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{{short description|Meat cut from a horse}}
{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=June 2024}}
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{{Infobox food
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'''Horse meat'''
==History==
During the [[Paleolithic]], [[wild
Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-1162-1}}</ref>
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During the [[Siege of Paris (1870–1871)|siege of Paris]], horse meat, along with the meat of donkeys and mules, was eaten by anyone who could afford it, partly because of a shortage of fresh meat in the blockaded city, and also because horses were eating grain that was needed by the human populace. Though large numbers of horses were in Paris (estimates suggested between 65,000 and 70,000 were butchered and eaten during the siege), the supply was ultimately limited. Not even champion racehorses were spared (two horses presented to [[Napoleon III|Napoleon III of France]] by [[Alexander II of Russia]] were slaughtered), but the meat became [[Scarcity|scarce]]. Many Parisians gained a taste for horse meat during the siege, and after the war ended, horse meat remained popular. Likewise, in other places and times of siege or starvation, horses are viewed as a food source of last resort.
Despite the general [[Anglophone]] taboo, horse and donkey meat was eaten in Britain, especially in [[Yorkshire]], until the 1930s,<ref>''Eating Up Italy: Voyages on a Vespa'' by [[Matthew Fort]]. 2005, p253. {{ISBN|0-00-721481-2}}</ref> and, in times of postwar food shortages, surged in popularity in the United States<ref>{{cite news |last=Grutzner |first=Charles |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/25/archives/horse-meat-consumption-by-new-yorkers-is-rising-newark-dealer.html?sq=horse%2520meat&scp=4&st=cse |title=Horse Meat Consumption By New Yorkers Is Rising - Newark Dealer Reports 60% of Customers Are From City-Weinstein Will Not Prohibit Sale of the Flesh Here - Front Page - NYTimes.com |publisher=Select.nytimes.com |date=September 25, 1946 |access-date=February 9, 2014 |archive-date=July 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723004746/https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/25/archives/horse-meat-consumption-by-new-yorkers-is-rising-newark-dealer.html?sq=horse%2520meat&scp=4&st=cse |url-status=live }}</ref> and was considered for use as [[dietetics|hospital food]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Powers |first=James E. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/29/archives/nearby-hospitals-down-to-minimum-of-meat-supplies-westchester-just.html?sq=horse%2520meat&scp=10&st=cse |title=NEAR-BY HOSPITALS DOWN TO MINIMUM OF MEAT SUPPLIES - Westchester Just Getting By, Monmouth is Using HighProtein SubstitutesHENKEL SCORES TRUMAN Says Restaurants Can't Sell 'Patience' Any More-3 Seek to Deal in Horse Flesh Here - Front Page - NYTimes.com |publisher=Select.nytimes.com |date=September 29, 1946 |access-date=February 9, 2014 |archive-date=July 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723004423/https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/29/archives/nearby-hospitals-down-to-minimum-of-meat-supplies-westchester-just.html?sq=horse%2520meat&scp=10&st=cse |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2007 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine article about horse meat brought to the United States from Canada described the meat as "a sweet, rich, superlean, oddly soft meat, and closer to beef than to [[venison]]
==Nutrition==
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In 2005, the eight principal horse meat-producing countries produced over 700,000 tonnes of it. In 2005, the five biggest horse meat-consuming countries were China (421,000 tonnes), Mexico, Russia, Italy, and Kazakhstan (54,000 tonnes).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afac.ab.ca/reports/08horsereport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319202824/http://www.afac.ab.ca/reports/08horsereport.pdf |archive-date=March 19, 2012 |title=The Alberta Horse Welfare Report, 2008 |access-date=February 15, 2013}}</ref> In 2010, Mexico produced 140,000 tonnes, China 126,000 tonnes, and Kazakhstan 114,000 tonnes.
