]』by [[Olivier Messiaen]]
*Organ Postlude
===Commissioned carols and organ postludes===
<!--Please arrange in chronological order. Thanks.-->
{| class=wikitable
|-
!width=20%|Year
!width=40%|Titles
!width=40%|Authors
|- valign=top
|align=center|1983
|In Wintertime{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}<br />(When Thou wast born in wintertime)
|Words: [[Betty Askwith]]<br />Music: [[Lennox Berkeley]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1984
|One Star, at Last{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}<br />(Fix on one star)
|Words: [[George Mackay Brown]]<br />Music: [[Peter Maxwell Davies]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1985
|Illuminare Jerusalem<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2001">{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 2001|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2001/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=2001|accessdate=2008-01-01}}.</ref>
|Words: adapted from the Bannatyne manuscript in {{citation|author=John MacQueen|author2=Winifred MacQueen|title=A Choice of Scottish Verse, 1470–1570|location=London|publisher=[[Faber and Faber]]|year=1972|isbn=0571095321}}.<br />Music: [[Judith Weir]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1986
|Nowel, Nowel, Holly Dark{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
|Words: [[Walter de la Mare]]<br />Music: [[Richard Rodney Bennett]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1987
|What Sweeter Music Can We Bring<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2005">{{citation|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2005|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2005/NineLessonsCarols2005.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|date=24 December 2005|accessdate=2008-01-01}}.</ref>
|Words: [[Robert Herrick (poet)|Robert Herrick]]<br />Music: [[John Rutter]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1988
|The Birthday of thy King{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}<br />(Awake, glad heart, get up, and sing!)
|Words: After [[Henry Vaughan]]<br />Music: [[Peter Sculthorpe]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1989
|Carol of St. Steven{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
|Words: Adapted from ''W. Sandys' Christmas Carols''<br />Music: [[Alexander Goehr]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1990
|Богородице Дево, радуйся<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2007">{{citation|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2007|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/assets/7/7c/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols_2007.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|date=24 December 2007|accessdate=2007-12-24}}.</ref><br />(Rejoice, O Virgin Mary)
|Words: the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Liturgy]] (in [[Russian language|Russian]])<br />Music: [[Arvo Pärt]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1991
|A Gathering{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
|Words: [[Lancelot Andrewes]]<br />Music: [[John Casken]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1992
|Swetë Jesu{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
|Words: Anonymous, 13th Century<br />Music: [[Nicholas Maw]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1993
|Christo Paremus Cantica{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
|Words: Anonymous, 15th Century<br />Music: [[Diana Burrell]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1994
|The Angels{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}<br />(Should you hear them singing among stars)
|Words: [[John V. Taylor]]<br />Music: [[Jonathan Harvey (composer)|Jonathan Harvey]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1995
|Seinte Marie Moder Milde{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
|Words: From a 13th-century manuscript in the Library of [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]<br />Music: [[James MacMillan (composer)|James MacMillan]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1996
|Pilgrim Jesus{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}<br />(Iesus! Christus! In the manger of my body)
|Words: [[Kevin Crossley-Holland]]<br />Music: [[Stephen Paulus]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1997
|The Fayrfax Carol<ref>{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 1997|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/1997/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=1997|accessdate=2008-01-01}}.</ref>
|Words: [[Tudor period|Early Tudor]], anonymous<br />Music: [[Thomas Adès]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1998
|Winter Solstice Carol<ref>{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 1998|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/1998/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=1998|accessdate=2008-01-01}}.</ref>
|English words and music: [[Giles Swayne]]<br />[[Latin]] words: [[Magnificat]] [[antiphon]] for Christmas Day
|- valign=top
|align=center|1999
|On Christmas Day to My Heart<ref>{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 1999|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/1999/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=1999|accessdate=2008-01-01}}.</ref>
|Words: [[Clement Paman]]<br />Music: [[Richard Rodney Bennett]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|2000
|The Three Kings<ref>{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 2000|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2000/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=2000|accessdate=2008-01-01}}.</ref>
|Words: ''The Three Kings'' (1916) by [[Dorothy L. Sayers]]<br />Music: [[Jonathan Dove]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|2001
|Spring in Winter<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2001"/>
|Words: C. Smart, from ''Hymn &c: The Nativity of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ''<br />Music: [[John Woolrich]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|2002
