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F r o m W i k i p e d i a , t h e f r e e e n c y c l o p e d i a
( R e d i r e c t e d f r o m S u f f i x e s )
Morpheme placed at the end of a word
In linguistics , a suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings , which indicate the grammatical case of nouns and adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs. Suffixes can carry grammatical information (inflectional endings) or lexical information (derivational /lexical suffixes). [1] Inflection changes the grammatical properties of a word within its syntactic category . Derivational suffixes fall into two categories: class-changing derivation and class-maintaining derivation.
Particularly in the study of Semitic languages , suffixes are called affirmatives , as they can alter the form of the words. In Indo-European studies , a distinction is made between suffixes and endings (see Proto-Indo-European root ).
A word-final segment that is somewhere between a free morpheme and a bound morpheme is known as a suffixoid [2] or a semi-suffix [3] (e.g., English -like or German -freundlich "friendly").
Examples
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English
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Girls —where the suffix -s marks the plurality .
He makes —where suffix -s marks the third person singular present tense .
It closed —where the suffix -ed marks the past tense .
It's brighter —where the suffix -er marks the Comparative .
French
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De beaux jours —where the suffix -x marks the plural .
Elle est passablement jolie —where the suffix -e marks the feminine form of the adjective.
German
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mein Computer —where the lack of suffixes is because its case, nominative, is "unmarked"
meines Computers —genitive case
meinem Computer —dative case
meinen Computer —accusative case
Russian
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мой компьютер— where the lack of suffixes is because its case, nominative, is "unmarked"
моего компьютера —genitive case
моему компьютеру —dative case
мой компьютер —accusative case
за-туш-и-ть свечу —where first word has -и- suffix, -ть ending (infinitive form); second word with ending -у (accusative case, singular, feminine).
добр-о-жел-а-тель-н-ый —добр- root, -о- interfix, -жел- root, verbal -a- interfix, nominal -тель suffix, adjectival -н- suffix, adjectival -ый ending (nominative case, singular, masculine).
[ edit ]
wárraidya "emu " — where the lack of suffixes is because its grammatical number, singular, is "unmarked"
wárraidyalbili "two emus" — dual
wárraidyarri "emus" — plural
wárraidyailyarranha "a lot of emus", "heaps of emus" — superplural[4] : 227–228
Inflectional suffixes
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Inflection changes the grammatical properties of a word within its syntactic category . In several languages, this is realized by an inflectional suffix, also known as desinence . In the example:
I was hoping the cloth wouldn't fade, but it has faded quite a bit.
the suffix -d inflects the root -word fade to indicate past participle.
Inflectional suffixes do not change the word class of the word after the inflection.[5] Inflectional suffixes in Modern English include:
Verbs
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-s third person singular simple present indicative active
-ed past tense and past participle
-t past tense (weak irregular)
-ing present participle and gerund
-en past participle (irregular)
Nouns
[ edit ]
-s plural number
-en plural number (irregular)
Adjectives and Adverbs
[ edit ]
Derivation
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Derivational suffixes can be divided into two categories: class-changing derivation and class-maintaining derivation.[6] In English, they include
-able /-ible (usually changes verbs into adjectives)
-al /-ual (usually changes nouns into adjectives)
-ant (usually changes verbs into nouns, often referring to a human agent)
-ess (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun)
-ful (usually changes nouns into adjectives)
-fy (usually changes nouns into verbs)
-hood (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun)
-ise /-ize (usually changes nouns into verbs)
-ish (usually changes nouns into adjectives/ class-maintaining, with the word class remaining an adjective)
-ism (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun)
-ist (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun)
-ity (usually changes adjectives into nouns)
-less (usually changes nouns into adjectives)
-like (usually changes nouns into adjectives)
-logy /-ology (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun)
-ly (usually changes adjectives into adverbs, but also some nouns into adjectives)
-ment (usually changes verbs into nouns)
-ness (usually changes adjectives into nouns)
-oid (usually changes nouns into adjectives)
-tion /-ion /ation (usually changes verbs into noun)
-um (usually ) museum; stadium; auditorium; aquarium; planetarium; medium
-wise From wīse ("manner, way, condition, direction")
Altered Pronunciation in English
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A suffix will often change the stress or accent pattern of a multi-syllable word, altering the phoneme pattern of the root word even if the root's morphology does not change.[7] An example is the difference between "photograph" and "photography". In this case, the "-y" ending governs the stress pattern, causing the primary stress to shift from the first syllable ("pho-") to the antepenultimate ("-to-"). The unaccented syllables have their ordinary vowel sound changed to a schwa. This can be a particular problem for dyslexics, affecting their phonemic awareness,[8] as well as a hurdle for non-native speakers.
References
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^ Kremer, Marion. 1997. Person reference and gender in translation: a contrastive investigation of English and German . Tübingen: Gunter Narr, p. 69, note 11.
^ Marchand, Hans. 1969. The categories and types of present-day English word-formation: A synchronic-diachronic approach . Munich: Beck, pp. 356 ff.
^ Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 2020, Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond , Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199812790 / ISBN 9780199812776
^ Jackson and Amvela (2000): Word, Meaning and Vocabulary; An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology . London, Athenaeum Press, p. 83
^ Jackson and Amvela (2000): Word, Meaning and Vocabulary; An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology . London, Athenaeum Press, p. 88
^ Nancy K. Lewkowicz, "Pronouncing Longer Words: Don't Begin at the Beginning ". Journal of Reading , Vol. 29, No. 3 (Dec., 1985), 226-237.
^ "Dyslexia Help: Success Starts Here ". University of Michigan.
External links
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Media related to Suffixes at Wikimedia Commons
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffix&oldid=1227572011 "
C a t e g o r i e s :
● S u f f i x e s
● A f f i x e s
● L i n g u i s t i c s t e r m i n o l o g y
● E n g l i s h s u f f i x e s
H i d d e n c a t e g o r i e s :
● A r t i c l e s w i t h s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n
● S h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m W i k i d a t a
● C o m m o n s c a t e g o r y l i n k i s o n W i k i d a t a
● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 6 J u n e 2 0 2 4 , a t 1 5 : 0 9 ( U T C ) .
● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n .
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● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a
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● C o d e o f C o n d u c t
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