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{{short description|Meat cut from a horse}}
{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=June 2024}}
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{{Infobox food
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'''Horse meat''' forms a significant part of the [[Culinary arts|culinary]] traditions of many countries, particularly in [[Eurasia]]. The eight countries that consume the most [[horse]] meat consume about 4.3{{nbsp}}million [[horse]]s a year. For the majority of humanity's early existence, [[wild horse]]s were hunted as a source of protein.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Documenting Domestication |author=Melinda A. Zeder |publisher=University of California Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-520-24638-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaVTxjrbIFQC |pages=257, 258, 265 |access-date=May 6, 2020 |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918224612/https://books.google.com/books?id=EaVTxjrbIFQC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Horse, the Wheel and Language |author=David W. Anthony |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2008 |pages=199, 220 |isbn=978-0-691-05887-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOG5VcYxhiEC |access-date=May 6, 2020 |archive-date=March 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327013641/https://books.google.com/books?id=rOG5VcYxhiEC |url-status=live }}</ref>
==History==
During the [[Paleolithic]], [[wild
Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-1162-1}}</ref>
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During the [[Siege of Paris (1870–1871)|siege of Paris]], horse meat, along with the meat of donkeys and mules, was eaten by anyone who could afford it, partly because of a shortage of fresh meat in the blockaded city, and also because horses were eating grain that was needed by the human populace. Though large numbers of horses were in Paris (estimates suggested between 65,000 and 70,000 were butchered and eaten during the siege), the supply was ultimately limited. Not even champion racehorses were spared (two horses presented to [[Napoleon III|Napoleon III of France]] by [[Alexander II of Russia]] were slaughtered), but the meat became [[Scarcity|scarce]]. Many Parisians gained a taste for horse meat during the siege, and after the war ended, horse meat remained popular. Likewise, in other places and times of siege or starvation, horses are viewed as a food source of last resort.
Despite the general [[Anglophone]] taboo, horse and donkey meat was eaten in Britain, especially in [[Yorkshire]], until the 1930s,<ref>''Eating Up Italy: Voyages on a Vespa'' by [[Matthew Fort]]. 2005, p253. {{ISBN|0-00-721481-2}}</ref> and, in times of postwar food shortages, surged in popularity in the United States<ref>{{cite news |last=Grutzner |first=Charles |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/25/archives/horse-meat-consumption-by-new-yorkers-is-rising-newark-dealer.html?sq=horse%2520meat&scp=4&st=cse |title=Horse Meat Consumption By New Yorkers Is Rising - Newark Dealer Reports 60% of Customers Are From City-Weinstein Will Not Prohibit Sale of the Flesh Here - Front Page - NYTimes.com |publisher=Select.nytimes.com |date=September 25, 1946 |access-date=February 9, 2014 |archive-date=July 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723004746/https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/25/archives/horse-meat-consumption-by-new-yorkers-is-rising-newark-dealer.html?sq=horse%2520meat&scp=4&st=cse |url-status=live }}</ref> and was considered for use as [[dietetics|hospital food]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Powers |first=James E. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/29/archives/nearby-hospitals-down-to-minimum-of-meat-supplies-westchester-just.html?sq=horse%2520meat&scp=10&st=cse |title=NEAR-BY HOSPITALS DOWN TO MINIMUM OF MEAT SUPPLIES - Westchester Just Getting By, Monmouth is Using HighProtein SubstitutesHENKEL SCORES TRUMAN Says Restaurants Can't Sell 'Patience' Any More-3 Seek to Deal in Horse Flesh Here - Front Page - NYTimes.com |publisher=Select.nytimes.com |date=September 29, 1946 |access-date=February 9, 2014 |archive-date=July 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723004423/https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/29/archives/nearby-hospitals-down-to-minimum-of-meat-supplies-westchester-just.html?sq=horse%2520meat&scp=10&st=cse |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2007 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine article about horse meat brought to the United States from Canada described the meat as "a sweet, rich, superlean, oddly soft meat, and closer to beef than to [[venison]]
==Nutrition==
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In 2005, the eight principal horse meat-producing countries produced over 700,000 tonnes of it. In 2005, the five biggest horse meat-consuming countries were China (421,000 tonnes), Mexico, Russia, Italy, and Kazakhstan (54,000 tonnes).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afac.ab.ca/reports/08horsereport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319202824/http://www.afac.ab.ca/reports/08horsereport.pdf |archive-date=March 19, 2012 |title=The Alberta Horse Welfare Report, 2008 |access-date=February 15, 2013}}</ref> In 2010, Mexico produced 140,000 tonnes, China 126,000 tonnes, and Kazakhstan 114,000 tonnes.
==Use==
As horses are relatively poor converters of grass and grain to meat compared to cattle,<ref name=Harris /> in the western countries they are not usually bred or raised specifically for their meat. Instead, horses are slaughtered when their monetary value as [[equitation|riding]] or [[draft animal|work animals]] is low, but their owners can still make money selling them for horse meat, for example in the routine export of the [[south England|southern English]] ponies from the [[New Forest pony|New Forest]], [[Exmoor pony|Exmoor]], and [[Dartmoor pony|Dartmoor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/south/series2/new_forest_ponies_commoners_breed_improvements.shtml |title=BBC Inside Out - New Forest Ponies |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=February 24, 2003 |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-date=January 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119074805/http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/south/series2/new_forest_ponies_commoners_breed_improvements.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=countrysideonline237>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007150933/http://www.countrysideonline.co.uk/plugins/content/content.php?content.237|archive-date=October 7, 2006|publisher=BBC Inside Out|title=NFU Countryside Online: Passports for Ponies|url=http://www.countrysideonline.co.uk/plugins/content/content.php?content.237|access-date=October 7, 2006}}</ref> [[United Kingdom law|British law]] requires the use of "[[Horse passport|equine passports]]" even for semiferal horses to enable [[traceability]] (also known as "provenance"), so most slaughtering is done in the UK before the meat is exported,<ref name=countrysideonline237 /> meaning that the animals travel as carcasses rather than live. Ex-[[Horse racing|racehorses]], [[Equestrianism|riding horses]], and other horses sold at auction may also enter the [[food chain]]; sometimes, these animals have been stolen or purchased under false pretenses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.netposse.com/stolenmissing/storyladyslaughter.htm |title=Slaughter of Lady |publisher=Netposse.com |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-date=June 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620105331/http://www.netposse.com/stolenmissing/storyladyslaughter.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Even prestigious horses may end up in the [[slaughterhouse]]; the 1986 [[Kentucky Derby]] winner and 1987 [[Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year]] winner, [[Ferdinand (horse)|Ferdinand]], is believed to have been slaughtered in Japan, probably for [[pet food]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://horsesdaily.com/news/racing/2003/07-21-derbywinner-ferdinand.html |title=Death of a Derby Winner |publisher=Horsesdaily.com |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-date=February 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216061402/http://www.horsesdaily.com/news/racing/2003/07-21-derbywinner-ferdinand.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
A misconception exists that horses are commonly slaughtered for pet food.{{cn|date=March 2023}} In many countries, such as the United States, horse meat was
Meat from horses that [[veterinarian]]s have [[Animal euthanasia|put down]] with a [[lethal injection]] is not suitable for human consumption, as the [[toxin]] remains in the meat; the
==Attitudes towards horse meat==
[[File:La Cooperativa - esmorzador.jpg|thumb|Man eating a ''[[bocadillo]]'' with horse meat and [[Garlic|tender garlic]], a popular [[Second breakfast|brunch]] choice in the [[Valencian Community|Land of Valencia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The sandwich as 'sacred' as paella |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230823-almuerzo-and-the-super-sandwiches-of-valencia |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=www.bbc.com}}</ref>]]