==Use==
As horses are relatively poor converters of grass and grain to meat compared to cattle,<ref name=Harris /> in the western countries they are not usually bred or raised specifically for their meat. Instead, horses are slaughtered when their monetary value as [[equitation|riding]] or [[draft animal|work animals]] is low, but their owners can still make money selling them for horse meat, for example in the routine export of the [[south England|southern English]] ponies from the [[New Forest pony|New Forest]], [[Exmoor pony|Exmoor]], and [[Dartmoor pony|Dartmoor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/south/series2/new_forest_ponies_commoners_breed_improvements.shtml |title=BBC Inside Out - New Forest Ponies |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=February 24, 2003 |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-date=January 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119074805/http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/south/series2/new_forest_ponies_commoners_breed_improvements.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=countrysideonline237>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007150933/http://www.countrysideonline.co.uk/plugins/content/content.php?content.237|archive-date=October 7, 2006|publisher=BBC Inside Out|title=NFU Countryside Online: Passports for Ponies|url=http://www.countrysideonline.co.uk/plugins/content/content.php?content.237|access-date=October 7, 2006}}</ref> [[United Kingdom law|British law]] requires the use of "[[Horse passport|equine passports]]" even for semiferal horses to enable [[traceability]] (also known as "provenance"), so most slaughtering is done in the UK before the meat is exported,<ref name=countrysideonline237 /> meaning that the animals travel as carcasses rather than live. Ex-[[Horse racing|racehorses]], [[Equestrianism|riding horses]], and other horses sold at auction may also enter the [[food chain]]; sometimes, these animals have been stolen or purchased under false pretenses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.netposse.com/stolenmissing/storyladyslaughter.htm |title=Slaughter of Lady |publisher=Netposse.com |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-date=June 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620105331/http://www.netposse.com/stolenmissing/storyladyslaughter.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Even prestigious horses may end up in the [[slaughterhouse]]; the 1986 [[Kentucky Derby]] winner and 1987 [[Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year]] winner, [[Ferdinand (horse)|Ferdinand]], is believed to have been slaughtered in Japan, probably for [[pet food]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://horsesdaily.com/news/racing/2003/07-21-derbywinner-ferdinand.html |title=Death of a Derby Winner |publisher=Horsesdaily.com |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-date=February 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216061402/http://www.horsesdaily.com/news/racing/2003/07-21-derbywinner-ferdinand.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
A misconception exists that horses are commonly slaughtered for pet food.{{cn|date=March 2023}} In many countries, such as the United States, horse meat was
Meat from horses that [[veterinarian]]s have [[Animal euthanasia|put down]] with a [[lethal injection]] is not suitable for human consumption, as the [[toxin]] remains in the meat; the
==Attitudes towards horse meat==
[[File:La Cooperativa - esmorzador.jpg|thumb|Man eating a ''[[bocadillo]]'' with horse meat and [[Garlic|tender garlic]], a popular [[Second breakfast|brunch]] choice in the [[Valencian Community|Land of Valencia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The sandwich as 'sacred' as paella |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230823-almuerzo-and-the-super-sandwiches-of-valencia |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=www.bbc.com}}</ref>]]
Horse meat is commonly eaten in many countries in Europe and Asia.<ref>{{cite news |author=Cecilia Rodriguez |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2012/12/18/no-american-horse-steak-for-you-europeans/ |title=No American Horse Steak for You, Europeans |work=Forbes |date=April 18, 2012 |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-date=January 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124184633/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2012/12/18/no-american-horse-steak-for-you-europeans/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/sports/drugs-injected-at-the-racetrack-put-europe-off-us-horse-meat.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|title=Racetrack Drugs Put Europe Off U.S. Horse Meat|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 9, 2014|first=Joe|last=Drape|date=December 8, 2012|url-access=subscription|archive-date=February 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216182054/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/sports/drugs-injected-at-the-racetrack-put-europe-off-us-horse-meat.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref> It is not a generally available food in some [[English-speaking countries]] such as the United Kingdom, South Africa,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/south-africa-imported-80-000-kilograms-of-horse-meat-last-year-2018-3|title=Horse meat imports into SA have suddenly jumped – and we don't know where most of it went|website=BusinessInsider|access-date=December 9, 2019|archive-date=January 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124184631/https://www.businessinsider.co.za/south-africa-imported-80-000-kilograms-of-horse-meat-last-year-2018-3|url-status=live}}</ref> Australia
