LINQ: .NET Language-Integrated クエリ

using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Collections.Generic;

class app {
  static void Main() {
    string[] names = { "Burke", "Connor", "Frank", 
                       "Everett", "Albert", "George", 
                       "Harris", "David" };

    IEnumerable<string> query = from s in names 
                               where s.Length == 5
                               orderby s
                               select s.ToUpper();

    foreach (string item in query)
      Console.WriteLine(item);
  }
}

BURKE
DAVID
FRANK
To understand how language-integrated query works, we need to dissect the
 first statement of our program.
IEnumerable<string> query = from s in names 
                           where s.Length == 5
                           orderby s
                           select s.ToUpper();

Dim query As IEnumerable(Of String) = From s in names _
                                     Where s.Length = 5 _
                   Order By s _
                   Select s.ToUpper()

IEnumerable<string> query = names 
                            .Where(s => s.Length == 5) 
                            .OrderBy(s =>s)
                            .Select(s => s.ToUpper());

Func<string, bool>   filter  = s => s.Length == 5;
Func<string, string> extract = s => s;
Func<string, string> project = s => s.ToUpper();

IEnumerable<string> query = names.Where(filter) 
                                 .OrderBy(extract)
                                 .Select(project);

Func<string, bool>   filter  = delegate (string s) {
                                   return s.Length == 5; 
                               };

Func<string, string> extract = delegate (string s) { 
                                   return s; 
                               };

Func<string, string> project = delegate (string s) {
                                   return s.ToUpper(); 
                               };

IEnumerable<string> query = names.Where(filter) 
                                 .OrderBy(extract)
                                 .Select(project);

Func<int, bool>             f = n => n < 5;
Expression<Func<int, bool>> e = n => n < 5;

bool isSmall = f(2); // isSmall is now true

bool isSmall = e(2); // compile error, expressions == data

Expression<Func<int, bool>> filter = n => n < 5;

BinaryExpression    body  = (BinaryExpression)filter.Body;
ParameterExpression left  = (ParameterExpression)body.Left;
ConstantExpression  right = (ConstantExpression)body.Right;

Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2}", 
                  left.Name, body.NodeType, right.Value);

n LessThan 5

namespace System.Linq {
  using System;
  using System.Collections.Generic;

  public static class Enumerable {
    public static IEnumerable<T> Where<T>(
             this IEnumerable<T> source,
             Func<T, bool> predicate) {

      foreach (T item in source)
        if (predicate(item))
          yield return item;
    }
  }
}

IEnumerable<string> query = Enumerable.Where(names, 
                                          s => s.Length <6);

IEnumerable<string> query = names.Where(s => s.Length <6);

using System.Linq; // makes query operators visible

public class MySequence : IEnumerable<int> {
  public IEnumerator<int> GetEnumerator() {
    for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) 
      yield return i; 
  }

  IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() {
    return GetEnumerator(); 
  }

  public IEnumerable<int> Where(Func<int, bool> filter) {
    for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) 
      if (filter(i)) 
        yield return i;
  }
}

MySequence s = new MySequence();
foreach (int item in s.Where(n => n >3))
    Console.WriteLine(item);

public static IEnumerable<T> OfType<T>(this IEnumerable source) {
  foreach (object item in source) 
    if (item is T) 
      yield return (T)item;
}

// "classic" cannot be used directly with query operators
IEnumerable classic = new OlderCollectionType();

// "modern" can be used directly with query operators
IEnumerable<object> modern = classic.OfType<object>();

object[] vals = { 1, "Hello", true, "World", 9.1 };
IEnumerable<string> justStrings = vals.OfType<string>();

// declare a variable containing some strings
string[] names = { "Allen", "Arthur", "Bennett" };

// declare a variable that represents a query
IEnumerable<string> ayes = names.Where(s => s[0] == 'A');

// evaluate the query
foreach (string item in ayes) 
  Console.WriteLine(item);

// modify the original information source
names[0] = "Bob";

// evaluate the query again, this time no "Allen"
foreach (string item in ayes) 
    Console.WriteLine(item);

// declare a variable containing some strings
string[] names = { "Allen", "Arthur", "Bennett" };

// declare a variable that represents the result
// of an immediate query evaluation
string[] ayes = names.Where(s => s[0] == 'A').ToArray();

// iterate over the cached query results
foreach (string item in ayes) 
    Console.WriteLine(item);

// modifying the original source has no effect on ayes
names[0] = "Bob";

// iterate over result again, which still contains "Allen"
foreach (string item in ayes)
    Console.WriteLine(item);