|The Angel Gabriel Descended to a Virgin<ref>{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 2002|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2002/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=2002|accessdate=2008-01-01}}.</ref>
|Words: 15th–17th century<br />Music: [[Robin Holloway]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|2003
|The Gleam<ref>{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 2003|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2003/|publisher=[[King's College Chapel, Cambridge]]|year=2003|accessdate=2008-01-01}}.</ref><br />(Not yet shepherds the gilded kings)
|Words: [[Stephen Plaice]]<br />Music: [[Harrison Birtwistle]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|2004
|God would be born in thee<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2004">{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 2004|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2004/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=2004|accessdate=2008-01-01}}.</ref><ref>In addition, a carol entitled ''Starry Night O'er Bethlehem'' with words by Anne Willcocks and music by [[David Willcocks]] was also specially written for the service.</ref><br />(Lo, in the Silent Night a Child in God is Born)
|Words: [[Angelus Silesius]]<br />Music: [[Judith Bingham]]
|- valign=top
|rowspan=2 align=center|2005
|'''Carol''': [[Away in a Manger]]<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2005"/>
|Words: 19th century<br />Music: [[John Tavener]]
|- valign=top
|'''Organ postlude''': Improvisation on "[[Adeste Fideles]]"<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2005"/>
|[[Francis Pott]]
|- valign=top
|rowspan=2 align=center|2006
|'''Carol''': Misere' Nobis<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2006">{{citation|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2006|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2006/NineLessonsCarols2006.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|date=24 December 2006|accessdate=2008-01-01}}.</ref><br />(Jesu of a Maiden Thou wast Born)
|Words: a version of a medieval English carol<br />Music: [[Mark-Anthony Turnage]]
|- valign=top
|'''Organ postlude''': Recessional on "[[In the Bleak Midwinter]]"<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2006"/>
|[[Lionel Steuart Fothringham]]
|- valign=top
|rowspan=2 align=center|2007
|'''Carol''': Noël (Now comes the dawn)<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2007"/><br />(Stardust and vaporous light)
|Words: [[Richard Watson Gilder]]<br />Music: [[Brett Dean]]
|- valign=top
|'''Organ postlude''': Sortie on "[[In Dulci Jubilo]]"<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2007"/>
|[[David Briggs (musician)|David Briggs]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|2008
|Mary<br />
(The Night when She First Gave Birth)<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2008">{{citation|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2008|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/assets/1/1d/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols2008.pdf|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|date=24 December 2008|accessdate=2008-12-25}}.</ref>
|Words: [[Bertolt Brecht]], translated by [[Michael Hamburger]]<br />Music: [[Dominic Muldowney]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|2009
|The Christ Child<ref name="OUP Choral News Oct 2009">{{citation|title=OUP Choral News E-mail October 2009|date=9 October 2009}}.</ref>
|Music: Gabriel Jackson<!--Do not link to "[[Gabriel Jackson]]", as that article is about a different person.--><ref>{{citation|title=Oxford Music Now|url=http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/pdf/music/OMN33.pdf|format=PDF|date=Spring 2009|issue=33|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=5|accessdate=16 May 2009}}.</ref>
|- valign=top
|align=center|2010
|Offerings they brought of gold
|Music: [[Einojuhani Rautavaara]]<ref>{{citation|title=Boosey & Hawkes - Performance Calendar|url=http://www.boosey.com/pages/cr/calendar/perf_results.asp|accessdate=24 October 2010}}.</ref>
|}
===Attendance of the service in person===
The Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols held on Christmas Eve at King's College Chapel is primarily intended for the City of Cambridge and members of the general public.<ref name="King's College Chapel: Nine Lessons">{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/index.html|publisher=[[King's College Chapel, Cambridge|King's College Chapel]]|accessdate=2008-03-10}}.</ref> There are about 650 seats in the Chapel for the service, most of which are in the [[Ante-chapel|Ante-Chapel]];<ref name="Information leaflet">{{citation|title=The Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, King's College, Cambridge [information leaflet]|publisher=[[King's College, Cambridge]]|date=24 December 2007}}.</ref> seats in the [[Choir (architecture)|Choir]] are largely reserved for College members and their guests.<ref name="King's College Chapel: Nine Lessons"/>
The demand for seats always exceeds the number available. Members of the public are admitted to the College through the main gate on King's Parade from 7:30 am (though some start queueing the night before),<ref>See, for instance, {{citation|author=Neil Hallows|title=Queuing for King's|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6202751.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=22 December 2006}}.</ref> and each person is given an information leaflet which must be retained and shown to the duty [[Porter (college)|porter]] for re-entry if he or she desires to leave the queue temporarily. People joining the queue before 9:00 am will usually gain admission to the Chapel, but this is not guaranteed. Porters monitor the number of people joining the queue, and once there are as many people as there are seats available, the others are advised that it is unlikely they will be able to attend the service.<ref name="King's College Chapel: Nine Lessons"/> Members of Collegium Regale (the Choral Scholars of King's College Choir) usually sing Christmas carols to entertain the people who are queueing.
