A LETTER FROM PRISON

‘V NAROD’ SERIES’

石川啄木




 
  
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東京監獄監房にて
幸徳傳次郎



EDITOR'S NOTES


 'V NAROD' SERIES  H
  Anarchist Communism 
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※(「插」でつくりの縦棒が下に突き抜けている、第4水準2-13-28)


 ※(「廴+囘」、第4水準2-12-11)※(「口+去」、第3水準1-14-91)
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 MEMOIRS OF A REVOLUTIONIST西

 A formidable movement was developing in the meantime amongst the educated youth of Russia. Serfdom was abolished. But quite a network of habits and customs of domestic slavery, of utter disregard of human individuality, of despotism on the part of the fathers, and of hypocritical submission on that of the wives, the sons, and the daughters, had developed during the two hundred and fifty years that serfdom had existed. Everywhere in Europe, at the beginning of this century, there was a great deal of domestic despotism―the writings of Thackeray and Dickens bear ample testimony to it―but nowhere else had that tyranny attained such a luxurious development as in Russia. All Russian life, in the family, in the relations between commander and subordinate, military chief and soldier, employer and employee, bore the stamp of it. Quite a World of customs and manners of thinking, of prejudices and moral cowardice, of habits bred by a lazy existence, had grown up; and even the best men of the time paid a large tribute to these products of the serfdom period.
 Law could have no grip upon these things. Only a vigorous social movement, which would attack the very roots of the evil, could reform the habits and customs of everyday life; and in Russia this movement―this revolt of the individual―took a far more powerful character, and became far more sweeping in its criticisms, than anywhere in Western Europe or America, “Nihilism” was the name that Turgu※(アキュートアクセント付きE小文字)neff gave it in his epoch-making novel, “Fathers and Sons.”
 The movement is often misunderstood in western Europe, in the press, for example, Nihilism is confused with terrorism. The revolutionary disturbance which broke out in Russia toward the close of the reign of Alexander II., and ended in the tragical death of the Tsar, is constantly described as Nihilism. This is, however a mistake. To confuse Nihilism with terrorism is as wrong as to confuse a philosophical movement like Stoicism or Positivism with a political movement, such as, for example, republicanism. Terrorism was called into existence by certain special conditions of the political struggle at a given historical moment. It has lived, and has died. It may revive and die out again, But Nihilism has impressed its stamp upon the whole of the life of the educated classes of Russia, and that stamp will be retained for many years to come. It is Nihilism, divested of some of its rougher aspects―which were unavoidable in a young movement of that sort―which gives now to the life of a great portion of the educated classes of Russia a certain peculiar character which we Russians regret not to find in the life of Western Europe. It is Nihilism, again, in its various manifestations which gives to many of our writers that remarkable sincerity, that habit of “thinking aloud”, which astounds western European readers.
 First of all, the Nihilist declared war upon what may be described as the “conventional lies of civilized mankind”. Absolute sincerity was his distinctive feature, and in the name of that sincerity he gave up, and asked others to give up, those superstitions, prejudices habits, and customs which their own reason could not justify. He refused to bend before any authority except that of reason, and in the analysis of every social institution or habit he revolted against any sort of more or less masked sophism.
 He broke, of course, with the superstitions of his fathers, and in his philosophical conceptions he was a positivist, an agnostic, a Spencerian evolutionist, or a scientific materialist; and while he never attacked the simple, sincere religious belief which is a psychological necessity of feeling, he bitterly fought against the hypocrisy that leads people to assume the outward mask of a religion which they continually throw aside as useless ballast.