Horse meat is commonly eaten in many countries in Europe and Asia.<ref>{{cite news |author=Cecilia Rodriguez |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2012/12/18/no-american-horse-steak-for-you-europeans/ |title=No American Horse Steak for You, Europeans |work=Forbes |date=April 18, 2012 |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-date=January 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124184633/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2012/12/18/no-american-horse-steak-for-you-europeans/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/sports/drugs-injected-at-the-racetrack-put-europe-off-us-horse-meat.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|title=Racetrack Drugs Put Europe Off U.S. Horse Meat|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 9, 2014|first=Joe|last=Drape|date=December 8, 2012|url-access=subscription|archive-date=February 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216182054/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/sports/drugs-injected-at-the-racetrack-put-europe-off-us-horse-meat.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref> It is not a generally available food in some [[English-speaking countries]] such as the United Kingdom, South Africa,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/south-africa-imported-80-000-kilograms-of-horse-meat-last-year-2018-3|title=Horse meat imports into SA have suddenly jumped – and we don't know where most of it went|website=BusinessInsider|access-date=December 9, 2019|archive-date=January 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124184631/https://www.businessinsider.co.za/south-africa-imported-80-000-kilograms-of-horse-meat-last-year-2018-3|url-status=live}}</ref> Australia, the United States,<ref>{{cite web |last=Bordonaro |first=Lori |url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Horse-Meat-M-Wells-PS-1-MoMA-Long-Island-City-Queens-171445821.html |title=Horse Meat on Menu Raises Eyebrows |date=September 27, 2012 |publisher=NBC New York |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-date=December 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213202959/http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Horse-Meat-M-Wells-PS-1-MoMA-Long-Island-City-Queens-171445821.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[English Canada]]. It is also taboo in Brazil, Ireland, Poland and Israel and among the [[Romani people|Romani]]. Horse meat is not generally eaten in Spain, except in the north, but the country exports horses both as live animals and as slaughtered meat for the French and Italian markets. Horse meat is consumed in some North American and Latin American countries, but is illegal in some others. The Food Standards Code of Australia and New Zealand definition of 'meat' does not include horse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/code/Documents/2.2.1%20Meat%20products%20v157.pdf|title=Standard 2.2.1 Meat and meat products|publisher=Australian Government, Federal Register of Legislation|type=PDF|access-date=September 18, 2020|archive-date=September 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919070743/https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/code/Documents/2.2.1%20Meat%20products%20v157.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Tonga]], horse meat is eaten nationally, and Tongan emigrants living in the United States, New Zealand, and Australia have retained a taste for it, claiming Christian missionaries originally introduced it to them.<ref>Simoons, F.J., 1994, Eat not this Flesh, Food Avoidances from Pre-history to Present, University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>
Earlier in [[Islamic dietary laws|Islam]] consuming horse meat is not ''[[haram]]'', but ''[[makruh]]'', which means it should be avoided, but eating it is not a sin like the eating of [[pork]], due to its other important usage. The consumption of horse meat has been common in [[Central Asian]] societies, past or present, due to the abundance of [[steppes]] suitable for raising horses. In North Africa, horse meat has been occasionally consumed, but almost exclusively by the [[Hanafi]] Sunnis;{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}} it has never been eaten in the [[Maghreb]].<ref>Françoise Aubaile-Sallenave, "Meat among Mediterranean Muslims: Beliefs and Praxis", ''Estudios del Hombre'' '''19''':129 (2004)</ref>
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Horse meat is forbidden by [[Kashrut|Jewish dietary laws]] because horses are not ruminants and do not have [[cloven hoof|cloven hooves]] and are therefore not [[Kashrut|kosher]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Yosef Y. |title=Kosher Animals and Humans |url=https://www.chabad.org/kabbalah/article_cdo/aid/2670214/jewish/Kosher-Animals-and-Humans.htm |website=Chabad}}</ref>
In the eighth century, Popes [[Pope Gregory III|Gregory III]] and [[Pope Zachary|Zachary]] instructed [[Saint Boniface]], missionary to the Germans, to forbid the eating of horse meat to those he converted, due to its association with [[Germanic pagan]] ceremonies.<ref>William Ian Miller, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1289363 "Of Outlaws, Christians, Horsemeat, and Writing: Uniform Laws and Saga Iceland"], ''Michigan Law Review'', Vol. 89, No. 8 (August 1991), pp. 2081-2095 {{subscription required|date=October 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401182807/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1289363 |date=April 1, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/> The people of [[Iceland]] allegedly expressed reluctance to embrace [[Christianity]] for some time, largely over the issue of giving up horse meat.<ref name=IGHA-USDA>{{cite web
|url=http://www.igha.org/USDA.html
|title=U.S.D.A. Promotes Horse & Goat Meat
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===Taboos===
{{further|Horse sacrifice}}
In 732 AD, Pope Gregory III began a concerted effort to stop the ritual consumption of horse meat in pagan practice. In some countries, the effects of this prohibition by the [[Catholic Church]] have lingered, and horse meat prejudices have progressed from [[taboo]]s to avoidance to abhorrence.<ref name=IGHA-USDA/> In a study conducted by Fred Simoons, the avoidance of horse meat in American culture is less likely due to lingering feelings from Gregory's prohibition, but instead due to an unfamiliarity with the meat compared to more mainstream offerings.<ref>{{Cite book|title=No Foreign Food: The American Diet in Time and Place|last=Pillsbury|first=Michael|publisher=Westview Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-8133-2738-9|location=Boulder, Colorado|pages=[https://archive.org/details/noforeignfoodame00pill_1/page/14 14]|url=https://archive.org/details/noforeignfoodame00pill_1/page/14}}</ref> In other parts of the world, horse meat has the [[social stigma|stigma]] of being something poor people eat and is seen as a cheap substitute for other meats, such as pork and beef. - In any case, Pope Gregory's law is no longer in force, so there is no prohibition now for Catholics to eat horse meat (other than on [[Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church|abstinence days]]).
According to the anthropologist [[Marvin Harris]],<ref name="Harris">{{Cite book
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===Opposition to production===
The [[Horse slaughter|killing of horses for human consumption]] is widely opposed in countries such as the U.S.,<ref name="nationalpoll">{{cite web |last=Duckworth |first=Amanda |url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/35173/poll-finds-most-americans-against-horse-slaughter/ |title=Poll Finds Most Americans Against Horse Slaughter |publisher=Bloodhorse.com |date=September 4, 2006 |access-date=February 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102173436/http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/35173/poll-finds-most-americans-against-horse-slaughter |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="time">{{cite news|last=Stein |first=Joel |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1587279,00.html |title=''Time:'' Horse—It's What's for Dinner |publisher=Time.com |date=February 8, 2007 |access-date=February 9, 2014|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229083444/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1587279,00.html|archive-date=December 29, 2013}}</ref> theUK
==Around the world==
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{{more citations needed section|date=April 2015}}
===
====
[[Argentina]] is a producer and exporter of horse meat, but it is not used in local consumption and is considered taboo.<ref name="lanacion1">{{cite news|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1370512-carne-de-caballo-el-negocio-tabu-que-florece-en-la-argentina/|title=Carne de caballo, el negocio tabú que florece en la Argentina|language=es|work=La Nación|date=May 4, 2011|access-date=February 15, 2013|archive-date=July 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714063317/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1370512-carne-de-caballo-el-negocio-tabu-que-florece-en-la-argentina|url-status=live}}</ref>
====Chile====
In [[Chile]], it is used in ''[[charqui]]''. Also in Chile, horse meat became the main source of nutrition for the nomadic indigenous tribes, which promptly switched from a [[guanaco]]-based economy to a horse-based one after the horses brought by the Spaniards bred naturally and became feral.