A limited number of seats are available for people unable to queue due to disability or illness. Application for such seats must be made by 31 October to the personal assistant of the Dean of King's College.<ref name="King's College Chapel: Nine Lessons"/>
The doors of the Chapel are opened at 1:30 pm and the public allowed to find their seats.<ref name="King's College Chapel: Nine Lessons"/> As the service is broadcast live, at the request of the BBC it begins a little after 3:00 pm and not exactly on the hour (due to an hourly radio news update).<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2007"/> It concludes at around 4:30 pm<ref name="King's College Chapel: Nine Lessons"/> or 4:45 pm<ref name="Information leaflet"/> at the earliest.
==Service at Groton School==
The Choir of [[Groton School]], of [[Groton, Massachusetts|Groton]], [[Massachusetts]], USA, has been presenting a Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols since 1928, ten years after the service began at King's. Groton's is the oldest tenured Lessons and Carols service in the United States, and second oldest in the world. The school's first organist and choirmaster, Twining Lynes, is believed to have heard the service at King's, and shortly thereafter began the tradition with his choir at Groton. In 82 years, only five organists have presided over the Groton service – Lynes until 1941, Edward Gammons until 1973, Daniel Hathaway until 1976, Craig Smith through mid-2005, and Michael Smith through mid-2011.<ref>{{citation|title=Lessons & Carols|url=http://www.groton.org/student_life/chapel/lessons_carols|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/63nT1ec72|archivedate=9 December 2011|publisher=[[Groton School]]|accessdate=9 December 2011}}.</ref> In December 2011, Christopher Hampson, the school's present organist and choirmaster, will become the sixth person to direct the service. Peter Stoltzfus Berton, of [[St. John's Episcopal Church (West Hartford, Connecticut)|St. John's Episcopal Church]] in [[West Hartford, Connecticut]],<ref>{{citation|title=Music Director – Peter Stoltzfus Berton|url=http://sjparish.net/Worship_and_Music/Music/Music_Director_Peter_Stoltzfus_Berton/|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/63nTiZMHO|archivedate=9 December 2011|publisher=[[St. John's Episcopal Church (West Hartford, Connecticut)|St. John's Episcopal Church]]|accessdate=9 December 2011}}.</ref> will assist with the organ for the fourth consecutive year.
==See also==
{{Portal|Anglicanism}}
*[[Anglican church music]]
*[[List of carols performed at the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College Chapel, Cambridge]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
*{{citation|last=Cleobury|first=Stephen|authorlink=Stephen Cleobury|title=Nine Lessons and Carols at King's: 70 Years On|journal=[[The Musical Times]]|volume=129|issue=1750|date=December 1988|pages=687 & 689|doi=10.2307/966672|publisher=The Musical Times, Vol. 129, No. 1750|jstor=966672}}.
*{{citation|last=Barnett|first=Laura|title=My week: Stephen Cleobury|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2006/12/09/bmweek109.xml|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] (Weekend)|date=9 December 2006}}.
==External links==
{{Commonscat|Nine Lessons and Carols}}
*[http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/index.html King's College Chapel's webpage about the service]
*[http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/files/services/nine-lessons-2009.pdf Detailed order of service for 2009]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nine Lessons And Carols}}
[[Category:Christian liturgy, rites, and worship services]]
[[Category:Christmas traditions]]
[[ro:Carols Service]]
[[simple:Nine Lessons and Carols]]'
|
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) |
'[[File:Peter Paul Rubens 009.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Adoration of the Magi|The Adoration of the Magi]]'' (1634) by [[Peter Paul Rubens]], which hangs behind the [[Altar#In Western Christian churches|altar]] in [[King's College Chapel, Cambridge]].]]
The Festival of '''Nine Lessons and Carols''' is a format for a service of [[Christian]] [[worship]] celebrating the birth of [[Jesus]] that is traditionally followed at [[Christmas]]. The story of the [[Original sin|fall of humanity]], the promise of the [[Messiah]], and the birth of Jesus is told in nine short [[Bible]] readings from Genesis, the prophetic books and the Gospels, interspersed with the singing of [[Christmas carol]]s, [[hymn]]s and choir music.
