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''''''<ref name=Daijirin>{{Citation||year=2019|contribution=|editor1=[[]]|editor2=|title=[[| 4.0]]|publisher=[[]]}}</ref>[[]]: ''Eschrichtius robustus''[[]][[]]<ref group="">{{efn|[[]]</ref>}}<ref group="">{{efn|[[]]</ref>}}[[]][[]][[西]][[18]][[]][[]][[]]<ref name=GrayJapan /><ref name=SC65bBRG12 />
 
== 名称 ==
[[File:Gray Whale Spyhopping courtesy of Marc Webber USFWS.jpg|left|thumb|スパイホッピング]]
''''''<ref group="">{{efn|</ref>}}[[]]<ref name=Daijirin />
 
<ref group="">{{efn|</ref>}}<ref group="">{{efn|</ref>}}使<ref>{{Cite journal|author=[[]] |title= |journal= |volume= |issue=345 |publisher= |date=1982-07 |pages=24|doi= |naid= |ref= }}</ref><ref name=Nanbu />
 
[[]][[]][[]]''''<ref>{{Cite web||author= |url=http://www.mdsweb.jp/doc/965/0965_07b.html |title=︿60 |work= MDS|date= |access-date=2023-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author= |url=https://www.donga.com/news/article/all/20080110/8531996/1 |title=[/] |publisher= |date= |access-date=2023-06-25}}</ref>
 
[[]]<ref group="">{{efn|''Devil fish''</ref>}}<ref>Anna Guasco, 2023, ''From Devil-Fish to Friendly Whale? Encountering Gray Whales on The California Coast'', Environment and History, [[]], White Horse Press</ref>
 
==分類==
コククジラの系統については長らく議論されてきた。
 
[[]][[]]<ref> 42 - 43</ref>[[|SINE]]使3<ref group="">{{efn|</ref>}}<ref group="">[[|]][[]][[]][[]]</ref><ref>[http://www2.tba.t-com.ne.jp/nakada/takashi/scripts/evol.html#060801/     SINE 2006.08.01]</ref>
 
2019[[]]<ref group="">{{efn|[[#]]</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McGowen|first=Michael R|last2=Tsagkogeorga|first2=Georgia|last3=Álvarez-Carretero|first3=Sandra|last4=dos Reis|first4=Mario|last5=Struebig|first5=Monika|last6=Deaville|first6=Robert|last7=Jepson|first7=Paul D|last8=Jarman|first8=Simon|last9=Polanowski|first9=Andrea|last10=Morin|first10=Phillip A|last11=Rossiter|first11=Stephen J|date=2019-10-21|title=Phylogenomic Resolution of the Cetacean Tree of Life Using Target Sequence Capture|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=69|issue=3|pages=479501|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syz068|issn=1063-5157|pmc=7164366|pmid=31633766}}</ref>
 
なお、比較的に知名度の高い近縁種として[[アキシマクジラ]]([[:en:Akishima whale|英語版]])が存在する。
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東の系統は、[[北米大陸]]や[[バンクーバー島]]や[[ウランゲリ島]]や[[チュクチ自治管区]]などで採餌し、[[カリフォルニア州]]と[[メキシコ]]の沿岸を繁殖場としている。
 
[[]][[]]<ref name=Smaller/> 200 - 300PCFG<ref group="">{{efn|''Pacific Coast Feeding Group''</ref>}}<ref name=KBGW />[[]][[]]沿3-5<ref group="">{{efn|''The Sounders''</ref>}}<ref name=Sounders>{{Cite web |author= |date=|url=https://cascadiaresearch.org/project_page/sounders_names/ |title=The Sounders (NPS gray whales) |website= Cascadia Research Collective |accessdate=2023-06-19}}</ref>
 
[[]][[]]沿<ref group="">{{efn|[[:en:Islas Marías|]][[]][[]]</ref>}}19802[[]][[]]<ref name=Cortez>{{cite journal|last1=Findley|first1= T.L.|last2= Vidal|first2= O.|year= 2002|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285118962|title= Gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) at calving sites in the Gulf of California, México|journal= Journal of Cetacean Research and Management|volume =4|issue=1|pages=2740}}</ref><ref>Mark Carwardine, 2019, ''Handbook of Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises'', 80, [[:en:Bloomsbury Publishing|]]</ref>
 