Although not nearly as common as beef meat, horse meat can be readily available in some butcheries throughout the country. It is generally less expensive than beef and somewhat associated with lower social strata.
====Uruguay====
In [[Uruguay]] horses are appreciated for their companionship and horse meat shouldn't be consumed, as it constitutes a taboo that dates back from Spaniard ancestry at colony times. There's a saying that preaches: ''a lomo de caballo criollo se hizo la patria'' (on criollo horse back the nation was made). However the country produces horse meat to be exported to [[France]] and [[China]]. Also a common belief is that horse meat is locally used to make salami. Slaughtering horses are fierce untamed colts.
===
====
A small horse meat business exists in [[Quebec]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/food-trends/why-you-should-eat-horsemeat-its-delicious/article567009/?page=all|title=Why you should eat horsemeat: It's delicious|date=January 4, 2011|newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]]|access-date=August 31, 2017|archive-date=May 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525133935/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/food-trends/why-you-should-eat-horsemeat-its-delicious/article567009/?page=all|url-status=live}}</ref> Horse meat is also for sale in [[Granville Island]] Market in [[Vancouver]], where according to a [[Time magazine|''Time'']] reviewer who smuggled it into the United States, it turned out to be a "sweet, rich, superlean, oddly soft meat, closer to beef than venison".<ref name="time" /> Horse meat is also available in high-end [[Toronto]] butchers and supermarkets. [[CBC News]] reported on March 10, 2013, that horse meat was also popular among some segments of Toronto's population.<!-- The article also reported that countries where horse meat is part of the diet include France, Russia, Kazakhstan, China, and Italy. --><ref name="CBC2013-03-10">{{cite news |date=March 10, 2013 |title=Toronto restaurateurs say horse meat a prime dining choice |newspaper=[[CBC News]] |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/story/2013/03/10/toronto-horse-meat.html |url-status=live |access-date=March 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314225747/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/story/2013/03/10/toronto-horse-meat.html |archive-date=March 14, 2013}}</ref>
Despite this, most of Canada shares the horse meat taboo with the rest of the [[English-speaking world]].
This mentality is especially evident in [[Alberta]], where strong [[horse racing]] and breeding industries and cultures have existed since the province's founding, although large numbers of horses are slaughtered for meat in Fort MacLeod,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tierschutzbund-zuerich.ch/en/investigation-reports/country/select_category/36.html |title=Investigation reports, Canada |publisher=Tierschutzbund Zürich TSB |location=Zurich, Switzerland |access-date=January 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629155935/https://www.tierschutzbund-zuerich.ch/en/investigation-reports/country/select_category/36.html |archive-date=June 29, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and certain butchers in Calgary do sell it.
In 2013, the consumer protection show ''Kassensturz'' of Swiss television [[Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen|SRF]] reported the poor animal conditions at Bouvry Exports, a Canadian horse meat farm in Fort MacLeod, Alberta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srf.ch/konsum/themen/konsum/quaelerei-auf-pferdefarmen |title=Quälerei auf Pferdefarmen |trans-title=Cruelty on horse farms |author=Ursula Gabathuler |author2=Samira Zingaro |publisher=Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen SRF |date=February 22, 2013 |language=de |location=Zurich, Switzerland |access-date=January 14, 2015 |archive-date=February 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227043358/http://www.srf.ch/konsum/themen/konsum/quaelerei-auf-pferdefarmen |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Migros]], the primary importer of horse meat into Switzerland, started working with Bouvry to improve their animal welfare, but in 2015 Migros cut ties with Bouvry because though improvements had been made, they had not improved sufficiently. Migros had "set itself the ambitious goal of bringing all suppliers abroad up to the strict Swiss standards by 2020".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.migros.ch/de/medien/medienmitteilungen/aktuelle-meldungen-2014/kein-pferdefleisch-vom-produzenten-bouvry.html |title=Migros bezieht kein Pferdefleisch mehr vom Produzenten Bouvry aus Kanada|trans-title=Migros no longer purchases horse meat from the producer Bouvry in Canada|language=de |publisher=[[Migros]]-Genossenschafts-Bund |location=Zurich, Switzerland |date=June 6, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114212512/http://www.migros.ch/de/medien/medienmitteilungen/aktuelle-meldungen-2014/kein-pferdefleisch-vom-produzenten-bouvry.html |archive-date=January 14, 2015 }}</ref>
====
{{As of|2005}}, Mexico was the second-largest producer of horse meat in the world.<ref name=production2005>{{cite web
|url=http://www.animalwelfarecouncil.com/html/pdf/consequences.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707143541/http://www.animalwelfarecouncil.com/html/pdf/consequences.pdf
|archive-date=July 7, 2011
|title=The Unintended Consequences of a Ban on the Humane Slaughter (Processing) of Horses in the United States
|publisher=The Animal Welfare Council, Inc., citing FAO-UN Horticultural Database
|date=May 15, 2006
|page=10
|access-date=November 6, 2008
}}</ref> By 2009, it became the largest producer of horse meat in the world.<ref name=farminguk2009-01-17 /> It is only exported as it is not used or consumed in Mexico.<ref name="mexventa">{{Cite web|url=https://www.informador.mx/Economia/Mexico-consolida-venta-de-carne-de-caballo-al-exterior-20130225-0257.html|title=México consolida venta de carne de caballo al exterior (Mexico consolidates horse meat exportations)|website=El Informador :: Noticias de Jalisco, México, Deportes & Entretenimiento|date=February 24, 2013 |access-date=April 22, 2014|language=es|archive-date=March 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312043356/https://www.informador.mx/Economia/Mexico-consolida-venta-de-carne-de-caballo-al-exterior-20130225-0257.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
====United States====
[[File:Los Angeles horse meat butcher shop 1951.jpg|thumb|220px|A butcher shop in [[Los Angeles, California]] in 1951 with a sign that reads, "Horse meat for human consumption".]]
{{See also|Horse slaughter#United States}}
Horse meat is generally not eaten in the United States, and is banned in many states in the country. It holds a taboo in American culture very similar to the one found in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodreference.com/html/arthorsemeat.html|title=Horsemeat - Food Facts and History - Food Reference|work=foodreference.com|access-date=January 25, 2015|archive-date=February 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204124210/http://www.foodreference.com/html/arthorsemeat.html|url-status=live}}</ref> All horse meat produced in the United States since the 1960s (until the last quarter of 2007) was intended solely for export abroad, primarily to the European Union. However, a thriving horse exportation business is going on in several states, including Texas, primarily exporting horses to slaughterhouses in either Canada or Mexico.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tierschutzbund-zuerich.ch/en/investigation-reports/country/select_category/37.html |title=Investigation reports, USA |publisher=Tierschutzbund Zürich (Animal Welfare Foundation) TSB |location=Zurich, Switzerland |access-date=January 14, 2015 |archive-date=January 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112119/http://tierschutzbund-zuerich.ch/en/investigation-reports/country/select_category/37.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Restriction of human consumption of horse meat in the U.S. has involved legislation at local, state, and federal levels. Several states have enacted legislation either prohibiting the sale of horse meat or banning altogether the slaughter of horses.