The format was based on an Order drawn up by [[Edward White Benson]], later [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] but at that time [[Bishop of Truro]], in [[Cornwall]], for use on [[Christmas Eve]] (24 December) 1880. Tradition says that he organized a 10 pm service on Christmas Eve in a temporary wooden shed serving as his [[Truro Cathedral|cathedral]] <ref>{{cite news|title=Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cornwall/content/articles/2005/12/16/faith_nine_lessons_feature.shtml|publisher=[[bbc.co.uk]]|date=16 December 2005}}</ref> and that a key purpose of the service was to keep men out of pubs on Christmas Eve.<ref>{{citation|author=Alex Webb|title=Choir that sings to the world|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/1703517.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=24 December 2001}}.</ref>
The original liturgy has since been adapted and used by other churches all over the world. Lessons and Carols most often occur in [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] churches, but also in some [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] [[parish]]es, and [[Presbyterian]] institutions. However numerous Christian churches have adopted this service, or a variation on this service, as part of their Christmas celebrations. In the UK, the service has become the standard format for schools' Christmas carol services.
The best-known version is broadcast annually from [[King's College, Cambridge]], on [[Christmas Eve]]. It features carols sung by the famous [[Choir of King's College, Cambridge]]. [[Groton School]] of [[Groton, Massachusetts]], has performed the festival longer than any institution other than King's, holding its first Lessons and Carols in 1928.
==Service at King's College, Cambridge==
[[File:King's College Chapel.jpg|thumb|upright|[[King's College Chapel, Cambridge|King's College Chapel]], photographed on 16 November 2006.]]
The first Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at [[King's College, Cambridge]], was held on [[Christmas Eve]] in 1918. It was conceived by [[Eric Milner-White]], the [[Dean (religion)|Dean]] of the College, whose experience as an [[Chaplain#Military|army chaplain]] had led him to believe that more imaginative worship was needed by the [[Church of England]]. The order of service was adapted from the order created by Benson for Truro Cathedral 38 years earlier, based on an idea from the future [[Bishop of Edinburgh]], George Henry Somerset Walpole.<ref name="King's College Chapel: History">{{citation|title=Nine lessons and carols: History of the service|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/history.html|publisher=[[King's College Chapel, Cambridge|King's College Chapel]]|accessdate=2008-03-09}}.</ref>
The music at the first service at King's was directed by [[Arthur Henry Mann]], who was the [[organist]] from 1876 to 1929. The choir had 16 [[boy soprano|trebles]] as specified in statutes laid down by [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]], and until 1927 the men's voices were provided by [[choral scholar]]s and [[lay clerk]]s. Today, 14 [[undergraduate]]s from the [[Choir of King's College, Cambridge]], sing the men's parts.<ref name="King's College Chapel: History"/>
The service was first broadcast by the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] in 1928 and, except for 1930, has been broadcast every year since, even throughout [[World War II]] despite the [[stained glass]] having been removed from the Chapel and the lack of heating. For security reasons, the name "King's" was not mentioned during wartime broadcasts.<ref name="King's College Chapel: History"/> During the 1930s the BBC began broadcasting the service on its overseas programmes, and it is estimated that each year there are millions of listeners worldwide who listen to it live on the [[BBC World Service]]. Domestically, the service is broadcast live on [[BBC Radio 4]], and a recorded broadcast is made on Christmas Day on [[BBC Radio 3]].<ref name="King's College Chapel: History"/> In the USA since 1979, the broadcast has been heard live on public radio stations affiliated with American Public Media, and most stations broadcast a repeat on Christmas Day. From 1963, the service was periodically filmed for television broadcast in the UK.<ref>{{citation|title=History of A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/events/chapel-services/nine-lessons/history.html|publisher=[[King's College, Cambridge]]|accessdate=2010-12-25}}.</ref> Presently each year, a programme entitled ''Carols from King's'' which is pre-recorded in early or mid-December is shown on Christmas Eve in the UK on [[BBC Two]] and [[BBC Four]]. The programme is weighted more heavily in favour of carols sung by the choir, with only seven readings in total, not all of which are from the Bible.
