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A '''payment system''' is any [[system]] used to settle [[financial transaction]]s through the transfer of monetary value. This includes the institutions, instruments, people, rules, procedures, standards, and technologies that make it exchange possible.<ref name="frbny">{{cite web |url=http://app.ny.frb.org/CfCBSWEB/Payments_Presentation.pdf |title=What is a Payment System? |publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of New York |date=October 13, 2000 |accessdate=23 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="bossone">Biago Bossone and Massimo Cirasino, "The Oversight of the Payment Systems: A Framework for the Development and Governance of Payment Systems in Emerging Economies"The World Bank, July 2001, p.7</ref> A common type of payment system is called an operational network that links bank accounts and provides for monetary exchange using bank deposits.<ref>"Payment Systems: Design, Governance and Oversight", edited by Bruce J. Summers, Central Banking Publications Ltd, London, 2012, p.3</ref> Some payment systems also include credit mechanisms, |
A '''payment system''' is any [[system]] used to settle [[financial transaction]]s through the transfer of monetary value. This includes the institutions, instruments, people, rules, procedures, standards, and technologies that make it exchange possible.<ref name="frbny">{{cite web |url=http://app.ny.frb.org/CfCBSWEB/Payments_Presentation.pdf |title=What is a Payment System? |publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of New York |date=October 13, 2000 |accessdate=23 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="bossone">Biago Bossone and Massimo Cirasino, "The Oversight of the Payment Systems: A Framework for the Development and Governance of Payment Systems in Emerging Economies"The World Bank, July 2001, p.7</ref> A common type of payment system is called an operational network that links bank accounts and provides for monetary exchange using bank deposits.<ref>"Payment Systems: Design, Governance and Oversight", edited by Bruce J. Summers, Central Banking Publications Ltd, London, 2012, p.3</ref> Some payment systems also include credit mechanisms, which are essentially a different aspect of payment. |
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Payment systems are used in lieu of tendering [[cash]] in domestic and international transactions. This consists of a major service provided by banks and other financial institutions.Traditional payment systems include [[negotiable instrument]]s such as [[bankers' acceptance|drafts]] (e.g., cheques) and documentary credits such as [[letter of credit|letters of credit]]. With the advent of computers and electronic communications, a large number of alternative electronic payment systems have emerged. |
Payment systems are used in lieu of tendering [[cash]] in domestic and international transactions. This consists of a major service provided by banks and other financial institutions. Traditional payment systems include [[negotiable instrument]]s such as [[bankers' acceptance|drafts]] (e.g., cheques) and documentary credits such as [[letter of credit|letters of credit]]. With the advent of computers and electronic communications, a large number of alternative electronic payment systems have emerged. The term '''electronic payment''' refers to a payment made from one bank accounttoanother using electronic methods and forgoing the direct intervention of bank employees.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.heg-fr.ch/EN/School-of-Management/Communication-and-Events/events/Pages/EventViewer.aspx?Event=patrick-schuffel.aspx|title=The Concise Fintech Compendium|last=Schueffel|first=Patrick|publisher=School of Management Fribourg, Switzerland|year=2017|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> Narrowly defined electronic payment refers to [[Electronic commerce|e-commerce]]—a payment for buying and selling goods or services offered through the [[Internet]], or broadly to any type of [[electronic funds transfer]]. |
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Modern payment systems use cash-substitutes as compared to traditional payment systems. This includes [[debit cards]], [[credit cards]], [[electronic funds transfer]]s, [[wiktionary:direct deposit|direct credit]]s, [[direct debits]], [[internet banking]] and [[e-commerce payment system]]s. |
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Payment systems may be physical or electronic and each has its own procedures and protocols. Standardization has allowed some of these systems and networks to grow to a global scale, |
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| ⚫ | Payment systems may be physical or electronic and each has its own procedures and protocols. Standardization has allowed some of these systems and networks to grow to a global scale, but there are still many country-specific and product-specific systems. Examples of payment systems that have become globally available are [[credit card]] and [[automated teller machine]] networks. Other specific forms of payment systems are also used to settle [[financial transaction]]s for products in the [[Stock market|equity markets]], [[bond market]]s, [[currency market]]s, [[futures markets]], [[derivatives markets]], [[Option (finance)|options markets]]. Additionally,. forms exist to [[Electronic funds transfer|transfer funds]] between [[financial institution|financial institutions.]] Domestically this is accomplished by using [[Automated clearing house]] and [[real-time gross settlement]] (RTGS) systems. Internationally this is accomplished using the [[SWIFT]] network. |
