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{{short description|Meat cut from a horse}}
{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=June 2024}}
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{{Infobox food
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'''Horse meat''' forms a significant part of the [[Culinary arts|culinary]] traditions of many countries, particularly in [[Eurasia]]. The eight countries that consume the most [[horse]] meat consume about 4.3{{nbsp}}million [[horse]]s a year. For the majority of humanity's early existence, [[wild horse]]s were hunted as a source of protein.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Documenting Domestication |author=Melinda A. Zeder |publisher=University of California Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-520-24638-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaVTxjrbIFQC |pages=257, 258, 265 |access-date=May 6, 2020 |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918224612/https://books.google.com/books?id=EaVTxjrbIFQC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Horse, the Wheel and Language |author=David W. Anthony |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2008 |pages=199, 220 |isbn=978-0-691-05887-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOG5VcYxhiEC |access-date=May 6, 2020 |archive-date=March 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327013641/https://books.google.com/books?id=rOG5VcYxhiEC |url-status=live }}</ref>
==History==
During the [[Paleolithic]], [[wild
Press of Virginia, {{ISBN|0-8139-1162-1}}</ref>
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As horses are relatively poor converters of grass and grain to meat compared to cattle,<ref name=Harris /> in the western countries they are not usually bred or raised specifically for their meat. Instead, horses are slaughtered when their monetary value as [[equitation|riding]] or [[draft animal|work animals]] is low, but their owners can still make money selling them for horse meat, for example in the routine export of the [[south England|southern English]] ponies from the [[New Forest pony|New Forest]], [[Exmoor pony|Exmoor]], and [[Dartmoor pony|Dartmoor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/south/series2/new_forest_ponies_commoners_breed_improvements.shtml |title=BBC Inside Out - New Forest Ponies |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=February 24, 2003 |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-date=January 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119074805/http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/south/series2/new_forest_ponies_commoners_breed_improvements.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=countrysideonline237>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007150933/http://www.countrysideonline.co.uk/plugins/content/content.php?content.237|archive-date=October 7, 2006|publisher=BBC Inside Out|title=NFU Countryside Online: Passports for Ponies|url=http://www.countrysideonline.co.uk/plugins/content/content.php?content.237|access-date=October 7, 2006}}</ref> [[United Kingdom law|British law]] requires the use of "[[Horse passport|equine passports]]" even for semiferal horses to enable [[traceability]] (also known as "provenance"), so most slaughtering is done in the UK before the meat is exported,<ref name=countrysideonline237 /> meaning that the animals travel as carcasses rather than live. Ex-[[Horse racing|racehorses]], [[Equestrianism|riding horses]], and other horses sold at auction may also enter the [[food chain]]; sometimes, these animals have been stolen or purchased under false pretenses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.netposse.com/stolenmissing/storyladyslaughter.htm |title=Slaughter of Lady |publisher=Netposse.com |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-date=June 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620105331/http://www.netposse.com/stolenmissing/storyladyslaughter.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Even prestigious horses may end up in the [[slaughterhouse]]; the 1986 [[Kentucky Derby]] winner and 1987 [[Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year]] winner, [[Ferdinand (horse)|Ferdinand]], is believed to have been slaughtered in Japan, probably for [[pet food]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://horsesdaily.com/news/racing/2003/07-21-derbywinner-ferdinand.html |title=Death of a Derby Winner |publisher=Horsesdaily.com |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-date=February 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216061402/http://www.horsesdaily.com/news/racing/2003/07-21-derbywinner-ferdinand.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
