The highest summit of the range is Cerro Paine Grande. For a long time its elevation was claimed to be 3,050 or 3,251 m (10,007 or 10,666 ft), but in August 2011 it was ascended for the third time, measured using GPS and found to be 2,884 m (9,462 ft).[3]
The three Towers of Paine (Spanish: Torres del Paine) form the centrepiece of Parque Nacional Torres del Paine. The South Tower of Paine (about 2,500 m (8,200 ft) in elevation,[1] is now thought to be the highest of the three, although this has not been definitely established. It was first climbed in 1963 by Armando Aste.[4] The Central Tower (about 2,460 m (8,070 ft)[1] in elevation) was first climbed in 1963 by Chris Bonington and Don Whillans. In 2017, three Belgian climbers, Nico Favresse, Siebe Vanhee and Sean Villanueva O'Driscoll, made the first free ascent up the rock face, which is about 1,200 m (3,900 ft).[citation needed] The North Tower (about 2,260 m (7,410 ft) in elevation) was first climbed in 1958 by Guido Monzino.[5]
Other summits include the Cuerno Principal, about 2,100 m (6,900 ft) in elevation,[1] and Cerro Paine Chico, which is usually quoted at about 2,650 m (8,690 ft).[1]
Torres del Paine mafic sill complex built up by successive magma injections
The range is made up of a yellowish granite underlain by grey gabbro-diorite laccolith and the sedimentary rocks it intrudes, deeply eroded by glaciers. The steep, light colored faces are eroded from the tougher, vertically jointed granitic rocks, while the foothills and dark cap rocks are the sedimentary country rock, in this case flysch deposited in the Cretaceous and later folded.[6]
The radiometric age for the quartz diorite at Cerro Paine is 12±2 million years by the rubidium-strontium method and 13±1 million years by the potassium-argon method.[7] More precise ages of 12.59±0.02 and 12.50±0.02 million years for the earliest and latest identified phases of the intrusion, respectively, were achieved using Uranium–lead dating methods on single zircon crystals.[8] Basal gabbro and diorite were dated by a similar technique to 12.472±0.009 to 12.431±0.006 million years.[9] Thus, magma was intruded and crystallized over 162±11 thousand years. High resolution dating and excellent 3-D exposure of the laccolith and its vertical feeding system allow detailed reconstruction of the Torres del Paine fossil magma chamber history.[10]
The Torres del Paine National Park—an area of 2,400 km2 (930 sq mi)—was declared a Biosphere Reserve by the UNESCO in 1978 and receives about 250,000 visitors annually.[11] Trails and some campsites are maintained by Chile's National Forest Corporation, and mountain huts provide shelter and basic services.
A view of the Torres from Mirador base de las TorresThe Paine "horns", with the typical extreme weather of the region
^ abcdeBiggar, John, 2015. The Andes: A Guide for Climbers (4th edition, ISBN978-0-9536087-4-4). Several elevations given by this authority are much lower than those given by other authorities, and the higher elevations are not supported by official Chilean IGM maps.
^Abraham, Rudolf (2011). Torres del Paine: Trekking in Chile's Premier National Park. Milnthorpe: Cicerone Press. p. 17. ISBN978-1-84965-356-5. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
^Martin Halpern "Regional Geochronology of Chile South of 50 degrees Latitude", Bulletin Geological Society of America, v. 84, p. 2410, 1973.
^Juergen Michel, Lukas Baumgartner, Benita Putlitz, Urs Schaltegger and Maria Ovtcharova, Incremental growth of the Patagonian Torres del Paine Laccolith over 90 k.y., Geology, 36(6):459–462, 2008.
^Leuthold, Julien; Müntener, Othmar; Baumgartner, Lukas; Putlitz, Benita; Ovtcharova, Maria; Schaltegger, Urs (2012). "Time resolved construction of a bimodal laccolith (Torres del Paine, Patagonia)". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 325–326: 85–92. Bibcode:2012E&PSL.325...85L. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.01.032.
