The Buthidae are the largest familyofscorpions, containing about 100 genera and 1339 species as of 2022.[2] A few very large genera (Ananteris, Centruroides, Compsobuthus, or Tityus) are known, but a high number of species-poor or monotypic ones also exist.[2] New taxa are being described at a rate of several new species per year.[2] They have a cosmopolitan distribution throughout tropical and subtropical environments worldwide.[2] Together with four other families, the Buthidae make up the superfamilyButhoidea. The family was established by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1837.[2]
Around 20 species of medically important (meaning potentially lethal to humans) scorpions are known, and all but one of these (Hemiscorpius lepturus) are members of the Buthidae.[3] In dead specimens, the spine beneath the stinger, characteristic for this family, can be observed.
Few Buthidae scorpions are among the larger scorpions; on average the members of this family are mid-sized tending towards smallish. Microtityus and Microbuthus barely reach 2 cm (0.8 in). The largest members are found among Androctonus (fattail scorpions), Apistobuthus, Centruroides, and Parabuthus; and can reach 12 cm (about 5 in). Most of them have between two and five pairs of eyes. Some resemble the Vaejovidae. The Chaerilidae and Chactidae have one pair of eyes at most, and the former show a yellowish spot between and to the rear of these.[2]
Their vernacular name refers to the thick tails found in many Buthidae, especially in the Old World. The pedipalps, though, tend to be weak, slender, and tweezer-like. The Buthidae are generally rather cryptically colored, quite uniformly ochre to brown, but some are black or (like Centruroides and Uroplectes) more vividly colored. More conspicuous patterns and shapes occur, e.g., in IsometrusorLychas.[2]
Scorpions from the genera Androctonus, Centruroides, Hottentotta,[Note 1]Leiurus, Parabuthus, and Tityus are notorious for their strong venom. Human fatalities have been recorded from fewer than two dozen species; identification of a particular Tityus is likely problematic and detailed data on the venom exists only for a small fraction of the Buthidae (see BmKAEP from the venom of Mesobuthus martensii, for example).[2] The venom of Rhopalurus junceus is used in Cuban traditional medicine and has been tested as a medication for cancer.[6]
Studied Buthidae toxins have been found to hyperpolarize nerves and slow inactivation, causing painful nerve firing that can last for hours. Many toxins trigger Na+ channels to open prematurely, causing excess sodium ion leakage that triggers nerve signal transduction.[7]
Other toxins have been found to bind K+ leak channels to prevent the flow of potassium ions, disallowing the hyperpolarized nerve membrane from depolarizing and returning to its resting state.[7]
The Na+ channel toxins of both Old World and New World Buthids (from Africa/Asia and the Americas, respectively) have a similar protein homology and mechanism of action.[7] It is speculated that toxins from these two groups are derived from the evolutionary ancestor before divergence 150 million years ago.[7]
^Teruel, Rolando & Fet, Victor (eds.) (2005): Snyopsis of the described scorpions of the world - Family ButhidaeArchived 2009-05-10 at the Wayback Machine. Version of 3/7/2005. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
^ abcdefghiRein, Jan Ove (2022). "Buthidae". The Scorpion Files. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
^Wilson R. Lourenço; Jürgen Velten (2016). "A new genus and species of fossil scorpion from Burmese Cretaceous amber (Scorpiones: Buthoidea: Buthidae)". Arachnida – Rivista Aracnologica Italiana. 10: 2–9.
