Wikimedia Commons je repozitář mediálních souborů, který umožňuje přístup k naučnému mediálnímu obsahu (obrázky, zvuky a videa), který je šířen jako volná díla nebo volně licencovaná díla, všem bez rozdílu. Slouží jako společné úložiště pro všechny projekty Wikimedia, ale obsah může být použit kýmkoliv, kdekoliv a k jakémukoliv účelu.
Tato stránka je nutně poměrně dlouhá. Pokud potřebujete krátký přehled, podívejte se na Zaměření projektu/Shrnutí.
Cílem Wikimedia Commons je poskytnout sbírku mediálních souborů:
Výraz『naučný』je zde chápán v jeho širším smyslu jako "předávající znalosti; instruktážní či informativní".
Aby měl soubor právo být uložen na Wikimedia Commons, musí být v souladu s pravidly zaměření projektu. Jakýkoli obsah, který zaměření nesplňuje, bude vymazán jakožto OOS (Out Of Scope - nespadající do zaměření).
Některé druhy obsahu jsou z Commons vyloučeny; ne snad proto, že by nebyly samy o sobě naučné, ale proto, že se více hodí pod jiné projekty nadace Wikimedia. Týká se to jak multimediálních souborů, tak textu.
Vyloučený naučný obsah zahrnuje:
Commons může být i přesto využito pro uložení výše zmíněných druhů materiálů, pokud jsou tyto využívány jiným z projektů nadace Wikimedia (např. pokud se jedná o sken textu jakožto doložení věrohodného, ověřitelného zdroje). Povoleny jsou také soubory, které obsahují prvky, které je povyšují nad prostý text. Jedná se například o skeny knih či novin (pokud jim už vypršela autorská práva), zobrazující sazbu textu, dobové písmo, vsazené obrázky apod.
Nahrané soubory splňují podmínky zaměření pouze pokud splňují veškeré následující podmínky. Každý soubor tedy:
Následuje detailní rozbor jednotlivých bodů.
Wikimedia Commons shromažďuje jen multimediální soubory. Mohou to být fotografie, naskenované obrázky, grafy a plánky, animace, audiosoubory (mluvené slovo, hudba apod.) a videoklipy, včetně metadat která k souborům patří. Vysvětlivky či doprovodný text je na stránce souboru povolen, jen pokud napomáhá cílům projektu a přitom nepředstavuje vyloučený naučný obsah.
Následující soubory nejsou považovány za multimédia, a nemohou zde tedy být uchovávány:
Povoleny jsou pouze svobodné souborové formáty. Zákonem chráněné formáty, jako jsou například dokumenty Microsoft WordaExcel, AAC, WMA, MPEG, AVI, Flash apod., povoleny nejsou. Obecně řečeno není povolen jakýkoliv soubor, který ke svému otevření vyžaduje patentovaný program či kodek.
Seznam aktuálně povolených formátů souborů je k dispozici zde.
Wikimedia Commons přijímá pouze svobodný obsah, tedy soubory, které mají buďto svobodnou licenci, nebo jsou volným dílem. Soubor spadá do kategorie volných děl, pokud se jeho majitel(é) výslovně a nevratně vzdal(i) vymáhání svých práv, případně pokud práva sama vypršela během času. Dílo, které ze své samotné podstaty neumožňuje právní ochranu, je také považováno za volné dílo.
Jakýkoliv soubor, který má existovat na Commons, musí mít svobodnou licenci nebo být volným dílem, a to jak podle zákonů USA, tak podle zákonů země, ze které byl nahrán (pokud se tyto liší). Viz také Commons:Licensing/cs.
Aby mohlo být dílo považováno za svobodné, musí jej vlastník autorských práv neodvolatelně uvolnit pod licencí, která:
Následující licenční podmínky nejsou povoleny:
Licence s výše vyjmenovanými omezeními jsou povoleny, pouze pokud je dotyčné dílo duálně- či multilicencované,(anglicky) přičemž alespoň jedna z licenčních možností umožňuje omezení obejít.
