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Soyuz-2





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This article is about the launch vehicle. For the 1968 Soyuz spacecraft mission, see Soyuz 2 (1968 mission).
Not to be confused with Soyuz T-2, Soyuz TM-2, Soyuz TMA-2, Soyuz TMA-02M, or Soyuz MS-02.

Soyuz-2 (Russian: Союз-2, lit. 'Union-2') (GRAU index 14A14) is a modernised version of the is an expendable medium-lift launch vehicle and the seventh major version in the Soyuz family. It includes key enhancements over its predecessors including uprated engines across all stages along with digital flight control and telemetry systems, enabling launches from fixed platforms (earlier Soyuz rockets required rotating launch pads because they couldn't adjust their heading in flight).

Soyuz-2 (2.1a / 2.1b)
AMetOp spacecraft ready for the launch atop a Soyuz-2.1a rocket.
FunctionMedium-lift launch vehicle
ManufacturerProgress Rocket Space Centre
Country of originRussia
Cost per launchUS$35−48.5 million (Roscosmos)[1][2]
US$80 million (Arianespace)[3]
Size
Height46.3 m (152 ft)[4]
Diameter2.95 m (9 ft 8 in)
Mass312,000 kg (688,000 lb)
Stages2 or 3
Capacity
Payload to LEO[a]
MassA: 7,020 kg (15,480 lb)
B: 8,200 kg (18,100 lb)[4]
Payload to SSO[b]
MassA: 4,230 kg (9,330 lb)
B: 4,900 kg (10,800 lb)[5]
Payload to GTO[c]
MassA: 2,810 kg (6,190 lb)
B: 3,250 kg (7,170 lb)[5]
Payload to TLI [d]
MassB: 2,350 kg (5,180 lb)[6]
Payload to GSO [e]
MassB: 1,360 kg (3,000 lb)[6]
Associated rockets
FamilyR-7 (Soyuz)
Based onSoyuz-FG
Derivative workSoyuz-2 ST-A / ST-B
Soyuz-2.1v
Launch history
StatusActive
Launch sites
  • Plesetsk, Site 43
  • Vostochny, Site 1S
  • Guiana, ELS (2011–2022)
    • Total launches
    • 165 (+1 suborbital)
  •     A: 75 (+1 suborbital)
  •     B:: 90
    • Success(es)
    • 159 (+1 suborbital)
  •     A: 72 (+1 suborbital)
  •     B: 87
    • Failure(s)4 (A: 2, B:2)
    Partial failure(s)2 (A: 1, B:1)
    First flight
    • A: 8 November 2004
  • B: 27 December 2006
    • Last flight
    • A: Active
  • B: Active
    • Type of passengers/cargo
  • Galileo
  • GLONASS
  • Progress
  • Soyuz MS
  • OneWeb
    • First stage (boosters)
    Height19.6 m (64 ft)
    Diameter2.68 m (8 ft 10 in)
    Empty mass3,784 kg (8,342 lb)
    Gross mass44,413 kg (97,914 lb)
    Propellant mass39,160 kg (86,330 lb)
    Powered by1 × RD-107A
    Maximum thrustSL: 839.48 kN (188,720 lbf)
    vac: 1,019.93 kN (229,290 lbf)
    Specific impulseSL: 263.3 s (2.582 km/s)
    vac: 320.2 s (3.140 km/s)
    Burn time118 seconds
    PropellantLOX / RP-1
    Second stage (core)
    Height27.10 m (88.9 ft)
    Diameter2.95 m (9 ft 8 in)
    Empty mass6,545 kg (14,429 lb)
    Gross mass99,765 kg (219,944 lb)
    Propellant mass90,100 kg (198,600 lb)
    Powered by1 × RD-108A
    Maximum thrustSL: 792.41 kN (178,140 lbf)
    vac: 921.86 kN (207,240 lbf)
    Specific impulseSL: 257.7 s (2.527 km/s)
    vac: 320.6 s (3.144 km/s)
    Burn time286 seconds
    PropellantLOX / RP-1
    Third stage
    Height6.70 m (22.0 ft)
    Diameter2.66 m (8 ft 9 in)
    Empty mass2,355 kg (5,192 lb)
    Gross mass27,755 kg (61,189 lb)
    Propellant mass25,400 kg (56,000 lb)
    Powered byA: 1 × RD-0110
    B: 1 × RD-0124
    Maximum thrustA: 298 kN (67,000 lbf)
    B: 294.3 kN (66,200 lbf)
    Specific impulseA: 326 s (3.20 km/s)
    B: 359 s (3.52 km/s)
    Burn time270 seconds
    PropellantLOX / RP-1
    Upper stage (optional) – Fregat / Fregat-M / Fregat-MT[7]
    Height1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
    DiameterFregat / Fregat-M: 3.35 m (11.0 ft)
    Fregat-MT: 3.80 m (12.5 ft)
    Empty massFregat: 930 kg (2,050 lb)
    Fregat-M: 980 kg (2,160 lb)
    Fregat-MT: 1,050 kg (2,310 lb)
    Propellant massFregat: 5,250 kg (11,570 lb)
    Fregat-M: 5,600 kg (12,300 lb)
    Fregat-MT: 7,100 kg (15,700 lb)
    Powered by1 × S5.92
    Maximum thrust19.85 kN (4,460 lbf)
    Specific impulse333.2 s (3.268 km/s)
    Burn timeUp to 1,100 seconds (up to 20 starts)
    PropellantN2O4 / UDMH
    Upper stage (optional) – Volga[8]
    Height1.025 m (3 ft 4.4 in)
    Diameter3.2 m (10 ft)
    Empty mass840 kg (1,850 lb)
    Propellant mass300–900 kg (660–1,980 lb)
    Powered by1 × 17D64[9]
    Maximum thrust2.94 kN (660 lbf)
    Specific impulse307 s (3.01 km/s)
    PropellantN2O4 / UDMH
    [edit on Wikidata]