Earlier in [[Islamic dietary laws|Islam]] consuming horse meat is not ''[[haram]]'', but ''[[makruh]]'', which means it should be avoided, but eating it is not a sin like the eating of [[pork]], due to its other important usage. The consumption of horse meat has been common in [[Central Asian]] societies, past or present, due to the abundance of [[steppes]] suitable for raising horses. In North Africa, horse meat has been occasionally consumed, but almost exclusively by the [[Hanafi]] Sunnis;{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}} it has never been eaten in the [[Maghreb]].<ref>Françoise Aubaile-Sallenave, "Meat among Mediterranean Muslims: Beliefs and Praxis", ''Estudios del Hombre'' '''19''':129 (2004)</ref>
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===Opposition to production===
The [[Horse slaughter|killing of horses for human consumption]] is widely opposed in countries such as the U.S.,<ref name="nationalpoll">{{cite web |last=Duckworth |first=Amanda |url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/35173/poll-finds-most-americans-against-horse-slaughter/ |title=Poll Finds Most Americans Against Horse Slaughter |publisher=Bloodhorse.com |date=September 4, 2006 |access-date=February 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102173436/http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/35173/poll-finds-most-americans-against-horse-slaughter |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="time">{{cite news|last=Stein |first=Joel |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1587279,00.html |title=''Time:'' Horse—It's What's for Dinner |publisher=Time.com |date=February 8, 2007 |access-date=February 9, 2014|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229083444/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1587279,00.html|archive-date=December 29, 2013}}</ref> theUK
==Around the world==
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====Canada====
A small horse meat business exists in [[Quebec]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/food-trends/why-you-should-eat-horsemeat-its-delicious/article567009/?page=all|title=Why you should eat horsemeat: It's delicious|date=January 4, 2011|newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]]|access-date=August 31, 2017|archive-date=May 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525133935/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/food-trends/why-you-should-eat-horsemeat-its-delicious/article567009/?page=all|url-status=live}}</ref> Horse meat is also for sale in [[Granville Island]] Market in [[
Despite this, most of Canada shares the horse meat taboo with the rest of the [[English-speaking world]].
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This mentality is especially evident in [[Alberta]], where strong [[horse racing]] and breeding industries and cultures have existed since the province's founding, although large numbers of horses are slaughtered for meat in Fort MacLeod,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tierschutzbund-zuerich.ch/en/investigation-reports/country/select_category/36.html |title=Investigation reports, Canada |publisher=Tierschutzbund Zürich TSB |location=Zurich, Switzerland |access-date=January 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629155935/https://www.tierschutzbund-zuerich.ch/en/investigation-reports/country/select_category/36.html |archive-date=June 29, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and certain butchers in Calgary do sell it.
In 2013, the consumer protection show ''Kassensturz'' of Swiss television [[Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen|SRF]] reported the poor animal conditions at Bouvry Exports, a Canadian horse meat farm in Fort MacLeod, Alberta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srf.ch/konsum/themen/konsum/quaelerei-auf-pferdefarmen |title=Quälerei auf Pferdefarmen |trans-title=Cruelty on horse farms |author=Ursula Gabathuler |author2=Samira Zingaro |publisher=Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen SRF |date=February 22, 2013 |language=de |location=Zurich, Switzerland |access-date=January 14, 2015 |archive-date=February 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227043358/http://www.srf.ch/konsum/themen/konsum/quaelerei-auf-pferdefarmen |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Migros]], the primary importer of horse meat into Switzerland, started working with Bouvry to improve their animal welfare, but in 2015 Migros cut ties with Bouvry because though improvements had been made, they had not improved sufficiently. Migros had "set itself the ambitious goal of bringing all suppliers abroad up to the strict Swiss standards by 2020
====Mexico====
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====United States====
[[File:Los Angeles horse meat butcher shop 1951.jpg|thumb|220px|A butcher shop in [[Los Angeles, California]] in 1951 with a sign that reads, "Horse meat for human consumption".]]
