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Clockwise from top left: Scout , Kosmos-3M and Electron , three of the most launched small-lift launch vehicles
Class overview
Name Small-lift launch vehicle
Preceded by Sounding rocket
Succeeded by Medium-lift launch vehicle
Built Since 1957
General characteristics
Capacity
US definition : <2,000 kg (4,400 lb)
Russian definition : <5,000 kg (11,000 lb)
The first small-lift launch vehicle was the Sputnik rocket, launched by the Soviet Union, which was derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM . On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing the Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth orbit .[3 ] [4 ] [5 ]
The US responded by attempting to launch the Vanguard rocket.[6 ] [7 ] However, the Vanguard TV3 launch attempt failed, with the 31 January 1958 launch of the Explorer 1 satellite using the Juno I rocket being the first successful US orbital launch. The Vanguard I mission was the second successful US orbital launch. This was the start of the space race .[8 ] [9 ]
Since the late 1950s, small-lift launch vehicles have continued launching payloads to space. Medium-lift launch vehicles , heavy-lift launch vehicles , and super heavy-lift launch vehicles have also been extensively developed but have not completely superseded small launch vehicles. Small launch vehicles can meet the requirements of some spacecraft, and can also be less expensive than a larger launch vehicle would be.[10 ]
Rated launch vehicles
edit
Operational
edit
Vehicle
Origin
Manufacturer
Mass toLEO (kg )
Mass toother orbits (kg )
Launches
First flight
Qased
Iran
IRGCASF
10 ~50
3
2020
Qaem 100
Iran
IRGC
80 [11 ]
2(+1)
2023
SK solid fueled TV2
Republic of Korea
MND
> 100
1
2023
Shavit 2
Israel
IAE
160 [12 ]
12
1988
Unha
North Korea
KCST
200 [13 ]
4
2009
KAIROS
Japan
Space One
250
150 to SSO
1
2024
Electron
New Zealand United States
Rocket Lab
300 [14 ]
200 to SSO[14 ]
49
2017
Jielong 1
China
CALT
200 to SSO
1 [15 ]
2019
Hyperbola-1
China
i-Space
300 [16 ]
6
2020
Chollima-1
North Korea
NADA
≥300 [17 ]
3
2023
Simorgh
Iran
Iranian Space Agency
350 [18 ]
6 (+1)
2016
Ceres-1
China
Galactic Energy
350 [19 ]
11
2020
Kuaizhou-1
China
CASC
400 [20 ]
250 to SSO
28 [a ]
2013[20 ]
SSLV
India
ISRO / NSIL
500
300 to SSO
2
2022
Start-1
Russia
MITT
532 [21 ]
350 to SSO [22 ]
5 [23 ]
1993
Minotaur I
United States
Northrop Grumman
580 [24 ]
12 [25 ]
2000
Long March 6
China
CALT
500 to SSO
11
2015
Long March 11
China
CALT
700 [26 ]
17
2015[27 ]
Alpha
United States
Firefly
1,000 [28 ]
600 to SSO
5
2021
Epsilon
Japan
IHI [29 ]
1,200 [30 ]
5
2013
RS1
United States
ABL
1,350 [31 ]
400 to GTO
1
2023
Strela
Russia
Khrunichev
1,400 [32 ]
3 [33 ]
2003
Minotaur-C
United States
Northrop Grumman
1,450 [34 ]
1,050 [34 ] to SSO
10 [35 ]
1994
Kuaizhou-11
China
CASC
1,500
1,000 to SSO
2
SK solid fueled LV
Republic of Korea
MND
1,500
1(+2)
2023[36 ]
Minotaur IV
United States
Northrop Grumman
1,735 [37 ]
7 [38 ]
2010[39 ]
Vega
Italy Europe [b ]
Avio
1,450 to SSO
21
2012
Kinetica 1
China
CAS Space
2,000
1,500 to SSO
3
2022
Tianlong-2
China
Space Pioneer
2,000 [40 ]
1,500 to SSO
1
2023
Jielong 3
China
CALT
1,500 to SSO
3 [41 ]
2022
OS-M [c ]
China
OneSpace
205 [42 ]
73 to SSO
1
2019
Under development
edit
Retired
edit
Vehicle
Origin
Manufacturer
Mass toLEO (kg )
Mass toother orbits (kg )
Launches
First flight
Last flight
SS-520
Japan
IHI
4
2
2017
2018
Vanguard
United States
Martin
9 [57 ]
11(+1)
1957
1959
Juno I [58 ]
United States
Chrysler
11
6
1958
1959
Veloce 17
United States
Eldorado Space [59 ]
12
0
Lambda 4S
Japan
Nissan [60 ]
26 [30 ]
5
1966
1977[61 ]
SLV
India
ISRO
40 [62 ]
4
1979
1983
Juno II [63 ]
United States
Chrysler
41
10
1958
1961