    In its standard configuration, Soyuz-2 is a three-stage launch vehicle designed for low Earth orbit missions. Notably, its stage numbering differs from some rockets. The boosters are considered its the first stage, while the central core is the second. For higher orbits like Molniyaorgeosynchronous, an optional upper stage can be added. The most common upper stage is the Fregat, but the Volga is also an option. These upper stages have their own independent flight control and telemetry systems.

    The Soyuz-2 rocket utilizes the existing facilities as its R-7 derived predecessors, Site 31 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan and Site 43 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northwestern Russia. Additional launch locations opened at the Ensemble de Lancement Soyouz at the Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana in 2011 and the Site 1S at the Vostochny Cosmodrome in eastern Russia in 2016. However, Soyuz-2 launches from Guiana were suspended in 2022 after the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[10]

    The Soyuz-2 family has two major variants, with the Soyuz-2.1a being the base version that first launched on 8 November 2004. The Soyuz-2.1b, featuring a more powerful third stage, followed on 27 December 2006. Soyuz rockets modified to fly from Guiana are called the Soyuz ST-AorSoyuz ST-B. The derivative Soyuz-2.1v with a more powerful core stage and no boosters was introduced in December 2013.

    The Soyuz-2 has replaced the Molniya-M, Soyuz-U and Soyuz-FG since 2010, 2017 and 2019 respectively.[11][12][13] TsSKB-Progress halted production of Soyuz-U in April 2015; the final flight of a Soyuz-U rocket took place on 22 February 2017, carrying Progress MS-05 to the International Space Station (ISS).

    Variants

    edit

    Soyuz-2.1a

    edit

    The 2.1a version includes conversion from analog to digital flight control system, upgraded engines on the booster and a first stage with improved injection systems. The new digital flight control and telemetry systems allow the rocket to launch from a fixed rather than angled launch platform and adjust its heading in flight. A digital control system also enables the launch of larger commercial satellites with wider and longer payload fairings such as the ST-type fairing. These fairings introduce too much aerodynamic instability for the old analog system to handle. This stage continues to use the RD-0110 engine. The 2.1a/ST version is sometimes called Soyuz ST-A. The first launch, from Guiana, (17 December 2011 for Pléiades-HR 1A, SSOT, ELISA (4 satellites)) was a success.

    Soyuz-2.1b

    edit

    The 2.1b version adds an upgraded engine (RD-0124) which greatly increases the specific impulse of the upper stage (326 seconds to 359 seconds), and hence improves payload capability from 7 tonnes to 8.2 tonnes. First launch took place from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43 on 26 July 2008 with a classified military payload.[14] The 2.1b/ST version is sometimes called Soyuz ST-B. The first launch, from Centre Spatial Guyanais, was a success (21 October 2011), for the first two Galileo IOV satellites.

    Modifications for various launch sites

    edit

    Modifications for the Vostochny Cosmodrome version includes:[15]

    On 1 October 2015, it was announced that parts of the assembly complex for the Soyuz-2 at Vostochny Cosmodrome were designed for a different modification of the rocket and are too small, so that the planned first launch in December 2015 was under question.[20] The first launch occurred on 28 April 2016 at 02:01:21 UTC.[21]

    Notable missions

    edit

    Suborbital test flight

    edit

    On 8 November 2004, at 18:30 UTC, the first Soyuz-2 carrier rocket, in the Soyuz-2.1a configuration, was launched from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia. The rocket followed a sub-orbital trajectory, with the third stage and boilerplate payload re-entering over the Pacific Ocean.

    Maiden launch

    edit

    The first attempt at launching a Soyuz-2 to orbit, with the MetOp-A satellite, occurred on 17 July 2006. It was scrubbed two hours before the launch by an automatic sequence, after the onboard computer failed to check the launch azimuth. Fuelling of the rocket was underway at the time, and all launch complex equipment and on-board preliminary checks had proceeded without incident. The rocket was left fuelled on the launch pad, for the next attempt on 18 July 2006. Launch was eventually conducted on 19 October 2006.

    First crewed mission

    edit

    First crewed launch of Soyuz-2 took place at 9 April 2020, carrying Soyuz MS-16 to the ISS.

    Naphthyl fuel

    edit

    Following successful ground testing, a naphthyl fueled Soyuz-2.1b launch took place on 22 October 2022 at Vostochny. Naphthyl is an environmentally safe hydrocarbon fuel with fewer aromatic compounds than kerosene, that also slightly improves engine performance. There are only minor differences in thermal properties, viscosity, and surface tension, so this did not require significant engine changes.[22]

    Launch statistics

    edit

    Since 2006, Soyuz-2 rockets have accumulated a total of 177 launches, 170 of which were successful, yielding a 96% success rate.

