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Title: Heretics and Heresies
From ‘The Gods and Other Lectures’
Author: Robert G. Ingersoll
Release Date: November 22, 2011 [eBook #38095]
[Most recently updated: July 18, 2021]
Language: English
Character set encoding: UTF-8
Produced by: David Widger
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HERETICS AND HERESIES ***
HERETICS AND HERESIES
By Robert G. Ingersoll
HERETICS AND HERESIES
LIBERTY, A WORD WITHOUT WHICH ALL OTHER WORDS ARE VAIN.
WHOEVER has an opinion of his own, and honestly expresses it, will be
guilty of heresy. Heresy is what the minority believe; it is the name
given by the powerful to the doctrine of the weak. This word was born of
the hatred, arrogance and cruelty of those who love their enemies, and
who, when smitten on one cheek, turn the other. This word was born of
intellectual slavery in the feudal ages of thought. It was an epithet used
in the place of argument. From the commencement of the Christian era,
every art has been exhausted and every conceivable punishment inflicted to
force all people to hold the same religious opinions. This effort was born
of the idea that a certain belief was necessary to the salvation of the
soul. Christ taught, and the Church still teaches, that unbelief is the
blackest of crimes. God is supposed to hate with an infinite and
implacable hatred, every heretic upon the earth, and the heretics who have
died are supposed at this moment to be suffering the agonies of the
damned. The Church persecutes the living and her God burns the dead.
It is claimed that God wrote a book called the Bible, and it is generally
admitted that this book is somewhat difficult to understand. As long as
the Church had all the copies of this book, and the people were not
allowed to read it, there was comparatively little heresy in the world;
but when it was printed and read, people began honestly to differ as to
its meaning. A few were independent and brave enough to give the world
their real thoughts, and for the extermination of these men the Church
used all her power. Protestants and Catholics vied with each other in the
work of enslaving the human mind. For ages they were rivals in the
infamous effort to rid the earth of honest people. They infested every
country, every city, town, hamlet and family. They appealed to the worst
passions of the human heart. They sowed the seeds of discord and hatred in
every land. Brother denounced brother, wives informed against their
husbands, mothers accused their children, dungeons were crowded with the
innocent; the flesh of the good and true rotted in the clasp of chains;
the flames devoured the heroic, and in the name of the most merciful God,
his children were exterminated with famine, sword, and fire. Over the wild
waves of battle rose and fell the banner of Jesus Christ. For sixteen
hundred years the robes of the Church were red with innocent blood. The
ingenuity of Christians was exhausted in devising punishment severe enough
to be inflicted upon other Christians who honestly and sincerely differed
with them upon any point whatever.
Give any orthodox church the power, and to-day they would punish heresy
with whip, and chain, and fire. As long as a church deems a certain belief
essential to salvation, just so long it will kill and burn if it has the
power. Why should the Church pity a man whom her God hates? Why should she
show mercy to a kind and noble heretic whom her God will burn in eternal
fire? Why should a Christian be better than his God? It is impossible for
the imagination to conceive of a greater atrocity than has been
perpetrated by the Church. Every nerve in the human body capable of pain
has been sought out and touched by the Church.
Let it be remembered that all churches have persecuted heretics to the
extent of their power. Toleration has increased only when and where the
power of the church has diminished. From Augustine until now the spirit of
the Christians has remained the same. There has been the same intolerance,
the same undying hatred of all who think for themselves, and the same
determination to crush out of the human brain all knowledge inconsistent
with an ignorant creed.
Every church pretends that it has a revelation from God, and that this
revelation must be given to the people through the Church; that the Church
acts through its priests, and that ordinary mortals must be content with a
revelation—not from God—but from the Church. Had the people
submitted to this preposterous claim, of course there could have been but
one church, and that church never could have advanced. It might have
retrograded, because it is not necessary to think or investigate in order
to forget. Without heresy there could have been no progress.
The highest type of the orthodox Christian does not forget; neither does
he learn. He neither advances nor recedes. He is a living fossil embedded
in that rock called faith. He makes no effort to better his condition,
because all his strength is exhausted in keeping other people from
improving theirs. The supreme desire of his heart is to force all others
to adopt his creed, and in order to accomplish this object he denounces
free-thinking as a crime, and this crime he calls heresy. When he had
power, heresy was the most terrible and formidable of words. It meant
confiscation, exile, imprisonment, torture, and death.
In those days the cross and rack were inseparable companions. Across the
open bible lay the sword and fagot. Not content with burning such heretics
as were alive, they even tried the dead, in order that the Church might
rob their wives and children. The property of all heretics was
confiscated, and on this account they charged the dead with being
heretical—indicted, as it were, their dust—to the end that the
Church might clutch the bread of orphans. Learned divines discussed the
propriety of tearing out the tongues of heretics before they were burned,
and the general opinion was, that this ought to be done so that the
heretics should not be able, by uttering blasphemies, to shock the
Christians who were burning them. With a mixture of ferocity and
Christianity, the priests insisted that heretics ought to be burned at a
slow fire, giving as a reason that more time was given them for
repentance.
No wonder that Jesus Christ said, "I came not to bring peace, but a
sword."
Every priest regarded himself as the agent of God. He answered all
questions by authority, and to treat him with disrespect was an insult
offered to God. No one was asked to think, but all were commanded to obey.
