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Voiced alveolar fricative





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The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.

  • The IPA symbol for the alveolar non-sibilant fricative is derived by means of diacritics; it can be ⟨ð̠⟩ or ⟨ɹ̝⟩.
    • Voiced coronal fricatives
    Dental Denti-
    alveolar         		Alveolar Post-alveolar
    Retracted Retroflex Palato-
    alveolar         		Alveolo-
    palatal
    Sibilant plain z̪ z̟ z͇ z̠ ʐ ʒ ʑ
    Non-sibilant ð ð͇ ɻ̝
    tapped ɾ̞
    Coronal sibilants
    IPA
    symbol     		meaning
    place
    of articulation         		passive
    (mouth)         		⟨z̪⟩ dental
    ⟨z̟⟩ advanced
    (denti-alveolar)
    ⟨z͇⟩ alveolar
    ⟨z̠⟩ retracted
    (postalveolar)
    active
    (tongue)         		⟨z̺⟩ apical
    ⟨z̻⟩ laminal
    ⟨ʐ⟩ retroflex
    secondary ⟨zʲ⟩ palatalized coronal
    ⟨ʑ⟩ alveolo-palatal
    ⟨ʒ⟩ palato-alveolar
    ⟨zʷ⟩ labialized coronal
    ⟨zˠ⟩ velarized coronal
    ⟨zˤ⟩ pharyngealized coronal
    voice-onset time ⟨zʱ⟩ breathy coronal

    Voiced alveolar sibilant

    edit
    Voiced alveolar fricative
    z
    IPA Number133
    Audio sample

    source · help

    Encoding
    Entity (decimal)z
    Unicode (hex)U+007A
    X-SAMPAz
    Braille 
    Voiced laminal dentalized alveolar sibilant
    z̪
    Voiced laminal predorsal alveolar sibilant
    z̟
    Voiced alveolar retracted sibilant
    z̠
    zᶾ
    Encoding
    Entity (decimal)z​̺
    Unicode (hex)U+007A U+033A

    The voiced alveolar sibilant is common across European languages, but is relatively uncommon cross-linguistically compared to the voiceless variant. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of [z] are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia.

    Features

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    Occurrence

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    Dentalized laminal alveolar

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    Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
    Armenian Eastern[2] զարդ/zart [z̪ɑɾt̪ʰ]ⓘ 'decoration'
    Azerbaijani[3] zoğ [z̪ɔʁ] 'sprout'
    Belarusian[4] база/baza [ˈbäz̪ä] 'base' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
    Bulgarian[5] езеро/ezero [ˈɛz̪ɛro] 'lake' Contrasts with palatalized form.
    Czech[6] zima [ˈz̪ɪmä] 'winter' See Czech phonology
    English Multicultural London[7] zoo [z̪ʏˑy̯] 'zoo' See English phonology
    French[8][9] zèbre [z̪ɛbʁ] 'zebra' See French phonology
    Hungarian[10] zálog [ˈz̪äːl̪oɡ] 'pledge' See Hungarian phonology
    Kashubian[11] [example needed]
    Kazakh[12] заң/zań [z̪ɑŋ] 'law'
    Kyrgyz[13] заң/zań
    Latvian[14] zars [z̪ärs̪] 'branch' See Latvian phonology
    Macedonian[15] зошто/zošto [ˈz̪ɔʃt̪ɔ] 'why' See Macedonian phonology
    Mirandese daprendizaige [d̪əpɾẽd̪iˈz̪ajʒ(ɯ̽)] 'learning' Contrasts seven sibilants altogether, preserving medieval Ibero-Romance contrasts.
    Polish[1][16] zero [ˈz̪ɛrɔ]ⓘ 'zero' See Polish phonology
    Portuguese Most speakers Estados Unidos [isˈt̪ad̪uz̪‿ʉˈnid͡zᶶ(ˢ)] 'United States' See Portuguese phonology
    Romanian[17] zar [z̪är] 'dice' See Romanian phonology
    Russian[18] заезжать / zaězžať [z̪əɪˈʑʑætʲ]ⓘ 'to pick up' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology
    Serbo-Croatian[19][20] зајам / zajam [z̪ǎːjäm] 'loan' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
    Slovak zima [ˈz̪imä] 'winter'
    Slovene[21] zima [ˈz̪ìːmá] 'winter'
    Turkish[8][22] göz [ɟø̞̈z̪] 'eye' See Turkish phonology
    Ukrainian[23] зуб/zub [z̪ub] 'tooth' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology
    Upper Sorbian[24] koza [ˈkɔz̪ä] 'goat'
    Uzbek[25] zafar 'victory'
    Vietnamese Hanoi[26] da [z̪äː] 'skin' See Vietnamese phonology