    Launch outcomes

    edit

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    2006

    2010

    2015

    2020

    Launch sites

    edit

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    2006

    2010

    2015

    2020

    List of launches

    edit
    Main article: List of R-7 launches
    # Launch date
    Time (UTC)     		Configuration Spaceport Result Payload Remarks
    — 8 November 2004
    18:30     		Soyuz-2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Zenit-8 (boilerplate) Suborbital test flight
    01 19 October 2006
    16:28     		Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat     		Baikonur, Site 31 Success MetOp-A Weather satellite
    02 24 December 2006
    08:34     		Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Meridian 1 Military communications satellite
    03 27 December 2006
    14:28     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat     		Baikonur, Site 31 Success CoRoT Astronomy satellite
    04 26 July 2008
    18:31     		Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Success[23] Kosmos 2441 (Persona No.1) Reconnaissance satellite
    Launch was successful but satellite failed after a few months of operations due to an electrical fault.
    05 21 May 2009
    21:53     		Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Failure [24] Meridian 2 Military communications satellite
    Bulging of third-stage combustion chamber led to fuel leak and automatic deactivation; satellite in unusable orbit after failed correction attempt.
    06 17 September 2009
    15:55     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat     		Baikonur, Site 31 Success Meteor-M No.1
  • IRIS
  • Sterkh-2
  • SumbandilaSat
  • UGATUSAT
  • Universitetsky-Tatyana-2
    		•  Weather satellite
    + 6 piggyback satellites
    07 19 October 2010
    17:11     		Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat-M     		Baikonur, Site 31 Success Globalstar-2 F1 (6 satellites) Communications satellite
    08 2 November 2010
    00:59     		Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Meridian 3 Military communications satellite
    09 26 February 2011
    03:07     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2471 (GLONASS-K 11L) Navigation satellite
    10 4 May 2011
    17:41     		Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Meridian 4 Military communications satellite
    11 13 July 2011
    02:27     		Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat-M     		Baikonur, Site 31 Success Globalstar-2 F2 (6 satellites) Communications satellite
    12 2 October 2011
    20:15     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2474 (GLONASS-M 742) Navigation satellite
    13 21 October 2011
    10:30     		Soyuz ST-B
    Fregat-M     		Guiana, ELS Success [25] Galileo IOV-1/2 Navigation satellite
    First launch from Guiana Space Centre.
    14 28 November 2011
    08:25     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [26] Kosmos 2478 (GLONASS-M 746) Navigation satellite
    15 17 December 2011
    02:03     		Soyuz ST-A
    Fregat-M     		Guiana, ELS Success [27] Pléiades 1A
    SSOT
    ELISA 1/2/3/4     		Remote sensing satellite
    Earth observation satellite for Chile
    Signals intelligence satellite
    16 23 December 2011
    12:08     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Failure [28] Meridian 5 Military communications satellite
    Anomaly led to premature third-stage engine deactivation followed by an explosion which caused it to veer off course; satellite not deployed.
    17 28 December 2011
    17:09     		Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat-M     		Baikonur, Site 31 Success [29] Globalstar-2 F3 (6 satellites) Communications satellite
    18 17 September 2012
    16:28     		Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat     		Baikonur, Site 31 Success MetOp-B Weather satellite
    19 12 October 2012
    18:15     		Soyuz ST-B
    Fregat-MT     		Guiana, ELS Success [30] Galileo IOV-3/4 Navigation satellite
    20 14 November 2012
    11:42     		Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Meridian 6 Military communications satellite
    21 2 December 2012
    02:02     		Soyuz ST-A
    Fregat     		Guiana, ELS Success [31] Pléiades 1B Remote sensing satellite
    22 6 February 2013
    16:04:24     		Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat-M     		Baikonur, Site 31 Success Globalstar-2 F4 (6 satellites) Communications satellite
    23 19 April 2013
    10:00:00     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success Bion-M No.1
    • Aist 2
  • Beesat 2/3
  • Dove-2
  • OSSI-1
  • SOMP
    		•  Biological science satellite
    + 5 piggyback satellites
    24 26 April 2013
    05:23:46     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [32] Kosmos 2485 (GLONASS-M 747) Navigation satellite
    25 7 June 2013
    18:37:59     		Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Success[33] Kosmos 2486 (Persona No.2) Reconnaissance satellite
    26 25 June 2013
    17:28:48     		Soyuz-2.1b Baikonur, Site 31 Success [34] Resurs-P No.1 Earth observation satellite
    27 25 June 2013
    19:27:03     		Soyuz ST-B
    Fregat-MT     		Guiana, ELS Success [35] O3b-1/2/3/4 Communications satellites
    28 19 December 2013
    09:12:19     		Soyuz ST-B
    Fregat-MT     		Guiana, ELS Success [36] Gaia Space telescope
    29 28 December 2013
    12:30     		Soyuz-2.1v
    Volga     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [citation needed] Aist 1, SKRL-756 #1/2 Maiden flight of Soyuz-2.1v
    30 23 March 2014
    22:54:03     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [37] Kosmos 2494 (GLONASS-M 754) Navigation satellite
    31 3 April 2014
    21:02:26     		Soyuz ST-A
    Fregat-M     		Guiana, ELS Success [38] Sentinel-1A Earth observation satellite
    32 6 May 2014
    13:49:35     		Soyuz-2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [39] Kosmos 2495 (Kobalt-M) Reconnaissance satellite