In 1208 the Inquisition was established. Seven years afterward, the fourth
council of the Lateran enjoined all kings and rulers to swear an oath that
they would exterminate heretics from their dominions. The sword of the
Church was unsheathed, and the world was at the mercy of ignorant and
infuriated priests, whose eyes feasted upon the agonies they inflicted.
Acting, as they believed, or pretended to believe, under the command of
God; stimulated by the hope of infinite reward in another world—hating
heretics with every drop of their bestial blood; savage beyond
description; merciless beyond conception,—these infamous priests, in
a kind of frenzied joy, leaped upon the helpless victims of their rage.
They crushed their bones in iron boots; tore their quivering flesh with
iron hooks and pincers; cut off their lips and eyelids; pulled out their
nails, and into the bleeding quick thrust needles; tore out their tongues;
extinguished their eyes; stretched them upon racks; flayed them alive;
crucified them with their heads downward; exposed them to wild beasts;
burned them at the stake; mocked their cries and groans; ravished their
wives; robbed their children, and then prayed God to finish the holy work
in hell.
Millions upon millions were sacrificed upon the altars of bigotry. The
Catholic burned the Lutheran, the Lutheran burned the Catholic, the
Episcopalian tortured the Presbyterian, the Presbyterian tortured the
Episcopalian. Every denomination killed all it could of every other; and
each Christian felt in duty bound to exterminate every other Christian who
denied the smallest fraction of his creed.
In the reign of Henry VIII—that pious and moral founder of the
apostolic Episcopal Church,—there was passed by the parliament of
England an act entitled "An act for abolishing of diversity of opinion."
And in this act was set forth what a good Christian was obliged to
believe:
First, That in the sacrament was the real body and blood of Jesus Christ.
Second, That the body and blood of Jesus Christ was in the bread, and the
blood and body of Jesus Christ was in the wine.
Third, That priests should not marry.
Fourth, That vows of chastity were of perpetual obligation.
Fifth, That private masses ought to be continued; and,
Sixth, That auricular confession to a priest must be maintained.
This creed was made by law, in order that all men might know just what to
believe by simply reading the statute. The Church hated to see the people
wearing out their brains in thinking upon these subjects. It was thought
far better that a creed should be made by parliament, so that whatever
might be lacking in evidence might be made up in force. The punishment for
denying the first article was death by fire. For the denial of any other
article, imprisonment, and for the second offense—death.
Your attention is called to these six articles, established during the
reign of Henry VIII, and by the Church of England, simply because not one
of these articles is believed by that church to-day. If the law then made
by the church could be enforced now, every Episcopalian would be burned at
the stake.
Similar laws were passed in most Christian countries, as all orthodox
churches firmly believed that mankind could be legislated into heaven.
According to the creed of every church, slavery leads to heaven, liberty
leads to hell. It was claimed that God had founded the Church, and that to
deny the authority of the Church was to be a traitor to God, and
consequently an ally of the devil. To torture and destroy one of the
soldiers of Satan was a duty no good Christian cared to neglect. Nothing
can be sweeter than to earn the gratitude of God by killing your own
enemies. Such a mingling of profit and revenge, of heaven for yourself and
damnation for those you dislike, is a temptation that your ordinary
Christian never resists.
According to the theologians, God, the Father of us all, wrote a letter to
his children. The children have always differed somewhat as to the meaning
of this letter. In consequence of these honest differences, these brothers
began to cut out each other's hearts. In every land, where this letter
from God has been read, the children to whom and for whom it was written
have been filled with hatred and malice. They have imprisoned and murdered
each other, and the wives and children of each other. In the name of God
every possible crime has been committed, every conceivable outrage has
been perpetrated. Brave men, tender and loving women, beautiful girls, and
prattling babes have been exterminated in the name of Jesus Christ. For
more than fifty generations the Church has carried the black flag. Her
vengeance has been measured only by her power. During all these years of
infamy no heretic has ever been forgiven. With the heart of a fiend she
has hated; with the clutch of avarice she has grasped; with the jaws of a
dragon she has devoured; pitiless as famine, merciless as fire, with the
conscience of a serpent: such is the history of the Church of God.
I do not say, and I do not believe, that Christians are as bad as their
creeds. In spite of Church and dogma, there have been millions and
millions of men and women true to the loftiest and most generous
promptings of the human heart. They have been true to their convictions,
and, with a self-denial and fortitude excelled by none, have labored and
suffered for the salvation of men. Imbued with the spirit of
self-sacrifice, believing that by personal effort they could rescue at
least a few souls from the infinite shadow of hell, they have cheerfully
endured every hardship and scorned every danger. And yet, notwithstanding
all this, they believed that honest error was a crime. They knew that the
bible so declared, and they believed that all unbelievers would be
eternally lost. They believed that religion was of God, and all heresy of
the devil. They killed heretics in defense of their own souls and the
souls of their children. They killed them because, according to their
idea, they were the enemies of God, and because the bible teaches that the
blood of the unbeliever is a most acceptable sacrifice to heaven.
Nature never prompted a loving mother to throw her child into the Ganges.