    Non-retracted alveolar

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    Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
    Adyghe зы [ˈzə]ⓘ 'one'
    Albanian zjarr [zjar] 'fire'
    Arabic Standard[27] زائِر [ˈzaːʔir] 'visitor' See Arabic phonology
    Assamese জলকীয়া [zɔlɔkija] 'chili'
    Assyrian ܙܢ̱ܓܐ zìga [ziɡa] 'bell'
    Bengali নামাজ [namaz] 'Salah' Mostly in loanwords and often replaced by [dʒ]. See Bengali phonology
    Breton iliz [iliz] 'church'
    Chechen зурма / zurma [zuɾma] 'music'
    Dutch[28][29] zaad [z̻aːt̻] 'seed' Laminal; may have only mid-to-low pitched friction in the Netherlands.[28][29] See Dutch phonology
    Emilian Bolognese raṡån [raːz̺ʌŋ] 'reason' Palatalized apical; may be [ʐ]or[ʒ] instead.
    English zoo [zuː]ⓘ 'zoo' Absent from some Scottish and Asian dialects. See English phonology
    Esperanto kuzo [ˈkuzo] 'cousin' See Esperanto phonology
    Georgian[30] ზარი [ˈzɑɾi] 'bell'
    Greek Athens dialect[31] ζάλη / záli [ˈz̻ali] 'dizziness' See Modern Greek phonology
    Hebrew זאב [zeˈʔev] 'wolf' See Modern Hebrew phonology
    Hindustani Hindi ज़मीन [zəmiːn] 'land' May be replaced in Hindi by [dʒ]. See Hindustani phonology
    Urdu زمین
    Japanese[32] 全部 / zenbu [zembɯ] 'everything' See Japanese phonology
    Kabardian зы [ˈzə]ⓘ 'one'
    Kalaw Lagaw Ya zilamiz [zilʌmiz] 'go'
    Kashmiri ज़ानुन / زانُن [zaːnun] 'to know'
    Khmer បែលហ្ស៊ិក / bêlhsĭk [ɓaelzɨk] noun: 'Belgium', 'Belgian(s)'
    adjective: 'Belgian'    		 See Khmer phonology
    Konda[33][34] sunz [sunz] 'to sleep'
    Malay beza [bezə] 'difference'
    Maltese żelu [zelu] 'zeal'
    Marathi जर [zər] 'if' See Marathi phonology.
    Occitan Limousin jòune [ˈzɒwne] 'young' See Occitan phonology
    Persian روز [ɾuːz] 'day'
    Portuguese[35] casa [ˈkazɐ] 'house' See Portuguese phonology
    Punjabi Gurmukhi ਹਜ਼ਾਰ [həˈzaːr] 'thousand' May be replaced by [dʒ]inGurmukhi (Indian) varieties.
    Shahmukhi ہزار
    Spanish Andalusian comunismo [ko̞muˈnizmo̞] 'Communism' Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants, when it is not debuccalizedto[h ~ ɦ]. Present in dialects which realize /s/ as a non-retracted alveolar fricative. Before /d/ it is dental [z̪].
    Latin American
    Filipino
    Swahili lazima [lɑzimɑ] 'must'
    Tamil Jaffna Tamil கடுதாசி [kɐɖuðaːzi] 'letter' Was only reported for 1 speaker in the sample but he pronounced it regularly.[36]
    West Frisian[37] sizze [ˈsɪzə] 'to say' It never occurs in word-initial positions. See West Frisian phonology
    Yi ꍂ / ssy [zɹ̩˧] 'generation'
    Yiddish זון / zien [zin] 'son'
    Zapotec Tilquiapan[38] guanaz [ɡʷanaz] 'went to grab'