    33 14 June 2014
    17:16:48     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [40] Kosmos 2500 (GLONASS-M 755) Navigation satellite
    34 8 July 2014
    15:58:28     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Baikonur, Site 31 Success [41] Meteor-M No.2
    • AISSat-2
  • DX-1
  • Relek (MKA-FKI (PN2))
  • SkySat 2
  • TechDemoSat-1
  • UKube-1
    		•  Weather satellite
    + 6 piggyback satellites
    35 10 July 2014
    18:55:56     		Soyuz ST-B
    Fregat-MT     		Guiana, ELS Success [42] O3b-5/6/7/8 Communications satellites
    36 18 July 2014
    20:50:00     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur,
    Site 31     		Success Foton-M No.4 Microgravity and biology research satellite
    37 22 August 2014
    12:27:11     		Soyuz ST-B
    Fregat-MT     		Guiana, ELS Partial success [43] Galileo FOC-1/2 Navigation satellite
    Fregat upper stage guidance problem left the satellites in an incorrect elliptical orbit. Traced to a flaw in the Fregat thermal design with a heat bridge from the coolant line to fuel line causing freezing of fuel line.
    38 29 October 2014
    07:09:43     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success Progress M-25M ISS cargo spacecraft. This was the first time Soyuz 2.1a rocket was used for an ISS mission launch.
    39 30 October 2014
    01:42:52     		Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Meridian 7 Military communications satellite
    40 30 November 2014
    21:52:26     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2501 (GLONASS-K 12L) Navigation satellite
    41 18 December 2014
    18:37:00     		Soyuz ST-B
    Fregat-MT     		Guiana, ELS Success O3b-9/10/11/12 Communications satellite
    Although the mission successfully placed the O3b constellation into the correct orbit, the telemetry system ceased to send telemetry data to ground controllers moments before third Fregat burn. Mission control afterwards directly relied to the satellites to confirm their condition and their position.[44]
    42 25 December 2014
    03:01:13     		Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2502 (Lotos-S1 No.1) ELINT
    43 26 December 2014
    18:55:50     		Soyuz-2.1b Baikonur, Site 31 Success Resurs-P No.2 Earth observation satellite
    44 27 February 2015
    11:01:35     		Soyuz-2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2503 (Bars-M 1L) Reconnaissance
    45 27 March 2015
    21:46:18     		Soyuz ST-B
    Fregat-MT     		Guiana, ELS Success Galileo FOC-3/4 Navigation
    46 28 April 2015
    07:09:50     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Failure Progress M-27M ISS logistics
    Spacecraft lost communications and attitude control soon after separation after damaged by vibration issues during launch.[45] International Space Station docking attempt cancelled.[46] Mission declared a total loss.[47]
    47 5 June 2015
    15:23:54     		Soyuz-2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2505 (Kobalt-M) Reconnaissance
    48 23 June 2015
    16:44:00     		Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2506 (Persona No.3) Reconnaissance
    49 11 September 2015
    02:08:10     		Soyuz ST-B
    Fregat-MT     		Guiana, ELS Success[48] Galileo FOC-5/6 Navigation
    50 17 November 2015
    06:33:41     		Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2510
    (EKS)     		Missile early warning
    51 5 December 2015
    14:09:00     		Soyuz-2.1v
    Volga     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Partial success [49] Kanopus-ST 1 (Kosmos 2511)
    KYuA 1 (Kosmos 2512)     		Earth observation
    Radar calibration
    Soyuz-2.1v booster performed properly, however Kanopus-ST 1 satellite failed to detach from the satellite carrier atop the Volga upper stage. The KYuA-1 radar calibration sphere was mounted in the side of the satellite carrier and was able to successfully deploy.
    52 17 December 2015
    11:51:56     		Soyuz ST-B
    Fregat-MT     		Guiana, ELS Success [50] Galileo FOC-8/9 Navigation
    53 21 December 2015
    08:44:39     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success Progress MS-01 ISS logistics
    54 7 February 2016
    00:21:07     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2514 (GLONASS-M 751) Navigation
    55 13 March 2016
    18:56:00     		Soyuz-2.1b Baikonur, Site 31 Success Resurs-P No.3 Earth observation
    56 24 March 2016
    09:42     		Soyuz-2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2515 (Bars-M 2L) Reconnaissance
    57 31 March 2016
    16:23:57     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success Progress MS-02 ISS logistics
    58 25 April 2016
    21:02:13     		Soyuz ST-A
    Fregat-M     		Guiana, ELS Success [51] Sentinel-1B[52]
    MICROSCOPE[53]
  • e-st@r-II
  • OUFTI 1
    		•  Earth observation
    Astrophysics research
    Technology
    59 28 April 2016
    02:01:21     		Soyuz-2.1a
    Volga     		Vostochny, Site 1S Success [21] Mikhailo Lomonosov [54]
  • SamSat 218
    		•  Gamma-ray astronomy
    Technology demonstrations
    60 24 May 2016
    08:48:43     		Soyuz ST-B
    Fregat-MT     		Guiana, ELS Success [56] Galileo FOC-10/11 Navigation
    61 29 May 2016
    08:44:37     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [57] Kosmos 2516 (GLONASS-M 760) Navigation
    Third stage shut down prematurely during the launch. Fregat upper stage detected the problem and compensated with an extended firing, delivering the satellite to the correct orbit.[58]
    62 28 January 2017
    01:03:34     		Soyuz ST-B
    Fregat-MT     		Guiana, ELS Success [59] Hispasat 36W-1 a.k.a. Hispasat AG1
    Small GEO     		Communications
    63 18 May 2017
    11:54:53     		Soyuz ST-A
    Fregat-M     		Guiana, ELS Success [60] SES-15[61] Communications
    64 25 May 2017
    06:33     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [62] EKS-2 Missile early warning
    65 14 June 2017
    09:20     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success Progress MS-06 ISS logistics