 The life of civilized people is full of little conventional lies. Persons who dislike each other, meeting in[#「in」は底本では「is」] the street, make their faces radiant with a happy smile; the Nihilist remained unmoved, and Smiled only for those whom he was really glad to meet. All those forms of outward politeness which are mere hypocrisy were equally repugnant to him, and he assumed a certain external roughness as a protest against the smooth amiability of his fathers. He saw them wildly talking as idealist sentimentalists, and at the same time acting as real barbarians toward their wives, their children, and their serfs; and he rose in revolt against that sort of sentimentalism, which, after all, so nicely accommodated itself to the anything but ideal conditions of Russian life. Art was involved in the same sweeping negation. Continual talk about beauty, the ideal, art for art's sake, aesthetics, and the life, so willingly indulged in―while every object of art was bought with money exacted from starving peasants or from underpaid workers, and the so-called “worship of the beautiful” was but a mask to cover the most commonplace dissoluteness―inspired him with disgust; and the criticisms of art which one of the greatest artists of the century, Tolst※(マクロン付きO小文字)y, has now so powerfully formulated, the Nihilist expressed in the sweeping assertion, “A pair of boots is more important than all your Madonnas and all your refined talk about Shakespeare”.
 Marriage without love and familiarity without friendship were repudiated. The Nihilist girl, compelled by her parents to be a doll in a doll's house, and to marry for property's sake, preferred to abandon her house and her silk dresses; she put on a black woollen dress of the plainest description, cut off her hair, and went to a high school, in order to win there her personal independence. The woman who saw that her marriage was no longer a marriage―that neither love nor friendship connected any more those who were legally considered husband and wife―preferred to break a bond which retained none of its essential features; and she often went with her children to face poverty, preferring loneliness and misery to a life which, under conventional conditions, would have given a perpetual lie to her best self.
 The Nihilist carried his love of sincerity even into the minutest details of everyday life. He discarded the conventional forms of society talk, and expressed his opinions in a blunt and terse way, even with a certain affectation of outward roughness.
 We used in Irk※(マクロン付きU小文字)tsk to meet once a week in a club, and to have some dancing, I was for a time a regular visitor at these soir※(アキュートアクセント付きE小文字)es, but gradually, having to work, I abandoned them. One night, as I had not made my appearance for several weeks in succession, a young friend of mine was asked by one of the ladies why I did not come any more to their gatherings. “He takes a ride now when he wants exercise”, was the rather rough reply of my friend, “But he might come to spend a couple of h'ours with us, without dancing”, one of the ladies ventured to say. “What would he do here ?” retorted my Nihilist friend, “talk with you about fashions and furbelow ? He has had enough of that nonsense”. “But he sees occasionally Miss So-and-So”, timidly remarked one of the young ladies present, “Yes, but she is a studious girl”, bluntly replied my friend, “he helps her with her German”. I must add that this undoubtedly rough rebuke had the effect that most of the Irk※(マクロン付きU小文字)tsk girls began next to besiege my brother, my friend, and myself with questions as to what we should advise them to read or to study. With the same frankness the Nihilist spoke to his acquaintances, telling them that all their talk about “this poor people” was sheer hypocrisy so long as they lived upon the underpaid work of these people whom they commiserated at their ease as they chatted together in richly decorated rooms: and with the same frankness a Nihilist would inform a high functionary that he (the said functionary) cared not a straw for the welfare of those whom he ruled, but was simply a thief !
 With a certain austerity the Nihilist would rebuke the woman who indulged in small talk, and prided herself on[#「on」は底本では「one」] her “womanly” manners and elaborate toilette. He would bluntly say to a pretty young person: “How is it that you are not ashamed to talk this nonsense and to wear that chignon of false hair ?” In a woman he wanted to find a comrade, a human personality―not a doll or “muslin girl”―and he absolutely refused to join those petty tokens of politeness with which men surrounded those whom they like so much to consider as “the weaker sex”. When a lady entered a room a Nihilist did not jump off his seat to offer it to her―unless he saw that she looked tired and there was no other seat in the room. He behaved towards her as he would have behaved towards a comrade of his own sex: but if a lady―who might have been a total stranger to him―manifested to desire to learn something which he knew and she knew not, he would walk every night to the far end of a great city to help her with his lessons. The young man who would not move his hand to serve a lady with a cup of tea, would transfer to the girl who came to study at Moscow or St. Petersburg the only lesson which he had got and which gave him daily bread, simply saying to her: “It is easier for a man to find work than it is for a woman. There is no attempt at knighthood in my offer, it is simply a matter of equality”.