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The term '''electronic payment''' refers to a payment made from one bank account to another using electronic methods and forgoing the direct intervention of bank employees.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.heg-fr.ch/EN/School-of-Management/Communication-and-Events/events/Pages/EventViewer.aspx?Event=patrick-schuffel.aspx|title=The Concise Fintech Compendium|last=Schueffel|first=Patrick|publisher=School of Management Fribourg, Switzerland|year=2017|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> Narrowly defined electronic payment refers to [[Electronic commerce|e-commerce]]—a payment for buying and selling goods or services offered through the [[Internet]], or broadly to any type of [[electronic funds transfer]]. |
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==Domestic== |
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An efficient national payment system reduces the cost of exchanging goods, services, and assets |
An efficient national payment system reduces the cost of exchanging goods, services, and assets. It is indispensable to the functioning of the interbank, money, and capital markets. A weak payment system may severely drag on the stability and developmental capacity of a national economy. Failures of such can result in inefficient use of financial resources, inequitable risk-sharing among agents, actual losses for participants, and loss of confidence in the financial system and in the very use of money<ref>Biagio Bossone and Massimo Cirasino, Op.Cit, p.7</ref>. The technical efficiency of payment system is important for a development of economy. |
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An [[Automated clearing house]] (ACH) system processes transactions in batches |
An [[Automated clearing house]] (ACH) system processes transactions in batches, storing and transmitting themingroups. An ACH is considered a net settlement system, which means settlement may be delayed. This poses whatisknown as [[settlement risk]]. |
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[[Real-time gross settlement]] systems (RTGS) are funds transfer systems where transfer of money or securities takes place from one bank to another on a "real-time" and on "gross" basis. Settlement in "real time" means that payment transaction does not require any waiting period. The transactions are settled as soon as they are processed. "Gross settlement" means the transaction is settled on one to one basis without bunching or netting with any other transaction. Once processed, payments are final and irrevocable. |
[[Real-time gross settlement]] systems (RTGS) are funds transfer systems where transfer of money or securities takes place from one bank to another on a "real-time" and on "gross" basis. Settlement in "real time" means that payment transaction does not require any waiting period. The transactions are settled as soon as they are processed. "Gross settlement" means the transaction is settled on one to one basis without bunching or netting with any other transaction. Once processed, payments are final and irrevocable. |
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ACHs are typically used for low-value, non-urgent transactions while RTGS systems are typically used for high-value, urgent transactions.<ref name=PCqualitative>{{cite web |author=Michael Tompkins, Payments Canada Research Unit, and Ariel Olivares, Bank of Canada |title=Clearing and Settlement Systems from Around the World: A Qualitative Analysis |url=https://www.payments.ca/sites/default/files/2016-qualitative-analysis.pdf |website=www.payments.ca |accessdate=19 November 2018}}</ref> |
Comparatively, ACHs are typically used for low-value, non-urgent transactions while RTGS systems are typically used for high-value, urgent transactions.<ref name=PCqualitative>{{cite web |author=Michael Tompkins, Payments Canada Research Unit, and Ariel Olivares, Bank of Canada |title=Clearing and Settlement Systems from Around the World: A Qualitative Analysis |url=https://www.payments.ca/sites/default/files/2016-qualitative-analysis.pdf |website=www.payments.ca |accessdate=19 November 2018}}</ref> |
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[[EBA Clearing#STEP2|STEP2]] is a [[Pan-European automated clearing house]] for the [[Single Euro Payments Area]]. |
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| ⚫ | Globalization is driving corporations to transact more frequently across borders. Consumers are also transacting more on a global basis—buying from foreign eCommerce sites as well as traveling, living, and working abroad. For the payments industry, the result is higher volumes of payments—in terms of both currency value and number of transactions. This is also leading to a consequent shift downwards in the average value of these payments. |
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| ⚫ | The ways these payments are made can be cumbersome, error prone, and expensive. Growth, after all, is often messy. Payments systems set up decades ago continue to be used sometimes retrofitted, sometimes force-fitted—to meet the needs of modern corporations. And, not infrequently, the systems creak and groan as they bear the strain. As an example of such systems includes, [[EBA Clearing#STEP2|STEP2]] (an upgrade from 2003) processes only Euros and [[TARGET2]] (an upgrade from 2007) is closed on Saturdays and Sundays and some public holidays. |