    Retracted alveolar

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    Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
    Catalan[39][40] zel [ˈz̺ɛɫ] 'zeal' Apical. See Catalan phonology
    Galician mesmo [ˈme̞z̺mo̞] 'same' Apical. Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants. Before /d/ it is pronounced dentally [z̪].
    Greek[41] μάζα / máza [ˈmɐz̠ɐ] 'mass' See Modern Greek phonology
    Italian Central Italy[42] caso [ˈkäːz̠o] 'case' Present in Lazio north of Cape Linaro,[42] most of Umbria[42] (save Perugia and the extreme south)[42] and Le Marche south of the Potenza.[42]
    Northern Italy[43][44] Apical.[45] Present in many areas north of the La Spezia–Rimini Line.[46][47] See Italian phonology
    Sicily[42] Present south and west of a line drawn from SyracusetoCefalù.[42]
    Low German[48] [example needed]
    Maldivian zaraafaa [z̺aˈraːfaː] 'giraffe'
    Mirandese eisistir [e̞jz̺is̺ˈtiɾ] 'to exist' Apical. Mirandese and neighboring Portuguese dialects were the only surviving oral tradition to preserve all seven mediaeval Ibero-Romance sibilants: ⟨ch⟩ /tʃ/, ⟨x⟩ /ʃ/, ⟨g⟩/⟨j⟩ /ʒ/, ⟨c⟩/⟨ç⟩ /s̪/, ⟨z⟩ /z̪/, ⟨s⟩/-⟨ss⟩- /s̺/, -⟨s⟩- /z̺/
    Occitan Gascon casèrna [kaz̺ɛrno] 'barracks' See Occitan phonology
    Languedocien véser [bez̺e] 'to see'
    Piedmontese amis [aˈmiz̠] 'friend' Apical. See Piemontese phonology
    Portuguese Coastal Northern European [example needed] Merges with non-retracted /z/. See Portuguese phonology
    Inland Northern European [example needed] Apical. Contrasts with non-retracted /z/. See Portuguese phonology
    Spanish Andean mismo [ˈmiz̺mo̞] 'same' Apical. Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants. Before /d/ it is pronounced dentally [z̪]. See Spanish phonology
    Castilian
    Paisa Region

    Variable

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    Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
    German Standard[49] sauber [ˈzäʊ̯bɐ] 'clean' Varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.[49] See Standard German phonology
    Italian Standard[50] caso [ˈkäːzo] 'case' Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.[50] See Italian phonology
    Ticino[45] Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.[51] Both variants may be labiodentalized.[45] See Italian phonology

    Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative

    edit
    Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
    ð̠
    ð͇
    ɹ̝
    d̞
    Audio sample

    source · help

    Encoding
    Entity (decimal)ð​̠
    Unicode (hex)U+00F0 U+0320
    Voiced alveolar tapped fricative
    ɾ̞
    ɹ̝̆
    IPA Number124 430
    Audio sample

    source · help

    The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized), it can represent the sound as in a number of ways including ⟨ð̠⟩ or ⟨ð͇⟩ (retracted or alveolarized [ð], respectively), ⟨ɹ̝⟩ (constricted [ɹ]), or ⟨d̞⟩ (lowered [d]).

    Few languages also have the voiced alveolar tapped fricative, which is simply a very brief apical alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. It can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show that full occlusion does not occur. Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested.[52]

    Features

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    Occurrence

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    Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
    Aragonese Chistabino[53] aire [ˈäi̯ɾ̞e̞] 'air' Tapped; common realization of /ɾ/.[53]
    Czech[54] čtyři [ˈt͡ʃtɪɹ̝ɪ] 'four' May be a fricative trill[54] or a tap fricative instead.[55] It contrasts with /r/ and /ʒ/. See Czech phonology
    Dahalo[56] [káð̠i] 'work' Apical; only weakly fricated. It is a common intervocalic allophone of /d̠/, and may be an approximant [ð̠˕] or simply a plosive [d] instead.[57]
    Dutch[58] voor [vöːɹ̝] 'for' One of many possible realizations of /r/; distribution unclear. See Dutch phonology
    Emilian Bolognese chèṡ [ˈkɛːð̠] 'case' Laminal
    English Scouse[59] maid [meɪð̠] 'maid' Allophone of /d/. See English phonology
    South African[60][61] round [ɹ̝æʊ̯nd] 'round' Apical,[61] present in some urban dialects.[60] See South African English phonology
    Icelandic[62][63] bróðir [ˈpro͡uːð̠ɪr] 'brother' Usually apical,[62][63] may be closer to an approximant. See Icelandic phonology
    Italian Sicily[64] terra [ˈt̪ɛɹ̝ä] 'earth' Apical; corresponds to /rr/ in standard Italian.[64] See Italian phonology
    Manx mooar [muːɹ̝] 'big' Common word-final realization of /r/.
    Spanish[65] Aragonese aire [ˈäi̯ɾ̞e̞] 'air' Tapped; possible realization of /ɾ/.[65] See Spanish phonology
    Swedish Central Standard[66][67] vandrare [²vän̪ːd̪ɹ̝äɹɛ] 'wanderer' Allophone of /r/ around the Stockholm area. See Swedish phonology
    Tacana[68] [example needed] Tapped.[68]
    Turkish[69] rüya [ˈɾ̞yːjɑ] 'dream' Tapped; word-initial allophone of /ɾ/.[69] See Turkish phonology

    Voiced lateral-median fricative

    edit
    Voiced alveolar lateral–median fricative
    ʫ
    ð̠ˡ
    ɮ͡ð̠
    ɮ͡z
    Voiceless dental lateral–median fricative
    ʫ̪
    ðˡ
    ɮ̪͡ð

    The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative (also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound. Consonants is pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow.