 Two[#「Two」は底本では「Tow」] great Russian novelists, Turgu※(アキュートアクセント付きE小文字)neff and Gonchar※(マクロン付きO小文字)ff, have tried to represent this new type in their novels, Gonchar※(マクロン付きO小文字)ff, in Precipice, taking a real but unrepresentative individual of this class, made a caricature of Nihilism. Turgu※(アキュートアクセント付きE小文字)neff was too good an artist, and had himself conceived too much admiration for the new type, to let himself be drawn into caricature painting; but even his Nihilist, Baz※(マクロン付きA小文字)roff, did not satisfy us. We found him too harsh, especially in his relations with his old parents, and, above all, we reproached him with his seeming neglect of his duties as a citizen. Russian youth could not be satisfied with the merely negative attitude of Turgu※(アキュートアクセント付きE小文字)neff's hero. Nihilism, with its affirmation of the rights of the individual and its negation of all hypocrisy, was but a first step toward a higher type of men and women, who are equally free, but live for a great cause. In the Nihilists of Chernysh※(アキュートアクセント付きE小文字)vsky, as they are depicted in his far less artistic novel, “What is to be Done ?” they saw better portraits of themselves.
 “It is bitter, the bread that has been made by slaves”, our poet Nekr※(グレーブアクセント付きA小文字)soff wrote. The young generation actually refused to eat that bread, and to enjoy the riches that had been accumulated in their father's houses by means of servile labour, whether the labourers were actual serfs or slaves of the present industrial system.
 All Russia read with astonishment, in the indictment which was produced at the court against Karak※(マクロン付きO小文字)zoff and his friends, that these young men, owners of considerable fortunes, used to live three or four in the same room, never spending more than ten roubles (one pound) apiece a month for all their needs, and giving at the same time their fortunes for co-operative associations co-operative workshops (where they themselves worked), and the like. Five years later, thousands and thousands of the Russian youth―the best part of it―were doing the same. Their watchword was, “V nar※(マクロン付きO小文字)d !” (To the people; be the people.) During the years 1860―65 in nearly every wealthy family a bitter struggle was going on between the fathers, who wanted to maintain the old traditions, and the sons and daughters, who defended their right to dispose of their life according to their own ideals. Young men left the military service, the counter, the shop, and flocked to the university towns. Girls, bred in the most aristocratic families, rushed penniless to St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Kieff, eager to learn a profession which would free them from the domestic yoke, and some day, perhaps, also from the possible yoke of a husband. After hard and bitter struggles, many of them won that personal freedom. Now they wanted to utilize it, not for their own personal enjoyment, but for carrying to the people the Knowledge that had emancipated them.
 In every town of Russia, in every quarter of St. Petersburg, small groups were formed for self-improvement and self-education; the works of the philosophers, the writings of the economists, the researches of the young Russian historical school, were carefully read in these circles, and the reading was followed by endless discussions. The aim of all that reading and discussion was to solve the great question which rose before them: In what way could they be useful to the masses ? Gradually, they came to the idea that the only way was to settle amongst the people and to live the people's life. Young men went into the villages as doctors, doctors' assistants, teachers, villagescribes, even as agricultural labourers, blacksmiths, woodcutters, and so on, and tried to live there in close contact with the peasants. Girls passed teachers' examinations, learned midwifery or nursing, and went by the hundred into the villages, devoting themselves entirely to the poorest part of the population.
 They went without even having any ideals of social reconstruction or any thought of revolution; merely and simply they wanted to teach the mass of the peasants to read, to instruct them, to give them medical help, or in any way to aid to raise them from their darkness and misery, and to learn at the same time from them what were their popular ideals of a better social life.
 When I returned from Switzerland I found this movement in full swing.


△クロポトキンの瑞西より歸つたのは千八百七十三年か四年であつた。
△文中にあるカラコオゾフといふのは、千八百六十六年四月、亞歴山二世がサムマア・ガアデンから出て來て馬車に乘らうとしてるところを狙撃し、狙ひがはづれたために目的を達せずして捕縛された男。
 相互扶助(ソリダリチイ)といふ言葉は殆どクロポトキンの無政府主義の標語になつてゐる。彼はその哲學を説くに當つて常に科學的方法をとつた。彼は先づ動物界に於ける相互扶助の感情を研究し、彼等の間に往々にして無政府的――無權力的――共同生活の極めて具合よく行はれてゐる事實を指摘して、更にそれを人間界に及ぼした。彼の見る處によれば、この尊い感情を多量に有することに於いても他の動物より優れてゐる人類が、却つて今日の如くそれに反する社會生活を營み、さうしてそのために苦しんでゐるのは、全く現在の諸組織、諸制度の惡いために外ならぬのである。權力といふものを是認した結果に外ならぬのである。
 この根柢を出發點としたクロポトキン(幸徳等の奉じたる)は、その當然の結果として、今日の諸制度、諸組織を否認すると同時に、また今日の社會主義にも反對せざるを得なかつた。政治的には社會全體の權力といふものを承認し、經濟的には勞働の時間、種類、優劣等によつてその社會的分配に或る差等を承認しようとする集産的社會主義者の思想は、彼の論理から見れば、甲に與へた權力を更に乙に與へんとするもの、今日の經濟的不平等を來した原因を更に名前を變へただけで繼續するものに過ぎなかつた。相互扶助を基礎とする人類生活の理想的境地、即ち彼の所謂無政府共産制の新社會に於いては、一切の事は、何等權力の干渉を蒙らざる完全なる各個人、各團體の自由合意によつて處理されなければならぬ。さうしてその生産及び社會的利便も亦何等の人爲的拘束を受けずに、ただ各個人の必要に應じて分配されなければならぬ。彼はかういふ新組織、新制度の決して突飛なる「新發明」でなく、相互扶助の精神を有する人類の生活の當然到達せねばならぬ結論であること、及びそれが決して「實行し得ざる空想」でないことを證明するために、今日の社會に於いてさへさういふ新社會の萌芽が段々發達しつつあることを擧げてゐる。權力を有する中央機關なくして而もよく統一され、完成されつつある鐵道、郵便、電信、學術的結社等の萬國的聯合は自由合意の例で、墺地利に於ける鐵道賃銀の特異なる制度、道路、橋梁、公園等の自由使用、圖書館などに於ける均一見料制等は必要による公平分配の例である。これらの事に關する彼の著書にして更に數年遲れて出版されたならば、彼はこれらの例の中に、更に萬國平和會議、仲裁裁判、或る都市に實行されて來た電車賃銀の均一等の例を加へ得たに違ひない。『今日中央鐵道政府といふやうなものがなくして、猶且つ誰でも一枚の切符で、安全に、正確に、新橋から倫敦まで旅行し得る事實を見てゐながら、人々は何故何時までもその「政府といふ權力執行機關がなくては社會を統一し、整理することが出來ぬ」といふ偏見を捨てぬのであらうか。又、本の册數や、種類や、それを讀む時間によつてでなく、各人の必要の平等であることを基礎として定められた今日の圖書館の均一見料制を是認し、且つ便利として一言の不平も洩らさぬ人々が、如何してそれとは全く反對な、例へば甲、乙の二人があつて、その胃嚢を充たすに、甲は四箇の麺麭を要し、乙は二箇にて足るといふやうな場合に、その胃を充たさんとする必要に何の差等なきに拘らず、甲は乙の二倍の代償を拂はねばならぬといふ事實を同時に是認するであらうか。更に又同じ理に於いて、電車の均一賃銀制を便利とする人々が、その電車を運轉するに要する人員の勤務の、その生活を維持するの必要のためである點に於いて、相等しきこと、猶彼等が僅か三町の間乘る場合も、終點から終點まで三里の間乘りつづける場合も、その「乘らねばならぬ」といふ必要に差等なきに同じきに拘らず、如何してそれらの勤務者の所得に人為的の差等を附して置くのであらうか。』クロポトキンの論理はかういつた調子である。
 編輯者の現在無政府主義に關して有する知識は頗る貧弱である。





 
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