A misconception exists that horses are commonly slaughtered for pet food.{{cn|date=March 2023}} In many countries, such as the United States, horse meat was outlawed for use in pet food in the 1970s. American horse meat is considered a [[delicacy]] in Europe and Japan, and its cost is in line with veal,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haras-nationaux.fr/portail/uploads/tx_vm19docsbase/DIP_ECO_03_HORSEMEAT_01.pdf |title=Horsemeat in France - (June 2006), Librairie des Haras nationaux |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101044559/http://www.haras-nationaux.fr/portail/uploads/tx_vm19docsbase/DIP_ECO_03_HORSEMEAT_01.pdf |archive-date=November 1, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> so it would be prohibitively expensive in many countries for pet food.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maff.go.jp/aqs/animal/pdf/risk_assesment_hiikuhorse_1.pdf
Meat from horses that [[veterinarian]]s have [[Animal euthanasia|put down]] with a [[lethal injection]] is not suitable for human consumption, as the [[toxin]] remains in the meat; the carcasses of such animals are sometimes [[cremation|cremated]] (most other means of disposal are problematic, due to the toxin).{{citation needed|date=March 2010}} Remains of euthanized animals can be [[Rendering (food processing)|rendered]], which maintains the value of the skin, bones, fats, etc., for such purposes as fish food. This is commonly done for lab specimens (e.g., pigs) euthanized by injection. The amount of drug (e.g. a [[barbiturate]]) is insignificant after rendering.{{citation needed|date=March 2010}}
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==Attitudes towards horse meat==
[[File:La Cooperativa - esmorzador.jpg|thumb|Man eating a ''[[bocadillo]]'' with horse meat and [[Garlic|tender garlic]], a popular [[Second breakfast|brunch]] choice in the [[Valencian Community|Land of Valencia]]
Horse meat is commonly eaten in many countries in Europe and Asia.<ref>{{cite news |author=Cecilia Rodriguez |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2012/12/18/no-american-horse-steak-for-you-europeans/ |title=No American Horse Steak for You, Europeans |work=Forbes |date=April 18, 2012 |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-date=January 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124184633/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2012/12/18/no-american-horse-steak-for-you-europeans/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/sports/drugs-injected-at-the-racetrack-put-europe-off-us-horse-meat.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|title=Racetrack Drugs Put Europe Off U.S. Horse Meat|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 9, 2014|first=Joe|last=Drape|date=December 8, 2012|url-access=subscription|archive-date=February 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216182054/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/sports/drugs-injected-at-the-racetrack-put-europe-off-us-horse-meat.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref> It is not a generally available food in some [[English-speaking countries]] such as the United Kingdom, South Africa,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/south-africa-imported-80-000-kilograms-of-horse-meat-last-year-2018-3|title=Horse meat imports into SA have suddenly jumped – and we don't know where most of it went|website=BusinessInsider|access-date=December 9, 2019|archive-date=January 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124184631/https://www.businessinsider.co.za/south-africa-imported-80-000-kilograms-of-horse-meat-last-year-2018-3|url-status=live}}</ref> Australia, the United States,<ref>{{cite web |last=Bordonaro |first=Lori |url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Horse-Meat-M-Wells-PS-1-MoMA-Long-Island-City-Queens-171445821.html |title=Horse Meat on Menu Raises Eyebrows |date=September 27, 2012 |publisher=NBC New York |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-date=December 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213202959/http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Horse-Meat-M-Wells-PS-1-MoMA-Long-Island-City-Queens-171445821.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[English Canada]]. It is also taboo in Brazil, Ireland, Poland and Israel and among the [[Romani people|Romani]]. Horse meat is not generally eaten in Spain, except in the north, but the country exports horses both as live animals and as slaughtered meat for the French and Italian markets. Horse meat is consumed in some North American and Latin American countries, but is illegal in some others. The Food Standards Code of Australia and New Zealand definition of 'meat' does not include horse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/code/Documents/2.2.1%20Meat%20products%20v157.pdf|title=Standard 2.2.1 Meat and meat products|publisher=Australian Government, Federal Register of Legislation|type=PDF|access-date=September 18, 2020|archive-date=September 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919070743/https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/code/Documents/2.2.1%20Meat%20products%20v157.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Tonga]], horse meat is eaten nationally, and Tongan emigrants living in the United States, New Zealand, and Australia have retained a taste for it, claiming Christian missionaries originally introduced it to them.<ref>Simoons, F.J., 1994, Eat not this Flesh, Food Avoidances from Pre-history to Present, University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>