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As of 2014, STEP2 is the only [[Pan-European automated clearing house]] (or PE-ACH system) in operation. This type of system is thought to become less relevant as banks will settle their transactions via multiple clearing houses<sup>[[Pan-European automated clearing house#cite%20note-1|[1]]]</sup> rather than using one central clearing house. |
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Globalization is driving corporations to transact more frequently across borders. Consumers are also transacting more on a global basis—buying from foreign eCommerce sites |
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| ⚫ | TARGET2 (Trans-European Automated Real-time Gross Settlement Express Transfer System) is a RTGS system that covers the [[European Union member states]] which use the [[euro]]. It is part of the [[Eurosystem]], which comprises the [[European Central Bank]] and the national central banks of those countries that have adopted the euro. TARGET2 is used for the settlement of central bank operations, large-value Euro interbank transfers as well as other euro payments. TARGET 2 provides real-time financial transfers, debt settlement at central banks which is immediate and irreversible. |
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| ⚫ | The ways these payments are made can be cumbersome, error prone, and expensive. Growth, after all, is often messy. Payments systems set up decades ago continue to be used sometimes retrofitted, sometimes force-fitted—to meet the needs of modern corporations. And, not infrequently, the systems creak and groan as they bear the strain. |
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For users of these systems, on both the paying and receiving sides, it can be difficult and time-consuming to learn how to use cross-border payments tools, and how to set up processes to make optimal use of them. Solution providers (both banks and non-banks) also face challenges, struggling to cobble together old systems to meet new demands. But for these providers, cross-border payments are both lucrative (especially given foreign exchange conversion revenue) and rewarding, in terms of the overall financial relationship created with the end customer. |
For users of these systems, on both the paying and receiving sides, it can be difficult and time-consuming to learn how to use cross-border payments tools, and how to set up processes to make optimal use of them. Solution providers (both banks and non-banks) also face challenges, struggling to cobble together old systems to meet new demands. But for these providers, cross-border payments are both lucrative (especially given foreign exchange conversion revenue) and rewarding, in terms of the overall financial relationship created with the end customer. |
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The challenges for global payments are not simply those resulting from volume increases. A number of economic, political, and technical |
The challenges for global payments are not simply those resulting from volume increases. A number of economic, political, and technical factors are changing the types of cross-border transactions conducted. Such factors include: |
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| ⚫ | * Corporations are making more cross-border purchases of services (as opposed to goods), as well as more purchases of complex fabricated parts rather than simple, raw materials. |
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these factors: |
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| ⚫ | * Corporations are making more cross-border purchases of services (as opposed to goods), as well as more purchases of complex fabricated parts rather than simple raw materials. |
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* Enterprises are purchasing from more countries, in more regions. |
* Enterprises are purchasing from more countries, in more regions. |
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* Increased outsourcing is leading to new in-country and new cross-border intracompany transactions. |
* Increased outsourcing is leading to new in-country and new cross-border intracompany transactions. |
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Apayment system is any system used to settle financial transactions through the transfer of monetary value. This includes the institutions, instruments, people, rules, procedures, standards, and technologies that make it exchange possible.[1][2] A common type of payment system is called an operational network that links bank accounts and provides for monetary exchange using bank deposits.[3] Some payment systems also include credit mechanisms, which are essentially a different aspect of payment.
Payment systems are used in lieu of tendering cash in domestic and international transactions. This consists of a major service provided by banks and other financial institutions. Traditional payment systems include negotiable instruments such as drafts (e.g., cheques) and documentary credits such as letters of credit. With the advent of computers and electronic communications, a large number of alternative electronic payment systems have emerged. The term electronic payment refers to a payment made from one bank account to another using electronic methods and forgoing the direct intervention of bank employees.[4] Narrowly defined electronic payment refers to e-commerce—a payment for buying and selling goods or services offered through the Internet, or broadly to any type of electronic funds transfer.