Nature never prompted men to exterminate each other for a difference of
opinion concerning the baptism of infants. These crimes have been produced
by religions filled with all that is illogical, cruel and hideous. These
religions were produced for the most part by ignorance, tyranny and
hypocrisy. Under the impression that the infinite ruler and creator of the
universe had commanded the destruction of heretics and infidels, the
Church perpetrated all these crimes.
Men and women have been burned for thinking there is but one God; that
there was none; that the Holy Ghost is younger than God; that God was
somewhat older than his son; for insisting that good works will save a man
without faith; that faith will do without good works; for declaring that a
sweet babe will not be burned eternally, because its parents failed to
have its head wet by a priest; for speaking of God as though he had a
nose; for denying that Christ was his own father; for contending that
three persons, rightly added together, make more than one; for believing
in purgatory; for denying the reality of hell; for pretending that priests
can forgive sins; for preaching that God is an essence; for denying that
witches rode through the air on sticks; for doubting the total depravity
of the human heart; for laughing at irresistible grace, predestination and
particular redemption; for denying that good bread could be made of the
body of a dead man; for pretending that the pope was not managing this
world for God, and in the place of God; for disputing the efficacy of a
vicarious atonement; for thinking the Virgin Mary was born like other
people; for thinking that a man's rib was hardly sufficient to make a
good-sized woman; for denying that God used his finger for a pen; for
asserting that prayers are not answered, that diseases are not sent to
punish unbelief; for denying the authority of the bible; for having a
bible in their possession; for attending mass, and for refusing to attend;
for wearing a surplice; for carrying a cross, and for refusing; for being
a Catholic, and for being a Protestant; for being an Episcopalian, a
Presbyterian, a Baptist, and for being a Quaker. In short, every virtue
has been a crime, and every crime a virtue. The Church has burned honesty
and rewarded hypocrisy. And all this, because it was commanded by a book—a
book that men had been taught implicitly to believe, long before they knew
one word that was in it. They had been taught that to doubt the truth of
this book—to examine it, even—was a crime of such enormity
that it could not be forgiven, either in this world or in the next.
The bible was the real persecutor. The bible burned heretics, built
dungeons, founded the Inquisition, and trampled upon all the liberties of
men.
How long, O how long will mankind worship a book? How long will they
grovel in the dust before the ignorant legends of the barbaric past? How
long, O how long will they pursue phantoms in a darkness deeper than
death?
Unfortunately for the world, about the beginning of the sixteenth century,
a man by the name of Gerard Chauvin was married to Jeanne Lefranc, and
still more unfortunately for the world, the fruit of this marriage was a
son, called John Chauvin, who afterwards became famous as John Calvin, the
founder of the Presbyterian Church.
#This man forged five fetters for the brain. These fetters he called
points. That is to say, predestination, particular redemption, total
depravity, irresistible grace, and the perseverance of the saints. About
the neck of each follower he put a collar bristling with these five iron
points. The presence of all these points on the collar is still the test
of orthodoxy in the church he founded. This man, when in the flush of
youth, was elected to the office of preacher in Geneva. He at once, in
union with Farel, drew up a condensed statement of the Presbyterian
doctrine, and all the citizens of Geneva, on pain of banishment, were
compelled to take an oath that they believed this statement. Of this
proceeding Calvin very innocently remarked that it produced great
satisfaction. A man named Caroli had the audacity to dispute with Calvin.
For this outrage he was banished.
To show you what great subjects occupied the attention of Calvin, it is
only necessary to state that he furiously discussed the question as to
whether the sacramental bread should be leavened or unleavened. He drew up
laws regulating the cut of the citizens' clothes, and prescribing their
diet, and all those whose garments were not in the Calvin fashion were
refused the sacrament At last, the people becoming tired of this petty
theological tyranny, banished Calvin. In a few years, however, he was
recalled and received with great enthusiasm. After this he was supreme,
and the will of Calvin became the law of Geneva. Under his benign
administration, James Gruet was beheaded because he had written some
profane verses. The slightest word against Calvin or his absurd doctrines
was punished as a crime. In 1553 a man was tried at Vienne by the Catholic
Church for heresy. He was convicted and sentenced to death by burning. It
was apparently his good fortune to escape. Pursued by the sleuth hounds of
intolerance he fled to Geneva for protection. A dove flying from hawks,
sought safety in the nest of a vulture. This fugitive from the cruelty of
Rome asked shelter from John Calvin, who had written a book in favor of
religious toleration. Servetus had forgotten that this book was written by
Calvin when in the minority; that it was written in weakness to be
forgotten in power; that it was produced by fear instead of principle. He
did not know that Calvin had caused his arrest at Vienne, in France, and
had sent a copy of his work, which was claimed to be blasphemous, to the
archbishop, He did not then know that the Protestant Calvin was acting as
one of the detectives of the Catholic Church, and had been instrumental in
procuring his conviction for heresy. Ignorant of all this unspeakable
infamy, he put himself in the power of this very Calvin. The maker of the
Presbyterian creed caused the fugitive Serve-tus to be arrested for
blasphemy. He was tried. Calvin was his accuser. He was convicted and
condemned to death by fire. On the morning of the fatal day, Calvin saw
him, and Servetus, the victim, asked forgiveness of Calvin, the murderer.