California outlawed in 1998 via [[California Proposition 6 (1998)|ballot proposition]] the possession, transfer, reception, or holding any horse, pony, burro, or mule by a person who is aware that it will be used for human consumption, and making the slaughter of horses or the sale of horse meat for human consumption a [[misdemeanor]] offense.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://vote98.sos.ca.gov/VoterGuide/Propositions/6.htm | title=Criminal Law. Prohibition on Slaughter of Horses and Sale of Horsemeat for Human Consumption. Initiative Statute. | publisher=California Secretary of State | year=1998 | access-date=September 12, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224023712/http://vote98.sos.ca.gov/VoterGuide/Propositions/6.htm | archive-date=February 24, 2012 }}</ref>
In
Other states banning horse slaughter or the sale of horse meat include New Jersey, Oklahoma, and Mississippi. In addition, several other states introduced legislation to outlaw the practice over the years, such as Florida, Massachusetts, New Mexico, and New York.
At the federal level, since 2001, several bills have been regularly introduced in both the House and Senate to ban horse slaughter throughout the country without success. However, a budgetary provision banning the use of federal funds to carry out mandatory inspections at horse slaughter plants (necessary to allow interstate sale and exports of horse meat) has also been in place since 2007. This restriction was temporarily removed in 2011 as part of the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2012<ref>{{cite news
|title = Horse: Coming soon to a meat case near you?
|url = http://eatocracy.cnn.com/2011/11/30/horse-coming-soon-to-a-meat-case-near-you/
|access-date = December 1, 2011
|publisher = CNN
|date = November 30, 2011
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111202170850/http://eatocracy.cnn.com/2011/11/30/horse-coming-soon-to-a-meat-case-near-you/
|archive-date = December 2, 2011
}}
</ref> but was again included in the FY2014 Agriculture Appropriations Act and subsequent federal budgets, hence preventing the operation of any domestic horse slaughter operation.
Until 2007, only three horse meat slaughterhouses still existed in the United States for export to foreign markets, but they were closed by court orders resulting from the upholding of aforementioned Illinois and Texas statutes banning horse slaughter and the sale of horse meat.
The taboo surrounding horse meat in the United States received national attention again in May 2017 when a restaurant in the [[Lawrenceville (Pittsburgh)|Lawrenceville]] section of [[Pittsburgh]] served a dish containing [[Steak tartare|horse tartare]] as part of a special event the restaurant was hosting with [[French Canadian]] chefs as guests. The restaurant, which otherwise does not serve horse meat (which is legal to serve and consume in [[Pennsylvania]]), received an inspection and a warning from the [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] not to serve horse meat again. A [[Change.org]] petition subsequently went up to advocate making serving horse meat illegal in Pennsylvania.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2017/05/15/usda-warns-pittsburgh-restaurant-that-served-horse-meat/|title = USDA Warns Pittsburgh Restaurant That Served Horse Meat|date = May 15, 2017|access-date = May 20, 2017|archive-date = May 18, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170518211537/http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2017/05/15/usda-warns-pittsburgh-restaurant-that-served-horse-meat/|url-status = live}}</ref>
From the 1920s and through the 1950s or 1960s, with a brief lapse during World War II, horse meat was canned and sold as dog food by many companies under many brands, most notably [[Ken-L Ration]]. Horse meat as dog food became so popular that by the 1930s, over 50,000 horses were bred and slaughtered each year to keep up with this specific demand.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.neatorama.com/pet/2013/05/20/Kibble-Me-This-The-History-of-Dog-Food/ | title=Kibble Me This: The History of Dog Food | date=May 20, 2013 | access-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230305/http://www.neatorama.com/pet/2013/05/20/Kibble-Me-This-The-History-of-Dog-Food/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.animalfixer.com/articles/historydogfood.html | title=The History of Dog Food | access-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230225857/http://www.animalfixer.com/articles/historydogfood.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|isbn = 978-1592231164|title = Uncle John's Unstoppable Bathroom Reader|last1 = Institute|first1 = Bathroom Readers'|year = 2003| publisher=Readerlink Distribution Services, LLC |url = https://archive.org/details/unclejohnsunstop00bath}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://thecatsite.com/threads/the-history-of-dog-food.89636/ | title=The History of Dog Food | date=June 17, 2006 | access-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230225803/https://thecatsite.com/threads/the-history-of-dog-food.89636/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.lrgaf.org/slaughter/savin.htm | title=Savin' All My Love for You | access-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230436/http://www.lrgaf.org/slaughter/savin.htm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://rtfitchauthor.com/tag/ken-l-ration/ | title=Ken-L-Ration – Straight from the Horse's Heart | date=January 30, 2012 | access-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-date=December 30, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230608/https://rtfitchauthor.com/tag/ken-l-ration/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
===Europe===
====Austria====
[[File:Pferdeleberkäse Ad.jpg|thumb|right|Fast-food shop selling horse ''[[Leberkäse]]'' ({{Lang|de|Pferdeleberkäse}}) in [[Vienna]]]]
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| year = 2012
| pmid = 22202870
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Janssens | first1 = M. | last2 = Myter | first2 = N. | last3 = De Vuyst | first3 = L. | last4 = Leroy | first4 = F. | title = Species diversity and metabolic impact of the microbiota are low in spontaneously acidified Belgian sausages with an added starter culture of Staphylococcus carnosus | doi = 10.1016/j.fm.2011.07.005 | journal = Food Microbiology | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 167–177 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22202870}}</ref> A Flemish region around the [[Rupel]] River is also famous for a horse [[stew]] named {{Lang|nl|schep}}, made out of shoulder chuck (or similar cuts), brown ale, onions, and mustard. {{Lang|nl|Schep}} is typically served with fries, mayonnaise, and a salad of raw [[Belgian endive]].
====Bulgaria====
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====Finland====
[[File:Big Hero steak.jpg|thumb|right|A horse meat steak served at restaurant Oklahoma, [[Vantaa]], [[Finland]]]]
Horse meat is available in butcher shops and shops specializing in meats but it can sometimes be found in supermarkets, especially in ground form. The most common way to eat horse meat is in sausage form, especially {{Lang|fi|meetwursti}} (''[[Mettwurst]]''), a cured and smoked sausage which often contains pork, beef and horse meat. Finns consume around 400g of horse meat per person per year and the country produces around 300–400 thousand kilograms of meat per year, while importing around 1.5 million kilograms per year from countries like Canada, Mexico or Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-10332390|title=Suomalaiset arastelevat ekologista hevosenlihaa – suurin osa hevosista päätyy hautaan, ongelmajätteeseen tai tuhkattaviksi (Finns avoid ecological horse meat - most horses end up buried, as problem waste or cremated)|website=yle.fi|date=August 2, 2018|language=fi}}</ref> No horses are bred for meat production and there are stringent laws against using meat from a horse that has been medicated or injected with antibiotics. Using meat from a horse that has been treated with non-equine medicine or has not been inspected by a veterinarian is banned outright.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hippos.fi/hippos/muut/uutisarkisto/ajankohtaista_-_arkisto/hevosen_elaman_vastuullinen_paattaminen.5677.news?870_o=4725|title=Hevosen elämän vastuullinen päättäminen (The ethical ending of a horse's life)|language=fi|website=www.hippos.fi}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
====France====
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Horse meat was eaten in large amounts during the 1870 [[Siege of Paris (1870–1871)|Siege of Paris]], when it was included in ''[[haute cuisine]]'' menus.
