What Do Rabbits See?
by Dana M. Krempels, Ph.D.
Many house rabbit "parents" are curious to know what the world
looks like to their lagomorph companion. Why does it seem difficult for
my bunny to find food right in front of his face? Why is my bunny so
easily startled or frightened if I walk into the room holding a box or a
grocery bag? Can my rabbit see colors?
The first thing to remember is that a rabbit's visual system
evolved under evolutionary pressures completely different from those
which "designed" your eyes. We human primates, like our simian
cousins, have forward-placed eyes which confer binocular vision and
depth perception. This is essential for an animal originally designed
to leap through the trees. Also, we have excellent color vision, a
trait which helped our ancestors to find ripe fruit and tasty flowers
in the forest canopy.
On the other hand, the rabbit visual system is designed--not
for foraging and locomotion--but to quickly and effectively detect
approaching predators from almost any direction. The eyes are placed
high and to the sides of the skull, allowing the rabbit to see nearly
360 degrees, as well as far above her head. Rabbits tend to be
farsighted, which explains why they may be frightened by an airplane
flying overhead even if their human companion can barely see it. (It
could be a hawk! Run!)
The price the bunny pays for this remarkable field of vision is a
small blind spot directly in front of his face, but forward-placed
nostrils and large, spooning ears compensate for that minor loss of
predator-detecting space. For an animal to have binocular vision, the
field of view of both eyes must overlap to some degree. The central
blind spot in the rabbit's field of view precludes a three-dimensional
view of nearby objects. When your bunny cocks her head and seems to
be looking at you "sideways," she is actually looking as straight at
you as is possible for a bunny. As far as we know, she does not have
a primate's level of depth perception at such close range.
What about color vision? In general, vertebrates have two different
types of photoreceptor cells in their retinas: rods and cones. Cones
confer high resolution, and, if more than one cone type is present,
they also confer the ability to perceive various wavelengths of light
as distinct colors. For example, we humans have three different
categories of cone--their maximum sensitivities in the red, blue and
green regions of the spectrum. The differing sensitivities of each cone
type enable us to perceive different (visible) wavelengths of light as
the colors of the rainbow.
Behavioral studies published in the early 1970's indicate that rabbits
do have a limited ability to discriminate between some wavelengths of
light, perceiving them as different colors. Evidently, they can discriminate
between the wavelengths we call "green" and "blue." Although rabbits may not
perceive green and blue the way we do, they *can* tell them apart. This means
they have limited color vision, probably conferred by two different categories
of cone cells (blue and green).
The other type of photoreceptor, the rod cell, confers high visual
sensitivity in low light situations, but relatively poor resolution
(i.e., a "grainy" picture). The rabbit retina has a much higher ratio of
rods to cones than the human retina has. Although a rabbit can see
better than a human in low light conditions, his low light image
has much poorer resolution (clarity) than the daytime images formed by
your cone-rich, primate retina.
Now you may wonder: ﹃Can my rabbit see me clearly, or am I just a
big blur?﹄ As you read this page, you are focusing on the letters with a
very tiny part of your retina called the fovea. This is a minuscule,
cone-shaped depression in the retina, lined wall-to-wall with high
resolution cone cells.
Rabbits, too, have small retinal areas with more cones than rods.
However, this (italics) area centralis (close italics) is not indented,
and it has far lower cone density than our fovea has. The image formed
by the area centralis is relatively "grainy" compared to the one formed by
your fovea, but it serves the rabbit well. Using this image, your voice,
body movements and scent as cues, your rabbit can recognize you (his
favorite human)--as long as you're not carrying a scary box that
completely changes your familiar shape!
Knowing a little more about how another creature sees the world
allows us to come one step closer to understanding its behavior--and
modifying our own to make life happier for everyone. Remember that the
next time your rabbit gazes at you with those deep, ancient eyes.
copyright 1998 - Dana Krempels