Servetus was bound to the stake, and the fagots were lighted. The wind
carried the flames somewhat away from his body, so that he slowly roasted
for hours. Vainly he implored a speedy death. At last the flames climbed
round his form; through smoke and fire his murderers saw a white heroic
face. And there they watched until a man became a charred and shriveled
mass. Liberty was banished from Geneva, and nothing but Presbyterianism
was left. Honor, justice, mercy, reason and charity were all exiled; but
the five points of predestination, particular redemption, irresistible
grace, total depravity, and the certain perseverance of the saints
remained instead.
Calvin founded a little theocracy, modeled after the Old Testament, and
succeeded in erect-ing the most detestable government that ever existed,
except the one from which it was copied.
Against all this intolerance, one man, a minister, raised his voice. The
name of this man should never be forgotten. It was Castellio. This brave
man had the goodness and the courage to declare the innocence of honest
error. He was the first of the so-called reformers to take this noble
ground. I wish I had the genius to pay a fitting tribute to his memory.
Perhaps it would be impossible to pay him a grander compliment than to
say, Castellio was in all things the opposite of Calvin. To plead for the
right of individual judgment was considered a crime, and Castellio was
driven from Geneva by John Calvin. By him he was denounced as a child of
the devil, as a dog of Satan, as a beast from hell, and as one who, by
this horrid blasphemy of the innocence of honest error, crucified Christ
afresh, and by him he was pursued until rescued by the hand of death.
Upon the name of Castellio, Calvin heaped every epithet, until his malice
was nearly satisfied and his imagination entirely exhausted. It is
impossible to conceive how human nature can become so frightfully
perverted as to pursue a fellow man with the malignity of a fiend, simply
because he is good, just, and generous Calvin was of a pallid, bloodless
complexion, thin, sickly, irritable, gloomy, impatient, egotistic,
tyrannical, heartless, and infamous. He was a strange compound of
revengeful morality, malicious forgiveness, ferocious charity, egotistic
humility, and a kind of hellish justice. In other words, he was as near
like the God of the Old Testament as his health permitted.
The best thing, however, about the Presbyterians of Geneva was, that they
denied the power of the Pope, and the best thing about the Pope was, that
he was not a Presbyterian.
The doctrines of Calvin spread rapidly, and were eagerly accepted by
multitudes on the continent; but Scotland, in a few years, became the real
fortress of Presbyterianism. The Scotch succeeded in establishing the same
kind of theocracy that flourished in Geneva. The clergy took possession
and control of everybody and everything. It is impossible to exaggerate
the mental degradation, the abject superstition of the people of Scotland
during the reign of Presbyterianism. Heretics were hunted and devoured as
though they had been wild beasts. The gloomy insanity of Presbyterianism
took possession of a great majority of the people. They regarded their
ministers as the Jews did Moses and Aaron. They believed that they were
the especial agents of God, and that whatsoever they bound in Scotland
would be bound in heaven. There was not one particle of intellectual
freedom. No man was allowed to differ with the Church, or to even
contradict a priest. Had Presbyterianism maintained its ascendency,
Scotland would have been peopled by savages to-day.
The revengeful spirit of Calvin took possession of the Puritans, and
caused them to redden the soil of the New World with the brave blood of
honest men. Clinging to the five points of Calvin, they too established
governments in accordance with the teachings of the Old Testament. They
too attached the penalty of death to the expression of honest thought.
They too believed their church supreme, and exerted all their power to
curse this continent with a spiritual despotism as infamous as it was
absurd. They believed with Luther that universal toleration is universal
error, and universal error is universal hell. Toleration was denounced as
a crime.
Fortunately for us, civilization has had a softening effect even upon the
Presbyterian Church. To the ennobling influence of the arts and sciences
the savage spirit of Calvinism has, in some slight degree, succumbed.
True, the old creed remains substantially as it was written, but by a kind
of tacit understanding it has come to be regarded as a relic of the past.
The cry of "heresy" has been growing fainter and fainter, and, as a
consequence, the ministers of that denomination have ventured, now and
then, to express doubts as to the damnation of infants, and the doctrine
of total depravity. The fact is, the old ideas became a little monotonous
to the people. The fall of man, the scheme of redemption and irresistible
grace, began to have a familiar sound. The preachers told the old stories
while the congregations slept. Some of the ministers became tired of these
stories themselves. The five points grew dull, and they felt that nothing
short of irresistible grace could bear this endless repetition. The
outside world was full of progress, and in every direction men advanced,
while this church, anchored to a creed, idly rotted at the shore. Other
denominations, imbued some little with the spirit of investigation, were
springing up on every side, while the old Presbyterian ark rested on the
Ararat of the past, filled with the theological monsters of another age.
Lured by the splendors of the outer world, tempted by the achievements of
science, longing to feel the throb and beat of the mighty march of the
human race, a few of the ministers of this conservative denomination were
compelled, by irresistible sense, to say a few words in harmony with the
splendid ideas of to-day.
These utterances have upon several occasions so nearly wakened some of the
members that, rubbing their eyes, they have feebly inquired whether these
grand ideas were not somewhat heretical. These ministers found that just
in the proportion that their orthodoxy decreased, their congregations
increased. Those who dealt in the pure unadulterated article found
themselves demonstrating the five points to a less number of hearers than
they had points. Stung to madness by this bitter truth, this galling
contrast, this harassing fact, the really orthodox have raised the cry of
heresy, and expect with this cry to seal the lips of honest men. One of
the Presbyterian ministers, and one who has been enjoying the luxury of a
little honest thought, and the real rapture of expressing it, has already
been indicted, and is about to be tried by the Presbytery of Illinois. He
is charged—
First. With having neglected to preach that most comforting and consoling
truth, the eternal damnation of the soul.