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*''[[Bigoli]]'' {{Lang|it|al sugo di cavallo}}: a typical form of fresh pasta, similar to thick rough spaghetti, dressed with sauce like [[Bolognese sauce]], but made with minced horse meat
*{{Lang|it|Pezzetti di cavallo al sugo}}: horse stew, seasoned with sauce, vegetables and various peperoncino, widely used in the [[Salento]] [[File:Spezzatino di cavallo.jpg|thumb|right|Chunks ({{Lang|it|pezzetti}}) of horse stew ({{Lang|it|spezzatino di cavallo}})]]
In southern Italy, horse meat is commonly eaten everywhere - especially in the region of [[Apulia]], where it is considered a delicacy.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fabio Parasecoli|authorlink=Fabio Parasecoli|title=Food culture in Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWlCT5Hs8YwC|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32726-1|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uWlCT5Hs8YwC&pg=PA86 86]|access-date=January 8, 2016|archive-date=July 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729083257/https://books.google.com/books?id=uWlCT5Hs8YwC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Paula Hardy|author2=Abigail Hole|author3=Olivia Pozzan|title=Puglia & Basilicata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8OEt_xn0nkC|year=2008|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74179-089-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e8OEt_xn0nkC&pg=PA42 42]|access-date=January 8, 2016|archive-date=May 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522110302/https://books.google.com/books?id=e8OEt_xn0nkC|url-status=live}}</ref> It is a vital part of the {{Lang|it|ragù barese}} ({{IPA-it|raˈɡu bbaˈreːze|}}) in [[Bari]] and of the [[
According to British food writer [[Matthew Fort]], "The taste for donkey and horse goes back to the days when these animals were part of everyday agricultural life. In the frugal, unsentimental manner of agricultural communities, all the animals were looked on as a source of protein. Waste was not an option."<ref>Eating Up Italy: Voyages on a Vespa by [[Matthew Fort]]. 2005, p253-254. {{ISBN|0-00-721481-2}}</ref>
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In Norway, horse meat is commonly used in cured meats, such as {{Lang|no|vossakorv}} and {{Lang|no|svartpølse}}, and less commonly as steak, {{Lang|no|hestebiff}}.
In pre-Christian Norway, horse was seen as an expensive animal. To eat a horse was to show one had great wealth, and to sacrifice a horse to the gods was seen as the greatest gift one could give. When Norwegians adopted Christianity, horse-eating became taboo as it was a religious act for pagans, thus it was considered a sign of heresy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jochens|first=Jenny|title=Women in Old Norse Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3h-lkgBWercC&pg=PA87|year=1998|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8520-6|pages=87–88|access-date=January 8, 2016|archive-date=March 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306013134/https://books.google.com/books?id=3h-lkgBWercC|url-status=live}}</ref> These days, consumption of horse meat is considered controversial, but not uncommon. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forskning.no/historie-kjott-kulturhistorie/hestekjott-ble-forbudt-for-over-1000-ar-siden-men-vi-sluttet-ikke-a-spise-det/2267494 | title=Hestekjøtt ble forbudt for over 1.000 år siden, men vi sluttet ikke å spise det | date=October 22, 2023 }}</ref>
====Poland====
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====Tonga====
In [[Tonga]], horse meat is eaten nationwide.<ref>Simoons, F.J., 1994, Eat not this Flesh, Food Avoidances from Pre-history to Present, University of Wisconsin Press.</ref> The dish is also popular among [[Demographics of Tonga#Diaspora|Tongan diaspora]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/kai/30-03-2022/tongans-eat-horse-meat-and-its-not-that-big-a-deal | title=Tongans eat horse and it's not that big a deal | date=March 30, 2022 }}</ref>
==See also==
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