Horse fat is highly rated for making [[french fries]], though rarely used nowadays.<ref name="hesser">{{Cite news |last=Hesser |first=Amanda |date=May 5, 1999 |title=Deep Secrets: Making the Perfect Fry; The potato of the moment is often a soggy disappointment. Time to take things into your own hands. |language=en-US |pages=F1 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/05/dining/deep-secrets-making-perfect-fry-potato-moment-often-soggy-disappointment-time.html |access-date=April 9, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="steingarten">{{Cite book |last=Steingarten |first=Jeffrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkkhgGoE3_cC&q=horse+fat |title=The Man Who Ate Everything |date=June 8, 2011 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-307-79782-7 |pages=401–416 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="brown">{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Alton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ps2FJnSuEuQC&dq=belgium+horse+fat+french+fries&pg=PT187 |title=I'm Just Here for the Food: Version 2.0 |date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=Abrams |isbn=978-1-61312-044-6 |pages=114 |language=en}}</ref>
====Germany====
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Horse meat is used in a variety of recipes: as a stew called {{Lang|it|pastissada}} (typical of [[Verona]]), served as steaks, as ''[[carpaccio]]'', or made into ''[[bresaola]]''. Thin strips of horse meat called {{Lang|it|sfilacci}} are popular. Horse fat is used in recipes such as ''[[b:Cookbook:Pezzetti di Cavallo|pezzetti di cavallo]]''. Horse meat sausages and salamis are traditional in various places. In Sardinia, {{lang|sc|sa petza 'e cuaddu}} or {{lang|sc|sa petha (d)e caddu}} {{lang|sc|[[campidanese]]}} and {{lang|sc|[[logudorese]]}} for horse meat) is one of the most renowned meats and sometimes is sold from kiosks with bread - also in the town of [[Sassari]] is a long tradition of eating horse steaks ({{lang|sc|carri di cabaddu}} in the local dialect). Chefs and consumers tend to prize its uniqueness by serving it as rare as possible. [[Donkey]] is also cooked, for example as a stew called {{Lang|it|stracotto d'asino}} and as meat for sausages e.g. {{Lang|it|mortadella d'asino}}. The [[Province of Parma#Cuisine|cuisine of Parma]] features a horse meat ''[[tartare]]'' called {{Lang|it|pesto di cavallo}}, as well as various cooked dishes.<ref>{{cite news |author=Jason McBride |url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/eatingweird/2009/07/03/heigh-ho-silver/ |title=Heigh ho, Silver - Eating Weird: Exploring Strange and Unusual Food in Seattle |publisher=Blog.seattlepi.com |date=July 3, 2009 |access-date=February 9, 2014 |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091844/http://blog.seattlepi.com/eatingweird/2009/07/03/heigh-ho-silver/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In Veneto, the consumption of horse meat dates back to at least 1000 BC/[[BCE]] to the [[Adriatic Veneti]], renowned for their horse-breeding skills. They were used to sacrifice horses to their goddess [[Reitia]] or to the mythical hero [[Diomedes]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O7z4Sl-SgFEC |title=The Latin Language - Leonard Robert Palmer - Google Libri |access-date=February 9, 2014 |isbn=9780806121369 |year=1988 |last1=Palmer |first1=Leonard Robert |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918224626/https://books.google.com/books?id=O7z4Sl-SgFEC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hx7UigqsTKoC&q=runic+amulets+and+magic+objects&pg=PA1 |title=Runic Amulets and Magic Objects - Mindy MacLeod, Bernard Mees - Google Books |access-date=February 9, 2014 |isbn=9781843832058 |year=2006 |last1=MacLeod |first1=Mindy |last2=Mees |first2=Bernard |publisher=Boydell Press |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918224629/https://books.google.com/books?id=hx7UigqsTKoC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=runic+amulets+and+magic+objects |url-status=live }}</ref> Throughout the classical period, Veneto established itself as a centre for horse breeding in Italy; Venetian horses were provided for the cavalry and carriage of the [[Roman legion]]s, with the white Venetic horses becoming famous among Greeks and Romans as one of the best breeds for [[circus]] racing.<ref>An early History of Horsemanship by Augusto Azzaroli. Brill 1985. p 135-138</ref> As well as breeding horses for military and farming applications, the Venetics also used them for consumption throughout the Roman period, a practice that established the consumption of horse meat as a tradition in [[Venetian cuisine]]. In the modern age, horse meat is considered a luxury item and is widely available through supermarkets and butcheries, with some specialised butcheries offering only selected cuts of equine meat. Prices are usually higher than beef, pork, or any other kind of meat, except game.
[[File:Sfilacci di cavallo.jpg|thumb|right|Typical [[Paduan]] specialty: horse {{Lang|it|sfilacci}}, smoked and salt-cured "frayed threads" of meat]]
In the Province of [[Padua]], horse meat is a key element of the local cuisine, particularly in the area that extends southeast from the city, historically called [[Saccisica]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20130413113212/http://www.turismopadova.it/menu-en/scoprire-padova/padova-da-gustare-1/itinerari-del-gusto/Enogastronomia%20cintura%20orientale%20e%20Saccisica?set_language=en&cl=en Saccisica and Conselvano] Official site of the Padua Province. Tourist Section.</ref> Specialties based on horse meat constitute the main courses and best attractions of several typical restaurants in the zone. They are also served among other regional delicacies at the food stands of many local festivals, related to civil and religious anniversaries. Most notable is the {{Lang|it|Festa del Cavallo}}, held annually in the small town of [[Legnaro]] and totally dedicated to horses, included their consumption for food.