Surely, that man must be a monster who could wish to blot this blessed
doctrine out and rob earth's wretched children of this blissful hope!
Who can estimate the misery that has been caused by this most infamous
doctrine of eternal punishment? Think of the lives it has blighted—of
the tears it has caused—of the agony it has produced. Think of the
millions who have been driven to insanity by this most terrible of dogmas.
This doctrine renders God the basest and most cruel being in the universe.
Compared with him, the most frightful deities of the most barbarous and
degraded tribes are miracles of goodness and mercy. There is nothing more
degrading than to worship such a god. Lower than this the soul can never
sink. If the doctrine of eternal damnation is true, let me share the fate
of the unconverted; let me have my portion in hell, rather than in heaven
with a god infamous enough to inflict eternal misery upon any of the sons
of men.
Second. With having spoken a few kind words of Robert Collyer and John
Stuart Mill.
I have the honor of a slight acquaintance with Robert Collyer. I have read
with pleasure some of his exquisite productions. He has a brain full of
the dawn, the head of a philosopher, the imagination of a poet and the
sincere heart of a child.
Is a minister to be silenced because he speaks fairly of a noble and
candid adversary? Is it a crime to compliment a lover of justice, an
advocate of liberty; one who devotes his life to the elevation of man, the
discovery of truth, and the promulgation of what he believes to be right?
Can that tongue be palsied by a presbytery that praises a self-denying and
heroic life? Is it a sin to speak a charitable word over the grave of John
Stuart Mill? Is it heretical to pay a just and graceful tribute to
departed worth? Must the true Presbyterian violate the sanctity of the
tomb, dig open the grave and ask his God to curse the silent dust? Is
Presbyterianism so narrow that it conceives of no excellence, of no purity
of intention, of no spiritual and moral grandeur outside of its barbaric
creed? Does it still retain within its stony heart all the malice of its
founder? Is it still warming its fleshless hands at the flames that
consumed Servetus? Does it still glory in the damnation of infants, and
does it still persist in emptying the cradle in order that perdition may
be filled? Is it still starving the soul and famishing the heart? Is it
still trembling and shivering, crouching and crawling before its ignorant
Confession of Faith?
Had such men as Robert Collyer and John Stuart Mill been present at the
burning of Servetus, they would have extinguished the flames with their
tears. Had the presbytery of Chicago been there, they would have quietly
turned their backs, solemnly divided their coat tails, and warmed
themselves.
Third, With having spoken disparagingly of the doctrine of predestination.
If there is any dogma that ought to be protected by law, predestination is
that doctrine. Surely it is a cheerful, joyous thing, to one who is
laboring, struggling, and suffering in this weary world, to think that
before he existed; before the earth was; before a star had glittered in
the heavens; before a ray of light had left the quiver of the sun, his
destiny had been irrevocably fixed, and that for an eternity before his
birth he had been doomed to bear eternal pain.
Fourth. With failing to preach the efficacy of a "vicarious sacrifice."
Suppose a man had been convicted of murder, and was about to be hanged—the
governor acting as the executioner; and suppose that just as the doomed
man was about to suffer death some one in the crowd should step forward
and say,﹃I am willing to die in the place of that murderer. He has a
family, and I have none.﹄And suppose further, that the governor should
reply,﹃Come forward, young man, your offer is accepted. A murder has been
committed and somebody must be hung, and your death will satisfy the law
just as well as the death of the murderer.﹄What would you then think of
the doctrine of "vicarious sacrifice?"
This doctrine is the consummation of two outrages—forgiving one
crime and committing another.
Fifth, With having inculcated a phase of the doctrine commonly known as
"evolution," or "development".
The Church believes and teaches the exact opposite of this doctrine.
According to the philosophy of theology, man has continued to degenerate
for six thousand years. To teach that there is that in nature which impels
to higher forms and grander ends, is heresy, of course. The Deity will
damn Spencer and his "Evolution," Darwin and his "Origin of Species,"
Bastian and his "Spontaneous Generation," Huxley and his "Protoplasm"
Tyndall and his "Prayer Gauge" and will save those, and those only, who
declare that the universe has been cursed, from the smallest atom to the
grandest star; that everything tends to evil and to that only, and that
the only perfect thing in nature is the Presbyterian Confession of Faith.
Sixth, With having intimated that the reception of Socrates and Penelope
at heaven's gate was, to say the least, a trifle more cordial than that of
Catharine II.
Penelope, waiting patiently and trustfully for her lord's return, delaying
her suitors, while sadly weaving and unweaving the shroud of Laertes, is
the most perfect type of wife and woman produced by the civilization of
Greece.
Socrates, whose life was above reproach and whose death was beyond all
praise, stands to-day, in the estimation of every thoughtful man, at least
the peer of Christ.
Catharine II assassinated her husband. Stepping upon his corpse, she
mounted the throne. She was the murderess of Prince Iwan, grand nephew of
Peter the Great, who was imprisoned for eighteen years, and who during all
that time saw the sky but once. Taken all in all, Catharine was probably
one of the most intellectual beasts that ever wore a crown.