"Licence" se záměrem použití pouze pro fair use nejsou povoleny. Fair use není právní termín, který může vlastník práv licencovat a pro Commons je toto pojetí nepřijatelné.
Následující licenční podmínky jsou povoleny:
Pravidla licencování jsou podrobně popsána v Commons:Licencování.
In all cases the uploader must provide appropriate evidence to demonstrate either that the file is in the public domain or that the copyright owner has released it under a suitable licence. Typically that requires at least that the source of the file be specified,[1] along with the original source where the file is a derivative work. Also, the creator or copyright owner should be identified, if known or reasonably ascertainable. If there is any question, evidence may need to be supplied that the copyright owner has indeed released the file under the given licence.
Where the file is a photograph which shows an identifiable person, the subject's consent may be required as described at Commons:Photographs of identifiable people.
In all cases, the burden of proof lies on the uploader or other person arguing for the file to be retained to demonstrate that as far as can reasonably be determined:
In the case of an old file, date and country of publication can help determine if the file is in the public domain due to age.
Uživatelé Wikimedia Commons v dobré víře vytvářejí repozitář multimediálních souborů, které jsou volně šiřitelné nebo zcela svobodné. Preventivní přístup znamená, že pokud se vyskytnou vážné pochybnosti ohledně autorských práv konkrétního souboru, pak by tento soubor měl být smazán.
Jakékoli argumenty, které by problém bagatelizovaly, jsou v rozporu s cíli Commons. Často se objevují například tyto:
The expression "educational" is to be understood according to its broad meaning of "providing knowledge; instructional or informative".
In the sections below, any use that is not made in good faith does not count. For example, images that are being used on a talk page just to make a point can be discounted.
A media file that is in use on one of the other projects of the Wikimedia Foundation is considered automatically to be useful for an educational purpose, as is a file in use for some operational reason such as within a template or the like. Such a file is not liable to deletion simply because it may be of poor quality: if it is in use, that is enough.
The uploading of small numbers of images (e.g. of yourself) for use on a personal user page of Commons or another project is allowed as long as that user is or was an active participant on that project.
It should be stressed that Commons does not overrule other projects about what is in scope. If an image is in use on another project (aside from use on talk pages or user pages), that is enough for it to be within scope.
An otherwise non-educational file does not acquire educational purpose solely because it is in use on a gallery page or in a category on Commons, nor solely because it is in use on a user page (the "User:" namespace), but by custom the uploading of small numbers of images (e.g. of yourself) for use on a personal Commons user page is allowed if you are an active, constructive participant on Commons. Files relating to projects or events of the Wikimedia community, such as user meetings, are also allowed.
A media file which is neither:
falls outside the scope of Wikimedia Commons.
The emphasis here is on realistic utility, either for one of the Wikimedia projects or for some other educational use. Not all images for example are realistically useful for an educational purpose. An image does not magically become useful by virtue of the argument that it could be used to illustrate a Wikipedia article on X, merely because X happens to be the subject of the photograph.
For example, the fact that an unused blurred photograph could theoretically be used to illustrate an article on "Common mistakes in photography" does not mean that we should keep all blurred photographs. The fact that an unused snapshot of your friend could theoretically be used to illustrate an article on "Photographic portraiture" does not mean that we should keep all photographs of unknown people. The fact that an unused pornographic image could theoretically be used to illustrate an article on pornography does not mean that we should keep low quality pornographic images (see also Censorship).
Excluded from this policy are files in different formats and files which are similar but not exact duplicates in cases where they are needed to keep the file history for legal reasons.
Examples of files that are not realistically useful for an educational purpose:
We hold many high-quality images of species-identified birds, and there is no realistic educational use for a small, blurry, poorly composed snapshot of an unidentified and unidentifiable bird. Of course, there is always room for another educationally distinct image, for example illustrating some aspect of bird behaviour that we do not currently cover, even if the image is perhaps not of the highest quality.