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Some traditional dishes are:
*{{Lang|it|Sfilacci di cavallo}}: tiny frayings of horse meat, dried and seasoned; to be consumed raw, can be a light and quick snack, more popular as a topping on other dishes: ex. pasta, risotto, pizza, salads, etc. [[File:6232675-Horse meat stew Padova.jpg|thumb|{{Lang|
*{{Lang|
*{{Lang|it|Bistecca di puledro}}: colt steak, whose preparation is similar to {{Lang|
*{{Lang|it|Spezzatino di cavallo}}: also said {{Lang|
*{{Lang|it|Prosciutto di cavallo}}: horse [[ham]], served in very thin slices
*{{Lang|it|Salame di cavallo}} or {{Lang|it|salsiccia di cavallo}}: various kinds of [[salami]], variously produced or seasoned, sometimes made of pure equine meat, sometimes mixed with others (beef or pork)
*''[[Bigoli]]'' {{Lang|it|al sugo di cavallo}}: a typical form of fresh pasta, similar to thick rough spaghetti, dressed with sauce like [[Bolognese sauce]], but made with minced horse meat
*{{Lang|it|Pezzetti di cavallo al sugo}}: horse stew, seasoned with sauce, vegetables and various peperoncino, widely used in the [[Salento]] [[File:Spezzatino di cavallo.jpg|thumb|right|Chunks ({{Lang|it|pezzetti}}) of horse stew ({{Lang|it|spezzatino di cavallo}})]]
In southern Italy, horse meat is commonly eaten everywhere - especially in the region of [[Apulia]], where it is considered a delicacy.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fabio Parasecoli|authorlink=Fabio Parasecoli|title=Food culture in Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWlCT5Hs8YwC|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32726-1|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uWlCT5Hs8YwC&pg=PA86 86]|access-date=January 8, 2016|archive-date=July 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729083257/https://books.google.com/books?id=uWlCT5Hs8YwC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Paula Hardy|author2=Abigail Hole|author3=Olivia Pozzan|title=Puglia & Basilicata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8OEt_xn0nkC|year=2008|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74179-089-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e8OEt_xn0nkC&pg=PA42 42]|access-date=January 8, 2016|archive-date=May 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522110302/https://books.google.com/books?id=e8OEt_xn0nkC|url-status=live}}</ref> It is a vital part of the {{Lang|it|ragù barese}} ({{IPA-it|raˈɡu bbaˈreːze|}}) in [[Bari]] and of the [[
According to British food writer [[Matthew Fort]], "The taste for donkey and horse goes back to the days when these animals were part of everyday agricultural life. In the frugal, unsentimental manner of agricultural communities, all the animals were looked on as a source of protein. Waste was not an option."<ref>Eating Up Italy: Voyages on a Vespa by [[Matthew Fort]]. 2005, p253-254. {{ISBN|0-00-721481-2}}</ref>
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In Norway, horse meat is commonly used in cured meats, such as {{Lang|no|vossakorv}} and {{Lang|no|svartpølse}}, and less commonly as steak, {{Lang|no|hestebiff}}.
In pre-Christian Norway, horse was seen as an expensive animal. To eat a horse was to show one had great wealth, and to sacrifice a horse to the gods was seen as the greatest gift one could give. When Norwegians adopted Christianity, horse-eating became taboo as it was a religious act for pagans, thus it was considered a sign of heresy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jochens|first=Jenny|title=Women in Old Norse Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3h-lkgBWercC&pg=PA87|year=1998|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8520-6|pages=87–88|access-date=January 8, 2016|archive-date=March 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306013134/https://books.google.com/books?id=3h-lkgBWercC|url-status=live}}</ref> These days, consumption of horse meat is considered controversial, but not uncommon. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forskning.no/historie-kjott-kulturhistorie/hestekjott-ble-forbudt-for-over-1000-ar-siden-men-vi-sluttet-ikke-a-spise-det/2267494 | title=Hestekjøtt ble forbudt for over 1.000 år siden, men vi sluttet ikke å spise det | date=October 22, 2023 }}</ref>
====Poland====
Older horses are often exported
====Serbia====
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====United Kingdom====
In the United Kingdom, the slaughter, preparation, and consumption of horses for food is not against the law, although it has been rare since the 1930s, and horse meat is not generally available. A cultural taboo against consuming horse meat exists in the UK, although it was eaten when other meats were scarce, such as during times of war,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/foodprogramme_20040425.shtml |title=BBC Radio 4 - Factual - Food Programme - 11 April 2004 |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=April 11, 2004 |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-date=June 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616180712/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/foodprogramme_20040425.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/25/a7269825.shtml |title=WW2 People's War - Horsemeat, A Wedding Treat |publisher=BBC |date=November 25, 2005 |access-date=February 15, 2013}}</ref> as was [[whale meat]], which similarly failed to achieve popularity. The sale of meat labelled as horse meat in UK supermarkets and butchers is minimal, and most actual horse meat consumed in the UK is imported from continental Europe, predominantly from the [[south of France]], where it is more widely eaten.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/06/nramsay06.xml |title=We Should Eat Horse Meat |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |archive-date=March 26, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326045738/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F05%2F06%2Fnramsay06.xml |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Horse meat was featured in a segment of a 2007 episode of the [[Gordon Ramsay]] series ''[[The F Word (British TV series)|The F Word]]''. In the segment, [[Janet Street-Porter]] convinced locals to try horse meat, though not before facing controversy and being forced to move her stand to a privately owned location. The meat was presented as having a similar taste to beef, but with less fat, a high concentration of [[omega-3 fatty acid]]s, and as a safer alternative in times of worry regarding [[Avian influenza|bird flu]] and [[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy|mad cow disease]]. The segment was met with skepticism from many viewers after broadcast for various reasons, either because some felt the practice was cruel and against social norms, or simply a belief that if the taste was really on par with other meats, then people would already be eating it.<ref name="thefword">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1550742/We-should-eat-horse-meat-says-Ramsay.html|title=We should eat horse meat, says Ramsay|first=David|last=Harrison|date=May 6, 2007|access-date=July 24, 2016|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|archive-date=September 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920091319/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1550742/We-should-eat-horse-meat-says-Ramsay.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A company called Cowley's Fine Foods has also launched a horse jerky range called My Brittle Pony.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/is-horse-meat-legal-in-the-us_n_2966499|title = WATCH: HuffPost Tries Horse Meat and (Kind Of) Likes It|date = April 2013}}</ref>
As for the accidental consumption:
* Horse meat may be eaten without the knowledge of the consumer, due to accidental or [[fraud]]ulent introduction of horse meat into human food. A 2003 [[Food Standards Agency]] investigation revealed that certain sausages, salami, and similar products such as [[chorizo]] and [[pastrami]] sometimes contained horse meat without it being listed,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2963554.stm |title=Horse meat found in salami |work=BBC News |date=June 4, 2003 |archive-date=January 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128115440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2963554.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> although listing is legally required.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.food.gov.uk/foodlabelling/ull/ |title=[ARCHIVED CONTENT] Food Standards Agency - Labelling rules |publisher=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk |access-date=February 15, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720141827/http://www.food.gov.uk/foodlabelling/ull/ |archive-date=July 20, 2008 }}</ref>
* The [[2013 horse meat scandal]] involved multiple products being recalled from shelves due to unlabelled horse meat in amounts up to 100% of the meat content.<ref name=bbcconf>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21375594 |title=Findus beef lasagne contained up to 100% horsemeat, FSA says |date=February 7, 2013 |access-date=February 7, 2013 |work=BBC News |archive-date=February 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207194258/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21375594 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===
====Australia====