===Order of service===
The format of the first Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols did not differ substantially from the one known today. The order of the lessons was revised in 1919, and since that time the service has always begun with the hymn "[[Once In Royal David's City|Once in Royal David's City]]".<ref name="King's College Chapel: History"/> These days the first verse is sung unaccompanied by a solo boy chorister. To avoid putting him under undue stress, the chorister is not told that he will be singing the solo until immediately before the service is to begin.<ref>{{citation|author=Peter Kingston|title=The world's greatest carol event|url=http://education.guardian.co.uk/schools/story/0,,2231099,00.html|newspaper=[[The Guardian]] (EducationGuardian)|date=21 December 2007}}.</ref>
The Nine Lessons, which are the same every year, are read by representatives of the college and of the [[Cambridge|City of Cambridge]] from the 1611 [[Authorized King James Version]] of the Bible in the following order: a chorister, a choral scholar, a representative of Cambridge churches, a representative of the City of Cambridge, a representative of King's College's [[Eton College|sister college at Eton]], the Chaplain, the Director of Music, a [[Fellow#Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin|fellow]] of the College, and the [[Provost (education)|Provost]] of the College. The singing is divided into "carols" which are sung by the Choir of King's College, Cambridge, and "hymns" sung by the Choir and congregation. Since 1982 the current Director of Music, [[Stephen Cleobury]], has commissioned a new carol each year on behalf of the College for the Choir. The carols vary from year to year, although some music is repeated. The service ends with the hymn "[[Hark! The Herald Angels Sing]]". The following is from the service in 2008.<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2008">{{citation|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2008|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/assets/1/1d/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols2008.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|date=24 December 2008|accessdate=2008-12-25}}. For the songs sung in earlier years, see "[[List of carols performed at the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College Chapel, Cambridge]]".</ref>
*Organ Preludes
:*[[Processional hymn|Processional Hymn]]: "[[Once In Royal David's City|Once in Royal David's City]]" – words by [[Cecil Frances Humphreys Alexander]]; melody by [[H.J. Gauntlett]], harmonized by H.J. Gauntlett and A.H. Mann; [[descant]] by [[Stephen Cleobury]].
*[[Bidding-prayer|Bidding Prayer]]
:*Carol: "If Ye would Hear the Angels Sing" – words by D. Greenwell; music by P. Tranchell
*'''First Lesson from [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 3: 8–15; 17–19'''
:*Carol: "Remember, O Thou Man" – words, 16th century; music by [[Thomas Ravenscroft]]
:*Carol: "[[Adam lay ybounden]]" – words, 15th century; music by [[Boris Ord]]
*'''Second Lesson from Genesis 22: 15–18'''
:*Carol: "[[Angels from the Realms of Glory]]" – words by [[James Montgomery]]; music, old French tune arranged by [[Philip Ledger|Philip S. Ledger]]
:*Carol: "[[In Dulci Jubilo]]" – words, 14th century German; music by [[Hieronymus Praetorius]]
*'''Third Lesson from [[Isaiah]] 9: 2; 6–7'''
:*Carol: "Nowell Sing We Now All and Some" – words and music medieval, edited by John Stevens
:*Hymn: "[[Unto Us is Born a Son]]" – words, 15th century Latin, translated by G.R. Woodward; music from ''[[Piae Cantiones]]'' arranged by [[David Willcocks|David V. Willcocks]]
*'''Fourth Lesson from Isaiah 11: 1–3a; 4a; 6–9'''
:*Carol: "[[The Lamb]]" – words by [[William Blake]]; music by [[John Tavener]]
:*Carol: "[[Es ist ein Ros entsprungen|A Spotless Rose is Blowing]]" – words, 15th century German, translated by C. Winkworth; music by Philip S. Ledger
*'''Fifth Lesson from the [[Gospel of Luke]] 1: 26–35; 38'''
:*Carol: "[[I Sing of a Maiden]]" – words, 15th century; music by [[Lennox Berkeley]]
:*Carol: "The Night when She First Gave Birth" ("Mary") – words by [[Bertolt Brecht]], translated by [[Michael Hamburger]]; music by [[Dominic Muldowney]]
*'''Sixth Lesson from Luke 2: 1; 3–7'''
:*Carol: "Sweet Baby, Sleep! What Ails My Dear?" ("Wither's Rocking Hymn)" – words by [[George Wither]]; music by [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]]
:*Carol: "What Sweeter Music can We Bring" – words by [[Robert Herrick (poet)|Robert Herrick]]; music by [[John Rutter]]
*'''Seventh Lesson from Luke 2: 8–16'''
:*Carol: "[[Infant Holy, Infant Lowly]]" – words, Polish traditional, translated by Edith M.G. Reed; music arranged by Stephen Cleobury
:*Hymn: "[[God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen|God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen]]" – English traditional; arranged by David V. Willcocks
*'''Eighth Lesson from the [[Gospel of Matthew]] 2: 1–12'''
:*Carol: "Illuminare Jerusalem" – words adapted from the Bannatyne manuscript in John and Winifred MacQueen, ''A Choice of Scottish Verse, 1470–1570'' (1972); music by [[Judith Weir]]
:*Carol: "Glory, Alleluia to the Christ Child" – words, 17th century; music by A. Bullard
*'''Ninth Lesson from the [[Gospel of John]] 1: 1–14'''