    Features

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    Occurrence

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    Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
    Arabic[70][71][72] Rijal Almaʽa ضبع [ðˡˤabʕ] 'hyena'
    Mehri[73] ذوفر [ðˡˤoːfar] 'plait'

    See also

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    Notes

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    1. ^ a b Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977:149), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:154)
  • ^ Kozintseva (1995), p. 7.
  • ^ Axundov (1983), pp. 115, 136, 139–142.
  • ^ Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
  • ^ Klagstad (1958), p. 46.
  • ^ Palková (1994), p. 228.
  • ^ "english speech services | Accent of the Year / sibilants in MLE". 31 December 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  • ^ a b Adams (1975), p. 288.
  • ^ Fougeron & Smith (1999), p. 79.
  • ^ Szende (1999), p. 104.
  • ^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  • ^ Kara (2002), p. 10.
  • ^ Kara (2003), p. 11.
  • ^ Nau (1998), p. 6.
  • ^ Lunt (1952), p. 1.
  • ^ Rocławski (1976), pp. 149.
  • ^ Ovidiu Drăghici. "Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie" (PDF). Retrieved April 19, 2013.[permanent dead link]
  • ^ Chew (2003), p. 67.
  • ^ Kordić (2006), p. 5.
  • ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  • ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980:21)
  • ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 154.
  • ^ Buk, Solomija; Mačutek, Ján; Rovenchak, Andrij (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics. 16 (16): 63–79. arXiv:0802.4198. Bibcode:2008arXiv0802.4198B. (PDF ram-verlag.eu)
  • ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 22, 38, 39.
  • ^ Sjoberg (1963), p. 11.
  • ^ Thompson (1987), pp. 5 and 7.
  • ^ Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
  • ^ a b Gussenhoven (1999), p. 75.
  • ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 190.
  • ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  • ^ Adams (1975), p. 283.
  • ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
  • ^ Emeneau (1970).
  • ^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 70.
  • ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  • ^ Zvelebil, Kamil (1965). Some features of Ceylon Tamil. Indo-Iranian Journal. Vol. 9. JSTOR. pp. 113–138. JSTOR 24650188.
  • ^ Sipma (1913), p. 16.
  • ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  • ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
  • ^ Torreblanca (1988), p. 347.
  • ^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 12.
  • ^ a b c d e f g Adams (1975), p. 286.
  • ^ Adams (1975), pp. 285–286.
  • ^ Canepari (1992), p. 71-72.
  • ^ a b c Canepari (1992), p. 72.
  • ^ Canepari (1992), p. 71.
  • ^ Adams (1975), p. 285.
  • ^ Adams (1975), p. 289.
  • ^ a b Mangold (2005), p. 50.
  • ^ a b Canepari (1992), p. 68.
  • ^ Canepari (1992), pp. 68 and 72.
  • ^ Laver (1994), p. 263.
  • ^ a b Mott (2007), pp. 104, 112.
  • ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 228–230 and 233.
  • ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 226.
  • ^ Maddieson et al. (1993:34)
  • ^ Maddieson et al. (1993:28, 34)
  • ^ Collins & Mees (2003:199). Authors do not say where exactly it is used.
  • ^ Watson (2007), pp. 352–353.
  • ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 236.
  • ^ a b Ogden (2009), p. 92.
  • ^ a b Pétursson (1971:?), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:145)
  • ^ a b Grønnum (2005:139)
  • ^ a b Canepari (1992), pp. 64–65.
  • ^ a b Mott (2007), p. 112.
  • ^ Engstrand (1999), pp. 141.
  • ^ Engstrand (2004), p. 167.
  • ^ a b "UPSID r[F". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  • ^ a b Yavuz & Balcı (2011), p. 25.
  • ^ Heselwood (2013) Phonetic transcription in theory and practice, p 122–123
  • ^ Janet Watson (January 2011). "Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri". academia.edu.
  • ^ Watson, Janet (January 2013). "Lateral reflexes of Proto-Semitic D and Dh in Al-Rubu'ah dialect, south-west Saudi Arabic: Electropalatographic and acoustic evidence". Nicht Nur mit Engelszungen: Beiträge zur Semitischen Dialektologie: Festschrift für Werner Arnold.
  • ^ Janet Watson (January 2011). "Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri". academia.edu.

    • References

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