    66 23 June 2017
    18:04     		Soyuz-2.1v
    Volga     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [63] Kosmos 2519 Military satellite, possibly geodesy project Nivelir-ZU
    67 14 July 2017
    06:36:49     		Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat-M     		Baikonur, Site 31 Partial success Kanopus-V-IK
    Many cubesats     		Earth observation
    Heliophysics
    At least 9 of the 72 cubesats were reported to have failed, possibly due to an issue with the Fregat upper stage.[64] Glavkosmos, the cubesat launch provider, has later confirmed upper stage anomaly.[65]
    68 22 September 2017
    00:02:32     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2522 (GLONASS-M 752) Navigation
    69 14 October 2017
    08:46:53     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success Progress MS-07 ISS logistics
    70 28 November 2017
    05:41:46     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Vostochny, Site 1S[66] Failure [67] Meteor-M No.2-1
    Ionosfera
    Baumanets
    Several cubesats     		Weather
    Ionospheric research
    The orbital insertion burn was conducted while upper stage was oriented in the wrong direction sending it back in to the atmosphere. Roscosmos investigation found 20 years earlier Baikonur co-ordinates had mistakenly been hardcoded in a Fregat subroutine, and the mistake only manifested itself for the first time due to launching from Vostochny. The Russian Government and independent experts however consider the conclusion as a way of escaping individual blame.[68]
    71 2 December 2017
    10:43:26     		Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [69] Kosmos 2524 (Lotos S1 No.2) ELINT
    72 1 February 2018
    02:07:18 [70]     		Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat-M     		Vostochny, Site 1S[66] Success [71][72] Kanopus-V No.3, No.4
    Lemur-2 74, 75, 76, 77
    S-Net 1, 2, 3, 4
    D-Star One v.1.1 [73]     		Earth observation
    Technology demonstrations
    73 13 February 2018
    08:13:33     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success [74] Progress MS-08 ISS logistics
    74 9 March 2018
    17:10:06     		Soyuz ST-B
    Fregat-MT     		Guiana, ELS Success O3b-13/14/15/16 Communications
    75 28 March 2018
    17:38:42     		Soyuz-2.1v Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [75] Kosmos 2525 (EMKA) Military satellite
    76 16 June 2018
    21:30     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2527 (GLONASS-M 756) Navigation
    77 9 July 2018
    21:51     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success[76] Progress MS-09 ISS logistics
    78 25 October 2018
    00:15     		Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [77] Kosmos 2528 (Lotos-S1 No.3) ELINT
    79 3 November 2018
    20:17     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Success[78] Kosmos 2529 (GLONASS-M 757) Navigation
    80 7 November 2018
    00:47:27     		Soyuz ST-B
    Fregat-M     		Guiana, ELS Success MetOp-C Weather
    81 19 December 2018
    13:37     		Soyuz ST-A
    Fregat-M     		Guiana, ELS Success [79] CSO 1 Reconnaissance
    for the French Armed Forces
    82 27 December 2018
    02:07     		Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat-M     		Vostochny, Site 1S Success [79] Kanopus-V No.5 and Kanopus-V No.6
    Dove Flock-w × 12     		Earth observation satellites.
    83 21 February 2019
    19:47     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Baikonur, Site 31 Success [80] EgyptSat A Earth observation
    84 27 February 2019
    21:37     		Soyuz ST-B
    Fregat-MT     		Guiana, ELS Success [81] OneWeb-1 (6 satellites) + mockups × 4
    (pilot flight) [82]     		Communications
    85 4 April 2019
    11:01     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success [83] Progress MS-11 ISS logistics
    86 4 April 2019
    17:03:37     		Soyuz ST-B
    Fregat-MT     		ELS
    Guiana     		Success O3b (x4) Low Earth orbit communication satellites
    87 27 May 2019
    09:23     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [84] GLONASS-M 758 Navigation. A lightning struck the rocket 14 seconds after start, without affecting its performance.[84]
    88 5 July 2019
    05:41     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Vostochny, Site 1S Success [85] Meteor-M No.2-2 Microsputnik Weather
    89 10 July 2019
    17:14 [86]     		Soyuz-2.1v
    Volga     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Success 14F150 No.2 / Nivelir-L [87] Geodesy
    Launch of four classified military satellites, designated Kosmos 2535–2538, speculated to be part of the Nivelir series of Russian surveillance satellites.
    90 30 July 2019
    05:56     		Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Success[88] Meridian 8 Communications
    91 31 July 2019
    12:10     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success [89] Progress MS-12 ISS logistics
    92 22 August 2019
    03:38     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success [90] Soyuz MS-14 (uncrewed flight test) ISS crew transport
    93 26 September 2019
    07:46     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [91] Kosmos 2541 Military reconnaissance
    94 25 November 2019
    17:52     		Soyuz-2.1v
    Volga     		Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success [92] Kosmos 2542 Satellite inspection [93]
    95 6 December 2019
    09:34     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-13 / 74P ISS logistics
    96 11 December 2019 Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success GLONASS-M 759 Navigation
    97 18 December 2019 Soyuz ST-A
    Fregat-MT     		Guiana, ELS Success CHEOPS
    COSMO-SkyMed (CSG 1)
    OPS-SAT     		Space telescope
    Earth observation (radar)
    Technical demonstration
    98 6 February 2020
    21:42:41     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success OneWeb-2 (34 satellites)
    (Baikonur flight 1)[82]     		Communications
    99 20 February 2020