Modern payment systems use cash-substitutes as compared to traditional payment systems. This includes debit cards, credit cards, electronic funds transfers, direct credits, direct debits, internet banking and e-commerce payment systems.
Payment systems may be physical or electronic and each has its own procedures and protocols. Standardization has allowed some of these systems and networks to grow to a global scale, but there are still many country-specific and product-specific systems. Examples of payment systems that have become globally available are credit card and automated teller machine networks. Other specific forms of payment systems are also used to settle financial transactions for products in the equity markets, bond markets, currency markets, futures markets, derivatives markets, options markets. Additionally,. forms exist to transfer funds between financial institutions. Domestically this is accomplished by using Automated clearing house and real-time gross settlement (RTGS) systems. Internationally this is accomplished using the SWIFT network.
An efficient national payment system reduces the cost of exchanging goods, services, and assets. It is indispensable to the functioning of the interbank, money, and capital markets. A weak payment system may severely drag on the stability and developmental capacity of a national economy. Failures of such can result in inefficient use of financial resources, inequitable risk-sharing among agents, actual losses for participants, and loss of confidence in the financial system and in the very use of money[5]. The technical efficiency of payment system is important for a development of economy.
AnAutomated clearing house (ACH) system processes transactions in batches, storing and transmitting them in groups. An ACH is considered a net settlement system, which means settlement may be delayed. This poses what is known as settlement risk.
Real-time gross settlement systems (RTGS) are funds transfer systems where transfer of money or securities takes place from one bank to another on a "real-time" and on "gross" basis. Settlement in "real time" means that payment transaction does not require any waiting period. The transactions are settled as soon as they are processed. "Gross settlement" means the transaction is settled on one to one basis without bunching or netting with any other transaction. Once processed, payments are final and irrevocable.
Comparatively, ACHs are typically used for low-value, non-urgent transactions while RTGS systems are typically used for high-value, urgent transactions.[6]
Globalization is driving corporations to transact more frequently across borders. Consumers are also transacting more on a global basis—buying from foreign eCommerce sites as well as traveling, living, and working abroad. For the payments industry, the result is higher volumes of payments—in terms of both currency value and number of transactions. This is also leading to a consequent shift downwards in the average value of these payments.
The ways these payments are made can be cumbersome, error prone, and expensive. Growth, after all, is often messy. Payments systems set up decades ago continue to be used sometimes retrofitted, sometimes force-fitted—to meet the needs of modern corporations. And, not infrequently, the systems creak and groan as they bear the strain. As an example of such systems includes, STEP2 (an upgrade from 2003) processes only Euros and TARGET2 (an upgrade from 2007) is closed on Saturdays and Sundays and some public holidays.
As of 2014, STEP2 is the only Pan-European automated clearing house (or PE-ACH system) in operation. This type of system is thought to become less relevant as banks will settle their transactions via multiple clearing houses[1] rather than using one central clearing house.
TARGET2 (Trans-European Automated Real-time Gross Settlement Express Transfer System) is a RTGS system that covers the European Union member states which use the euro. It is part of the Eurosystem, which comprises the European Central Bank and the national central banks of those countries that have adopted the euro. TARGET2 is used for the settlement of central bank operations, large-value Euro interbank transfers as well as other euro payments. TARGET 2 provides real-time financial transfers, debt settlement at central banks which is immediate and irreversible.
For users of these systems, on both the paying and receiving sides, it can be difficult and time-consuming to learn how to use cross-border payments tools, and how to set up processes to make optimal use of them. Solution providers (both banks and non-banks) also face challenges, struggling to cobble together old systems to meet new demands. But for these providers, cross-border payments are both lucrative (especially given foreign exchange conversion revenue) and rewarding, in terms of the overall financial relationship created with the end customer.
The challenges for global payments are not simply those resulting from volume increases. A number of economic, political, and technical factors are changing the types of cross-border transactions conducted. Such factors include:
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