Australians do not generally eat horse meat, although they have a horse slaughter industry that exports to EU countries.<ref>{{cite news|date=June 21, 2014|title=Horse meat exports in doubt after standards complaint|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-21/horsemeat-exports-in-doubt-after-standards-complaint/5524158|access-date=October 2, 2020|newspaper=ABC News|language=en-AU}}</ref> In the [[Australian meat substitution scandal]] of 1981, it was revealed that both horse and [[kangaroo meat]] has been intentionally mislabeled as beef for export.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/26/us/australian-meat-will-be-inspected.html | title=Australian Meat Will be Inspected | work=The New York Times | date=August 26, 1981 }}</ref> Horse meat exports peaked at 9,327 tons in 1986, declining to 3,000 tons in 2003. They are at Peterborough in South Australia (SAMEX Peterborough Pty Ltd) and Caboolture Abattoir in Queensland (Meramist Pty Ltd).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.optimail.com.au/berrime/slaughter.htm |title=Horse slaughter and horsemeat: the facts |publisher=Optimail.com.au |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416155220/http://optimail.com.au/berrime/slaughter.htm |archive-date=April 16, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A British agriculture industry website reported that Australian horse meat production levels had risen to 24,000 tons by 2009.<ref name=farminguk2009-01-17>{{cite web |url=http://www.farminguk.com/news/Argentina-Horse-Meat-world-production-figures._10249.html |title=Argentina-Horse Meat world production figures, Farming UK, January 17, 2009. Retrieved March 4, 2011 |publisher=Farminguk.com |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215063621/http://www.farminguk.com/news/Argentina-Horse-Meat-world-production-figures._10249.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
=====Western Australia=====
On 30 June 2010, Western Australian Agriculture Minister [[Terry Redman]] granted final approval to [[Western Australia]]n butcher Vince Garreffa to sell horse meat for human consumption.<ref name=thewest7492421>{{cite web |url=http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/latest/7492421/butcher-gives-horse-meat-a-run/ |title=Butcher gives horse meat a run |publisher=Au.news.yahoo.com |date=July 1, 2010 |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-date=December 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210195715/http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/latest/7492421/butcher-gives-horse-meat-a-run/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Vince Garreffa is the owner of ''Mondo Di Carne'', a major wholesale meat supplier, which supplies many cafes, restaurants, and hotels in Western Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mondo.net.au/retail/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026030031/http://www.mondo.net.au/data/retail.html|url-status=dead|title=Mondo Retail – Retail & Catering – Mondo Butchers|archive-date=October 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mondo.net.au/retail/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130151420/http://www.mondo.net.au/data/wholesale.html|url-status=dead|title=Mondo Retail – Retail & Catering – Mondo Butchers|archive-date=January 30, 2010}}</ref> He commented that no domestic market exists for horse meat (all while a successful export market exists).<ref name=thewest7492421 />
====
Outside of specific areas in China, such as [[Guilin]] in [[Guangxi]] or in [[Yunnan|Yunnan Province]], horse meat is not popular due to its low availability and the belief that horse meat has a bad taste or that it is bad for health. The ''[[Compendium of Materia Medica]]'' written during the [[Ming dynasty]] by [[Li Shizhen]] says that horse meat is poisonous and may cause [[folliculitis]] or [[death]].<ref name="bencao">[[Li Shizhen]], ''the [[Compendium of Materia Medica]]''(《{{lang|zh|本草綱目}}》) Chapter ''Shou'' Wild mammal one({{lang|zh|獸之一}}), Ming dynasty [https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E7%B6%B1%E7%9B%AE/%E7%8D%B8%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80#.E9.A6.AC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208171942/https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E7%B6%B1%E7%9B%AE/%E7%8D%B8%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80#.E9.A6.AC |date=December 8, 2019 }}</ref> The compendium also asserts, "to relieve toxins caused by eating horse meat, one can drink [[Phragmites]] root juice and eat [[apricot kernel]]." In southern China, local dishes include horse meat [[rice noodles]] ({{Lang|zh|马肉米粉}}; Pinyin: {{Transliteration|zh|mǎròu mǐfěn}}) in Guilin and horse meat [[hot pot]] ({{Lang|zh|马肉火锅}}; Pinyin: {{Transliteration|zh|mǎròu huǒguō}}) in [[Huishui County]] in [[Guizhou]] Province.
====
In [[Indonesia]], one type of [[satay]] (chunks of skewered grilled meat served with spicy sauce) known as horse satay ([[Javanese language|Javanese]]: {{Lang|jv|sate jaran}}, [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: {{Lang|id|sate kuda}}) is made from horse meat. This dish from [[Yogyakarta]] is served with sliced fresh [[shallot]], [[pepper corn|pepper]], and [[sweet soy sauce]].<!--removed citation http://ngincip.blogspot.com/2007/04/lesehan-jaran-jogja.html--> Horse is believed to be a source of strength and eating it is thought to increase a man's vitality.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brilicious.brilio.net/kuliner-kesehatan/sate-kuda-penambah-vitalitas-pria-mitos-atau-fakta-200112a.html|title=Sate kuda penambah vitalitas pria, mitos atau fakta?|trans-title=Vitality booster horse satay, myth or fact?|language=id|date=January 13, 2020|first=Rizka|last=Mifta|website=brilio.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gudeg.net/read/10472/sate-jaran-pak-kuntjoro-nikmat-nan-berkhasiat.html|title=Sate Jaran Pak Kuntjoro, Nikmat nan Berkhasiat|language=id|trans-title=Pak Kuntjoro's Jaran satay, delicious yet efficacious|first=Wirawan|last=Kuncorojati|date=February 6, 2018|website=gudeg.net}}</ref>
====Japan====
[[File:Horse-meat.jpg|thumb|''Basashi'' from [[Kumamoto, Kumamoto|Kumamoto]]]]
In [[Japanese cuisine]], raw horse meat is called {{Nihongo3||桜|sakura}} or {{Nihongo3|''sakura'' means "[[cherry blossom]]", ''niku'' means "meat"|桜肉|sakuraniku}} because of its pink color. It can be served raw as ''[[sashimi]]'' in thin slices dipped in soy sauce, often with ginger, onions, garlic, and/or [[shiso]] leaves added.<ref>''[[Metropolis (free magazine)|Metropolis]]'', "Straight From the Horse's Mouth", #903, July 15, 2011, pp. 12-13.</ref> In this case, it is called {{Nihongo|'''''basashi'''''|馬刺し}}. {{Transliteration|ja|Basashi}} is popular in some regions of Japan and is often served at ''[[izakaya]]'' bars. Fat, typically from the neck, is also found as {{Transliteration|ja|basashi}}, though it is white, not pink. Horse meat is also sometimes found on menus for ''[[yakiniku]]'' (a type of barbecue), where it is called {{Nihongo|''baniku''|馬肉||{{literal|horse meat}}}} or {{Nihongo|''bagushi''|馬串||"skewered horse"}}; thin slices of raw horse meat are sometimes served wrapped in a [[perilla|shiso leaf]]. [[Kumamoto prefecture|Kumamoto]], [[Nagano Prefecture|Nagano]], and [[Ōita Prefecture|Ōita]] are famous for {{Transliteration|ja|basashi}}, and it is common in the [[Tōhoku region]], as well. Some types of canned corned meat in Japan include horse as one of the ingredients.<ref>[http://www.puntofocal.gov.ar/notific_otros_miembros/jpn163_t.pdf Brief Overview of the Draft Revision of Quality Labeling Standard for Canned and Bottled Livestock Products] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084019/http://www.puntofocal.gov.ar/notific_otros_miembros/jpn163_t.pdf |date=July 6, 2011 }}, Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (from [http://www.puntofocal.gov.ar/ PuntoFocal Argentina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224073903/http://www.puntofocal.gov.ar/ |date=February 24, 2010 }}).</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moit.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/AFFC01EB-9F99-4C1D-AA7F-6F52C1DD6155/0/Not0116JPN163.doc |title=NOTIFICATION, World Trade Organization, 16 January 2006 |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406083757/http://www.moit.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/AFFC01EB-9F99-4C1D-AA7F-6F52C1DD6155/0/Not0116JPN163.doc |archive-date=April 6, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Aside from raising local draft horses for meat,<ref>http://www.maff.go.jp/j/chikusan/kikaku/lin/pdf/27_zentai.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909095020/http://www.maff.go.jp/j/chikusan/kikaku/lin/pdf/27_zentai.pdf |date=September 9, 2016 }} 88% percent of this industry is concentrated to Hokkaido and trend is decreasing.(pg. 2, classification "農用馬")(Japan's Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries)</ref><ref>[http://www.maff.go.jp/j/chikusan/kikaku/lin/pdf/uma_siryou4.pdf 馬の改良増殖等をめぐる情勢 平成26年6月] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916113840/http://www.maff.go.jp/j/chikusan/kikaku/lin/pdf/uma_siryou4.pdf |date=September 16, 2016 }}(pg. 2, 8.)(Japan's Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries)</ref> Japan imports living horses (from Canada and France) and meat from several countries — the five largest horse meat exporters to Japan are Canada, Mexico, Italy, Argentina, and Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 27, 2021|title=Protests at 'inhumane' export of live horses to Japan for food|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/mar/27/protests-at-inhumane-export-of-live-horses-to-japan-for-food|access-date=March 27, 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref name="maff.go.jp">https://www.maff.go.jp/j/chikusan/kikaku/lin/pdf/27_6_baniku.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817044822/http://www.maff.go.jp/j/chikusan/kikaku/lin/pdf/27_6_baniku.pdf |date=August 17, 2016 }} 馬肉関係- Japan's Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries(pg. 77, 78)</ref>
====Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan====
[[File:Horsemeat_platter.jpg|thumb|left|300px|A platter of horse meat served at ''Kishlak'', an Uzbek restaurant in Kazakhstan. The horse meat was served cold. There are three types on the platter: tripe on the left, roasted in the middle, and [[Qazı]] sausage on the right. The roasted meat tasted no different from roast beef.]]