There may sometimes be an argument for retaining multiple images that are quite similar from an educational point of view, for the sake of variety and availability of choice, but there is no purpose in our hosting many essentially identical poor-quality images that have no realistic educational value.
New educational files of exceptional quality are always welcome, and the later uploading of such files may in principle render earlier unused poor quality files educationally redundant. However, as indicated above, a file that is used in good faith on a Wikimedia project is always considered educational, so a poor-quality file that remains in use is not eligible for deletion even if a better-quality file covering the same subject later becomes available.
New and existing files of poor or mediocre quality may or may not be realistically useful for an educational purpose depending on what they illustrate and what other files we have of the same subject. Where a subject is rare and/or difficult to capture, even a poor-quality file may be of significant educational value, especially if Commons has very few or no similar files already. On the other hand, poor or mediocre files of common and easy-to-capture subjects may have no realistic educational value, especially if Commons already hosts many similar or better quality examples.
Image quality is just one of the factors that may limit the educational usefulness of a file. Other limiting factors may include low resolution and hard-to-remove watermarks.
Although PDF and DjVu file formats are permitted, they are expected to be used only in appropriate cases. There should be some reason for the choice of format that is in line with Commons' aims. All of the above rules apply as well, of course.
An admin considering whether to delete a PDF or DjVu file may have to exercise judgement as to whether the chosen format is in line with Commons' aims, and the context and intent (if known) may be relevant. For example, while a published university thesis in PDF format may be OK, a user-created original-research article that is making use of Commons as a free web-host may not be.
Files that might realistically be useful to one or more other Wikimedia projects, e.g. Wikisource or Wikibooks, should be kept; deletions should not be based on the sole ground that the file would be better hosted on one of those other projects. Any media file that is realistically useful to or is within the scope of even one other Wikimedia Foundation project can be hosted here.
Remember that Wikisource often needs PDF or DjVu files in order to proofread or create source texts: Therefore, scans of suitable editions of notable public domain works are almost always within scope for this reason. That said, remember that editorial decisions involved in preparing a text from several sources may result in a new copyright, so the editions used must be out of copyright themselves.
Files and other materials which are not lawful for Commons to host on its servers in Virginia will be deleted immediately upon being identified as unlawful (including copyright violations), even if the material otherwise falls within Commons scope, as set out above. However, Commons is not censored, and legitimately includes content which some users may consider objectionable or offensive. The policy of "Commons is not censored" means that a lawfully-hosted file, which falls within Commons' definitions of scope, will not be deleted solely on the grounds that it may not be "child-friendly" or that it may cause offence to you or others, for moral, personal, religious, social, or other reasons.
The counterpoint to this, is that the statement "Commons is not censored" is not a valid argument for keeping a file that falls outside Commons' defined scope, as set out above. Photographs of nudity including male and female genitalia are sometimes uploaded for non-educational motives, and such images are not exempt from the requirement to comply with the rules of Commons' scope. If the images are of demonstrably inferior quality, or add nothing educationally distinct to the stock of such images we hold already, they may fail the test of being realistically useful for an educational purpose.
A balance has to be struck between accepting useful media files with legitimate educational content that some may find offensive, and not allowing Commons to be used as a general-purpose media-hosting service (like Flickr, Photobucket, YouTube, etc.), without regard for the project's stated goals. The purpose of Commons is to serve as a media repository, a reliable resource of useful, freely licensed media content; organized and comprehensive in coverage (with accurate file descriptions/information), educational, and intended both for use by Wikimedia projects, and as a public service freely accessible to everyone.
See Commons:Zaměření projektu/Nezaujatý úhel pohledu for more information about how Commons differs from Wikipedia projects with respect to neutral point of view and original research.
Wikimedia Commons policies and guidelines
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Licensing help (Village pump) |
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