:*Hymn: "[[Adeste Fideles|O Come, All Ye Faithful]]" ("Adeste Fideles") – words, 18th century Latin, translated by [[Frederick Oakeley]]; melody by [[John Francis Wade]], arranged by Stephen Cleobury
*[[Collect]] and Blessing
:*Hymn: "[[Hark! The Herald Angels Sing]]" – words by [[Charles Wesley]] and [[George Whitefield]]; music by [[Felix Mendelssohn]]; descant by Stephen Cleobury
*Organ Voluntaries: "[[In Dulci Jubilo]]" (BWV 729) by [[Johann Sebastian Bach]],『[[La nativité du seigneur|Dieu Parmi Nous]]』by [[Olivier Messiaen]]
*Organ Postlude
===Commissioned carols and organ postludes===
<!--Please arrange in chronological order. Thanks.-->
{| class=wikitable
|-
!width=20%|Year
!width=40%|Titles
!width=40%|Authors
|- valign=top
|align=center|1983
|In Wintertime{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}<br />(When Thou wast born in wintertime)
|Words: [[Betty Askwith]]<br />Music: [[Lennox Berkeley]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1984
|One Star, at Last{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}<br />(Fix on one star)
|Words: [[George Mackay Brown]]<br />Music: [[Peter Maxwell Davies]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1985
|Illuminare Jerusalem<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2001">{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 2001|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2001/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=2001|accessdate=2008-01-01}}.</ref>
|Words: adapted from the Bannatyne manuscript in {{citation|author=John MacQueen|author2=Winifred MacQueen|title=A Choice of Scottish Verse, 1470–1570|location=London|publisher=[[Faber and Faber]]|year=1972|isbn=0571095321}}.<br />Music: [[Judith Weir]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1986
|Nowel, Nowel, Holly Dark{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
|Words: [[Walter de la Mare]]<br />Music: [[Richard Rodney Bennett]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1987
|What Sweeter Music Can We Bring<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2005">{{citation|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2005|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2005/NineLessonsCarols2005.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|date=24 December 2005|accessdate=2008-01-01}}.</ref>
|Words: [[Robert Herrick (poet)|Robert Herrick]]<br />Music: [[John Rutter]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1988
|The Birthday of thy King{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}<br />(Awake, glad heart, get up, and sing!)
|Words: After [[Henry Vaughan]]<br />Music: [[Peter Sculthorpe]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1989
|Carol of St. Steven{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
|Words: Adapted from ''W. Sandys' Christmas Carols''<br />Music: [[Alexander Goehr]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1990
|Богородице Дево, радуйся<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2007">{{citation|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2007|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/assets/7/7c/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols_2007.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|date=24 December 2007|accessdate=2007-12-24}}.</ref><br />(Rejoice, O Virgin Mary)
|Words: the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Liturgy]] (in [[Russian language|Russian]])<br />Music: [[Arvo Pärt]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1991
|A Gathering{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
|Words: [[Lancelot Andrewes]]<br />Music: [[John Casken]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1992
|Swetë Jesu{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
|Words: Anonymous, 13th Century<br />Music: [[Nicholas Maw]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1993
|Christo Paremus Cantica{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
|Words: Anonymous, 15th Century<br />Music: [[Diana Burrell]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1994
|The Angels{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}<br />(Should you hear them singing among stars)
|Words: [[John V. Taylor]]<br />Music: [[Jonathan Harvey (composer)|Jonathan Harvey]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1995
|Seinte Marie Moder Milde{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
|Words: From a 13th-century manuscript in the Library of [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]<br />Music: [[James MacMillan (composer)|James MacMillan]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1996
|Pilgrim Jesus{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}<br />(Iesus! Christus! In the manger of my body)
|Words: [[Kevin Crossley-Holland]]<br />Music: [[Stephen Paulus]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1997
|The Fayrfax Carol<ref>{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 1997|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/1997/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=1997|accessdate=2008-01-01}}.</ref>
|Words: [[Tudor period|Early Tudor]], anonymous<br />Music: [[Thomas Adès]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1998