2010[[]][[]]<ref>{{Cite web |author= Jose Enrique Barraza|date=2011-04-19|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/marine-biodiversity-records/article/abs/dead-specimen-of-gray-whale-in-el-salvador-a-southernmost-distribution-record/233DED47B8C541793C61B1E08F0E50D8 |title=A dead specimen of gray whale in El Salvador: a southernmost distribution record |work= Marine Biodiversity Records |website=[[]] |doi=10.1017/S1755267211000376 |accessdate=2023-08-28}}</ref>
 
===アジア===
[[File:GyeongjuGlyphs1.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Bangudae Petroglyphs|]]<ref group="">{{efn|[[]][[]][[]][[]]</ref>}}[[]]沿]]
西[[]][[]][[]]<ref name=GrayArea />[[]][[]][[]][[]][[]]沿[[]][[]]
 
[[]][[]]沿[[]][[]][[ ()|]]<ref group="">{{efn|[[]][[]]</ref>}}<ref group="">{{efn|[[]]沿[[]][[]][[]][[]][[]]</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Wang Peilie |date=1984 |title=Distribution of the gray whale (Eschrichtius gibbosus) off the coast of
China |url=http://www.mammal.cn/EN/abstract/abstract2536.shtml|journal= Acta theriologica Sinica |volume= 4 |issue= |pages= 21-26 |doi= |pmid= |access-date=2023-11-15 }}</ref>[[西]][[]][[]][[]]<ref name=Tsai>{{cite web|author=Cheng-Hsiu Tsai, R. Ewan Fordyce, Chun-Hsiang Chang, Liang-Kong Lin |date=2014-04-01 |title=Quaternary Fossil Gray Whales from Taiwan |url=https://bioone.org/journals/paleontological-research/volume-18/issue-2/2014PR009/Quaternary-Fossil-Gray-Whales-from-Taiwan/10.2517/2014PR009.short|journal= Paleontological Research |volume= 18|issue=2 |pages= 82-93 |doi= |pmid= |access-date=2023-11-15}}</ref>[[]]<ref name=VT />[[]]<ref name=IWC />[[]]<ref name=Hawaii />[[]]<ref name=Gagnon/>西<ref name=Tsai />[[]][[]]
 
[[]][[]]<ref name=Sounders />[[]][[]]<ref name=GrayArea>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275960466 |title=A Gray Area: On the Matter of Gray Whales in the Western North Pacific |date=2015-05-07 |access-date=2017-01-06}}</ref>
 
沿[[]][[]][[]]<ref group="">{{efn|[[]][[]][[]][[]][[]][[]][[]][[ ()|]][[]][[]][[]]</ref><ref name=Nanbu>{{Cite journal ||author=|author2=|author3=[[]] |url=https://doi.org/10.5181/cetology.0.20_21 |title= |journal= |volume=20 |issue= |publisher= |date=2010 |pages=21-29|doi=10.5181/cetology.0.20_21 |crid=1390565134799156096|ref= }}</ref>}}[[]][[]]<ref group="">{{efn|[[]][[]][[]][[]][[]][[]]</ref><ref name=Nanbu />}}[[]]<ref>{{Cite web||author= |url=https://nodaiweb.university.jp/muse/unisan/data/graywhale/cetaken15.html |title=西 Eschrictius robustus  |publisher= |date=2004|archiveurl=|archivedate= |accessdate=2023-11-17}}</ref>[[]]<ref group="">{{efn|[[]][[]][[]][[]][[]][[]]</ref>}}[[]][[]]<ref>{{Cite web||url=http://www.geocities.jp/kayak_surfing/note/9.html |title=駿|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005124905/http://www.geocities.jp/kayak_surfing/note/9.html |archivedate=2018-10-05 |accessdate=2022-10-04}}</ref><ref group="">{{efn|[[]][[|]]</ref>}}[[]][[]][[]]沿[[]][[]]沿[[]]<ref>{{Cite journal||author=, , , , , , , 綿 |date=2022-12 |url=https://doi.org/10.5181/cetology.32.0_1 |title=2019沿 |journal= |ISSN=1881-3445 |publisher= |volume=32 |pages=1-15 |doi=10.5181/cetology.32.0_1 |CRID=1390578680539980672}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal ||author=|author2= |author3=|author4=[[]] |title= |journal= |volume=24 |issue= |publisher= |date=2014 |pages=11-14 |doi=10.5181/cetology.0.24_11 |ref= }}</ref><ref name=Yamaguchi />[[]][[]][[|]]沿[[]][[]][[]]<ref>[[]], 1974, [https://www.icrwhale.org/pdf/SC0261-14.pdf Possible migration route of the Gray whale on the coast of Japan]PDF</ref><ref>{{Cite web||url=http://www.shikoku-np.co.jp/feature/rensa/3/2/ |title=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623231428/http://www.shikoku-np.co.jp/feature/rensa/3/2/ |archivedate=2015-06-23 |accessdate=2022-10-04}}</ref>[[]][[]][[]]<ref group="">{{efn|[[]][[]][[]]</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite journal||author= |date=2020-03 |url=https://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/cg/lt/rb/666/666PDF/murakami.pdf |format=PDF |title= :  |journal= |ISSN=02877015 |publisher= :  |issue=666 |pages=1308-1294 |CRID=1520572357186344448 |id={{ID|030407464}}}}</ref><ref name=Nanbu />
 
