Spirula spirula is a species of deep-water squid-like cephalopodmollusk. It is the only extant member of the genusSpirula, the familySpirulidae, and the orderSpirulida. Because of the shape of its internal shell, it is commonly known as the ram's horn squid[3] or the little post horn squid. Because the live animal has a light-emitting organ, it is also sometimes known as the tail-light squid.
Live specimens of this cephalopod are very rarely seen because it is a deep-ocean dweller. The small internal shell of the species is, however, quite a familiar object to many beachcombers. The shell of Spirula is extremely light in weight, very buoyant, and surprisingly durable; it very commonly floats ashore onto tropical beaches (and sometimes even temperate beaches) all over the world. This seashell is known to shell collectors as the ram's horn shell or simply as Spirula.
Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus described Nautilus spirula Linnaeus, 1758 in his book Systema Naturae.[4] In 1799, French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck described the genus Spirula and transferred this species to it, and Spirula spirula is the name still used today for the ram's horn squid.[5][6]S. spirula is the only species in the monotypic genus Spirula. A morphometric study published in 2010 showed that shell characteristics of S. spirula vary with geography, but no subspecies or additional species were proposed.[7]
S. spirula has a squid-like body between 35 mm and 45 mm long. It is a decapod, with eight arms and two longer tentacles, all with suckers. The arms and tentacles can all be withdrawn completely into the mantle.
The species lacks a radula[8]: 110 [9]: 26 (or, at most, has a vestigial radula).[10]
Female with dissected mantle cavity
Immature specimens at various stages of development
The most distinctive feature of this species is its buoyancy organ, an internal, chambered, endogastrically coiled shell in the shape of an open planispiral (a flat spiral wherein the coils do not touch each other), and consisting of two prismatic layers. The shell functions to osmotically control buoyancy.[10] Unlike the nautilus, which exchange air and liquid only in the three most adoral chambers (the remaining chambers always being gas-filled), spirula can bring cameral fluid into all of their chambers.[11] Another trait is that it is mineralized, a feature only seen in cuttlefish and the nautilus amongst extant species of cephalopods.[12]
The siphuncle is marginal, on the inner surface of the spiral.[13]
Illustration showing the position of the shell inside the mantle End of mantle showing the photophore
Behaviour
[edit]Dated illustration of a live animal, but shown upside down; the photophore on a live animal points downward.[14]
S. spirula is capable of emitting a green light from a photophore located at the tip of its mantle, between the ear-shaped fins.[10]
Evidently this seems as a counter-illumination strategy, as in situ observations have captured footage of animals in a vertical stance, with photophore pointing downward and head up.[14]
By day, Spirula lives in the deep oceans, reaching depths of 1,000 m. At night, it rises to 100–300 m.[15][5]
Its preferred temperature is around 10 °C, and it tends to live around oceanic islands, near the continental shelf.[10]
Most sources cite this species as tropical and they are observed to be plentiful in the subtropical seas around the Canary Islands. Shells are regularly found along the western coasts of South Africa. In 2022, records of the species have also been confirmed in the Arabian Sea.[16] However, significant quantities of shells from dead spirula are washed ashore even in temperate regions, such as coasts of New Zealand. Because of the great buoyancy of the shells, these may possibly have been carried long distances by ocean currents.
Much of the organism's life history has not been observed; for instance, they are thought to spawn in winter in deeper water, yet no spawnlings have been directly seen. They must occasionally venture into the upper 10 m of the sea, for they are sometimes found in albatross guts.[17]
Spirula is likely the closest living relative of the extinct belemnites and aulacocerids. These three groups as a unit are closely related to the cuttlefish, as well as to the true squids.
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Nixon, M. (1985), "The buccal mass of fossil and recent Cephalopoda", in Wilbur, Karl M. (ed.), The Mollusca, New York: Academic Press, ISBN0-12-728702-7
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Clarke, M.R. (2009). "Cephalopoda collected on the SOND Cruise". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 49 (4): 961–976. doi:10.1017/S0025315400038042. S2CID86329056.
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Price, G.D.; Twitchett, R.J.; Smale, C.; Marks, V. (2009). "Isotopic analysis of the life history of the enigmatic squid Spirula spirula, with implications for studies of fossil Cephalopods". PALAIOS. 24 (5): 273–279. Bibcode:2009Palai..24..273P. doi:10.2110/palo.2008.p08-067r. S2CID131523262.