|Winter Solstice Carol<ref>{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 1998|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/1998/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=1998|accessdate=2008-01-01}}.</ref>
|English words and music: [[Giles Swayne]]<br />[[Latin]] words: [[Magnificat]] [[antiphon]] for Christmas Day
|- valign=top
|align=center|1999
|On Christmas Day to My Heart<ref>{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 1999|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/1999/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=1999|accessdate=2008-01-01}}.</ref>
|Words: [[Clement Paman]]<br />Music: [[Richard Rodney Bennett]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|2000
|The Three Kings<ref>{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 2000|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2000/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=2000|accessdate=2008-01-01}}.</ref>
|Words: ''The Three Kings'' (1916) by [[Dorothy L. Sayers]]<br />Music: [[Jonathan Dove]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|2001
|Spring in Winter<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2001"/>
|Words: C. Smart, from ''Hymn &c: The Nativity of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ''<br />Music: [[John Woolrich]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|2002
|The Angel Gabriel Descended to a Virgin<ref>{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 2002|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2002/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=2002|accessdate=2008-01-01}}.</ref>
|Words: 15th–17th century<br />Music: [[Robin Holloway]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|2003
|The Gleam<ref>{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 2003|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2003/|publisher=[[King's College Chapel, Cambridge]]|year=2003|accessdate=2008-01-01}}.</ref><br />(Not yet shepherds the gilded kings)
|Words: [[Stephen Plaice]]<br />Music: [[Harrison Birtwistle]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|2004
|God would be born in thee<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2004">{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 2004|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2004/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=2004|accessdate=2008-01-01}}.</ref><ref>In addition, a carol entitled ''Starry Night O'er Bethlehem'' with words by Anne Willcocks and music by [[David Willcocks]] was also specially written for the service.</ref><br />(Lo, in the Silent Night a Child in God is Born)
|Words: [[Angelus Silesius]]<br />Music: [[Judith Bingham]]
|- valign=top
|rowspan=2 align=center|2005
|'''Carol''': [[Away in a Manger]]<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2005"/>
|Words: 19th century<br />Music: [[John Tavener]]
|- valign=top
|'''Organ postlude''': Improvisation on "[[Adeste Fideles]]"<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2005"/>
|[[Francis Pott]]
|- valign=top
|rowspan=2 align=center|2006
|'''Carol''': Misere' Nobis<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2006">{{citation|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2006|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2006/NineLessonsCarols2006.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|date=24 December 2006|accessdate=2008-01-01}}.</ref><br />(Jesu of a Maiden Thou wast Born)
|Words: a version of a medieval English carol<br />Music: [[Mark-Anthony Turnage]]
|- valign=top
|'''Organ postlude''': Recessional on "[[In the Bleak Midwinter]]"<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2006"/>
|[[Lionel Steuart Fothringham]]
|- valign=top
|rowspan=2 align=center|2007
|'''Carol''': Noël (Now comes the dawn)<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2007"/><br />(Stardust and vaporous light)
|Words: [[Richard Watson Gilder]]<br />Music: [[Brett Dean]]
|- valign=top
|'''Organ postlude''': Sortie on "[[In Dulci Jubilo]]"<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2007"/>
|[[David Briggs (musician)|David Briggs]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|2008
|Mary<br />
(The Night when She First Gave Birth)<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2008">{{citation|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2008|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/assets/1/1d/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols2008.pdf|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|date=24 December 2008|accessdate=2008-12-25}}.</ref>
|Words: [[Bertolt Brecht]], translated by [[Michael Hamburger]]<br />Music: [[Dominic Muldowney]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|2009
|The Christ Child<ref name="OUP Choral News Oct 2009">{{citation|title=OUP Choral News E-mail October 2009|date=9 October 2009}}.</ref>
|Music: Gabriel Jackson<!--Do not link to "[[Gabriel Jackson]]", as that article is about a different person.--><ref>{{citation|title=Oxford Music Now|url=http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/pdf/music/OMN33.pdf|format=PDF|date=Spring 2009|issue=33|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=5|accessdate=16 May 2009}}.</ref>
|- valign=top
|align=center|2010
|Offerings they brought of gold
|Music: [[Einojuhani Rautavaara]]<ref>{{citation|title=Boosey & Hawkes - Performance Calendar|url=http://www.boosey.com/pages/cr/calendar/perf_results.asp|accessdate=24 October 2010}}.</ref>