[[]][[西]][[]]<ref>, 2010, ?, 25, 2014511</ref><ref group="">{{efn|[[]]沿</ref><ref>http://svrsh1.kahaku.go.jp/marmam/?p=6</ref>}}[[]]調<ref name=Gagnon/>[[]][[]]
 
===大西洋と南半球===
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[[]]沿[[]][[]][[]][[]][[西|西]][[18]][[]]
 
1975[[]]I<ref name="species+" />[[]][[]]沿[[]]100-150<ref>, 2013,&, 148, </ref>[[]]<ref group="">{{efn|[[]][[]][[]][[]]沿[[]][[]][[]][[]][[]][[]]</ref><ref name=MM /><ref name=GrayJapan />}}沿[[|]][[]][[]][[2]]
 
28[[]][[]][[2023]]1416'''50%'''<ref name=UME>{{Cite web |author=|year=2023|url=https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-life-distress/2019-2023-gray-whale-unusual-mortality-event-along-west-coast-and |title=2019-2023 Gray Whale Unusual Mortality Event along the West Coast and Alaska |work= |publisher=[[]] |doi= |accessdate=2023-11-02}}</ref>[[]][[]][[2013]][[2021]]7,000<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ted Cheeseman et al. |date=2024-02-28|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.231462 |title=Bellwethers of change: population modelling of North Pacific humpback whales from 2002 through 2021 reveals shift from recovery to climate response |website=[[]] |access-date=2024-03-04}}</ref>
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===アジア系個体群の動向===
[[File:Sakhalin-gray-whale-small.jpg|thumb|アジア系個体群の一頭と思われる個体([[樺太|サハリン]])。]]
[[File:Gray Whale, Aogashima, March 11, 2017 by Aurora Chihiro.jpg|thumb|20173[[]]20182-3<ref group="">{{efn|2018</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2018-02-20 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222090033/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20180220/k10011335581000.html|title=  |website=[[NHK]] |access-date=2023-11-02}}</ref>}}]]
[[]][[]][[]]{{efn|[[]][[]][[]][[]][[]]<ref> , 2022, , [[]]</ref><ref> , , , 2015, , 西, 3, 9-14</ref><ref> , 1999,  : , 195-212, [[]]調, 149</ref>}}[[]]<ref name=MM>{{Cite web||author=|date=1998-03|url=https://www.biodic.go.jp/reports2/5th/kaisei_h10/5_kaisei_h10.pdf |title=|work=調 - 調|pages=69-70|website=[[]][[]]|access-date=2023-12-07}}</ref>
 
151行目:
<ref name=PLOS />[[]][[]][[]]沿<ref name=GrayJapan /><ref name=SC65bBRG12>{{cite journal|author=Kato H.|author2=Kishiro T.|author3=Nishiwaki S.|author4=Nakamura G.|author5=Bando T.|author6=Yasunaga G.|author7=Sakamoto T. |author8=Miyashita T.|year=2014| title=Status Report of Conservation and Researches on the Western North Pacific Gray Whales in Japan, May 2013  April 2014 <nowiki>[document SC/65b/BRG12]</nowiki>|url=https://archive.iwc.int/pages/download.php?ref=4801&size=&ext=pdf&k=&alternative=-1&usage=-1&usagecomment=|access-date=2021-08-21}}</ref><ref name=2011insights />[[]][[]]<ref>NMFS[[:en:National Marine Fisheries Service|]], 2023, ''[https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/2023-03/2023-Gray-Whale-WNP-DPS-5-Year-Review_508-compliant.pdf Gray Whale, Western North Pacific Distinct Population Segment (Eschrichtius robustus) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation]'', [[]]</ref>
 