{{See also|Horse slaughter#United States}}
Horse meat is generally not eaten in the United States, and is banned in many states in the country. It holds a taboo in American culture very similar to the one found in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodreference.com/html/arthorsemeat.html|title=Horsemeat - Food Facts and History - Food Reference|work=foodreference.com|access-date=January 25, 2015|archive-date=February 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204124210/http://www.foodreference.com/html/arthorsemeat.html|url-status=live}}</ref> All horse meat produced in the United States since the 1960s (until the last quarter of 2007) was intended solely for export abroad, primarily to the European Union. However, a thriving horse exportation business is going on in several states, including Texas, primarily exporting horses to slaughterhouses in either Canada or Mexico.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tierschutzbund-zuerich.ch/en/investigation-reports/country/select_category/37.html |title=Investigation reports, USA |publisher=Tierschutzbund Zürich (Animal Welfare Foundation) TSB |location=Zurich, Switzerland |access-date=January 14, 2015 |archive-date=January 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112119/http://tierschutzbund-zuerich.ch/en/investigation-reports/country/select_category/37.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Restriction of human consumption of horse meat in the U.S. has
California outlawed in 1998 via [[California Proposition 6 (1998)|ballot proposition]]
In 2007, the Illinois General Assembly enacted Public Act 95-02, amending Chapter 225, Section 635 of the state's compiled statutes<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=1381&ChapterID=24| title=225 ILCS 635 "Illinois Horse Meat Act"| publisher=Illinois General Assembly| year=2007| access-date=December 28, 2014| archive-date=April 2, 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402151319/http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=1381&ChapterID=24| url-status=live}}</ref> to prohibit both the act of slaughtering equines for human consumption and the trade of any horse meat similarly to Texas Agriculture Code's Chapter 149.
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The taboo surrounding horse meat in the United States received national attention again in May 2017 when a restaurant in the [[Lawrenceville (Pittsburgh)|Lawrenceville]] section of [[Pittsburgh]] served a dish containing [[Steak tartare|horse tartare]] as part of a special event the restaurant was hosting with [[French Canadian]] chefs as guests. The restaurant, which otherwise does not serve horse meat (which is legal to serve and consume in [[Pennsylvania]]), received an inspection and a warning from the [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] not to serve horse meat again. A [[Change.org]] petition subsequently went up to advocate making serving horse meat illegal in Pennsylvania.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2017/05/15/usda-warns-pittsburgh-restaurant-that-served-horse-meat/|title = USDA Warns Pittsburgh Restaurant That Served Horse Meat|date = May 15, 2017|access-date = May 20, 2017|archive-date = May 18, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170518211537/http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2017/05/15/usda-warns-pittsburgh-restaurant-that-served-horse-meat/|url-status = live}}</ref>
From the 1920s and through the 1950s or 1960s,
===Europe===
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| year = 2012
| pmid = 22202870
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Janssens | first1 = M. | last2 = Myter | first2 = N. | last3 = De Vuyst | first3 = L. | last4 = Leroy | first4 = F. | title = Species diversity and metabolic impact of the microbiota are low in spontaneously acidified Belgian sausages with an added starter culture of Staphylococcus carnosus | doi = 10.1016/j.fm.2011.07.005 | journal = Food Microbiology | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 167–177 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22202870}}</ref> A Flemish region around the [[Rupel]] River is also famous for a horse [[stew]] named {{Lang|nl|schep}}, made out of shoulder chuck (or similar cuts), brown ale, onions, and mustard. {{Lang|nl|Schep}} is typically served with fries, mayonnaise, and a salad of raw [[Belgian endive]].
====Bulgaria====
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====Finland====
[[File:Big Hero steak.jpg|thumb|right|A horse meat steak served at restaurant Oklahoma, [[Vantaa]], [[Finland]]]]
Horse meat is available in butcher shops and shops specializing in meats but it can sometimes be found in supermarkets, especially in ground form. The most common way to eat horse meat is in sausage form, especially {{Lang|fi|meetwursti}} (''[[Mettwurst]]''), a cured and smoked sausage which often contains pork, beef and horse meat. Finns consume around 400g of horse meat per person per year and the country produces around 300–400 thousand kilograms of meat per year, while importing around 1.5 million kilograms per year from countries like Canada, Mexico or Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-10332390|title=Suomalaiset arastelevat ekologista hevosenlihaa – suurin osa hevosista päätyy hautaan, ongelmajätteeseen tai tuhkattaviksi (Finns avoid ecological horse meat - most horses end up buried, as problem waste or cremated)|website=yle.fi|date=August 2, 2018|language=fi}}</ref> No horses are bred for meat production and there are stringent laws against using meat from a horse that has been medicated or injected with antibiotics. Using meat from a horse that has been treated with non-equine medicine or has not been inspected by a veterinarian is banned outright.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hippos.fi/hippos/muut/uutisarkisto/ajankohtaista_-_arkisto/hevosen_elaman_vastuullinen_paattaminen.5677.news?870_o=4725|title=Hevosen elämän vastuullinen päättäminen (The ethical ending of a horse's life)|language=fi|website=www.hippos.fi}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
====France====
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Horse meat was eaten in large amounts during the 1870 [[Siege of Paris (1870–1871)|Siege of Paris]], when it was included in ''[[haute cuisine]]'' menus.
Horse fat is highly rated for making [[french fries]], though rarely used nowadays.<ref name="hesser">{{Cite news |last=Hesser |first=Amanda |date=May 5, 1999 |title=Deep Secrets: Making the Perfect Fry; The potato of the moment is often a soggy disappointment. Time to take things into your own hands. |language=en-US |pages=F1 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/05/dining/deep-secrets-making-perfect-fry-potato-moment-often-soggy-disappointment-time.html |access-date=April 9, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="steingarten">{{Cite book |last=Steingarten |first=Jeffrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkkhgGoE3_cC&q=horse+fat |title=The Man Who Ate Everything |date=June 8, 2011 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-307-79782-7 |pages=401–416 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="brown">{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Alton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ps2FJnSuEuQC&dq=belgium+horse+fat+french+fries&pg=PT187 |title=I'm Just Here for the Food: Version 2.0 |date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=Abrams |isbn=978-1-61312-044-6 |pages=114 |language=en}}</ref>
====Germany====
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*''[[Bigoli]]'' {{Lang|it|al sugo di cavallo}}: a typical form of fresh pasta, similar to thick rough spaghetti, dressed with sauce like [[Bolognese sauce]], but made with minced horse meat
*{{Lang|it|Pezzetti di cavallo al sugo}}: horse stew, seasoned with sauce, vegetables and various peperoncino, widely used in the [[Salento]] [[File:Spezzatino di cavallo.jpg|thumb|right|Chunks ({{Lang|it|pezzetti}}) of horse stew ({{Lang|it|spezzatino di cavallo}})]]
In southern Italy, horse meat is commonly eaten everywhere - especially in the region of [[Apulia]], where it is considered a delicacy.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fabio Parasecoli|authorlink=Fabio Parasecoli|title=Food culture in Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWlCT5Hs8YwC|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32726-1|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uWlCT5Hs8YwC&pg=PA86 86]|access-date=January 8, 2016|archive-date=July 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729083257/https://books.google.com/books?id=uWlCT5Hs8YwC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Paula Hardy|author2=Abigail Hole|author3=Olivia Pozzan|title=Puglia & Basilicata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8OEt_xn0nkC|year=2008|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74179-089-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e8OEt_xn0nkC&pg=PA42 42]|access-date=January 8, 2016|archive-date=May 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522110302/https://books.google.com/books?id=e8OEt_xn0nkC|url-status=live}}</ref> It is a vital part of the {{Lang|it|ragù barese}} ({{IPA-it|raˈɡu bbaˈreːze|}}) in [[Bari]] and of the [[
According to British food writer [[Matthew Fort]], "The taste for donkey and horse goes back to the days when these animals were part of everyday agricultural life. In the frugal, unsentimental manner of agricultural communities, all the animals were looked on as a source of protein. Waste was not an option."<ref>Eating Up Italy: Voyages on a Vespa by [[Matthew Fort]]. 2005, p253-254. {{ISBN|0-00-721481-2}}</ref>
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In Norway, horse meat is commonly used in cured meats, such as {{Lang|no|vossakorv}} and {{Lang|no|svartpølse}}, and less commonly as steak, {{Lang|no|hestebiff}}.
In pre-Christian Norway, horse was seen as an expensive animal. To eat a horse was to show one had great wealth, and to sacrifice a horse to the gods was seen as the greatest gift one could give. When Norwegians adopted Christianity, horse-eating became taboo as it was a religious act for pagans, thus it was considered a sign of heresy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jochens|first=Jenny|title=Women in Old Norse Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3h-lkgBWercC&pg=PA87|year=1998|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8520-6|pages=87–88|access-date=January 8, 2016|archive-date=March 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306013134/https://books.google.com/books?id=3h-lkgBWercC|url-status=live}}</ref> These days, consumption of horse meat is considered controversial, but not uncommon. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forskning.no/historie-kjott-kulturhistorie/hestekjott-ble-forbudt-for-over-1000-ar-siden-men-vi-sluttet-ikke-a-spise-det/2267494 | title=Hestekjøtt ble forbudt for over 1.000 år siden, men vi sluttet ikke å spise det | date=October 22, 2023 }}</ref>
====Poland====
Older horses are often exported
====Serbia====
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====United Kingdom====
In the United Kingdom, the slaughter, preparation, and consumption of horses for food is not against the law, although it has been rare since the 1930s, and horse meat is not generally available. A cultural taboo against consuming horse meat exists in the UK, although it was eaten when other meats were scarce, such as during times of war,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/foodprogramme_20040425.shtml |title=BBC Radio 4 - Factual - Food Programme - 11 April 2004 |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=April 11, 2004 |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-date=June 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616180712/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/foodprogramme_20040425.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/25/a7269825.shtml |title=WW2 People's War - Horsemeat, A Wedding Treat |publisher=BBC |date=November 25, 2005 |access-date=February 15, 2013}}</ref> as was [[whale meat]], which similarly failed to achieve popularity. The sale of meat labelled as horse meat in UK supermarkets and butchers is minimal, and most actual horse meat consumed in the UK is imported from continental Europe, predominantly from the [[south of France]], where it is more widely eaten.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/06/nramsay06.xml |title=We Should Eat Horse Meat |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |archive-date=March 26, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326045738/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F05%2F06%2Fnramsay06.xml |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Horse meat may be eaten without the knowledge of the consumer, due to accidental or [[fraud]]ulent introduction of horse meat into human food. A 2003 [[Food Standards Agency]] investigation revealed that certain sausages, salami, and similar products such as [[chorizo]] and [[pastrami]] sometimes contained horse meat without it being listed,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2963554.stm |title=Horse meat found in salami |work=BBC News |date=June 4, 2003 |archive-date=January 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128115440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2963554.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> although listing is legally required.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.food.gov.uk/foodlabelling/ull/ |title=[ARCHIVED CONTENT] Food Standards Agency - Labelling rules |publisher=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk |access-date=February 15, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720141827/http://www.food.gov.uk/foodlabelling/ull/ |archive-date=July 20, 2008 }}</ref> The [[2013 horse meat scandal]] involved multiple products being recalled from shelves due to unlabelled horse meat in amounts up to 100% of the meat content.<ref name=bbcconf>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21375594 |title=Findus beef lasagne contained up to 100% horsemeat, FSA says |date=February 7, 2013 |access-date=February 7, 2013 |work=BBC News |archive-date=February 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207194258/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21375594 |url-status=live }}</ref>▼
Horse meat was featured in a segment of a 2007 episode of the [[Gordon Ramsay]] series ''[[The F Word (British TV series)|The F Word]]''. In the segment, [[Janet Street-Porter]] convinced locals to try horse meat, though not before facing controversy and being forced to move her stand to a privately owned location. The meat was presented as having a similar taste to beef, but with less fat, a high concentration of [[omega-3 fatty acid]]s, and as a safer alternative in times of worry regarding [[Avian influenza|bird flu]] and [[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy|mad cow disease]]. The segment was met with skepticism from many viewers after broadcast for various reasons, either because some felt the practice was cruel and against social norms, or simply a belief that if the taste was really on par with other meats, then people would already be eating it.<ref name="thefword">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1550742/We-should-eat-horse-meat-says-Ramsay.html|title=We should eat horse meat, says Ramsay|first=David|last=Harrison|date=May 6, 2007|access-date=July 24, 2016|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|archive-date=September 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920091319/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1550742/We-should-eat-horse-meat-says-Ramsay.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A company called Cowley's Fine Foods has also launched a horse jerky range called My Brittle Pony.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/is-horse-meat-legal-in-the-us_n_2966499|title = WATCH: HuffPost Tries Horse Meat and (Kind Of) Likes It|date = April 2013}}</ref>
As for the accidental consumption:
▲* Horse meat may be eaten without the knowledge of the consumer, due to accidental or [[fraud]]ulent introduction of horse meat into human food. A 2003 [[Food Standards Agency]] investigation revealed that certain sausages, salami, and similar products such as [[chorizo]] and [[pastrami]] sometimes contained horse meat without it being listed,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2963554.stm |title=Horse meat found in salami |work=BBC News |date=June 4, 2003 |archive-date=January 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128115440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2963554.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> although listing is legally required.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.food.gov.uk/foodlabelling/ull/ |title=[ARCHIVED CONTENT] Food Standards Agency - Labelling rules |publisher=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk |access-date=February 15, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720141827/http://www.food.gov.uk/foodlabelling/ull/ |archive-date=July 20, 2008 }}</ref>
* The [[2013 horse meat scandal]] involved multiple products being recalled from shelves due to unlabelled horse meat in amounts up to 100% of the meat content.<ref name=bbcconf>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21375594 |title=Findus beef lasagne contained up to 100% horsemeat, FSA says |date=February 7, 2013 |access-date=February 7, 2013 |work=BBC News |archive-date=February 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207194258/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21375594 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Asia-Pacific===
====Australia====
Australians do not generally eat horse meat, although they have a horse slaughter industry that exports to EU countries.<ref>{{cite news|date=June 21, 2014|title=Horse meat exports in doubt after standards complaint|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-21/horsemeat-exports-in-doubt-after-standards-complaint/5524158|access-date=October 2, 2020|newspaper=ABC News|language=en-AU}}</ref> In the [[Australian meat substitution scandal]] of 1981, it was revealed that both horse and [[kangaroo meat]] has been intentionally mislabeled as beef for export.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/26/us/australian-meat-will-be-inspected.html | title=Australian Meat Will be Inspected | work=The New York Times | date=August 26, 1981 }}</ref> Horse meat exports peaked at 9,327 tons in 1986, declining to 3,000 tons in 2003. They are at Peterborough in South Australia (SAMEX Peterborough Pty Ltd) and Caboolture Abattoir in Queensland (Meramist Pty Ltd).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.optimail.com.au/berrime/slaughter.htm |title=Horse slaughter and horsemeat: the facts |publisher=Optimail.com.au |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416155220/http://optimail.com.au/berrime/slaughter.htm |archive-date=April 16, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A British agriculture industry website reported that Australian horse meat production levels had risen to 24,000 tons by 2009.<ref name=farminguk2009-01-17>{{cite web |url=http://www.farminguk.com/news/Argentina-Horse-Meat-world-production-figures._10249.html |title=Argentina-Horse Meat world production figures, Farming UK, January 17, 2009. Retrieved March 4, 2011 |publisher=Farminguk.com |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215063621/http://www.farminguk.com/news/Argentina-Horse-Meat-world-production-figures._10249.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Vince Garreffa is the owner of Mondo Di Carne, a major wholesale meat supplier, which supplies many cafes, restaurants, and hotels in Western Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mondo.net.au/retail/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026030031/http://www.mondo.net.au/data/retail.html|url-status=dead|title=Mondo Retail – Retail & Catering – Mondo Butchers|archive-date=October 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mondo.net.au/retail/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130151420/http://www.mondo.net.au/data/wholesale.html|url-status=dead|title=Mondo Retail – Retail & Catering – Mondo Butchers|archive-date=January 30, 2010}}</ref> He commented that no domestic market exists for horse meat, but a successful export market exists, of which he believes Western Australia should have a share.<ref name=thewest7492421 />▼
=====Western Australia=====
▲On 30 June 2010, Western Australian Agriculture Minister [[Terry Redman]] granted final approval to [[Western Australia]]n butcher Vince Garreffa to sell horse meat for human consumption.<ref name=thewest7492421>{{cite web |url=http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/latest/7492421/butcher-gives-horse-meat-a-run/ |title=Butcher gives horse meat a run |publisher=Au.news.yahoo.com |date=July 1, 2010 |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-date=December 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210195715/http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/latest/7492421/butcher-gives-horse-meat-a-run/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Vince Garreffa is the owner of ''Mondo Di Carne'', a major wholesale meat supplier, which supplies many cafes, restaurants, and hotels in Western Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mondo.net.au/retail/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026030031/http://www.mondo.net.au/data/retail.html|url-status=dead|title=Mondo Retail – Retail & Catering – Mondo Butchers|archive-date=October 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mondo.net.au/retail/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130151420/http://www.mondo.net.au/data/wholesale.html|url-status=dead|title=Mondo Retail – Retail & Catering – Mondo Butchers|archive-date=January 30, 2010}}</ref> He commented that no domestic market exists for horse meat
====China====
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====Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan====
[[File:Horsemeat_platter.jpg|thumb|left|300px|A platter of horse meat served at ''Kishlak'', an Uzbek restaurant in Kazakhstan. The horse meat was served cold. There are three types on the platter: tripe on the left, roasted in the middle, and [[Qazı]] sausage on the right. The roasted meat tasted no different from roast beef.]]