    08:24:54     		Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success Meridian M-9 (19L) Military comsat[94]
    100 16 March 2020
    18:28:00     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success [67] GLONASS-M No.760
    (Kosmos 2545)     		Navigation
    101 21 March 2020
    17:06:58     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success [67][95] OneWeb-3 (34 satellites)
    (Baikonur flight 2)     		Communications
    102 9 April 2020
    08:05:06     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success[67] Soyuz MS-16 ISS crew transport
    103 25 April 2020
    01:51:41     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success [96] Progress MS-14 ISS logistics
    104 22 May 2020
    06:45[97]     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Success EKS-4 (Tundra 14L)[98] Early warning
    105 23 July 2020
    14:26:22     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-15 ISS logistics
    106 28 September 2020
    11:20:00     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Gonets-M (17/18/19)
    GEN-1 (Antilles and Amidala) (Canada), Lemur-2 (4) (United States), MeznSat (United Arab Emirates), SALSAT (Germany), NetSat-1 to 4 (Germany), ICEYE-X6 and X7 (Finland), LacunaSat-3 (Lithuania), Yarilo-1 and 2 (Russia), Norbi (Russia) and Dekart (Descartes) (Russia) [99]     		Communications
    107 14 October 2020
    05:45:04 [100]     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-17 ISS crew transport
    108 25 October 2020
    19:08:42 [101]     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2547 (GLONASS-K 15L) Navigation
    109 2 December 2020
    01:33:28 [102]     		Soyuz ST-A
    Fregat-M     		Guiana, ELS Success FalconEye 2 Reconnaissance
    110 3 December 2020
    01:14 [103]     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat     		Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success Gonets-M 20/21/22
    ERA-1 (Kosmos-2548) (nanosatellite)     		Communication
    Technology - Russian Ministry of Defense
    111 18 December 2020
    12:26:26 [104]     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat     		Vostochny, Site 1S Success OneWeb-4 (36 satellites)
    (Vostochny flight 1)     		Communications
    112 20 December 2020
    16:42:07 [105]     		Soyuz ST-A
    Fregat-M     		Guiana, ELS Success CSO-2 Reconnaissance
    113 2 February 2021
    20:45:28 [106]     		Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2549 (Lotos-S1 No.4) ELINT
    114 15 February 2021
    04:45:05 [107]     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-16 ISS logistics
    115 28 February 2021
    06:55:01 [108]     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Arktika-M No.1 Weather satellite
    116 22 March 2021
    06:07:12 [109]     		Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat-M     		Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success CAS500-1
    A cluster of secondary commercial payloads (+37 satellites).     		Earth observation
    117 25 March 2021
    02:47:33[110]     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat     		Vostochny, Site 1S Success OneWeb-5 (36 satellites)
    (Vostochny flight 2)     		Communications
    118 9 April 2021
    07:42:40[111]     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-18 ISS crew transport
    119 25 April 2021
    22:14:08[112]     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat     		Vostochny, Site 1S Success OneWeb-6 (36 satellites)
    (Vostochny flight 3)     		Communications
    120 28 May 2021
    17:38:39[113]     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat     		Vostochny, Site 1S Success OneWeb-7 (36 satellites)
    (Vostochny flight 4)     		Communications
    121 25 June 2021
    19:50:00[114]     		Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2550 (Pion-NKS No.1) SIGINT
    122 29 June 2021
    23:27:20[115]     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-17 ISS logistics
    123 1 July 2021
    12:48:33[116]     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat     		Vostochny, Site 1S Success OneWeb-8 (36 satellites)
    (Vostochny flight 5)     		Communications
    124 21 August 2021
    22:13:40[117]     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat     		Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success OneWeb-9 (34 satellites)
    (Baikonur flight 3)     		Communications
    125 9 September 2021
    19:59:47[118]     		Soyuz-2.1v Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2551 (EMKA No.2) Reconnaissance
    126 14 September 2021
    18:07:19[119]     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat     		Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success OneWeb-10 (34 satellites)
    (Baikonur flight 4)     		Communications
    127 5 October 2021
    08:55:02[120]     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-19 ISS crew transport
    128 14 October 2021
    09:40:10[121]     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat     		Vostochny, Site 1S Success OneWeb (36 satellites)
    (Vostochny flight 6)     		Communications
    129 28 October 2021
    00:00:32[122]     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-18 ISS logistics
    130 24 November 2021
    13:06:35[123]     		Soyuz-2.1b Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Prichal ISS assembly
    131 25 November 2021
    01:09:13[124]     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat     		Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2552 (EKS-5, Tundra 15L) Early warning
    132 5 December 2021
    00:19:20[125]     		Soyuz ST-B
    Fregat-MT     		Guyana, ELS Success Galileo FOC FM23
    Galileo FOC FM24     		Navigation
    133 8 December 2021
    07:38:15[126]     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-20 ISS crew transport and space tourism
    134 27 December 2021
    13:10:37[127]     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat     		Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success OneWeb (36 satellites)
    (Baikonur flight 5)     		Communications
    135 5 February 2022
    07:00:00[128]     		Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat     		Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Neitron №1 Reconnaissance
    136 10 February 2022
    18:09:37[129]     		Soyuz ST-B
    Fregat-MT     		Guyana, ELS Success OneWeb (34 satellites) Communications
    137 15 February 2022
    04:25:39[130]     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-19 ISS logistics
    138 18 March 2022
    15:55:18[131]     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-21 ISS crew transport
    139 22 March 2022
    12:48:22[132]     		Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat     		Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Meridian-M 10 (20L) Military communications
    140 7 April 2022
    11:20:18[133]     		Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success Kosmos 2554 (Lotos-S1 No.5) ELINT
    141 19 May 2022
    08:03:32[134]     		Soyuz-2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2556 (Bars-M 3L) Reconnaissance
    142 3 June 2022
    09:32:16[135]     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-20 ISS logistics
    143 7 July 2022
    09:18:06[136]     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2557 (GLONASS-K 16L) Navigation
    144 1 August 2022
    20:25:48[137]     		Soyuz-2.1v
    Volga     		Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2558 (Nivelir No.3) Surveillance
    145 9 August 2022
    05:52:38[138]     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Khayyam
    16 rideshare cubesats     		Earth observation
    146 21 September 2022
    13:54:49[139]     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-22 ISS crew transport
    147 10 October 2022
    02:52:32[140]     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success Kosmos 2559 (GLONASS-K 17L) Navigation
    148 21 October 2022
    19:20:15[141]     		Soyuz-2.1v
    Volga     		Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2561 & Kosmos 2562 Surveillance
    149 22 October 2022
    19:57:09[142]     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Vostochny, Site 1S Success Gonets-M 23/24/25 (33L/34L/35L), Skif-D Communications
    150 26 October 2022
    00:20:09[143]     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-21 ISS logistics
    151 2 November 2022
    06:47:48[144]     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2563 (EKS-6, Tundra 16L) Early warning
    152 28 November 2022
    15:13:50[145]     		Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success Kosmos 2564 (GLONASS-M 761) Navigation
    153 30 November 2022
    21:10:25[146]     		Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2565 (Lotos-S1 No.6)
    Kosmos 2566     		ELINT
    154 9 February 2023
    06:15:36[147]     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-22 ISS logistics
    155 24 February 2023
    00:24:29[148]     		Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-23 ISS crew transport
    156 23 March 2023
    06:40:11[149]     		Soyuz-2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success Kosmos 2567 (Bars-M 4L) Reconnaissance
    157 29 March 2023 19:57:02[150] Soyuz-2.1v Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2568 (EO MKA №4) Reconnaissance
    158 24 May 2023 12:56:07[151] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-23 ISS logistics
    159 26 May 2023 21:14:51[152] Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat-M     		Vostochny, Site 1S Success Kondor-FKA No.1 Reconnaissance
    160 27 June 2023 11:34:49[153] Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Vostochny, Site 1S Success Meteor-M No.2-3
    42 rideshare satellites     		Weather
    Various uses
    161 7 August 2023 13:19:25[154] Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success Kosmos 2569 (GLONASS-K2 13L) Navigation
    162 10 August 2023 23:10:57[155] Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Vostochny, Site 1S Success Luna 25 (Luna-Glob lander) Lunar exploration
    163 23 August 2023 01:08:10[156] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-24 ISS logistics
    164 15 September 2023 15:44:35[157] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-24 ISS crew transport
    165 27 October 2023 06:04:43[158] Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success Kosmos 2570 (Lotos-S1 No.7)
    Kosmos 2571     		ELINT
    166 25 November 2023 20:58:06[159] Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2572 (Razdan 1) Reconnaissance
    167 1 December 2023 09:25:11[160] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-25 ISS logistics
    168 16 December 2023 09:17:48[161] Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Arktika-M No.2 Meteorology
    169 21 December 2023 08:48:39[162] Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2573 (Bars-M 5L) Reconnaissance
    170 27 December 2023 07:03:44[163] Soyuz-2.1v Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2574 (Razbeg No.1) Reconnaissance
    171 9 February 2024 07:03:44[164] Soyuz-2.1v Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2575 (Razbeg No.2) Reconnaissance
    172 15 February 2024 03:25:05[165] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-26 ISS logistics
    173 29 February 2024 05:43:26[166] Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Vostochny, Site 1S Success Meteor-M No.2-4
    18 rideshare satellites     		Weather
    Various uses
    174 23 March 2024 12:36:10[167] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-25 ISS crew transport
    175 31 March 2024 09:36:45[168] Soyuz-2.1b Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Resurs-P No.4 Earth observation
    176 16 May 2024 21:21:29[169] Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2576 (Nivelir-L №4)
    9 rideshare satellites     		Reconnaissance
    Various uses
    177 30 May 2024 09:42:59[170] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-27 ISS logistics