Catharine, however, was the head of the Greek Church, Socrates was a
heretic and Penelope lived and died without having once heard of
"particular redemption" or of "irresistible grace."
Seventh, With repudiating the idea of a "call" to the ministry, and
pretending that men were "called" to preach as they were to the other
avocations of life.
If this doctrine is true, God, to say the least of it, is an exceedingly
poor judge of human nature. It is more than a century since a man of true
genius has been found in an orthodox pulpit Every minister is heretical
just to the extent that his intellect is above, the average. The Lord
seems to be satisfied with mediocrity; but the people are not.
An old deacon, wishing to get rid of an unpopular preacher, advised him to
give up the ministry and turn his attention to something else. The
preacher replied that he could not conscientiously desert the pulpit, as
he had had a "call" to the ministry. To which the deacon replied, "That
may be so, but it's very unfortunate for you, that when God called you to
preach, he forgot to call anybody to hear you."
There is nothing more stupidly egotistic than the claim of the clergy that
they are, in some divine sense, set apart to the service of the Lord; that
they have been chosen, and sanctified; that there is an infinite
difference between them and persons employed in secular affairs. They
teach us that all other professions must take care of themselves; that God
allows anybody to be a doctor, a lawyer, statesman, soldier, or artist;
that the Motts and Coopers—the Mansfields and Marshalls—the
Wilberforces and Sumners—the Angelos and Raphaels, were never
honored by a "call." They chose their professions and won their laurels
without the assistance of the Lord. All these men were left free to follow
their own inclinations, while God was busily engaged selecting and
"calling" priests, rectors, elders, ministers and exhorters.
Eighth. With having doubted that God was the author of the 109th Psalm.
The portion of that psalm which carries with it the clearest and most
satisfactory evidences of inspiration, and which has afforded almost
unspeakable consolation to the Presbyterian church, is as follows:
Set thou a wicked man over him; and let Satan stand at his right hand.
When he shall be judged, let him be condemned; and let his prayer become
sin.
Let his days be few; and let another take his office.
Let his children be fatherless, and his wife a widow.
Let his children be continually vagabonds, and beg; let them seek their
bread also out of their desolate places.
Let the extortioner catch all that he hath; and let the strangers spoil
his labor.
Let there be none to extend mercy unto him; neither let there be any to
favor his fatherless children.
Let his posterity be cut off: and in the generation following let their
name be blotted out.
But do thou for me, O God the Lord, for Thy name's sake; because Thy mercy
is good, deliver Thou me. * * I will greatly praise the Lord with my mouth.
Think of a God wicked and malicious enough to inspire this prayer. Think
of one infamous enough to answer it.
Had this inspired psalm been found in some temple erected for the worship
of snakes, or in the possession of some cannibal king, written with blood
upon the dried skins of babes, there would have been a perfect harmony
between its surroundings and its sentiments.
No wonder that the author of this inspired psalm coldly received Socrates
and Penelope, and reserved his sweetest smiles for Catharine the Second.
Ninth. With having said that the battles in which the Israelites engaged,
with the approval and command of Jehovah, surpassed in cruelty those of
Julius Cæsar.
Was it Julius Cæsar who said, "And the Lord our God delivered him before
us; and we smote him, and his sons, and all his people. And we took all
his cities, and utterly destroyed the men, and the women, and the little
ones, of every city, we left none to remain"?
Did Julius Caesar send the following report to the Roman senate? "And we
took all his cities at that time, there was not a city which we took not
from them, three-score cities, all the region of Argob, the kingdom of Og
in Bashan. All these cities were fenced with high walls, gates, and bars;
beside unwalled towns a great many. And we utterly destroyed them, as we
did unto. Sihon, king of Heshbon, utterly destroying the men, women, and
children of every city."
Did Caesar take the city of Jericho "and utterly destroy all that was in
the city, both men and women, young and old"? Did he smite "all the
country of the hills, and of the south, and of the vale, and of the
springs, and all their kings, and leave none remaining that breathed, as
the Lord God had commanded"?
Search the records of the whole world, find out the history of every
barbarous tribe, and you cart find no crime that touched a lower depth of
infamy than those the bible's God commanded and approved. For such a God I
have no words to express my loathing and contempt, and all the words in
all the languages of man would scarcely be sufficient. Away with such a
God! Give me Jupiter rather, with Io and Europa, or even Siva with his
skulls and snakes.
Tenth. With having repudiated the doctrine of "total depravity."
What a precious doctrine is that of the total depravity of the human
heart! How sweet it is to believe that the lives of all the good and great
were continual sins and perpetual crimes; that the love a mother bears her
child is, in the sight of God, a sin; that the gratitude of the natural
heart is simple meanness; that the tears of pity are impure; that for the
unconverted to live and labor for others is an offense to heaven; that the
noblest aspirations of the soul are low and groveling in the sight of God;
that man should fall upon his knees and ask forgiveness, simply for loving
his wife and child, and that even the act of asking forgiveness is in fact
a crime!
Surely it is a kind of bliss to feel that every woman and child in the
wide world, with the exception of those who believe the five points, or
some other equally cruel creed, and such children as have been baptized,
ought at this very moment to be dashed down to the lowest glowing gulf of
hell.