[[]]2010[[|]]西[[]]<ref group="">{{efn|2016200</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author= |url=https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/west-coast/science-data/gray-whales-eastern-north-pacific |title=Gray Whales in the Eastern North Pacific |website= [[]]|date= |accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref>}}<ref name=PLOS>{{Cite web |author= |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0236649 |title=Site-fidelity and spatial movements of western North Pacific gray whales on their summer range off Sakhalin, Russia |website= [[PLOS ONE]]|date=2020-08-14 |accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref>[[]][[]]
 
[[]][[]]1977[[]]2<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kim W.H., Sohn H.|author2=An Y-R.|author3=Park J.K.|author4=Kim N.D.|author5=Doo Hae An H.D.|year=2013|title=Report of Gray Whale Sighting Survey off Korean waters from 2003 to 2011|url=https://archive.iwc.int/?r=4795&k=a9d2de03fa|publisher=Cetacean Research Institute, [[:en:National Institute of Fisheries Science|]]|access-date=2014-05-18}}</ref>2015[[]]<ref>Hyun Woo Kim, Hawsun Sohn, Yasutaka Imai, 2018, Possible occurrence of a Gray Whale off Korea in 2015, International Whaling Commission, SC/67B/CMP/11 Rev1</ref>
178行目:
[[File:Graywhale MMC.jpg|thumb|「''J.J.''」]]
[[File:The California gray whale - papers presented at the California Gray Whale Workshop, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 21-22 August 1972 (1974) (20488402806).jpg|thumb|140px|「ギギ」の搬入]]
[[]][[:en:Rice's whale|]]<ref group="">{{efn|[[]]</ref>}}<ref name=Eddsetal>{{cite journal |author1=Edds, P.L. |author2=Odell, D.K. |author3=Tershy, B.R. |year=1993 |title=Vocalizations of a captive juvenile and free-ranging adult-calf pairs of Bryde's whales, ''Balaenoptera edeni'' |journal=Marine Mammal Science[[:en:Marine Mammal Science|]] |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=269284 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227670181 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-7692.1993.tb00455.x}}</ref>
 
これまでに3例が存在し、3頭とも雌ですべてがシーワールド サンディエゴ([[:en:SeaWorld San Diego|英語版]])による飼育記録である。
*1965[[:en:Ojo de Liebre Lagoon|]]<ref group="">{{efn|''Gigi''</ref>}} <ref name=Gigi>{{cite journal|last1=Hubbs|first1=Carl L. |last2=Evans| first2=William E. |year=1974|title=The California gray whale: papers presented at the California Gray Whale Workshop, Scripps Institution of Oceanography|url=https://archive.org/stream/californiagraywh00sout/californiagraywh00sout_djvu.txt|journal=Marine Fisheries Review|volume=36|number=4}}</ref>
*1971 2<ref group="">{{efn|''Gigi II''</ref>}} {{Nowrap|5.5[[]]}}2<ref name=Gigi /><ref>{{Cite journal |author=Sumich, J; Goff, T; Perryman, WL |year=2001 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/James-Sumich/publication/267991980_Growth_of_two_captive_gray_whale_calves/links/56ac1ca708ae19a385115f52/Growth-of-two-captive-gray-whale-calves.pdf |format=PDF |title=Growth of two captive gray whale calves |journal=Aquatic Mammals |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=231-233 |publisher=EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION FOR AQUATIC MAMMALS}}</ref>
*1997[[]][[|]]''J.J.''  14[[沿]]{{Nowrap|9.4}}{{Nowrap|8.7[[]]}}<ref>{{cite newsgroup|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1998/apr/01/news/mn-34942|first=Tony|last=Perry|year= 1998|title=Rescued Whale J.J. Begins Long Journey Home|newspaper=LA Times|access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref>