Average outstanding debts are around 70,000 to80,000 rubles ($750-860 at official rates). That implies an overall debt pile of around one quarter of a billion dollars. Microfinance lenders are said to be enticing expat laborers with new loans of up 100,000 rubles with annual interest rates of120%.
There are far fewer Kazakh migrant labourers abroad due to the country's oil-based wealth, although construction jobs in Russian-controlled parts of Ukraine are also advertised on Kazakh classified websites.
“Cross-national statistical analyses and various anecdotes of autocracies suggest that autocrats with natural resource endowments and strong party and/or ethnic organizations tend to rely less on electoral manipulation.” 民族主義もかなり関わってる気がするんだけどな
tradition./ Exactly how China will intensify its presence in Central Asia is going to depend partly on the approaches and attitudes of the Central Asian states themselves./ In 1996, as tensions became more acute in Xinjiang, Beijing compelled both the Kazakh and Kyrgyz governments to dissolve(
2017.8.25 Many -- perhaps most -- of these Kyrgyz detained in China are sent to the "political education" camps that are appearing throughout Xinjiang.