Take from the Christian the history of his own church—leave that
entirely out of the question—and he has no argument left with which
to substantiate the total depravity of man.
Eleventh. With having doubted the "perseverance of the saints."
I suppose the real meaning of this doctrine is, that Presbyterians are
just as sure of going to heaven as all other folks are of going to hell.
The real idea being, that it all depends upon the will of God, and not
upon the character of the person to be damned or saved; that God has the
weakness to send Presbyterians to Paradise, and the justice to doom the
rest of mankind to eternal fire.
It is admitted that no unconverted brain can see the least particle of
sense in this doctrine; that it is abhorrent to all who have not been the
recipients of a "new heart;" that only the perfectly good can justify the
perfectly infamous.
It is contended that the saints do not persevere of their own free will—that
they are entitled to no credit for persevering; but that God forces them
to persevere, while on the other hand, every crime is committed in
accordance with the secret will of God, who does all things for his own
glory.
Compared with this doctrine, there is no other idea, that has ever been
believed by man, that can properly be called absurd.
Twelfth, With having spoken and written somewhat lightly of the idea of
converting the heathen with doctrinal sermons.
Of all the failures of which we have any history or knowledge, the
missionary effort is the most conspicuous. The whole question has been
decided here, in our own country, and conclusively settled. We have nearly
exterminated the Indians, but we have converted none. From the days of
John Eliot to the execution of the last Modoc, not one Indian has been the
subject of irresistible grace or particular redemption. The few red men
who roam the western wilderness have no thought or care concerning the
five points of Calvin. They are utterly oblivious to the great and vital
truths contained in the Thirty-nine Articles, the Saybrook platform, and
the resolutions of the Evangelical Alliance. No Indian has ever scalped
another on account of his religious belief. This of itself shows
conclusively that the missionaries have had no effect.
Why should we convert the heathen of China and kill our own? Why should we
send missionaries across the seas, and soldiers over the plains? Why
should we send bibles to the east and muskets to the west? If it is
impossible to convert Indians who have no religion of their own; no
prejudice for or against the "eternal procession of the Holy Ghost," how
can we expect to convert a heathen who has a religion; who has plenty of
gods and bibles and prophets and Christs, and who has a religious
literature far grander than our own? Can we hope with the story of Daniel
in the lions' den to rival the stupendous miracles of India? Is there
anything in our bible as lofty and loving as the prayer of the Buddhist?
Compare your "Confession of Faith" with the following: "Never will I seek
nor receive private individual salvation—never enter into final
peace alone; but forever and everywhere will I live and strive for the
universal redemption of every creature throughout all worlds. Until all
are delivered, never will I leave the world of sin, sorrow, and struggle,
but will remain where I am."
Think of sending an average Presbyterian to convert a man who daily offers
this tender, this infinitely generous, this incomparable prayer. Think of
reading the 109th Psalm to a heathen who has a bible of his own in which
is found this passage: "Blessed is that man and beloved of all the gods,
who is afraid of no man, and of whom no man is afraid."
Why should you read even the New Testament to a Hindu, when his own
Chrishna has said, "If a man strike thee, and in striking drop his staff,
pick it up and hand it to him again"? Why send a Presbyterian to a Sufi,
who says, "Better one moment of silent contemplation and inward love, than
seventy thousand years of outward worship"? "Whoso would carelessly tread
one worm that crawls on earth, that heartless one is darkly alienate from
God; but he that, living, embraceth all things in his love, to live with
him God bursts all bounds above, below."
Why should we endeavor to thrust our cruel and heartless theology upon one
who prays this prayer: "O God, show pity toward the wicked; for on the
good thou hast already bestowed thy mercy by having created them
virtuous"?
Compare this prayer with the curses and cruelties of the Old Testament—with
the infamies commanded and approved by the being whom we are taught to
worship as a God—and with the following tender product of
Presbyterianism: "It may seem absurd to human wisdom that God should
harden, blind, and deliver up some men to a reprobate sense; that he
should first deliver them over to evil, and then condemn them for that
evil; but the believing spiritual man sees no absurdity in all this,
knowing that God would be never a whit less good even though he should
destroy all men."
Of all the religions that have been produced by the egotism, the malice,
the ignorance and ambition of man, Presbyterianism is the most hideous.
But what shall I say more, for the time would fail me to tell of
Sabellianism, of a "Modal Trinity," and the "Eternal Procession of the
Holy Ghost"?
Upon these charges, a minister is to be tried, here in Chicago; in this
city of pluck and progress—this marvel of energy—this miracle
of nerve. The cry of "heresy," here, sounds like a wail from the dark ages—a
shriek from the inquisition, or a groan from the grave of Calvin.
Another effort is being made to enslave a man.
It is claimed that every member of the church has solemnly agreed never to
outgrow the creed; that he has pledged himself to remain an intellectual
dwarf. Upon this condition the church agrees to save his soul, and he
hands over his brains to bind the bargain. Should a fact be found
inconsistent with the creed, he binds himself to deny the fact and curse
the finder. With scraps of dogmas and crumbs of doctrine, he agrees that
his soul shall be satisfied forever. What an intellectual feast the
Confession of Faith must be! It reminds one of the dinner described by
Sydney Smith, where everything was cold except the water, and everything
sour except the vinegar.