{{See also|Kazakh cuisine|Kyrgyz cuisine}}
In [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]], horse meat is a large part of the diet, due mainly to the nomadic roots of the population.<!--removing citation because it triggers the spam blacklist url=http://www.foodbycountry.com/Kazakhstan-to-South-Africa/Kazakhstan.html -->
Some of the dishes include:
* sausages called ''[[Qazı]]'' (or "''[[kazy]]''") and ''[[sujuk|chuchuk]]'' or {{Lang|kk|shuzhyk}} made from the meat using the guts as the sausage skin,
* {{transliteration|ky|zhaya}} made from hip meat, which is smoked and boiled,
* ''jal'' (or ''zhal'') made from neck fat which is smoked and boiled,
* {{Lang|kk|karta}} made from a section of the rectum that is smoked and boiled,
* and {{Lang|kk|sur-et}} which is kept as dried meat.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080610023546/http://www.zheruik.kz/rus/traditions/meet1.php Horse meat dishes in Kazakhstan]. Retrieved January 13, 2009. (archived from [http://www.zheruik.kz/rus/traditions/meet1.php the original] on June 10, 2008)</ref>
{{transl|kk|Sür et}} ({{lang|kk|сүр ет}}) is salted horsemeat that smoked over [[elm]], [[juniper]] or [[Filipendula ulmaria|meadowsweet]].<ref name=osfc>{{Cite book| title = Food on the Move| publisher=[[Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery]] |date=1996 |chapter=The Horseback Kitchen of Central Asia |page=246 | isbn=9780907325796 |access-date = 2018-07-16| chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_uYqTiD7SbcQC/page/n247/}}</ref>
====Mongolia====
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====Philippines====
[[File:Rancho_Home_of_Original1.jpg|150px|thumbnail|right|[[Tapa (Filipino cuisine)|Horse meat restaurant]] ([[Guiguinto]])]]
In the [[Philippines]], horse meat ({{transliteration|fil|lukba}}, {{transliteration|fil|tapang kabayo}}, or {{transliteration|fil|kabayo}}) is a delicacy commonly sold in [[wet market]]s. It is prepared by marinating the meat in lemon juice, soy sauce or fish sauce, then fried and served with vinegar for dipping.<ref name=Pawshe>{{cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295778165|title=Reference Module in Food and Health|first1=Mayur|last1=Pawshe|first2=Chandraprakash D|last2=Khedkar|first3=Anjali|last3=Pundkar|chapter=Horse Meat|publisher=Elsevier|date=January 2016}}</ref>
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[[File:Malgogi-yukhoe.jpg|thumb|Korean ''Malgogi-[[yukhoe]]'' (horse meat tartare)]]
In [[South Korea]], horse meat is generally not eaten, but raw horse meat, mostly taken from the neck, is consumed as a delicacy on [[Jeju Island]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jejuweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=1058 |title=Full horse course an unforgettable experience |publisher=Jejuweekly.com |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-date=June 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623022337/http://www.jejuweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=1058 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.koreana.or.kr/months/news_view.asp?b_idx=1373&lang=en&page_type=list Exploring Jeju’s Savory Delicacies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623111238/http://www.koreana.or.kr/months/news_view.asp?b_idx=1373&lang=en&page_type=list |date=June 23, 2011 }}, koreana.or.kr</ref>
====Tonga====
In [[Tonga]], horse meat is eaten nationwide.<ref>Simoons, F.J., 1994, Eat not this Flesh, Food Avoidances from Pre-history to Present, University of Wisconsin Press.</ref> The dish is also popular among [[Demographics of Tonga#Diaspora|Tongan diaspora]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/kai/30-03-2022/tongans-eat-horse-meat-and-its-not-that-big-a-deal | title=Tongans eat horse and it's not that big a deal | date=March 30, 2022 }}</ref>
==See also==
|