Boeing Small Launch Vehicle [64 ]
United States
Boeing
45 [65 ]
0
Rocket 3
United States
Astra
45 [66 ]
7 (+2)
2020
2022
Safir
Iran
Iranian Space Agency
50 [67 ]
8
2008
2019
Vector-R
United States
Vector
60 [68 ]
0(+2)
Diamant
France
SEREB
107 [69 ] [70 ]
12
1965
1975
Vector-H
United States
Vector
110 [71 ]
0
Capricornio [72 ]
Spain
INTA
140
0
ASLV
India
ISRO
150
4
1987
1994
Scout
United States
US Air Force /NASA
174 [73 ]
125
1961
1994
Mu-4S
Japan
Nissan [60 ]
180 [30 ]
4
1971
1972
Mu-3C
Japan
Nissan [60 ]
195 [30 ]
4
1974
1979
Shtil'
Russia
Makeyev
280 – 420[74 ]
2 [75 ]
1998
2006
Mu-3H
Japan
Nissan [60 ]
300 [30 ]
3
1977
1978
Mu-3S
Japan
Nissan [60 ]
300 [30 ]
4
1980
1984
Long March 1
China
CALT
300 [76 ]
2 [77 ]
1970[77 ]
1971[77 ]
Zhuque-1
China
LandSpace
300 [78 ]
200 to SSO
1
2018
2018
Delta 1913
United States
McDonnell Douglas
328 [79 ]
1 [80 ]
1973
1973
Delta 2310
United States
McDonnell Douglas
336 [81 ]
3 [80 ]
1974
1981
Delta 1410
United States
McDonnell Douglas
340 [82 ]
1 [80 ]
1975
1975
VLS-1
Brazil
AEB , INPE
380 [83 ]
2 [note 1]
1997
2003
Delta 1604
United States
McDonnell Douglas
390 [84 ]
2 [80 ]
1972
1973
Falcon 1
United States
SpaceX
420 [85 ]
5
2006
2009
Pegasus
United States
Orbital
443 [86 ]
45 [87 ]
1990
2021
Conestoga
United States
Space Services Inc.
500 [88 ]
3
1982
1995
Sputnik 8K71PS
Soviet Union
RSC Energia
500 [89 ]
2
1957
1957
Launcher One
United States
Virgin Orbit
500 [90 ]
300 to SSO
6
2020
Paektusan
North Korea
KCST
700 [91 ]
1
1998
Long March 1D (CZ-1D)
China
CALT
740 [92 ]
0(+3)
1995[note 2]
2002
Mu-3SII
Japan
Nissan [60 ]
770 [30 ]
8
1985
1995
Athena I
United States
Lockheed Martin
795 [93 ]
515 to GTO
4 [94 ]
1995
2001
Delta 3913
United States
McDonnell Douglas
816 [95 ]
1 [80 ]
1981
1981
J-I
Japan
IHI , Nissan [60 ]
1,000 [96 ]
0(+1)
1996
1996
Delta 1910
United States
McDonnell Douglas
1,066 [97 ]
1 [80 ]
1975
1975
N-I
Japan United States
Mitsubishi
1,200 [98 ]
7
1975
1982
Terran 1
United States
Relativity Space
1,250
1
2023
2023
Delta 0900
United States
McDonnell Douglas
1,300 [99 ]
818 to SSO[80 ]
2 [80 ]
1972
1972
Sputnik 8A91
Soviet Union
RSC Energia
1,327
2
1958
1958
Atlas LV-3B [100]
United States
Convair
1,360
9
1960
1963
H-I
Japan United States
Mitsubishi
1,400 [101]
9
1986
1992
Kosmos-3M
Soviet Union Russia
NPO Polyot
1,500 [102]
442 [103]
1967
2010
M-V
Japan
IHI , Nissan [29 ] [60 ]
1,800 [30 ]
7
1997
2006
Athena II
United States
Lockheed Martin
1,800 [104]
3 [105]
1998
1999
Delta 1900
United States
McDonnell Douglas
1,800 [80 ]
1 [80 ]
1973
1973
Delta 2910
United States
McDonnell Douglas
1,887 [80 ]
6 [80 ]
1975
1978
Rokot
Soviet Union Russia
Khrunichev
1,950 [106]
1,200 to SSO
34
1990
2019
Notes
edit
^ OS-M1 Variant of OS-M was launched
See also
edit
Sounding rocket , suborbital launch vehicle
Medium-lift launch vehicle , capable of lifting between 2,000 and 20,000 kg to low Earth orbit
Heavy lift launch vehicle , capable of lifting between 20,000 and 50,000 kg to low Earth orbit
Super heavy-lift launch vehicles , capable of lifting more than 50,000 kg (110,000 lb) to low Earth orbit
Comparison of orbital launch systems
List of orbital launch systems
Comparison of orbital rocket engines
Comparison of space station cargo vehicles
Rocket
Spacecraft propulsion
References
edit
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Notes
edit
^ A third rocket exploded before launch
^ Suborbital test flights in 1995, 1997 and 2002, no orbital launches attempted
Further reading
edit
Isakowitz, Hopkins, and Hopkins International Guide to Space Launch Systems , AIAA. ISBN 1-56347591-X .
External links
edit
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small-lift_launch_vehicle&oldid=1233368930 "
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