{{See also|Kazakh cuisine|Kyrgyz cuisine}}
In [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]], horse meat is a large part of the diet, due mainly to the nomadic roots of the population.<!--removing citation because it triggers the spam blacklist url=http://www.foodbycountry.com/Kazakhstan-to-South-Africa/Kazakhstan.html -->
Some of the dishes include:
* sausages called ''[[Qazı]]'' (or "''[[kazy]]''") and ''[[sujuk|chuchuk]]'' or {{Lang|kk|shuzhyk}} made from the meat using the guts as the sausage skin,
* {{transliteration|ky|zhaya}} made from hip meat, which is smoked and boiled,
* ''jal'' (or ''zhal'') made from neck fat which is smoked and boiled,
* {{Lang|kk|karta}} made from a section of the rectum that is smoked and boiled,
* and {{Lang|kk|sur-et}} which is kept as dried meat.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080610023546/http://www.zheruik.kz/rus/traditions/meet1.php Horse meat dishes in Kazakhstan]. Retrieved January 13, 2009. (archived from [http://www.zheruik.kz/rus/traditions/meet1.php the original] on June 10, 2008)</ref>
{{transl|kk|Sür et}} ({{lang|kk|сүр ет}}) is salted horsemeat that smoked over [[elm]], [[juniper]] or [[Filipendula ulmaria|meadowsweet]].<ref name=osfc>{{Cite book| title = Food on the Move| publisher=[[Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery]] |date=1996 |chapter=The Horseback Kitchen of Central Asia |page=246 | isbn=9780907325796 |access-date = 2018-07-16| chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_uYqTiD7SbcQC/page/n247/}}</ref>
====
[[Mongolian cuisine]] includes salted horse meat sausages called {{Transliteration|mn|kazy}} that are produced as a regional delicacy by the Kazakhs. Generally, Mongols prefer beef and mutton (though during the extremely cold Mongolian winter, some people prefer horse meat due to its low cholesterol). It is kept unfrozen, and traditionally people believe horse meat helps warm them up.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaliuntravel.com/what-to-eat-in-mongolia |title= What to eat in Mongolia|website=www.khaliuntravel.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322222557/http://www.khaliuntravel.com/what-to-eat-in-mongolia |archive-date=March 22, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Mongolia|author=Michael Kohn|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2008|isbn=978-1-74104-578-9|page=43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7JVGCF&pg=PA43}}</ref>
Other Asian nations import processed horse meat from Mongolia.<ref name="maff.go.jp"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eng.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/eng/news/default.aspx?cat_id=619&news_id=3032 |title= HCM City People's Committee|website=www.eng.hochiminhcity.gov.vn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214040505/http://www.eng.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/eng/news/default.aspx?cat_id=619&news_id=3032 |archive-date=February 14, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canada-mongolia-connection.com/meat-production-in-mongolia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603092722/http://www.canada-mongolia-connection.com/meat-production-in-mongolia.html|url-status=dead|title=福島銀行で普通に使えるカードローンってあるのですか？ | ※のびのび教育！※審査が簡単！？教育ローンも豊富な金融サイト|archive-date=June 3, 2013|website=www.canada-mongolia-connection.com}}</ref>
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[[File:Rancho_Home_of_Original1.jpg|150px|thumbnail|right|[[Tapa (Filipino cuisine)|Horse meat restaurant]] ([[Guiguinto]])]]
In the [[Philippines]], horse meat ({{transliteration|fil|lukba}}, {{transliteration|fil|tapang kabayo}}, or {{transliteration|fil|kabayo}}) is a delicacy commonly sold in [[wet market]]s. It is prepared by marinating the meat in lemon juice, soy sauce or fish sauce, then fried and served with vinegar for dipping.<ref name=Pawshe>{{cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295778165|title=Reference Module in Food and Health|first1=Mayur|last1=Pawshe|first2=Chandraprakash D|last2=Khedkar|first3=Anjali|last3=Pundkar|chapter=Horse Meat|publisher=Elsevier|date=January 2016}}</ref>
====South Korea====
[[File:Malgogi-yukhoe.jpg|thumb|Korean ''Malgogi-[[yukhoe]]'' (horse meat tartare)]]
In [[South Korea]], horse meat is generally not eaten, but raw horse meat, mostly taken from the neck, is consumed as a delicacy on [[Jeju Island]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jejuweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=1058 |title=Full horse course an unforgettable experience |publisher=Jejuweekly.com |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-date=June 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623022337/http://www.jejuweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=1058 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.koreana.or.kr/months/news_view.asp?b_idx=1373&lang=en&page_type=list Exploring Jeju’s Savory Delicacies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623111238/http://www.koreana.or.kr/months/news_view.asp?b_idx=1373&lang=en&page_type=list |date=June 23, 2011 }}, koreana.or.kr</ref>
====Tonga====
In [[Tonga]], horse meat is eaten nationwide.<ref>Simoons, F.J., 1994, Eat not this Flesh, Food Avoidances from Pre-history to Present, University of Wisconsin Press.</ref> The dish is also popular among [[Demographics of Tonga#Diaspora|Tongan diaspora]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/kai/30-03-2022/tongans-eat-horse-meat-and-its-not-that-big-a-deal | title=Tongans eat horse and it's not that big a deal | date=March 30, 2022 }}</ref>
==See also==
Line 453 ⟶ 477:
*[[Cricket flour]]
* [[Horses in Slovenia]]
* [[Equine Ethics|Equine ethics]]
==References==
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