|}
===Attendance of the service in person===
The Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols held on Christmas Eve at King's College Chapel is primarily intended for the City of Cambridge and members of the general public.<ref name="King's College Chapel: Nine Lessons">{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/index.html|publisher=[[King's College Chapel, Cambridge|King's College Chapel]]|accessdate=2008-03-10}}.</ref> There are about 650 seats in the Chapel for the service, most of which are in the [[Ante-chapel|Ante-Chapel]];<ref name="Information leaflet">{{citation|title=The Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, King's College, Cambridge [information leaflet]|publisher=[[King's College, Cambridge]]|date=24 December 2007}}.</ref> seats in the [[Choir (architecture)|Choir]] are largely reserved for College members and their guests.<ref name="King's College Chapel: Nine Lessons"/>
The demand for seats always exceeds the number available. Members of the public are admitted to the College through the main gate on King's Parade from 7:30 am (though some start queueing the night before),<ref>See, for instance, {{citation|author=Neil Hallows|title=Queuing for King's|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6202751.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=22 December 2006}}.</ref> and each person is given an information leaflet which must be retained and shown to the duty [[Porter (college)|porter]] for re-entry if he or she desires to leave the queue temporarily. People joining the queue before 9:00 am will usually gain admission to the Chapel, but this is not guaranteed. Porters monitor the number of people joining the queue, and once there are as many people as there are seats available, the others are advised that it is unlikely they will be able to attend the service.<ref name="King's College Chapel: Nine Lessons"/> Members of Collegium Regale (the Choral Scholars of King's College Choir) usually sing Christmas carols to entertain the people who are queueing.
A limited number of seats are available for people unable to queue due to disability or illness. Application for such seats must be made by 31 October to the personal assistant of the Dean of King's College.<ref name="King's College Chapel: Nine Lessons"/>
The doors of the Chapel are opened at 1:30 pm and the public allowed to find their seats.<ref name="King's College Chapel: Nine Lessons"/> As the service is broadcast live, at the request of the BBC it begins a little after 3:00 pm and not exactly on the hour (due to an hourly radio news update).<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2007"/> It concludes at around 4:30 pm<ref name="King's College Chapel: Nine Lessons"/> or 4:45 pm<ref name="Information leaflet"/> at the earliest.
==Service at Groton School==
The Choir of [[Groton School]], of [[Groton, Massachusetts|Groton]], [[Massachusetts]], USA, has been presenting a Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols since 1928, ten years after the service began at King's. Groton's is the oldest tenured Lessons and Carols service in the United States, and second oldest in the world. The school's first organist and choirmaster, Twining Lynes, is believed to have heard the service at King's, and shortly thereafter began the tradition with his choir at Groton. In 82 years, only six organists have presided over the Groton service – Lynes until 1941, Edward Gammons until 1973, Daniel Hathaway until 1976, Craig Smith through mid-2005, Michael Smith through mid-2011, and the current organist, Christopher Hampson.<ref>{{citation|title=Lessons & Carols|url=http://www.groton.org/student_life/chapel/lessons_carols|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/63nT1ec72|archivedate=9 December 2011|publisher=[[Groton School]]|accessdate=9 December 2011}}.</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Anglicanism}}
*[[Anglican church music]]
*[[List of carols performed at the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College Chapel, Cambridge]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
*{{citation|last=Cleobury|first=Stephen|authorlink=Stephen Cleobury|title=Nine Lessons and Carols at King's: 70 Years On|journal=[[The Musical Times]]|volume=129|issue=1750|date=December 1988|pages=687 & 689|doi=10.2307/966672|publisher=The Musical Times, Vol. 129, No. 1750|jstor=966672}}.
*{{citation|last=Barnett|first=Laura|title=My week: Stephen Cleobury|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2006/12/09/bmweek109.xml|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] (Weekend)|date=9 December 2006}}.
==External links==
{{Commonscat|Nine Lessons and Carols}}
*[http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/index.html King's College Chapel's webpage about the service]
*[http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/files/services/nine-lessons-2009.pdf Detailed order of service for 2009]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nine Lessons And Carols}}
[[Category:Christian liturgy, rites, and worship services]]
[[Category:Christmas traditions]]
[[ro:Carols Service]]
[[simple:Nine Lessons and Carols]]'
|
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) |
0
|
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) |
1324034999
|