    Planned launches

    edit
    Launch date
    Time (UTC)     		Configuration Spaceport Result Payload Function Remark
    June 2024[171] Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat-M     		Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Kondor-FKA No.2 Reconnaissance
    June 2024 Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat-M     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Planned GLONASS-K 18 Navigation
    Q2 2024[172] Soyuz-2.1a Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Obzor-R №1 Earth observation
    15 August 2024[173] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-28 ISS logistics
    1 September 2024[174] Soyuz-2.1b Baikonur, Site 31/6 Planned Bion-M No.2 Biological science
    11 September 2024[175] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Planned Soyuz MS-26 ISS crew transport
    5 November 2024[176] Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat     		Vostochny, Site 1S Scheduled Ionosfera-M1
    Ionosfera-M2     		Ionospheric research
    21 November 2024[173] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-29 ISS logistics
    2024[171] Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat     		Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Ionosfera-M3
    Ionosfera-M4     		Ionospheric research
    2024[177] Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat     		Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Meteor-M No.2-5 Weather
    2024[178] Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Planned GLONASS-K2 No.2 (2xx) Navigation
    2024[179] Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Planned Meridian-M 11 (21L) Communications
    February 2025[173] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-30 ISS logistics
    March 2025[175] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Planned Soyuz MS-27 ISS crew transport
    May 2025[173] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-31 ISS logistics
    August 2025[173] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-32 ISS logistics
    September 2025[175] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Planned Soyuz MS-28 ISS crew transport
    October 2025[173] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-33 ISS logistics
    2025[180] Soyuz-2.1b Baikonur, Site 31 Planned Resurs-P No.5 Earth observation
    2025[171] Soyuz-2.1b Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Resurs-PM №1 Earth observation
    2025[181][182] Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat     		Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Kondor-FKA-M No.1 Reconnaissance
    2025[177] Soyuz-2.1a
    Fregat     		Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Meteor-M No.2-6 Weather
    2025[171] Soyuz-2.1b Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Resurs-PM №2 Earth observation
    February 2026[173] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-34 ISS logistics
    March 2026[175] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Planned Soyuz MS-29 ISS crew transport
    May 2026[173] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-35 ISS logistics
    August 2026[173] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-36 ISS logistics
    September 2026[175] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Planned Soyuz MS-30 ISS crew transport
    October 2026[173] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-37 ISS logistics
    2027[183] Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat     		Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Luna 26 Lunar orbiter
    Soyuz-2.1b
    Fregat     		Plesetsk, Site 43 Planned GLONASS-K 19–23 Navigation

    See also

    edit

    Notes

    edit
    1. ^ 200 km (120 mi) circular LEO 51.8° inclination from Baikonur
  • ^ 820 km (510 mi) SSO with Fregat from Guiana
  • ^ 1,500 m/s (4,900 ft/s) Delta-V deficit GTO with Fregat from Guiana
  • ^ with Fregat from Baikonur
  • ^ with with Fregat from Guiana

    • References

    edit
    1. ^ "Russian launch service provider reveals cost of Soyuz-2.1 rocket launch". Russian Aviation. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  • ^ "The Soyuz-2 rocket series". Russian Space Web. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  • ^ Office, U. S. Government Accountability. "Surplus Missile Motors: Sale Price Drives Potential Effects on DOD and Commercial Launch Providers". www.gao.gov. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
  • ^ a b "SOYUZ-2 Launch Vehicle/Power Characteristics". Progress State Research and Production Rocket Space Center. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  • ^ a b "SOYUZ-ST Launch Vehicle / Power Characteristics". Progress State Research and Production Rocket Space Center. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  • ^ a b "The Soyuz-2 rocket series". Russianspaceweb.
  • ^ Конструкция разгонного блока "Фрегат" (in Russian). NPO Lavochkin. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  • ^ "Volga upper stage". russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  • ^ "Soyuz 2-1 launches maiden mission from Vostochny | NASASpaceFlight.com". nasaspaceflight.com. 27 April 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  • ^ Berger, Eric (26 February 2022). "Russia pulls out of European spaceport, abandoning a planned launch". Ars Technica. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  • ^ Zak, Anatoly (30 September 2010). "Last launch of the Molniya-M on 30 September 2010". RussianSpaceWeb.com.
  • ^ Zak, Anatoly (1 June 2011). "Soyuz-2 to replace its predecessors". RussianSpaceWeb.com.
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  • ^ "В НПО машиностроения сообщили о продолжении разработки спутника "Кондор-ФКА-М"" [NPO Mashinostroeniya announced the continuation of the development of the "Kondor-FKA-M" satellite]. TASS (in Russian). 27 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
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