Every member of a church promises to remain orthodox, that is to say—stationary.
Growth is heresy. Orthodox ideas are the feathers that have been moulted
by the eagle of progress. They are the dead leaves under the majestic
palm, while heresy is the bud and blossom at the top.
Imagine a vine that grows at one end and decays at the other. The end that
grows is heresy, the end that rots is orthodox. The dead are orthodox, and
your cemetery is the most perfect type of a well regulated church. No
thought, no progress, no heresy there. Slowly and silently, side by side,
the satisfied members peacefully decay. There is only this difference—the
dead do not persecute.
And what does a trial for heresy mean? It means that the Church says to a
heretic, "Believe as I do, or I will withdraw my support. I will not
employ you. I will pursue you until your garments are rags; until your
children cry for bread; until your cheeks are furrowed with tears. I will
hunt you to the very portals of the tomb, and then my God will do the rest.
I will not imprison you. I will not burn you. The law prevents my doing
that. I helped make the law, not however to protect you, nor to deprive me
of the right to exterminate you; but in order to keep other churches from
exterminating me."
A trial for heresy means that the spirit of persecution still lingers in
the Church; that it still denies the right of private judgment; that it
still thinks more of creed than truth, and that it is still determined to
prevent the intellectual growth of man. It means that churches are
shambles in which are bought and sold the souls of men. It means that the
Church is still guilty of the barbarity of opposing thought with force. It
means that if it had the power, the mental horizon would be bounded by a
creed; that it would bring again the whips and chains and dungeon keys,
the rack and fagot of the past But let me tell the Church it lacks the
power. There have been, and still are, too many men who own themselves—too
much thought, too much knowledge for the Church to grasp again the sword
of power. The Church must abdicate. For the Eglon of superstition Science
has a message from Truth.
The heretics have not thought and suffered and died in vain. Every heretic
has been, and is, a ray of light Not in vain did Voltaire, that great man,
point from the foot of the Alps the finger of scorn at every hypocrite in
Europe. Not in vain were the splendid utterances of the infidels, while
beyond all price are the discoveries of science.
The Church has impeded, but it has not and it cannot stop the onward march
of the human race. Heresy cannot be burned, nor imprisoned, nor starved.
It laughs at presbyteries and synods, at ecumenical councils and the
impotent thunders of Sinai. Heresy is the eternal dawn, the morning star,
the glittering herald of the day. Heresy is the last and best thought. It
is the perpetual New World, the unknown sea, toward which the brave all
sail. It is the eternal horizon of progress.
Heresy extends the hospitalities of the brain to a new thought.
Heresy is a cradle; orthodoxy, a coffin.
Why should man be afraid to think, and why should he fear to express his
thoughts?
Is it possible that an infinite Deity is unwilling that a man should
investigate the phenomena by which he is surrounded? Is it possible that a
god delights in threatening and terrifying men? What glory, what honor and
renown a god must win on such a field! The ocean raving at a drop; a star
envious of a candle; the sun jealous of a fire-fly.
Go on, presbyteries and synods, go on! Thrust the heretics out of the
Church—that is to say, throw away your brains,—put out your
eyes. The infidels will thank you. They are willing to adopt your exiles.
Every deserter from your camp is a recruit for the army of progress. Cling
to the ignorant dogmas of the past; read the 109th Psalm; gloat over the
slaughter of mothers and babes; thank God for total depravity; shower your
honors upon hypocrites, and silence every minister who is touched with
that heresy called genius.
Be true to your history. Turn out the astronomers, the geologists, the
naturalists, the chemists, and all the honest scientists. With a whip of
scorpions, drive them all out. We want them all. Keep the ignorant, the
superstitious, the bigoted, and the writers of charges and specifications.
Keep them, and keep them all. Repeat your pious platitudes in the drowsy
ears of the faithful, and read your bible to heretics, as kings read some
forgotten riot-act to stop and stay the waves of revolution. You are too
weak to excite anger. We forgive your efforts as the sun forgives a cloud—as
the air forgives the breath you waste.
How long, O how long, will man listen to the threats of God, and shut his
eyes to the splendid possibilities of Nature? How long, O how long will
man remain the cringing slave of a false and cruel creed?
By this time the whole world should know that the real bible has not yet
been written, but is being written, and that it will never be finished
until the race begins its downward march, or ceases to exist.
The real bible is not the work of inspired men, nor prophets, nor
apostles, nor evangelists, nor of Christs. Every man who finds a fact,
adds, as it were, a word to this great book. It is not attested by
prophecy, by miracles or signs. It makes no appeal to faith, to ignorance,
to credulity or fear. It has no punishment for unbelief, and no reward for
hypocrisy. It appeals to man in the name of demonstration. It has nothing
to conceal. It has no fear of being read, of being contradicted, of being
investigated and understood. It does not pretend to be holy, or sacred; it
simply claims to be true. It challenges the scrutiny of all, and implores
every reader to verify every line for himself. It is incapable of being
blasphemed. This book appeals to all the surroundings of man. Each thing
that exists testifies of its perfection. The earth, with its heart of fire
and crowns of snow; with its forests and plains, its rocks and seas; with
its every wave and cloud; with its every leaf and bud and flower, confirms
its every word, and the solemn stars, shining in the infinite abysses, are
the eternal witnesses of it's truth.
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